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Journal articles on the topic 'Geophysics Rocks Seismic reflection method'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Heinonen, Suvi, Marcello Imaña, David B. Snyder, Ilmo T. Kukkonen, and Pekka J. Heikkinen. "Seismic reflection profiling of the Pyhäsalmi VHMS-deposit: A complementary approach to the deep base metal exploration in Finland." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 5 (2012): WC15—WC23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0240.1.

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In the Pyhäsalmi case study, the seismic data is used in direct targeting of shallowly dipping mineralized zones in a massive sulfide ore system that was deformed in complex fold interference structures under high-grade metamorphic conditions. The Pyhäsalmi volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposit ([Formula: see text]) is located in a Proterozoic volcanic belt in central Finland. Acoustic impedance of Pyhäsalmi ore ([Formula: see text]) is distinct from the host rocks ([Formula: see text]), enabling its detection with seismic reflection methods. Drill-hole logging further indicates that

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2

Kukkonen, I. T., S. Heinonen, P. Heikkinen, and P. Sorjonen-Ward. "Delineating ophiolite-derived host rocks of massive sulfide Cu-Co-Zn deposits with 2D high-resolution seismic reflection data in Outokumpu, Finland." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 5 (2012): WC213—WC222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0029.1.

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Seismic reflection data was applied to a study of the upper crustal structures in the Outokumpu mining and exploration area in eastern Finland. The Cu-Co-Zn sulfide ore deposits of the Outokumpu area are hosted by Palaeoproterozoic ophiolite-derived altered ultrabasic rocks (serpentinite, skarn rock, and quartz rock) and black schist within turbiditic mica schist. Mining in the Outokumpu area has produced a total of 36 Mt of ore from three historical and one active mine. Seismic data comprises 2D vibroseis data surveyed along a network of local roads. The seismic sections provide a comprehensi

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3

Sexton, John L. "Seismic Reflection Expression of Reactivated Structures in the New Madrid Rift Complex." Seismological Research Letters 59, no. 4 (1988): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.59.4.141.

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Abstract An important aspect of seismogenesis concerns the role of preexisting faults and other structural features as preferred zones of weakness in determining the pattern of strain accumulation and seismicity. Reactivation of zones of weakness by present day stress fields may be the cause of many intraplate earthquakes. To understand the relation between reactivated structures and seismicity, it is necessary to identify structures which are properly oriented with respect to the present-day stress field so that reactivation can occur. The seismic reflection method is very useful for identify

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Carcione, José M., Hans B. Helle, Nam H. Pham, and Tommy Toverud. "Pore pressure estimation in reservoir rocks from seismic reflection data." GEOPHYSICS 68, no. 5 (2003): 1569–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1620631.

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A method is used to obtain pore pressure in shaly sandstones based upon an acoustic model for seismic velocity versus clay content and effective pressure. Calibration of the model requires log data—porosity, clay content, and sonic velocities—to obtain the dry‐rock moduli and the effective stress coefficients as a function of depth and pore pressure. The seismic P‐wave velocity, derived from reflection tomography, is fitted to the theoretical velocity by using pore pressure as the fitting parameter. This approach, based on a rock‐physics model, is an improvement over existing pore‐pressure pre

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5

White, Don, David Boerner, Jianjun Wu, et al. "Mineral exploration in the Thompson nickel belt, Manitoba, Canada, using seismic and controlled‐source EM methods." GEOPHYSICS 65, no. 6 (2000): 1871–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444871.

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Seismic reflection and electromagnetic (EM) data were acquired near Thompson, Manitoba, Canada, to map the subsurface extent of the Paleoproterozoic, nickel ore‐bearing Ospwagan Group. These data are supplemented by surface and borehole geology and by laboratory measurements of density, seismic velocity, and electrical conductivity, which indicate that Ospwagan Group rocks are generally more seismically reflective and electrically conductive than the Archean basement rocks that envelop them. The combined seismic/EM interpretation suggests that the Thompson Nappe (cored by Ospwagan Group rocks)

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6

Li, Tonglin, and David W. Eaton. "Delineating the Tuwu porphyry copper deposit at Xinjiang, China, with seismic-reflection profiling." GEOPHYSICS 70, no. 6 (2005): B53—B60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2122409.

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The Tuwu deposit is one of a series of recently discovered porphyry copper deposits in the eastern Tian Shan range of Xinjiang, China. Since its discovery in 1997, more than ten boreholes have been drilled and a suite of geophysical surveys has been acquired to delineate the deposit. As part of the geophysical program, a set of eight seismic reflection profiles was acquired in 2000, followed by a physical rock-property study in 2001. The ores are characterized by slightly higher density (Δρ ∼ 0.1 g/cm[Formula: see text]) and significantly higher P-wave velocity ([Formula: see text] ∼ 1.0–1.5 k

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7

Louie, J. N., and J. E. Vidale. "Array analysis of reflector heterogeneity." GEOPHYSICS 56, no. 4 (1991): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443074.

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In deep crustal reflection study, as in conventional exploration seismology, it is important to determine the geometry of the physical contrasts between rocks that cause reflections, to make reliable geologic interpretations. Fundamentally different reflecting structures produce similar signatures in stacked seismic sections. We have developed a method that uses prestack records to differentiate lateral structural variations from lateral reflectivity variations and laterally homogeneous structures. Full‐wave acoustic multioffset synthetics of canonical 2-D reflector configurations, analyzed by

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Berryman, James G., Patricia A. Berge, and Brian P. Bonner. "Estimating rock porosity and fluid saturation using only seismic velocities." GEOPHYSICS 67, no. 2 (2002): 391–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1468599.

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Evaluation of the fluid content in deep earth reservoirs or fluid contaminants in shallow earth environments has required the use of geophysical imaging methods such as seismic reflection prospecting. Interpretation of seismic velocities and amplitudes is based on theories of fluid‐saturated and partially saturated rocks that have been available since the 1950s. Here we present a new synthesis of the same physical concepts that uses compressional‐wave velocities together with shear‐wave velocities in a scheme that is much simpler to understand and apply yet yields detailed information about po

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9

Hardage, Bob, Mike Graul, Tim Hall, et al. "Determining fast-S and slow-S propagation directions with SV-P data produced by buried explosives and recorded with vertical geophones." Interpretation 9, no. 2 (2021): T599—T609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2020-0226.1.

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We have evaluated the concept of practicing S-wave reflection seismology with legacy 3D seismic data generated by a P-wave source and recorded with only vertical geophones. This type of S-wave imaging is based on the principle that seismic P-wave sources not only produce a downgoing illuminating P wavefield, but they also simultaneously produce a downgoing illuminating SV wavefield that, in almost all cases, is suitable for S-wave reflection imaging. The S-mode used in this study is the SV-P, or converted-P, mode. This mode involves a downgoing illuminating SV wavefield and an upgoing reflecte

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10

Mitchell, James F., and Richard J. Bolander. "Structural interpretation using refraction velocities from marine seismic surveys." GEOPHYSICS 51, no. 1 (1986): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442026.

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Subsurface structure can be mapped using refraction information from marine multichannel seismic data. The method uses velocities and thicknesses of shallow sedimentary rock layers computed from refraction first arrivals recorded along the streamer. A two‐step exploration scheme is described which can be set up on a personal computer and used routinely in any office. It is straightforward and requires only a basic understanding of refraction principles. Two case histories from offshore Peru exploration demonstrate the scheme. The basic scheme is: step (1) shallow sedimentary rock velocities ar

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Henson, Harvey, and John L. Sexton. "Premine study of shallow coal seams using high‐resolution seismic reflection methods." GEOPHYSICS 56, no. 9 (1991): 1494–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443171.

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Geological investigations in the Illinois Basin coalfields have shown that significant differences in safe and economical exploitation of coal depends directly on accurate mapping of the roof rock overlying the seam, as well as on geological structures in the coal measures. In roof rock transition zones above the Herrin (No. 6) coal where the nonmarine Energy shale changes to the Anna shale, a change often occurs from low to high sulfur coal and from low to high stability roof rocks. In many instances, use of borehole data alone is inadequate to locate these features in advance of mining. High

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Gendzwill, D. J., and D. Stead. "Rock mass characterization around Saskatchewan potash mine openings using geophysical techniques: a review." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 29, no. 4 (1992): 666–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t92-073.

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Saskatchewan potash deposits are found in relatively uniform, flat-bedded strata with few irregularities. Potash mines are highly automated and efficient, taking advantage of the uniform strata. However, anomalous geological conditions can lead to severe problems, especially with water inflows. One mine has been lost to flooding, and other mines now have or previously had large inflows of water. Geophysical techniques, especially the method of vertical seismic reflection from the surface, are used to predict anomalous geological conditions. Seismic, electric, and other geophysical methods are

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Mancuso, Christopher, and Mostafa Naghizadeh. "Generalized cross-dip moveout correction of crooked 2D seismic reflection surveys." GEOPHYSICS 86, no. 4 (2021): V285—V298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2020-0278.1.

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In hard rock settings, reflection seismic surveys are often acquired on crooked roadways. Acquisition geometry-related noise resulting from these crooked profiles obscures the final image in places where there are crossline dipping reflectors. This noise can be prevented with cross-dip moveout (CDMO) corrections. The conventional practice is to apply corrections on straight processing lines; however, this aggravates reflection duplication and stretching artifacts. We have adopted an efficient method for CDMO correction that operates on any common midpoint (CMP) binning geometry. Our method sup

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14

Duff, Deanne, Charles Hurich, and Sharon Deemer. "Seismic properties of the Voisey’s Bay massive sulfide deposit: Insights into approaches to seismic imaging." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 5 (2012): WC59—WC68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0483.1.

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Seismic methods offer significant potential advantages for minerals exploration over more traditional geophysical techniques because of the comparatively high resolution of seismic imaging. This is particularly true as minerals exploration is required to explore deeper to find resources. However, adaptation of seismic imaging techniques to the complex crystalline targets common in the mining environment requires a thorough understanding of the physical properties of the specific combination of ore and host rocks under consideration to choose an appropriate imaging technique. Analysis of the su

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15

Liu, Guofeng, Xiaohong Meng, Jianhui Ni, Zhaoxi Chen, and Da Zhang. "Evaluation of the 2D reflection seismic method toward the exploration of thrust-controlled mineral deposits in southwestern Fujian Province, China." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 4 (2018): B209—B220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0289.1.

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The southwestern region of the Fujian Province is one of the major ore districts in China. The current model states that mineral deposition is highly controlled by thrust structure, which means that there may be concealed deposits located deep within overlapping thrust areas. Reflection seismology, which has great depth penetration and higher resolution than other geophysical methods, has great potential to delineate complex structures and give some clues to mineralization. In 2015, an experimental 2D reflection seismic survey called “Fujian 2D” was conducted in this region. Data were acquired

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René, R. M., J. L. Fitter, D. J. Murray, and J. K. Walters. "Reflection and refraction seismic studies in the Great Salt Lake Desert, Utah." GEOPHYSICS 53, no. 4 (1988): 431–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442475.

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Seismic refraction and CDP reflection profiles were acquired across mud flats of the Great Salt Lake Desert, Utah, during the summer of 1983. a combination of weight drops, horizontal hammers, buried explosives, and explosives detonated in air (Poulter method) was used. A 6.4 km refraction and single‐fold reflection profile indicates the presence of a shallow depression (Donner Reed basin) eastb of Donner Reed pass in the Silver Island Mountains. A basin floor ramp of Paleozoic rocks dipping approximately 30 degrees east into the Crater Island graben is interpreted beneath a 4.6 km 12-fold CDP

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17

Henninges, Jan, Evgeniia Martuganova, Manfred Stiller, Ben Norden, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk. "Wireline distributed acoustic sensing allows 4.2 km deep vertical seismic profiling of the Rotliegend 150 °C geothermal reservoir in the North German Basin." Solid Earth 12, no. 2 (2021): 521–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-12-521-2021.

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Abstract. We performed so-far-unprecedented deep wireline vertical seismic profiling at the Groß Schönebeck site with the novel method of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) to gain more detailed information on the structural setting and geometry of the geothermal reservoir, which is comprised of volcanic rocks and sediments of Lower Permian age. During the survey of 4 d only, we acquired data for 61 source positions using hybrid wireline fiber-optic sensor cables deployed in two 4.3 km deep, already existing wells. While most of the recorded data have a very good signal-to-noise ratio, individ

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Azevedo, Leonardo, Dario Grana, and Leandro de Figueiredo. "Stochastic perturbation optimization for discrete-continuous inverse problems." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 5 (2020): M73—M83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0520.1.

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Accurate subsurface modeling and characterization require the prediction of facies and rock properties within the reservoir model. This is commonly achieved by inverting geophysical data, such as seismic reflection data, using a two-step approach either in the discrete or the continuous domain. We have adopted an iterative simultaneous method, namely, stochastic perturbation optimization, to invert seismic reflection data jointly for facies and rock properties. Facies first are simulated according to a Markov chain model, and then rock properties are generated with stochastic sequential simula

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19

Liu, Xiaobo, Jingyi Chen, Jing Zeng, et al. "An adaptive stratified joint PP and PS AVA inversion using accurate Jacobian matrix." GEOPHYSICS 86, no. 4 (2021): R447—R461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0785.1.

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Amplitude variation with incidence angle (AVA) analysis is an essential tool for discriminating lithology in hydrocarbon reservoirs. Compared to traditional AVA inversion using only compressional wave (P-wave) information, joint AVA inversion using PP and PS seismic data provides better estimation of rock properties (e.g., density, P- and shear wave [S-wave] velocities). Currently, the most used AVA inversions depend on the approximations of the Zoeppritz equations (e.g., the Shuey and Aki-Richards approximations), which are not suitable for formations with strong contrast interfaces and seism

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Malehmir, Alireza, Magdalena Markovic, Paul Marsden, et al. "Sparse 3D reflection seismic survey for deep-targeting iron oxide deposits and their host rocks, Ludvika Mines, Sweden." Solid Earth 12, no. 2 (2021): 483–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-12-483-2021.

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Abstract. Many metallic mineral deposits have sufficient physical property contrasts, particularly density, to be detectable using seismic methods. These deposits are sometimes significant for our society and economic growth and can help to accelerate the energy transition towards decarbonization. However, their exploration at depth requires high-resolution and sensitive methods. Following a series of 2D seismic trials, a sparse, narrow source–receiver azimuth, 3D seismic survey was conducted in the Blötberget mine, in central Sweden, covering an area of approximately 6 km2 for deep-targeting

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Junno, Niina, Emilia Koivisto, Ilmo Kukkonen, Alireza Malehmir, and Markku Montonen. "Predicting Missing Seismic Velocity Values Using Self-Organizing Maps to Aid the Interpretation of Seismic Reflection Data from the Kevitsa Ni-Cu-PGE Deposit in Northern Finland." Minerals 9, no. 9 (2019): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9090529.

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We use self-organizing map (SOM) analysis to predict missing seismic velocity values from other available borehole data. The site of this study is the Kevitsa Ni-Cu-PGE deposit within the mafic-ultramafic Kevitsa intrusion in northern Finland. The site has been the target of extensive seismic reflection surveys, which have revealed a series of reflections beneath the Kevitsa resource area. The interpretation of these reflections has been complicated by disparate borehole data, particularly because of the scarce amount of available sonic borehole logs and the varying practices in logging of bor

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Juhlin, Christopher. "Imaging of fracture zones in the Finnsjön area, central Sweden, using the seismic reflection method." GEOPHYSICS 60, no. 1 (1995): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443764.

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In 1987 the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. (SKB) funded the shooting of a 1.7-km long, high‐resolution seismic profile over the Finnsjön study site using a 60‐channel acquisition system with a shotpoint and geophone spacing of 10 m. The site is located about 140 km north of Stockholm and the host rocks are mainly granodioritic. The main objective of the profile was to image a known fracture zone with high hydraulic conductivity dipping gently to the west at depths of 100 to 400 m. The initial processing of the data failed to image this fracture zone. However, a steeply dipping r

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Zunino, Andrea, Klaus Mosegaard, Katrine Lange, Yulia Melnikova, and Thomas Mejer Hansen. "Monte Carlo reservoir analysis combining seismic reflection data and informed priors." GEOPHYSICS 80, no. 1 (2015): R31—R41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2014-0052.1.

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Determination of a petroleum reservoir structure and rock bulk properties relies extensively on inference from reflection seismology. However, classic deterministic methods to invert seismic data for reservoir properties suffer from some limitations, among which are the difficulty of handling complex, possibly nonlinear forward models, and the lack of robust uncertainty estimations. To overcome these limitations, we studied a methodology to invert seismic reflection data in the framework of the probabilistic approach to inverse problems, using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (McMC) algorithm with t

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Mathisen, M. E., and M. Budny. "Seismic lithostratigraphy of deep subsalt Permo‐Carboniferous gas reservoirs, Northwest German Basin." GEOPHYSICS 55, no. 10 (1990): 1357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442783.

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Recent improvements in land seismic data quality have made it possible to initiate lithostratigraphic interpretations of deep (4000–5500 m; 2.2–2.8 s) subsalt Permo‐Carboniferous gas reservoirs in the Northwest German Basin. The first modeling and interpretation results indicate that the reflection character of Permian reservoir dolomites and sandstones can be interpreted to predict lithology and porosity variations using reflection character analysis. These formations are commonly thick enough to be resolved (>20 m) and typically have velocities 1000 to 2000 m/s slower than overlying and u

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Veire, Helene Hafslund, and Martin Landrø. "Simultaneous inversion of PP and PS seismic data." GEOPHYSICS 71, no. 3 (2006): R1—R10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2194533.

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Elastic parameters derived from seismic data are valuable input for reservoir characterization because they can be related to lithology and fluid content of the reservoir through empirical relationships. The relationship between physical properties of rocks and fluids and P-wave seismic data is nonunique. This leads to large uncertainties in reservoir models derived from P-wave seismic data. Because S- waves do not propagate through fluids, the combined use of P-and S-wave seismic data might increase our ability to derive fluid and lithology effects from seismic data, reducing the uncertainty

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Hammer, Philip T. C., Ron M. Clowes, and Kumar Ramachandran. "High‐resolution seismic reflection imaging of a thin, diamondiferous kimberlite dyke." GEOPHYSICS 69, no. 5 (2004): 1143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1801932.

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Seismic reflection techniques are, for the first time, used to image a thin, diamondiferous kimberlite dyke from subcrop to depths greater than 1300 m. Geophysical exploration for kimberlite deposits typically involves airborne potential field surveys that are well suited for detecting vertical outcropping pipes but often fail to reveal thin, subhorizontal dykes and sills. Because seismic techniques are especially well suited for mapping structures that have shallow dips and strong impedance contrasts, a feasibility study and seismic reflection survey were undertaken on the diamondiferous Snap

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Dean, Tim, Margarita Pavlova, Matthew Grant, et al. "Imaging the near surface using velocity inversions of ultra-high-density 3D seismic data." Leading Edge 40, no. 8 (2021): 584–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle40080584.1.

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Within the coal industry, there is a rich history of the use of the surface seismic method, principally for exploration and employing sparse 2D lines for broad resource delineation and structural modeling. However, the acquisition of 3D seismic surveys adjacent to open-cut mines (from which the majority of coal is extracted) for superior resource definition ahead of their expansion has been explored only recently. Although the reflection results are extremely useful and enable the mapping of faults with sub-5 m throws, there is still interest in determining if the seismic data can be used to i

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Pedersen, Ørjan, Bjørn Ursin, and Hans-Kristian Helgesen. "One-way wave-equation migration of compressional and converted waves in a VTI medium." GEOPHYSICS 75, no. 6 (2010): S237—S248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3509466.

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In seismic reflection surveying, by recording both pressure and shear-wave reflections, one can increase the amount of information obtained about the subsurface rather than by recording pressure waves alone. Geologic structures that are not visible by using conventional pressure-data may possibly be imaged using shear waves, thus mitigating the risk in oil and gas exploration and production. Horizontally layered sedimentary rocks exhibit anisotropy that can be approximated by an effective transverse isotropic medium with a vertical axis of symmetry. Taking into account a vertically transverse

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Cheraghi, Saeid, Alireza Malehmir, Mostafa Naghizadeh, David Snyder, Lucie Mathieu, and Pierre Bedeaux. "Seismic imaging across fault systems in the Abitibi greenstone belt – an analysis of pre- and post-stack migration approaches in the Chibougamau area, Quebec, Canada." Solid Earth 12, no. 5 (2021): 1143–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1143-2021.

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Abstract. Two high-resolution seismic reflection profiles acquired north and south of Chibougamau, located in the northeast of the Abitibi subprovince of Canada, help understand historic volcanically hosted massive sulfide (VMS) deposits and hydrothermal Cu–Au mineralization found there. Major faults crossed by the profiles include the Barlow fault in the north and the Doda fault and the Guercheville fault in the south, all targets of this study that seeks to determine spatial relationships with a known metal endowment in the area. Common-offset DMO corrections and common-offset pre-stack time

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Chen, Huaizhen, and Kristopher A. Innanen. "Estimation of fracture weaknesses and integrated attenuation factors from azimuthal variations in seismic amplitudes." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 6 (2018): R711—R723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0199.1.

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Seismic wave propagation in fractured reservoirs exhibits anisotropy and attenuation, which are in turn related to fracture properties (e.g., fracture density) and fluid parameters (e.g., moduli and viscosity). Based on the linear slip theory, stiffness parameters can be determined for fractured and dissipative rocks, from which integrated attenuation factors involving host-rock intrinsic attenuation and fracture-induced attenuation emerge. Using a simplified mathematical form for these stiffness parameters, a linearized mathematical relationship directly relating the reflection coefficient to

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Doyle, Hugh A. "Geophysical exploration for gold—A review." GEOPHYSICS 55, no. 2 (1990): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442820.

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It is almost impossible to get a direct geophysical response from gold because of the low grades in deposits, except when electromagnetic detectors are used for individual shallow nuggets. However, indirect geophysical indications may occur through association of gold with particular host rocks, marker beds, or structures which are, for example, of unusual magnetization, density, electric polarization, or conductivity/resistivity. Useful markers may be magnetic dolerites, banded iron formations, shales with magnetite, conductive and/or polarizable pyrites, or other sulfide (detectable by IP me

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Fatti, Jan L., George C. Smith, Peter J. Vail, Peter J. Strauss, and Philip R. Levitt. "Detection of gas in sandstone reservoirs using AVO analysis: A 3-D seismic case history using the Geostack technique." GEOPHYSICS 59, no. 9 (1994): 1362–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443695.

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The Geostack technique is a method of analyzing seismic amplitude variation with offset (AVO) information. One of the outputs of the analysis is a set of direct hydrocarbon indicator traces called “fluid factor” traces. The fluid factor trace is designed to be low amplitude for all reflectors in a clastic sedimentary sequence except for rocks that lie off the (mudrock line.) The mudrock line is the line on a crossplot of P‐wave velocity against S‐wave velocity on which water‐saturated sandstones, shales, and siltstones lie. Some of the rock types that lie off the mudrock line are gas‐saturated

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Morgan, Eugene C., Maarten Vanneste, Isabelle Lecomte, Laurie G. Baise, Oddvar Longva, and Brian McAdoo. "Estimation of free gas saturation from seismic reflection surveys by the genetic algorithm inversion of a P-wave attenuation model." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 4 (2012): R175—R187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0291.1.

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Many previously proposed methods of estimating free gas saturation from seismic survey data rely on calibration to invasively collected, in situ measurements. Typically, such in situ measurements are used to parameterize or calibrate rock-physics models, which can then be applied to seismic data to achieve saturation estimates. We tested a technique for achieving estimates of the spatial distribution of gas saturation solely from shipboard seismic surveys. We estimated the quality factor from seismic reflection surveys using the spectral ratio method, and then inverted a mesoscopic-scale P-wav

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Speczik, Stanisław, Lidia Dziewińska, Waldemar Jóźwiak, and Krzysztof Zieliński. "Application of Historical Geophysical Materials in Searching for Cu-Ag Ore Deposits—A New Direction of Research." Minerals 10, no. 8 (2020): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10080725.

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This paper presents a new instrument in geological exploration, which uses historical geophysical data for the indication of potential zones of the occurrence of Cu-Ag ore, based on the example of the newly discovered Nowa Sól deposit in south-western Poland. Basic historical seismic and gravimetric data were applied along with transformed maps. The new method of effective reflection coefficients (ERC) allowed the utilization of archival seismic records for a more precise determination of the most vaguely traced interfaces within the Permian Zechstein unit. Compared to an amplitude-based seism

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Miao, Xiao‐Gui, Wooil M. Moon, and B. Milkereit. "A multioffset, three‐component VSP study in the Sudbury Basin." GEOPHYSICS 60, no. 2 (1995): 341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443770.

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A multioffset, three‐component vertical seismic profiling (VSP) experiment was carried out in the Sudbury Basin, Ontario, as a part of the LITHOPROBE Sudbury Transect. The main objectives were determination of the shallow velocity structure in the middle of the Sudbury Basin, development of an effective VSP data processing flow, correlation of the VSP survey results with the surface seismic reflection data, and demonstration of the usefulness of the VSP method in a crystalline rock environment. The VSP data processing steps included rotation of the horizontal component data, traveltime inversi

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Wang, Pu, Xiaohong Chen, Jingye Li, and Benfeng Wang. "Accurate porosity prediction for tight sandstone reservoir: A case study from North China." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 2 (2020): B35—B47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0852.1.

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Tight sandstone reservoirs have complex petrophysical properties, which introduce difficulties to rock-physics modeling. Besides, weak reflection events appear with a high probability in the seismic profile for tight sandstones. By combining the soft-porosity model and Gassmann’s relation, weak reflection events are analyzed in detail, which can be contaminated by remaining internal multiples and the amplitudes may be lowered by the transmission loss. These pose challenges for the porosity prediction. To obtain the porosity estimate accurately of tight sandstone reservoirs, porosity prediction

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Eaton, David W. "Weak elastic‐wave scattering from massive sulfide orebodies." GEOPHYSICS 64, no. 1 (1999): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444525.

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Massive sulfide ore deposits, traditionally the target of electromagnetic or potential‐field geophysical investigations, can potentially be recognized and mapped using seismic methods based on their scattering response. To characterize the seismic expression of massive sulfide orebodies, I review formulas that describe elastic‐wave scattering from isolated inclusions in the far‐field and weak‐scattering limits (the Born approximation) and conduct a series of numerical tests. The minerals pyrite, sphalerite, and galena are used as the basis for these numerical modeling studies because they are

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Renick, Howard, and R. D. Gunn. "Triangle Ranch Headquarters field development using shallow core holes and high‐resolution seismic data." GEOPHYSICS 54, no. 11 (1989): 1384–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442602.

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The Triangle Ranch Headquarters Canyon Reef field is long and narrow and in an area where near‐surface evaporites and associated collapse features degrade seismic data quality and interpretational reliability. Below this disturbed section, the structure of rocks is similar to the deeper Canyon Reef structure. The shallow structure exhibits very gentle relief and can be mapped by drilling shallow holes on a broad grid. The shallow structural interpretation provides a valuable reference datum for mapping, as well as providing a basis for planning a seismic program. By computing an isopach betwee

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Ahmadi, Omid, Christopher Juhlin, Alireza Malehmir, and Mie Munck. "High-resolution 2D seismic imaging and forward modeling of a polymetallic sulfide deposit at Garpenberg, central Sweden." GEOPHYSICS 78, no. 6 (2013): B339—B350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2013-0098.1.

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We acquired a high-resolution 2D seismic profile to test the capability of the seismic method in imaging a sulfide ore body at Garpenberg, central Sweden. Delineation of the geologic structures, which surround and host the ore body, is another goal of the survey. Due to the 3D geology of the structures, a cross-dip correction performed to image out-of-the-plane reflections, resulting in a clear high amplitude anomaly at a time and location to that to be expected from near the top of the ore body. Furthermore, DMO processing and migration are applied to the data, providing images of four main r

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Ma, Xin‐Quan. "Simultaneous inversion of prestack seismic data for rock properties using simulated annealing." GEOPHYSICS 67, no. 6 (2002): 1877–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1527087.

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A new prestack inversion algorithm has been developed to simultaneously estimate acoustic and shear impedances from P‐wave reflection seismic data. The algorithm uses a global optimization procedure in the form of simulated annealing. The goal of optimization is to find a global minimum of the objective function, which includes the misfit between synthetic and observed prestack seismic data. During the iterative inversion process, the acoustic and shear impedance models are randomly perturbed, and the synthetic seismic data are calculated and compared with the observed seismic data. To increas

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Zhi, Longxiao, and Hanming Gu. "Time-lapse amplitude variation with offset inversion using Bayesian theory in two-phase media." GEOPHYSICS 84, no. 3 (2019): N55—N79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0359.1.

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In time-lapse seismic analysis, the Zoeppritz equations are usually used in the time-lapse amplitude variation with offset (AVO) inversion and then combined with a rock-physical model to estimate the reservoir-parameter changes. The real-life reservoir is a two-phase medium that consists of solid and fluid components. The Zoeppritz equations are a simplification, assuming a single-phase solid medium, in which the properties of this medium are estimated by effective parameters from the combined components. This means that the Zoeppritz equations cannot describe the characteristics of the seismi

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Barbosa, Nicolás D., Corinna Köpke, Eva Caspari, J. Germán Rubino, James Irving, and Klaus Holliger. "Impact of poroelastic effects on the inversion of fracture properties from amplitude variation with offset and azimuth data in horizontal transversely isotropic media." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 5 (2020): N27—N39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0475.1.

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The identification and characterization of fractures is an important objective in many areas of earth and environmental sciences. Amplitude variation with offset and azimuth (AVOAz) analysis of seismic reflection data is a key method for achieving these tasks. Theoretical and experimental studies have shown that the presence of pore fluids together with the strong mechanical contrast between the fractures and their embedding background give rise to wave-induced fluid flow (WIFF) effects. This implies that the effective stiffness tensor of a fluid-saturated fractured rock defining its seismic r

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Sidler, Rolf, and José M. Carcione. "Wave reflection at an anelastic transversely isotropic ocean bottom." GEOPHYSICS 72, no. 5 (2007): SM139—SM146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2750423.

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We study the reflection of waves at the ocean bottom, which is modeled as a plane interface separating a viscoacoustic medium (water) and a viscoelastic transversely isotropic solid whose axis of rotational symmetry is perpendicular to the bottom. We compute the plane-wave reflection coefficient (including the phenomenon known as the Rayleigh window) both numerically — by amplitude variation with offset (AVO) analysis of synthetic seismograms generated using a domain decomposition method and analytically. A first simulation considers the water-steel interface, for which experimental data is av

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Li, Kun, Xing-Yao Yin, Zhao-Yun Zong, and Hai-Kun Lin. "Seismic AVO statistical inversion incorporating poroelasticity." Petroleum Science 17, no. 5 (2020): 1237–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12182-020-00483-5.

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Abstract Seismic amplitude variation with offset (AVO) inversion is an important approach for quantitative prediction of rock elasticity, lithology and fluid properties. With Biot–Gassmann’s poroelasticity, an improved statistical AVO inversion approach is proposed. To distinguish the influence of rock porosity and pore fluid modulus on AVO reflection coefficients, the AVO equation of reflection coefficients parameterized by porosity, rock-matrix moduli, density and fluid modulus is initially derived from Gassmann equation and critical porosity model. From the analysis of the influences of mod

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Li, Jingye, and Jack Dvorkin. "Effects of fluid changes on seismic reflections: Predicting amplitudes at gas reservoir directly from amplitudes at wet reservoir." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 4 (2012): D129—D140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0331.1.

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The equations for fluid substitution in a sample with known porosity and the mineral’s and pore-fluid’s elastic moduli are well-documented. Discussions continue on how to conduct fluid substitution in practical situations where more than one fluid phase is present and the porosity and mineralogy are not precisely defined. We pose a different question: If we agree on a fluid substitution method, and also agree that at partial saturation the bulk modulus of the “effective” pore fluid is the harmonic average of those of the components, can we conduct fluid substitution directly on the seismic ref

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Carcione, José M., and Hans B. Helle. "The physics and simulation of wave propagation at the ocean bottom." GEOPHYSICS 69, no. 3 (2004): 825–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1759469.

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We investigate some aspects of the physics of wave propagation at the ocean bottom (ranging from soft sediments to crustal rocks). Most of the phenomena are associated to the presence of attenuation. The analysis requires the use of an anelastic stress‐strain relation and a highly accurate modeling algorithm. Special attention is given to modeling the boundary conditions at the ocean‐bottom interface and the related physical phenomena. For this purpose, we further develop and test the pseudospectral modeling algorithm for wave propagation at fluid‐anelastic solid interfaces. The method is base

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Pan, Xinpeng, Pengfei Zhang, Guangzhi Zhang, Zhenwei Guo, and Jianxin Liu. "Seismic characterization of fractured reservoirs with elastic impedance difference versus angle and azimuth: A low-frequency poroelasticity perspective." GEOPHYSICS 86, no. 4 (2021): M123—M139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2020-0492.1.

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PP-wave azimuthal elastic impedance (EI) data inverted from azimuthal prestack seismic reflection data can be theoretically and practically used for fluid- and fracture-property discrimination in naturally porous and fluid-saturated fractured reservoirs within the exploration seismic frequency band. From the perspective of the low-frequency Biot-Gassmann theory, Russell’s fluid indicator can be stably applied to fluid identification in hard-rock fractured reservoirs. Based on the low-frequency anisotropic poroelasticity theory, we first derive an azimuthal PP-wave reflection coefficient and an

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Iooss, Bertrand, David Geraets, Tapan Mukerji, Yann Samuelides, Mustafa Touati, and Alain Galli. "Inferring the statistical distribution of velocity heterogeneities by statistical traveltime tomography." GEOPHYSICS 68, no. 5 (2003): 1714–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1620645.

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Understanding the internal heterogeneities of reservoirs is one of the key issues in better recovery and efficient reservoir management. Seismic data are widely used to map subsurface heterogeneities. These heterogeneities can include variations in wave velocity and rock density, which can be used to interpret variations in reservoir properties such as porosity, lithofacies, and fluids. This paper describes a statistical tomography method to infer the spatial statistics of subsurface velocity heterogeneities from seismic data. We consider an acoustic wave propagating in a medium represented as

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Yao, Shancong, Wei Wang, Ju Wang, et al. "Detecting fracture zones in granite with seismic and audio-magnetotelluric methods." Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 17, no. 5 (2020): 883–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jge/gxaa037.

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Abstract Geological disposal is a feasible and safe method for dealing with the high-level radioactive waste problem at present. The Beishan area is the key area preselected for high-level radioactive waste geological disposal in Gansu Province, China. The Jijicao rock block is currently the most extensively studied area, where there are several fracture zones in borehole BS15. In 2011, a remarkable conductive anomaly near the BS15 was detected using a 4-km-long audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) profile with 50 m station space crossing the borehole. To study the anomaly, a short seismic survey was s

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Louie, John N., Robert W. Clayton, and Ronan J. LeBras. "Three‐dimensional imaging of steeply dipping structure near the San Andreas fault, Parkfield, California." GEOPHYSICS 53, no. 2 (1988): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442452.

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Shot gathers from the Parkfield, California, deep crustal seismic reflection line, recorded in 1977 by COCORP, reveal coherent events having horizontal to reverse moveouts. These events were migrated using a multioffset three‐dimensional Kirchhoff summation method. This method is a ray‐equation back projection inversion of the acoustic wave field, which is valid under the Born, WKBJ, and far‐field assumptions. Migration of full‐wave acoustic synthetics, having the same limitations in geometric coverage as the COCORP survey, demonstrates the utility of the imaging process. The images obtained f

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