Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Géophysique – Observations'
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Seoane, Corral Lucía. "Interprétation géophysique du mouvement du pôle : apport des observations de géodésie spatiale, de météorologie, d'océanographie et d'hydrologie." Observatoire de Paris (1667-....), 2010. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01958536.
Full textThe polar motion excitation is mainly due to the mass transport of the atmosphere and the oceans. So far, the observed motion is not fully explained from seasonal to diurnal scales. Our effort has focused on the Chandler wobble as well as fluctuations with period smaller than 50 days and diurnal variations, which remain still partially unexplained. We show that the atmospheric and oceanic mass redistributions are the principal causes of the Chandler wobble irregularities and the rapid polar motion of periods between 3 and 50 days. However, major differences persist at diurnal scales. Moreover, the redistributions of the continental water are important but, modelling those processes is imprecise due to the complexity and lack of observations of terrestrial hydrology. Current models must be then validated and compared to the observed polar motion. We show that the hydrological models, coupled with oceanic and atmospheric effects, improve the seasonal and long term mass balance. Thanks to space mission Gravity Discovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), the total mass redistribution on the Earth can be determined with a different approach. Four analysis centers provide temporal variations of spherical harmonics C20, C21 and S21 of the gravity field that are proportional to the length of day and polar motion excitations caused by surface mass changes. We have analized the latest updates of these series. Despite a significant level of noise, their hydrological residual matches reasonably well the observed polar motion
Samouëlian, Anatja. "Analyse tridimensionnelle non destructive de la fissuration d'un sol cultivé à partir de mesures de résistivité électrique." Orléans, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ORLE2008.
Full textNeuhauser, Mathis. "Etude des lois d’échelle multifractales caractérisant les observations satellitaires des surfaces continentales." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30048.
Full textConsidering the strong spatial and temporal heterogeneity of continental surfaces, remote sensing has proved to be an indispensable means for conducting regular, local and global monitoring of the physical and biophysical processes governing these surfaces. The factors on which they depend, such as soil moisture, surface temperature, vegetation, or topography, are variable over wide ranges of scales that only satellites can access. Thus, over the last fifty years, we have seen a growing number of satellite observations defined at multiple spatial scales and based on multiple technologies. Various methods were then developed to analyze and extract the rich and consistent information acquired by satellites. Methods based on multi-scale analysis can provide an effective means to describe the heterogeneity of these observations and thus better understand the complexity of surface processes. In particular, one possibility is to focus on the existence of statistical scaling laws offering a generic tool applicable to the characterization of any type of geometry. The demonstration of specific scaling behaviors can help to characterize surface processes using a multi-scale approach that is rarely taken into account in current surface models.In this context, the objective of this thesis is to demonstrate the potential of a method dedicated to the characterization of the behaviors of surface geophysical variables on several spatial scales. For this, different complementary satellite observations were analyzed using the Universal Multifractal model (Schertzer and Lovejoy, 1987). Two case studies helped to meet this objective. The first application concerns the multifractal analysis of the products involved in the soil moisture disaggregation algorithm called DisPATCh (Disaggregation based on Physical And Theoretical scale Change; Merlin et al., 2008; Molero et al., 2016), on the southeastern part of Australia. In the second case study, we studied the multi-scale behavior of surface reflectances and optical indices acquired by Sentinel-2 satellite over the South-West region of France, and corrected from atmosphere effects by the processing chain MAJA (MACCS-ATCOR Joint Algorithm; Hagolle et al., 2010, 2015; Rouquié et al., 2017). In both case studies, time series of images were analyzed. Thus, for each variable studied, we were able to relate the temporal evolution of scaling properties to the seasonal variations specific to the study area (meteorological conditions, crop cycles).During this work, different scaling laws were observed on different scale ranges. Two arguments were given to explain these different scaling behaviors, depending on the case study and the product. On the one hand, the observed regimes can reflect the presence of non-linear surface processes such as precipitation, runoff or evapotranspiration, acting at different spatial scales and modulated by various factors such as soil composition and structure (distribution of vegetation, presence of agricultural parcels, etc.). On the other hand, these scaling behaviors may also reflect the impact on surface variables of acquisition techniques (sensor transfer function) or processing methods (combination of products within surface models) that are commonly used in remote sensing. In this way, this study showed the potential of multifractal analysis to describe the heterogeneity of continental surfaces, but also to evaluate the reliability of geophysical products and surface models. This method could be useful for the preparation of future space missions in order to determine the limits of satellite sensors in terms of multi-scale properties, and thus to better estimate the effective resolution of different products derived from satellite acquisitions
Ninove, Floriane. "Apports de données Argo pour caractériser les erreurs modèles et contraindre les systèmes d'assimilation." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30230/document.
Full textThe international Argo program has revolutionized the observation of the global ocean. An array of more than 3000 profiling floats is in place and provides global measurements of temperature and salinity on the first 2000 meters of the ocean. These measurements are assimilated into ocean models together with satellite observations to describe and forecast the ocean state. We propose here to characterize model errors using Argo observations. Model errors are described through their amplitude, geographical and temporal variations as well as their spatial scales. Spatial scales of both model errors and ocean signals are, in particular, estimated. This allows a comparison of model errors and ocean variability structure. Finally, techniques based on information content are tested in the longer run quantifying the impact of Argo observations in the Mercator Ocean data assimilation systems
Legaz, Aurélie. "Imagerie et identification des signaux géophysiques distinctifs induits en surface par l'activité hydrothermale." Chambéry, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CHAMS008.
Full textThis thesis is a study into the structure and functioning of hydrothermal systems. We focused on two areas, Waimangu, New Zealand, and the Phlegrean Fields - Solfatara, Italy, that we observed with several geophysical methods. The first system was chosen owing to its strong dynamics, and because it seems to be purely hydrothermal, without any magmatic influence; the second one allowed the observation and the geophysical characterization of a shallow hydrothermal plume. Our study first aimed to recognize the large scale structure of the Waimangu hydrothermal system, and to characterize its main surface expressions, namely hot lakes, geysers, and fumaroles. For this purpose, we related the self-potential and the electrical resistivity methods to measurements of temperature and CO2 flux. We then concentrated on three small-scale laboratories : Iodine vent, Inferno Crater Lake, and the Old Geyser Site. These areas are different from each other in size and also in their water chemistry, which is a key parameter in the sensitivity of electrical methods. This range enabled us to implement acoustic and electrical imaging techniques on singular systems that have their own dynamics. At Iodine Pool, the implementation of recent imaging techniques from underwater acoustics allowed us to locate hydrothermal noise sources with high accuracy. The self-potential monitoring of an intermittent vent showed cyclic fluctuations that could be explained by a change in the hydraulic head. The joint application of acoustic and electrical imaging at the Old Geyser Site showed how these two techniques complement each other in defining the location of a hydrothermal structure that matches both acoustic and electrical sources. A third step consisted in the study of the geo-electrical signature of fluid movements that relate to the Inferno cyclic activity. Electrical resistivity monitoring highlighted that the observed lake fluctuations are characterized by notable electrical resistivity changes; these variations could be due to phase changes occurring at depth, and are in good agreement with analog modellings. The experiments that have been made at the Solfatara allowed us to image the hydrothermal plume with electrical methods (3-D resistivity tomography), acoustic and thermal measurements. We present the results from both electrical resistivity tomography and temperature data that allowed us to establish the boundaries of the hydrothermal plume
Cotton, Julien. "Analyse et traitement de données sismiques 4D en continu et en temps réel pour la surveillance du sous-sol." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEM023.
Full text3D seismic reflection is widely used in the oil industry. This standard subsoil auscultation method provides information on geological structures and can be used to build reservoir models. However, the properties derived from3D (and 2D) seismic data are only static: 3D does not allow to evaluate the changes with calendar time. The addition of a temporal dimension to 3D data is obtained by repeating the measurements at several dates separated by several months or even several years. Thus, 4D seismic (time-lapse) makes it possible to measure and to analyze the changes of the subsoil in the long term. Since the 90s, this method is used worldwide at sea and on land. To carry out a much more frequent monitoring (daily), even continuous (a few hours) of the subsoil, CGG developed, in collaboration with Gazde France (now ENGIE) and Institut Français du Pétrole (now IFPEN), a solution based on buried sources and receptors: SeisMovie. SeisMovie was originally designed to monitor and map the gas front in real time during geological disposal operations. It is also used to observe the steam injection required for heavy oil production. In this thesis, we bring contributions to three challenges arising in the processing of seismic data from this system. The first one concerns the attenuation of near-surface variations caused by "ghost" waves that interfere with primary waves. The second one concerns the quantification of subsurface changes in terms of propagation velocity variation and acoustic impedance.The third one concerns real-time: the data processing must be at least as fast as the acquisition cycle (a few hours). Infact, the analysis of the data must enable the reservoir engineers to make quick decisions (stop of the injection, decreaseof the production). In a more general context, there are conceptual similarities between 3D and 4D. In 4D, the repeated acquisitions are compared with each other (or with a reference). In 3D, during acquisition, field geophysicists compare unitary shot points with each other to assess the quality of the data for decision-making (reshooting, skipping orcontinuing). Therefore, some 4D real-time tools developed during this thesis can be applied. A new approach called TeraMig for automated quality control in the field will also be presented
Chen, Cheng. "Retrieving global sources of aerosol emissions from satellite observations." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R001/document.
Full textUnderstanding of the role that atmospheric aerosol play in the Earth-atmosphere system is limited by uncertainties in aerosol distribution, composition and sources. Thus, accurate chemical transport model simulation systems are crucial needed to analyse and predict atmospheric aerosols and their impacts on climate change and environment. Satellite observations have ability to provide an extensive spatial coverage and accurate aerosol products, however, are constrained by clear-sky condition, global coverage orbit cycle and information content. One of the most promising approaches is to reduce model uncertainty by improving the aerosol emission fields (i.e., model input) by means of inverse modeling relying on satellite observations as a constrain. In this study, we designed a method of simultaneous retrievals of desert dust, black carbon and organic carbon aerosol emission sources using aerosol data obtained from GRASP algorithm applied to POLDER/PARASOL satellite observations, and relying on the GEOS-Chem inverse modeling framework. Then, a satellite-based global aerosol emission database (2006-2011) has been developed. This aerosol emission database has been further evaluated by utilization in GEOS-Chem and GEOS-5/GOCART models. The model posterior simulation of aerosol properties employing the retrieved emissions shows a better agreement than the model prior simulation; it is true for not only fitted PARASOL products, but also for completely independent measurements from ground-based AERONET and satellites aerosol products (e.g., MODIS, MISR, OMI). The results suggest that the satellite-based aerosol emission database improves overall global aerosol modeling
Vialle, Stéphanie. "Etude expérimentale des effets de la dissolution (ou de la précipitation) de minéraux sur les propriétés de transport des roches." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077175.
Full textOne of the main challenge in the area of the reactive transport in porous rocks is nowadays to identify, develop and test geophysical methods being able to follow, from the surface (and hence at the field scale) the processes that occur inside the rock formation. In this study we have hence sawk to document and better understand the relationships between the dissolution and/or the precipitation of rocks with various textures and mineralogical compositions and the change in the physical parameters (permeability and electrical formation factor). To this end, percolation experiments have been carried out on very well characterized samples and with various injected fluids (oversaturated in calcite in the case of precipitation and rendered acidic by saturation with CO2 in the one of dissolution). The temperature, the pressions, the flow rate, the electrical fluid's and rock's conductivities, the alkalinity, the pH and the chemical composition of the outflow fluid have been followed, that/enables us to have access all the experiment long and in real time both to geochemical (namely alkalinity and calcium's concentrations) and to geophysical parameters (permeability and electrical formation factor). In addition, the results obtained in the laboratory at different scales (centimetric to decimetric) are in good agreement with the ones obtained at a larger scale in the laboratory carrier of the Mayet de Montagne (Mass Central - France)
Dardel, Cécile. "Entre désertification et reverdissement du Sahel : Diagnostic des observations spatiales et in situ." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00944267.
Full textTétard, Cédric. "Analyse des mesures de l'expérience satellitaire SAGE III : algorithme d'inversion et validation des résultats : comparaison des produits des instruments de la mission spatiale ACE avec des mesures corrélatives à distance et in situ." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10023/document.
Full textOne of the conclusions of the last IPCC reports is that the role of the stratosphere in the current climate change is not weil known. Consequently, stratospheric studies must continue. Solar occultation and in situ measurements are weil suited to these studies but it is necessary to validate them. First, we have developed our inversion algorithm of the SAGE III transmissions and we have compared our products (vertical profiles of O3 and N02 concentrations and of aerosol extinction coefficients (AEC)) to those from the officiaI algorithm and from a third algorithm. Good agreements are obtained between these inversions for ail species. Then, we have compared our products to those from correlative validated measurements obtained by satellite and balloon borne instrument (SPIRALE). Except CEA, results are satisfying. However, the comparison with in situ measurements from SPIRALE obtained on the edge of the polar vortex exhibits a disagreement for NO2 proving that the solar occultation method are not weil suited for reactive species in complex dynamical situation. Once these validations carried out, we have studied the stratospheric intrusions of aerosols resulting from forest fires and we have shown that they lead to a strong increase in the number of particles. Finally, in an international framework, we have taken part in the validation of the instruments of the ACE mission (FTS, MAESTRO and Imager) with SAGE III and SPIRALE data. That enabled us to validate sorne products (O3 and NO2 from FTS and MAESTRO), to invalidate others (CEA from Imager) and to confirm the discrepancy for NO2 between in situ and remote measurements
Archambault, Théo. "Deep learning for sea surface height reconstruction from multi-variate satellite observations." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS253.
Full textThis Ph.D. thesis focuses on reconstructing satellite images of the ocean surface from sparse and noisy measurements. Our objective is the Sea Surface Height (SSH), an important variable to estimate surface currents. It is retrieved through nadir-pointing altimeters, leaving important observation gaps due to their remote sensing technology. Complete SSH maps are produced using linear Optimal Interpolations with low effective resolution.On the other hand, Sea Surface Temperature (SST) products have much higher data coverage, and SST is physically linked to geostrophic currents through advection.This thesis explores deep learning algorithms to estimate SSH fields. Relying on years of data from simulation and observations, deep neural networks are able to learn complex relationships between SSH and SST variables. Using these algorithms and SST observations, we first enhance SSH mapping from a downscaling perspective on a physical simulation. Then, we tackle the SSH interpolation problem on simulation and observation data, with a particular focus on how to transfer the learning in operational settings. Finally, we adapt our method to produce near real-time and forecast estimations
Bovchaliuk, Valentyn. "Aerosols properties as retrieved from the GARRLIC synergetic approach applied to multi wavelength Raman LiDAR observations performed over Lille and Dakar sites." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10145/document.
Full textAerosol particles are a highly variable component of the atmosphere and are now studied by a wide community. Since 2005, LOA is developing a recognized expertize in LiDAR observation devoted to aerosols profiling. Since 2011 this activity is supported by ACTRIS (Aerosol Cloud and Trace gas Infrastructure) and CaPPA (Chemical And Physical Processes in the Atmosphere) projects. The first objective of this work was to built, set up and characterize a new multi-wavelength Raman Polarized LiDAR (LILAS) operating at LOA observation platform located on the Campus. This system has also been operated during the SHADOW-2 field campaign (2015-2016) at Dakar (IRD station, Senegal). The second objective of the thesis consisted in developing aerosols retrievals and analyzing aerosols retrievals in term of optical and microphysical properties. An innovating synergetic approach (GARRLIC/GRASP) has been used and improved to interpret several aerosol events (local pollution, mineral dust transported to Lille and mineral dust detected at Dakar, close to sources). This new technique is combining primary data obtained from sun/sky photometer (spectral AOD and spectral radiance) and elastic LiDAR backscattering profiles (355, 532 and 1064 nm). Ambient aerosols properties being also sensitive to the atmospheric humidity, a last part of the work has be devoted to profiling water vapor mixing ratio from LILAS night time data
Lévy, Léa. "Propriétés électriques des roches volcaniques altérées : observations et interprétations basées sur des mesures en laboratoire, terrain et forage au volcan Krafla, Islande." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEE002/document.
Full textElectromagnetic soundings are widely used to image the underground structure of volcanoes and look for hightemperature geothermal resources. The electrical resistivity of volcanoes is affected by several characteristics of rocks: volume and salinity of pore fluid, abundance of conductive minerals, rock temperature and presence of magma. This thesis aims at improving the interpretation of electrical resistivity structures around active volcanoes, in order to develop innovative tools for the assessment of geothermal resources. I focus on conductive minerals, which can either be solid ionic conductors (clay minerals, in particular smectite) or electronic semi-conductors (pyrite and iron-oxides), but I also investigate the effects of porosity, salinity, temperature and presence of magma. I use Krafla volcano as a laboratory area, where extensive literature, borehole data, core samples, surface soundings and infrastructures are available. Smectite and pyrite are formed upon hydrothermal alteration of volcanic rocks and thus witness hydrothermal convection. On the other hand, iron-oxides are mostly formed during the primary crystallization of magma and dissolved by hydrothermal fluids. The contribution of smectite to the electrical conductivity of volcanic rocks saturated with pore water at different salinity is first investigated in the laboratory (room temperature) by electrical impedance spectroscopy “complex resistivity”. Non-linear variations of the conductivity at 1 kHz with salinity are observed and discussed. Interfoliar conduction is suggested as an important mechanism by which smectite conducts electrical current. The influence of pyrite and iron-oxides on induced polarization effects is then analyzed, using the frequency-dependent phase-angle of the impedance. A maximum phase-angle higher than 20 mrad is attributed to pyrite if the rock is conductive and to ironoxides if the rock is resistive. The maximum phase-angle increases by about 22 mrad for each additional per cent of pyrite or iron-oxide. These laboratory frequency-domain findings are partly upscaled to interpret field time-domain complex resistivity tomography at Krafla: smectite, pyrite and iron-oxides can be identified down to 200 m. The in-situ temperature, higher than in laboratory conditions, appears to significantly increase the conductivity associated to smectite. In general, time-domain complex resistivity measurements are recommended as a complementary method to electromagnetic soundings for geothermal exploration
Richer, de Forges Anne. "Exploration du potentiel de données d'observations de terrain pour caractériser ou cartographier des propriétés ou des comportements des sols." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ORLE1049.
Full textWhen carrying soil survey or describing soils in the field, a large number of variables are observed, recorded and stored in databases. Over time, this data on soils becomes available overwhelmingly. However, this data has never been studied in its entirety, nor used to characterize or map soil properties, functioning or behavior. These data are essentially qualitative and often ordinal. The hypothesis of our work is that it is possible to categorize these variables, to relate them to quantitative data and to use them in digital soil mapping (DSM).We evaluate the benefit of the contribution of this uncertain data by taking two examples based on soil texture and compactness. We simulate the consequences of using the hand-feel texture on the calibration and performance of a pedotransfer function. We also show the significant potential of this data in DSM of particle-size fractions, both as input data and as validation data. This mass of data, sometimes from heterogeneous sources, also makes it possible to reveal spatial structures not captured by the available quantitative variables. We use a field test to estimate soil compactness to bring out clusters of physical behavior which are then interpreted and mapped on a national scale.Through these examples, we demonstrate that the mass use of qualitative data can provide new knowledge and be enhanced by exploration and the DSM. We also confirm the potential of data from remote sensing, such as airborne spectrogammametry, as a covariate for the DSM of particle-size of topsoil. In particular, we show that it is possible to extract usable and spatially relevant information from uncertain qualitative data, without necessarily resorting to new, more costly acquisitions
Hatam, Chavari Yaghoub. "Etablissement des nouveaux réseaux multi-observations géodésiques et gravimétriques, et détermination du géoïde en Iran." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20089.
Full textIran covers a large area limited in longitude by the meridians 44°E and 64°E and in latitude by the parallels 25°N and 40°N. Mapping a new gravity field over Iran is the first important data for geodetic, geophysical and geodynamical considerations. In this thesis, the gravity measurements are used to determine the gravimetric geoid over Iran. This geoid is coupled with the GPS height and altitude (levelling) to realize an operational vertical surface at the territory of Iran. The contribution of the principal geodetic and gravimetric works realized in recent years are the establishment of: 1) the national absolute gravity network of Iran (NAGNI09), 2) the national gravity calibration line of Iran (NGCLI10) and 3) the multi-observations geodetic and gravimetric network of Iran (MPGGNI10). The absolute gravity network consists in 24 stations where the gravity measurement has been realized with the help of gravimeters FG5, with a precision better than 5 Gal. The repetition of the observations at two stations between 2000 and 2007 makes obvious the inter-annual variations of gravity in relation of the amount of underground water changes and (or) tectonic deformation. The absolute gravity network has served the base stations for the realization of the MPGGNI10 geodetic and gravimetric network with a mesh of 55 km, at which the gravity is measured with the help of relative gravimeters CG-5 and CG-3/M, the GPS height and the altitude with a precision of 0.010 mGal, 0.03 m, and respectively. The remove-restore technique coupled with the Helmert's condensation method is chousen to compute a new gravimetric geoid model, IRGeoid10, with a absolute and relative precision of the order of 0.26 m and 2.8 ppm respectively. The gravimetric geoid is adjusted at the GPS/levelling points to define new vertical reference surface over Iran
Gresse, Marceau. "Imagerie géophysique (électrique et sismique) haute résolution et modélisation du système hydrothermal superficiel de la Solfatare de Pouzzoles, Italie du Sud. Application à l’étude des processus hydrothermaux." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU035/document.
Full textThe Campi Flegrei caldera is located in the metropolitan area of Naples (Italy), and it is one of the largest volcanic systems on Earth. Since 1950, this volcanic complex shows significant unrest, which accelerated over the last decade with a rise in the seismic activity, ground deformation, and the extent of the degassing area. Recent studies indicate that the volcanic system is potentially moving toward a critical state, although their authors remain unable to point out when and where a possible eruption could take place. The difficulty of predicting the real volcanic state is here mainly related to the hydrothermal system. Indeed, at the Campi Flegrei, it is difficult to separate the magmatic input signal from the hydrothermal response. Hence, the aim of this thesis is to improve our knowledge on the shallow hydrothermal system of the Solfatara volcano, where most of the renewal activity takes place. A multidisciplinary approach has been performed in two steps: first a geophysical imagery of the volcano and second the modeling of its hydrothermal system.The 3-D electrical resistivity tomography of the crater allows to recognize the main geological units, and their connection with hydrothermal fluid flow features. The interpretation of the resistivity model has been realized thanks to numerous soil complementary measurements: CO2 flux, temperature, self-potential, Cation Exchange Capacity and pH. We identify two liquid-dominated plumes: the Fangaia mud pool and the Pisciarelli fumarole. In the Fangaia area, the comparison between electrical resistivity and velocity models reveals strong gradients related to a sharp transition at the border between the hydrothermal plume and the high diffuse degassing region. Combining electrical resistivity model with hydrothermal tremor sources localization reveal the anatomy of the main fumarolic area. Two separated conduits, gas-saturated, feed the two fumaroles Bocca Grande and Bocca Nuova. These conduits originate from the same gas reservoir located 60 m below the surface. The intense degassing activity, produced in the vicinity of fumaroles, creates large amounts of vapor condensation. The resistivity model reveals this condensate circulation, within a fractured area.All these results are incorporated into a multiphase flow model of the main fumarolic area. The simulation accurately reproduces the fumaroles observables: temperature, flux and CO2/H2O ratio. The model validates the geophysical imagery and confirms the interaction between Bocca Nuova fumarolic conduit and the condensate flow. Hence, this simulation explains for the first time the distinct geochemical signature of the two fumaroles due to a shallow water-interaction. The multidisciplinary approach performed in this thesis constitutes a new step toward a better understanding of hydrothermal interactions. Those phenomena have to be taken into account in order to perform dynamic modelling, and thus apprehend the real state of the volcanic system
Biaou, Angelbert. "De la méso-échelle à la micro-échelle : désagrégation spatio-temporelle multifractale des précipitations." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001573.
Full textBouillon, Marie. "Températures atmosphériques homogènes dérivées des observations satellitaires IASI : restitution, variations spatio-temporelles et événements extrêmes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS317.pdf.
Full textThe IASI instruments, launched in 2006, 2012 and 2018, observe radiance spectra from the Earth-atmosphere system, allowing us to retrieve atmospheric temperatures. The EUropean organisation for the exploitation of METeorological SATellites (EUMETSAT) computes surface and atmospheric temperatures from IASI observations since 2007. To improve the quality of the retrieved temperatures, EUMETSAT has performed several updates on the temperature processing algorithm. In this work, we show how the EUMETSAT temperature record is inhomogeneous and therefore not adapted to the study of temperatures on the long term. Therefore, a new atmospheric temperature product was computed from IASI spectra with an artificial neural network, using IASI radiances as input and ERA5 reanalysis temperatures as output. The temperatures retrieved with the neural network were validated against ERA5 temperatures and radiosounding temperatures. The validation showed good agreement between the three datasets from 750 to 7 hPa. At 2 hPa, the quality of the temperature products decreases because of the low amount of information on temperature within the IASI spectra at this altitude. This new homogeneous temperature record was then used to study extreme events, in particular Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (SSW). This work studies several SSWs that have happened since 2007, and shows that IASI is perfectly suited to study both temperature and ozone changes during these events. The temperatures were also used to observe the cold and heat waves that happened in the past few years. Finally, the temperatures were used to compute trends over the 2008-2020 period. The troposphere is warming, especially in the upper equatorial troposphere and in the Arctic. The stratosphere north of 50°S is also warming due to the slow ozone hole recovery. In the rest of the stratosphere, the temperatures are decreasing. This thesis presents an homogenous and independent temperature data record from IASI. The methods developed can and will be applied to the rest of the IASI mission and to its successor, the IASI-New Generation mission, which will launch in 2024
Coopmann, Olivier. "Vers une meilleure assimilation des observations satellitaires infrarouges par le couplage des modèles météorologique et chimique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30303.
Full textThe Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) is the instrument that provides the most satellite observations to the ARPEGE (Action de Recherche Petite Échelle Grande Scale) Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model at Météo-France. This sensor was developed jointly by CNES (Centre National d'Études Spatiales) and EUMETSAT (European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites) and is carried on board the Metop-A, B and C polar orbiting satellites. The assimilation of these observations requires the use of a Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) called RTTOV at Météo-France. The latter uses an a priori knowledge of the most likely thermodynamic and chemical state of the atmosphere to simulate IASI observations. At Meteo-France, the background thermodynamic fields come from a short-term forecast provided by ARPEGE but the information on the chemical composition of the atmosphere comes from a single vertical reference profile for each chemical species, provided by RTTOV. However, this approximation has a significant impact on the quality of simulations and the use of infrared satellite observations for NWP. Chemistry Transport Models (CTM) are able to provide forecasts of the chemical composition of the atmosphere. At Météo-France, this CTM is called MOCAGE. This thesis therefore proposes a method toward a better assimilation of infrared satellite observations by coupling meteorological and chemical models. The first part of the work was to evaluate the sensitivity of infrared observations to some atmospheric compounds. To do so, we participated in the APOGEE (Atmospheric Profiles Of GreenhousE gases) measurement campaign, which enabled us to measure in situ profiles of CO2, CH4 and O3. These data were used both to validate the quality of our simulations and as verification data to assess atmospheric chemical composition derived from CTM. We then supervised two Master 1 trainees to carry out an evolving climatology of CO2 in order to improve the use of infrared satellite observations. From these studies, it appears that the quality of the simulations depends on the accuracy of the chemical information used and the chemical component with the greatest impact on the simulations is ozone. Thus, the rest of the thesis work was therefore focused on ozone. A first step was to prepare the assimilation of ozone-sensitive IASI channels. This work has shown both that the use of realistic ozone information from a CTM can better simulate ozone-sensitive observations and provide additional information, simultaneously improving temperature, humidity and ozone analyses [Coopmann et al., 2018]. [...]
Pellet, Victor. "Télédétection satellite du cycle de l'eau. De l'optimisation du traitement des observations à l'intégration des produits restitués." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS277.
Full textSatellite observation offers the unique opportunity for global coverage and continuous temporal monitoring in meteorology and climatology. However, there are many difficulties in their exploitation, which requires the use of optimization techniques at the different steps of their processing. This thesis will deal with two questions: (1) the processing of satellite data before the restitution, and (2) the integration of the multiple satellite products available. A new approach for channel compression/selection (Bottlenecks Channels) is proposed to reduce the dimension of hyperspectral data (in the infrared with the IASI instrument and in microwaves for a new sounder concept). A new scheme is also developed to integrate multiple satellite products for the study of the water cycle (surface, ocean and atmosphere). This integration approach makes the components of the water cycle more coherent to each other. It is presented here in the context of the Mediterranean water cycle
Vincens, Eric. "Estimation des tassements des sols sous séismes." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1999. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/TH_T1784_evincens.pdf.
Full textEstimating the settlements of soil profiles is of major interest if one wants to guarantee dam stability or durability of structures in areas subjected to earthquakes. But this point wasn't investigated by recent researchers and needed further developments. First of all, our work consisted in studying Californian accelerograms recorded on bedrock. Some characteristics and properties were drawn so that a modelisation of the seismic movement could be established by a random process. Indeed, deterministic records are linked to problems of representativity. More often, it's better to use an artificial record that accounts for global phenomena, which we intended to do herein. So, an earthquake can be represented by a limited duration segment of a stationary random process. We've chosen the one proposed by Clough-Penzien, the function parameters were found so that the articial time excitation generated be compatible with design response spectra NRC or AFPS. The second part of this work was to propose a simple soil densification law, the one chosen puts forward the major role of the cumulative deformation deviator in the process. An analytical evaluation of settlements was pointed out so that it approaches the results given by an equivalent linear elastic method in a satisfactory way. Our method prevents any transient computation and only needs the computation of the response spectra Sa (10 %) as well as the strong duration of the movement. This analytical formulation of the settlements is a preliminary design solution of the problem, a method commonly used. Then, we proposed a new parameter related to potential damages that can be observed after earthquakes resulting in a possible classification or comparison between accelerograms. Usually, this classification is only performed in studying accelerograms, we pointed out that some characteristics of the system observed must be included to achieve it
Schlögel, Romy. "Quantitative landslide hazard assessment with remote sensing observations and statistical modelling." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAH009/document.
Full textThe analysis of landslide inventories is the basis for quantitative hazard assessment. Landslide inventory maps are prepared using conventional methods (field surveys, visual interpretation of aerial photographs) and new remote sensing techniques. One of the most promising techniques for landslide detection and mapping is related to the measurement of the ground deformation by satellite radar interferometry (InSAR).This doctoral thesis is dedicated to the preparation of a multi-date inventory, from multi-source data, including InSAR, for a quantitative assessment of landslide hazard. The methods associate the analysis of Earth Observation products and statistical modelling for the characterization of landslide hazard in a rural and mountainous region of the South French Alps. They have been developed at the slope (1:5000-1:2000) and the regional (1:25.000-1:10.000) scales. For the creation of a multi-date inventory, this study developed a combined interpretation of time series of SAR images, aerial photographs, geomorphological maps, historical reports and field surveys. At the slope-scale, a geomorphologically-guided methodology using InSAR was proposed to identify landslide displacement patterns and measure their kinematic evolution. At regional scale, spatio-temporal distribution of landslides is characterised and hazard is assessed by computing spatial and temporal probabilities of occurrence for a given intensity of the phenomena. The spatial occurrence is evaluated using a multivariate model (logistic regression). The temporal occurrence of landslide is estimated with a Poisson probability model to compute exceedance probabilities for several return periods. Different mapping units were used in the modelling, and their influence on the results is discussed. Analysis of landslide hazard is then proposed for some particular hotspots. Relationships between landslide (re)activations and triggering factors are envisaged
Saraswati, Anita Thea. "Development of a Numerical Tool for Gravimetry and Gradiometry Data Processing and Interpretation : application to GOCE Observations." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG077/document.
Full textNowadays, the scientific community has at its disposal gravity and gravity gradient datasets with unprecedented accuracy and spatial resolution that enhances our knowledge of Earth gravitational field at various scales and wavelengths, obtained from ground to satellite measurements. In parallel with gravimetry, the advancement of satellite observations provides the community with more detailed digital elevation models to reflect the Earth’s structure geometry. Together, these novel datasets provide a great opportunity to better understand the Earth’s structures and dynamics at local, regional, and global scales. The use and interpretation of these high-quality data require refinement of standard approaches in gravity-related data processing and analysis. This thesis consists of a series of studies aiming to improve the precision in the chain of gravity and gravity gradient data processing for geodynamic studies. To that aim, we develop a tool, named GEEC (Gal Eötvös Earth Calculator) to compute precisely the gravity and gravity gradients effects of due to any mass body regardless of its geometry and its distance from measurements. The gravity and gravity gradients effects are computed analytically using the line integral solution of an irregular polyhedron. The validations at local, regional, and global scales confirm the robustness of GEEC’s performance, where the resolution of the model, that depends on both size of the body mass and its distance from the measurement point, control strongly the accuracy of the results. We present an application for assessing the optimum parameters in computing gravity and gravity gradients due to topography variations. Topography has a major contribution in Earth gravitational attraction, therefore the estimation of topography effects must be carefully considered in the processing of gravity data, especially in areas of rugged topography or in large-scale studies. For high-accuracy gravity studies at a global scale, the topography correction process must consider the topography effect of the entire Earth. But for local to regional applications based on relative variations within the zone, we show that truncated topography at a specific distance can be adequate, although, ignoring the topography pas this distance could produce errors. To support these arguments, we show the relationships between gravity relative errors, topography truncation distance, and the extent of study zone. Lastly, we approach the issue: Are GOCE measurements relevant to obtain a detailed image of the structure of a subducting plate, including its geometry and lateral variation? The results of gravity gradient forward modelling using synthetic subduction models computed at GOCE’s mean altitude (255 km) demonstrate that both subduction edges and lateral variations of subduction angle produce gravity gradient variations that are detectable with GOCE dataset (∼100 km wavelength and 10 mE amplitude). However, in the application to the real case of Izu-Bonin-Mariana subduction zone, the second-order geometric features of the subducting plate are difficult to be detected due to the presence of the remaining crustal effects. This is caused by the inaccuracy of the existing global crustal model, that leads to inaccurate crustal effect removal
Marchand, Jean-Louis. "Conditionnement de processus markoviens." Phd thesis, Rennes 1, 2012. https://ecm.univ-rennes1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/2177e735-124d-45ce-b03e-04149f77439c.
Full textThe aim of this work is to describe the conditional law of a multidimensional Markov process knowing linear combinations of its coordinates at given times. We are looking for a process of the same kind, whose law is equivalent to the targeted one. The diffusion processes represent the most studied process class in this thesis. We first use techniques of enlargement of filtrations (Jacod 1985) in order to determine the parameters of the conditional stochastic differential equation (SDE). This theoretical result does not allow direct simulation of conditional paths because of its drift. Indeed, this one depends on the transition density functions of the initial diffusion, and those functions are generally unknown. That is why, we provide an alternative, inspired by a Delyon & Hu(2006), consisting in proposing a SDE, whose law is equivalent to the targeted conditional distribution. Moreover, this SDE possesses explicit coefficents, and is easy to simulate thanks to an Euler scheme. Same kind of results are also established in the case of realpoint processes. An application in collaboration with Anne Cuzol and Etienne Mémin from the INRIA is also presented. It consists in applying the precedent result to a model, whose construction is based on 2D-Navier-Stokes equations
Savas, Dilek. "Inverse modeling of NOx emissions in urbanized areas of the Northern hemisphere : application of the CIF-CHIMERE inversion system to OMI and TROPOMI observations." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UNIP7010.
Full textAccording to the World Health Organization, exposure to ambient air pollution is estimated to cause 4.2 premature deaths per year in urban and rural areas worldwide. Poor air quality also leads to damage to infrastructure, soil and water resources. This major environmental problem emerged at the beginning of the 20th century due to the intense industrialization and urbanization of societies, forcing policy makers and governments to control anthropogenic emissions of air pollutants. Since 1990, important initiatives have been taken in industrialized countries, such as Europe, to reduce emissions of pollutants by implementing mitigation strategies. More recently, the implementation of mitigation policies has started to be seen in developing countries such as China. The assessment of emission reduction policies is often based on official emission inventories derived from emitters' statements of activities and statistical data. This so-called bottom-up approach estimates emissions by extrapolating emission factor measurements that are only available in a sparse spatial and temporal network. This involves high uncertainties, as it does not incorporate the high spatiotemporal variability of emission fluxes. Besides, uncertainties in emission inventories lead to inconsistencies in the assessment of appropriate strategies to prevent air pollution episodes. Therefore, being able to accurately monitor the development of emissions and the trend of pollutants is an important issue for evaluating reduction policies. One of the promising ways to overcome this problem is the atmospheric inversion approach, which uses available atmospheric observations to constrain emissions through atmospheric modeling and the inversion system. This so-called top down approach brings complementary information to bottom-up inventories. It estimates emissions while exploiting the high spatiotemporal variability of the satellite observations and computational power. Nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+NO2) are among the most regulated pollutants as precursors of other air pollutants, such as ozone and secondary aerosols. In the framework of this thesis, first, we set up and tested the daily NOx emission inversion capability of the state-of-art inverse modeling system CIF, embedded with the CHIMERE Chemistry Transport Model and its adjoint at moderate resolution using OMI satellite observations. The results lead us to determine the settings and sensitivities of the CIF system for the NOx inversions. The CIF-CHIMERE system was applied first to evaluate the impact of strong NOx emission regulations implemented by China since 2011 within its 5-year Plans. We assimilated NO2 observations from OMI satellite instruments and estimated NOx emissions for 2015 and 2019 with a resolution of 50x50 km2 over Eastern China. The year 2010 was chosen as a baseline or a priori bottom-up inventory, as it was just before the mitigation implementation. The results show that the reduction in NOx emissions is limited to urbanized and industrialized areas but remains within the mitigation targets (10-15%). The estimated NOx emissions were also used to simulate NO2 surface concentrations, and the inversion approach was found to improve the comparison with ground-based measurements slightly. The CIF-CHIMERE system was also applied to assess the abrupt changes in NOx emissions in Europe caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, we explored the potential of assimilating high-resolution TROPOMI NO2 observations during the 2020 lock-down period
Marchand, Jean-Louis. "Conditionnement de processus markoviens." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00733301.
Full textEissa, Leila. "Utilisation de méthodes de l'astrogéodésie et de la géodésie spatiale pour des études de déformations de l’écorce terrestre : représentations de déformations et de leur degré de signification par des tenseurs régulièrement répartis." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1018/document.
Full textSpace geodesy tools are now strongly involved in geophysical studies. The horizontal deformation field for a region of interest is provided by two main methods : a velocity field and a strain tensor field. A strain tensors field solution has the advantage of being independent of the reference frame in which the velocities are expressed. Nevertheless, the current methods of calculation of a strain tensors field depend on the positioning of geodetic points. Furthermore, the current mapping method of tensors by their mains axis is not easy to read and to interpret, needing some training. This thesis is devoted to the problem of calculating a continuous field of regularly spaced strain tensors, and providing an intuitive mapping method of these tensors with a simultaneous representation of their significance level on the same map. The estimation of uncertainties related to the deformation field is made in two steps : firstly, a Monte Carlo method is applied for the calculation of uncertainties related to the measurements, its results allow to define the significance level of tensors by normalizing tensor's values with respect to their related uncertainties, then, the constraints coming from the distribution of the network of measurement points are calculated and combined with the first source of error. The new approach of mapping tensors was analyzed through an opinion survey by providing several possibilities of representation. The results of this opinion survey allowed us to validate this new mapping method by geophysicists for representing a deformation field, because it allows highlighting some aspects not well illustrated by the classical mapping method of tensors, and therefore choosing the graphical elements of the map which provide the best intuitive method of mapping a strain tensors field
Shamambo, Daniel Chiyeka. "Assimilation de données satellitaires pour le suivi des ressources en eau dans la zone Euro-Méditerranée." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30143.
Full textMore accurate estimates of land surface conditions are important for enhancing our ability to understand, monitor, and predict key variables of the terrestrial water cycle in various parts of the globe. In particular, the Mediterranean area is frequently characterized by a marked impact of the soil water deficit on vegetation growth. The latest IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) simulations indicate that occurrence of droughts and warm spells in the Euro-Mediterranean region are likely to increase. It is therefore crucial to improve the ways of understanding, observing and simulating the dynamics of the land surface processes in the Euro-Mediterranean region. Land surface models (LSMs) have been developed for the purpose of representing the land surface processes at various spatial scales. They are usually forced by hourly gridded atmospheric variables such as air temperature, air humidity, solar radiation, precipitation, and are used to simulate land surface states and fluxes. While LSMs can provide a continuous monitoring of land surface conditions, they still show discrepancies due to forcing and parameter errors, missing processes and inadequate model physics for particular areas or seasons. It is also possible to observe the land surface conditions from space. The modelling of land surface variables can be improved through the dynamical integration of these observations into LSMs. Remote sensing observations are particularly useful in this context because they are able to address global and continental scales. Low frequency microwave remote sensing has advantages because it can provide regular observations in all-weather conditions and at either daytime or night-time. A number of satellite-derived products relevant to the hydrological and vegetation cycles are already available from C-band radars such as the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) or Sentinel-1. Assimilating these data into LSMs permits their integration in the process representation in a consistent way. The results obtained from assimilating satellites products provide land surface variables estimates that are generally superior to the model estimates or satellite observations alone. The main objective of this thesis was to improve the representation of land surface variables linked to the terrestrial water and carbon cycles in the ISBA LSM through the assimilation of ASCAT backscatter (sigma°) observations. An observation operator capable of representing the ASCAT sigma° from the ISBA simulated variables was developed. A version of the water cloud model (WCM) was successfully implemented over the Euro-Mediterranean area. The simulated values were compared with those observed from space. A more detailed quantification of the influence of various factors on the signal was made over southwestern France. Focusing on the Klaus storm event in the Landes forest, it was shown that the WCM was able to represent abrupt changes in vegetation biomass. It was also found that the WCM had shortcomings over karstic areas and over wheat croplands. It was shown that the latter was related to a discrepancy between the seasonal cycle of microwave vegetation optical depth (VOD) and leaf area index (LAI). Finally, the direct assimilation of ASCAT sigma° observations was assessed over southwestern France
Salazar, Veronica. "Etude des propriétés physiques des aérosols de la moyenne et haute atmosphère à partir d'une nouvelle analyse des observations du GOMOS-ENVISAT pour la période 2002-2006." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00608052.
Full textPeruzzo, Luca. "Geoelectrical approaches for characterizing soil geochemical processes and soil-root interactions." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BOR30015.
Full textIn this thesis I investigate some of the possibilities offered by the use of geoelectrical methods for characterizing soil geochemical processes and root-soil interactions. The motivation for this thesis arises from the pivotal role of soil quality and root-soil interactions in manifold environmental issues. In addition, there is growing evidence of the importance of mutual interactions between roots and soil, for this reason this thesis explores the use of geoelectrical methods for more comprehensive approaches. Both soil physicochemical processes and root-soil interactions involve, among others, the movement of water and solutes, altercations of the soil structure, and biological feedbacks. Geoelectrical methods are potentially sensitivity to these hydrogeological and biogeochemical modifications. The Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP) method was combined with geochemical analyses and modeling in order to investigate its sensitivity to pore fluid composition, pH, and ionic strength. In particular, the SIP signature of Na+/Cu2+ substitution was investigated because of their worldwide relevance for soil quality. The SIP investigation focused on saturated silica, and explored concentrations of Na+ and Cu2+ that are typical to agricultural soils exposed to the use of Cu pesticides. The results showed how pH and ionic strength were the main variables controlling the SIP signals, while negligible effects were related to the Cu/Na substitution. The concurrent use of chemical and geophysical laboratory experiments allowed a better characterization of the investigated complexation processes and significantly supported the interpretation of the SIP signals. The Electrical Resistivity Tomography and the Mise-A-La-Masse methods were combined to develop a novel approach for imaging the electric current pathways in the root-soil system. Since the current conduction in soil and roots is mostly electrolytic, the proposed approach relates to the movement of water and solutes within the root-soil system. The potential of the method for field investigations was explored with a set of experiments on a grapevine. In light of the promising results, the method was further developed and applied to rhizotron laboratory experiments on cotton and maize plants. The method proved to be sensitive to inter-species physiological differences and possibly to the plant response to environmental stressors. New experiments with physiological analyses of root tissues are needed to elucidate these aspects. Emerging technologies are strongly supporting to the diffusion of imaging and monitoring geoelectrical applications at the field-scale. In this promising context, the results of this thesis contribute to the development of geoelectrical approaches for studying soil and its mutual interactions with plant roots over relevant spatiotemporal scales
Charantonis, Anastase Alexandre. "Méthodologie d'inversion de données océaniques de surface pour la reconstitution de profils verticaux en utilisant des chaînes de Markov cachées et des cartes auto-organisatrices." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066761.
Full textSatellite observations provide us with the values of different biogeochemical parameters at the surface layer of the ocean. These observations are highly correlated with the underlying vertical profiles of different oceanic parameters, such as the Chlorophyll-A concentration, the salinity and temperature of the water column… The sea-surface data and the vertical profiles of the oceanic parameters constitute multi-dimensional vectors. Due to their multi-dimensionality and the high complexity of the dynamics connecting these data sets, their links cannot be modeled linearly. In this thesis we present a methodology to statistically invert sea-surface observations in order to retrieve these vertical profiles. The developed methodology, named PROFHMM, makes use of Self Organizing Maps in order to render the inversion problem compatible with the Hidden Markov Model formalism. PROFHMM makes full use of the topological aspect of the Self Organizing Maps in order not only to generate the topology and states of the Hidden Markov Model, but also improve the estimation of the probabilities essential to the accuracy of the model. The use of the Self Organizing maps was essential in obtaining the results for the geophysical applications of PROFHMM presented in this manuscript. The manuscript was structured in three chapters, each consisting of an article. In the first one, the general methodology of PROFHMM is developed, then tested for the retrieval of vertical profiles of Chlorophyll-A by inverting sea-surface observations. This application demonstrated the ability to synchronize sea-surface data with the output data of numerical models. The second article presents the application of PROFHMM on the inversion of sea-surface data obtained from the AVISO and NOAA projects, in order to retrieve the vertical profiles of temperature over the rail of the ARAMIS mission. The performances obtained demonstrate the ability of PROFHMM to synchronize sea-surface data with in-situ measurements. Finally, in the third article, we present a modification to the Viterbi Algorithm in order to take into account an à priori knowledge of the quality of the observations when performing reconstructions. The proposed methodology, named PROFHMM_UNC, was applied for the reconstruction of the temporal evolution of sea-surface data, by taking into account the quality of the satellite observations used. The validity of the method was proven by performing a twin experiment on the outputs of a numerical model
Travelletti, Julien. "Imagerie multi-paramètres et multi-résolutions pour l'observation et la caractérisation des mécanismes de glissements-coulées." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00806806.
Full textMillet, Florian. "Migration multimode 3D de type Kirchhoff de fonctions récepteurs à l’échelle continentale." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1201/document.
Full textIn geology, and in particular in geophysics, direct and indirect observations of processes occurring both at the surface of the Earth and at depth are used to understand the structure and dynamics of the Earth. For instance, seismic waves generated by large earthquakes can be used to study the structure of heterogeneities in the first few hundred kilometers inside the Earth. In this work, we use the scattered wavefield, which corresponds to energy arriving after the incident wavefield, to image the Earth. By nature, the scattered waves are linked to the scattering heterogeneities encountered along their propagation path, i.e. the fine scale structure of the Earth. Hence, the scattered wavefield has the ability to highlight structures where rapid velocity variations would otherwise be smoothed out by tomographic regularization, such as the structure of subducting slabs. To extract the information from the scattered wavefield, we resort to receiver function (RF) analysis and pre-stack depth migration. Standard migration procedures either rely on the assumption that underlying discontinuities are horizontal, such as in Common Conversion Point stacking (CCP), or are computationally expensive and usually limited to 2D geometries, such as in Reverse Time Migration (RTM) or Generalized Radon Transform (GRT). Here, we develop a Kirchhoff-type teleseismic imaging method that uses fast 3D travel-time calculations with minimal assumptions about the underlying structure. This provides high computational efficiency without limiting the problem to 1D or 2D geometries. In our method, we apply elastic Kirchhoff migration to transmitted and reflected teleseismic waves (i.e., RF). The approach expands on the work of Cheng et al. (2016). The 3D elastic Kirchhoff migration is adapted to the passive seismology scattering geometry and to account for free surface multiples. We use an Eikonal solver based on the fast marching method (FMM) to compute travel times for all scattered phases. 3D scattering patterns are computed to correct the amplitudes and polarities of the three component input signals. We consider three different stacking methods (linear, phase weighted and 2 nd root) to enhance the structures that are most coherent across scattering modes. To showcase the efficiency and accuracy of our migration procedure, we test it by conducting a series of synthetic tests in both artificially challenging and realistic scenarios. Results from synthetic tests show that our imaging principle can recover scattering structures accurately with minimal artifacts. We show that integrating the three components of the RF into the imaging principle allows to coherently retrieve the scattering potential for arbitrarily dipping discontinuities from all back-azimuths, and are able to retrieve a typical 2.5D subduction zone structure. We apply this novel 3D multi-mode Kirchhoff migration method to two different subduction zones, in Western Greece and Southern Alaska
Goutorbe, Bruno. "Le régime thermique des marges continentales passives : méthodologie, observations et modélisation." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GLOB0008.
Full textIn order to gain insights into the thermal regime of divergent continental margins, we successively developed a methodological part, estimated new heat flow values and performed numerical modelings. So as to use efficiently data from oil exploration, which is active on a number of continental margins, we set up a new method based on the neural network technique, relating a set of geophysical well logs to the thermal conductivity. We then performed an inter-comparison of several methods to correct bottom-hole temperatures from oil exploration, using a comprehensive data set from boreholes in Australia. We applied this methodology on several old margins, in eastern Canada, South Africa and Australia. The results we obtained suggest that mantle heat flow is higher on the margins than on the adjacent continent -- and possibly that on the adjacent ocean -- thereby contradicting the classical model of thermal evolution of continental margins. Heat flow measurements performed during a scientific cruise on a young margin, in the Gulf of Aden, are also significantly more elevated than the predictions of the classical models. These results are in agreement with numerical modelings that set the continental margins at the scale of the mantle convection, and show systematically an increase of heat flow towards the border of the continent on a minimum distance of 200 km, which remains permanently. The findings of this PhD work could bring new perspectives on the mechanisms of deformation of continental margins and the evolution of petroleum systems
Lawrence, Heather. "MODÉLISATION DE L'EFFET DE LA RUGOSITÉ DE SURFACE ET DE LA LITIÈRE DES COUVERTS NATURELS SUR LES OBSERVATIONS MICRO-ONDES PASSIVES - APPLICATION AU SUIVI GLOBAL DE L'HUMIDITÉ DU SOL PAR LA MISSION SMOS." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01024075.
Full textBaaklini, Georges. "Characterization of the Eastern Mediterranean surface dynamics : Insights from drifter assimilation and machine learning techniques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS186.
Full textAn accurate estimation of the surface circulation is crucial because of its direct impact on physical and bio-geochemical water properties. However, currents estimation remains challenging because the stream field is affected by quickly changing flows. This problem increases in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, where in-situ observations are relatively scarce and the inaccuracies of altimetric observations increase. Therefore, some of the mesoscale features are still debated or unknown, especially in the Levantine Basin. The thesis goal is to characterize these highly-evolving mesoscale features. In the first part of the thesis, we present a variational assimilation method that merges altimetry with drifters to improve the surface circulation representation along and around the assimilated drifters’ trajectories. We assess the method’s efficiency by comparing the velocities resulting from assimilation with independent in-situ observations and ocean color images. We use the corrected velocities to characterize short-term and local events occurring in the Levantine Basin. However, because of the significant spatio-temporal gaps in drifters’ coverage, the assimilation does not allow a continuous investigation of all the mesoscale patterns and their long-term variabilities in the basin. In the second part of the thesis, we use machine learning techniques to build a catalog of the several circulation regimes in the Levantine Basin, providing a long-term characterization of these features. We also try to explain the possible reasons behind previous contradictory assessments about some features, such as the Mid-Mediterranean Jet. The obtained results in the thesis improve the knowledge of the main mesoscale features’ characteristics, behaviors, and tendencies. The thesis applications could take advantage of other in-situ observations and of future altimetric missions like SWOT, promising to mitigate some of the actual altimetric shortcomings
Mary, Benjamin. "Développement de l'imagerie des systèmes racinaires dans les ouvrages hydrauliques en remblai par tomographie électrique et acoustique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4386/document.
Full textWoody vegetation from earth dikes or dams is a fragility factor which can promote mechanisms of degradation such as erosion. An accurate assessment of root system structure, from geophysical non-destructive methods, of root position into the embankment (depth, extension), and a good knowledge of soil conditions are critical in order to anticipate the consequences of vegetation development for the hydraulic structure’s safety. Laboratory experiments allowed determining intrinsic acoustical and electrical root properties leading to identify relevant signatures and discriminate anomalies related to roots in the field. The establishment of adapted experimental devices led us progressively to assess different parameters (roots mass, water content. . . ) under controlled conditions. Experiments in semi-controlled conditions with trees planted into a homogenous soil, were conducted to assess the relevance of different methodologies, such as the use of temporal induced polarization in complex resistivity tomography or the geometry of sensors for acoustical tomography. Innovative data processing such as wavelet analysis were used to valorize the rich database. The results were validated by the determination of actual root position.Finally, field investigations into an embankment have been performed to highlight a spatial variability of dike structures associated with trees presence. A methodology adapted to the geophysical diagnostic of vegetation roots in embankments was developed
Michel, Yann. "Assimilation de données d'images télédétectées en météorologie." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00489243.
Full textCheng, Sibo. "Error covariance specification and localization in data assimilation with industrial application Background error covariance iterative updating with invariant observation measures for data assimilation A graph clustering approach to localization for adaptive covariance tuning in data assimilation based on state-observation mapping Error covariance tuning in variational data assimilation: application to an operating hydrological model." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPAST067.
Full textData assimilation techniques are widely applied in industrial problems of field reconstruction or parameter identification. The error covariance matrices, especially the background matrix in data assimilation are often difficult to specify. In this thesis, we are interested in the specification and localization of covariance matrices in multivariate and multidimensional systems in an industrial context. We propose to improve the covariance specification by iterative processes. Hence, we developed two new iterative methods for background matrix recognition. The power of these methods is demonstrated numerically in twin experiments with independent errors or relative to true states. We then propose a new concept of localization and applied it for error covariance tuning. Instead of relying on spatial distance, this localization is established purely on links between state variables and observations. Finally, we apply these new approaches, together with other classical methods for comparison, to a multivariate hydrological model. Variational assimilation is implemented to correct the observed precipitation in order to obtain a better river flow forecast
Kinscher, Jannes Lennart. "The analysis and interpretation of microseismicity induced by a collapsing solution mining cavity : A contribution for progress in hazard assessment of underground cavities." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0022/document.
Full textIn order to improve our understanding of hazardous underground cavities and its microseismic response, the development and collapse of a ~ 200 m wide salt solution mining cavity was monitored at Cerville-Buissoncourt in the Lorraine basin in NE France. The majority of the obtained dataset (~80%) was constituted of numerous unusual microseismic swarming events (~50.000 event files). This thesis presents innovative methods able to treat this specific microseismic data set, whose results provide new and fundamental insights into the principal characteristics of caving and collapsing related microseismicity and hazard assessment of excavated underground formations. The principal results are as follows: (i) the individual microseismic events are comparable to small natural tectonic earthquakes with moment magnitudes Mw ranging from around -3 to 1. (ii) Source mechanisms for most microseismic events are remarkable stable and demonstrate a predominant thrust faulting (double-couple) regime with faults similarly oriented NW-SE, dipping 35°-55° , what might be related to the presence of systematically arranged pre-existing fractures. (iii) The origin of microseismic swarming is suggested in the incapacity to sustain larger strains and to release larger stresses, what seems to be related to the mechanical constitution of the rock strata overlying the cavity (i.e. low strength materials). (iv) Caving and collapsing periods at the cavity roof are associated with systematic, self- reinforcing dynamics and have a distinct microseismic response, clearly observable from statistical analysis, which can be precisely described by empirical laws. The performed analysis and interpretation of the microseismicity at Cerville-Buissoncourt has shown that microseismic monitoring is a useful tool to constrain the mechanical and dynamical characteristics of an evolving and collapsing hazardous underground cavity
Guillet, Oliver. "Modélisation des corrélations spatiales d'erreurs d'observation en assimilation de données variationnelle : étude sur des maillages non structurés." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0018.
Full textIn this thesis, we propose a class of methods to represent spatial observation error correlations numerically in variational data assimilation. Based on the existing link between solutions of the time-implicit diffusion equation and Matérn correlation functions, we design correlation operators and inverse correlation operators that are appropriate for large datasets. Discretizing the diffusion equation with the finite element method allows us to account for data that do not necessarily lie on a structured mesh, as is the case with satellite observations assimilated in meteorology. Experiments are carried out using data from the infrared imager Seviri, the images of which are known for containing strong horizontal correlations. We show that the quality of our correlation model may depend locally on the spatial distribution of the observations. Nevertheless, by introducing an auxiliary mesh to perform the finite element computations, we can control this dependency to a large extent. Improving the accuracy of the method this way comes at the expense of making the inverse correlation operator more complicated. Finally, strategies for efficiently modelling the inverse of the correlation operator are proposed
Guerbette, Jérémy. "Modélisation et assimilation d’observations satellitaires micro-ondes dans les systèmes dépressionnaires tropicaux." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/16003/1/Guerbette.pdf.
Full textLuong, Bruno. "Techniques de contrôle optimal pour un modèle quasi-géostrophique de circulation océanique : application à l'assimilation variationnelle des données altimétriques satellitaires." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005055.
Full textBudi, Wibowo Sandy. "Approches multiscalaires de l'érosion du volcan Merapi, Indonésie : contribution à la compréhension du déclenchement et de la dynamique des lahars." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H044/document.
Full textThe erosion of volcanic edifices is a series of geomorphological processes that occurs during, before or without eruption. This process also involves the term "lahar" which is characterized by dense mixtures of volcanic materials and water, rapidly flowing from a volcano with important spatio-temporal rheological changes. The erosion of volcanic edifices is still poorly understood, particularly because data collection in the field is difficult. However, lahars have caused at least 44,250 deaths from 1600 to 2010 of which 52%due to a single event in 1985 (Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia).This study proposes a multi-scalar approach to better understand the nature of the erosion of volcanic edifices, especially on lahar initiation process and dynamics. The eruption of the Merapi volcano(Indonesia) in 2010 was an opportunity to produce new data. The first part of this thesis focused on the lahar initiation process, was based on field data and laboratory experiments. The field work was intended to compare a volcanically disturbed watershed by the eruption of 2010 and an undisturbed watershed, by conducting in-situ observations and field instrumentation. In the laboratory, an experimental approach was performed using 8 different scenarios on a flume. The second part of the thesis related to the dynamics of two lahars in motion was conducted using coupling between video footage and seismic signal. Lahar deposits were also analyzed based on the chronology of the flows. Three years after the eruption of Merapi in 2010, the frequency of lahar occurrence decreased. However, juvenile ash fall deposits (volcanic ash) from another eruption of a nearby volcano (Kelud in East Java) in February 2014 resulted a significant increase of lahars occurrence. Lahars triggering process was also favored by a landslides occurring in the night of 6 to 7 December 2012, of which the deposit was connected to the thalweg. The dynamics of the two lahars were observed and filmed on 28 February and18 March 2014. Those lahars were divided into four phases: (1) hyperconcentrated flow, (2) the peak of debris flow, (3) lahar body, and (4) lahar tail. Video analysis and in-situ observation on active lahars allowed us to create detailed hydrographs indicating flow depth, velocity, discharge and the number of floated boulders. Lahar dynamics on different topography of the channel caused a very different seismic frequency. The formation of lahar deposits was correlated with the flow dynamics and required an in-situ observation for the validation of the interpretation
Erosi kerucut vulkanik merupakan hasil dari serangkaian proses geomorfologi yang terjadi baik selama,sebelum atau tanpa erupsi. Proses ini juga melibatkan "lahar" yang didefinisikan sebagai aliran cepat daridaerah puncak gunung menuju hilir dengan membawa material vulkanik yang bercampur dengan airdimana dinamika alirannya terus berubah secara spasial dan temporal. Erosi struktur vulkanik masihsedikit ditelaah, terutama karena sulitnya pengumpulan data di lapangan. Padahal, lahar telahmenyebabkan setidaknya 44.250 kematian dari tahun 1600 sampai 2010, dimana 52% -nya terkait denganbencana pada tahun 1985 di gunung Nevado del Ruiz (Kolombia).Penelitian ini mengusulkan pendekatan multi-skalar untuk lebih memahami karakteristik erosi kerucutvulkanik terutama yang terkait dengan pemicu dan dinamika aliran lahar. Letusan Gunung Merapi(Indonesia) pada tahun 2010 memberikan kesempatan untuk menghasilkan data lapangan baru. Bagianpertama dari disertasi ini, mengenai pemicu lahar, dilakukan berdasarkan data lapangan dan experimenlaboratorium. Kegiatan lapangan dimaksudkan untuk membandingkan DAS yang terdampak oleh letusan2010 dan DAS alami, melalui pengamatan in-situ dan instrumentasi lapangan. Di laboratorium,pendekatan eksperimental dilakukan dengan menggunakan 8 skenario yang berbeda pada flume. Bagiankedua dari disertasi ini berkaitan dengan dinamika aliran lahar aktif yang dipelajari dari perpaduanrekaman video dan sinyal seismik. Proses sedimentasi juga dianalisis dengan dipertimbangkan kronologialiran lahar.Tiga tahun setelah letusan Merapi pada tahun 2010, frekuensi kejadian lahar berkurang. Namun,sedimentasi abu vulkanik yang berasal dari gunung api lain (Kelud di Jawa Timur) telah mengakibatkanpeningkatan jumlah lahar yang signifikan sejak Februari 2014. Pembentukan lahar juga dipicu oleh tanahlongsor yang terjadi pada pada malam 6 menuju 7 Desember 2012 dimana materialnya terhubunglangsung ke thalweg. Dinamika dua aliran lahar diamati dan difilmkan pada tanggal 28 Februari dan 18Maret 2014. Lahar tersebut dibagi menjadi empat fase: (1) aliran hyperconcentrated, (2) puncak alirandebris, (3) tubuh lahar, (4) ekor lahar. Analisis video dan pengamatan in-situ pada lahar aktif sangatmembantu pembuatan hidrograf secara rinci terkait dengan kedalaman aliran, kecepatan, debit dan jumlahbatu yang terapung. Dinamika lahar pada topografi sungai yang berbeda menimbulkan frekuensi seismikyang sangat berbeda. Proses sedimentasi lahar sangat berkaitan dengan dinamika aliran lahar dandiperlukan pengamatan in-situ untuk memvalidasi interpretasi yang dibuat
La erosión de los edificios volcánicos es el resultado de una serie de procesos geomorfológicos que ocurre durante, antes o sin erupción. Este proceso también involucra el término "lahar", un flujo rápido de la cumbre de volcán hacia el rio que contiene una mezcla de materiales volcánicos y agua con cambio espacial y temporal. La erosión de los edificios volcánicos aún es poco estudiado debido a las dificultades para la obtención de los datos en el campo y además es peligroso. Mientras, los lahares han causado 44 250 muertos desde 1600 a 2010, en el cual de 52% ha sido causado por un evento único en 1985 (Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia). Esta investigación propone un acercamiento multiescalar para entender mejor las características de erosión de los edificios volcánicos, en particular el proceso de descenso y la dinámica de lahares. La erupción del volcán Merapi (Indonesia) en 2010 fue una oportunidad para generar nuevos datos. La primera parte de esta tesis enfocada al proceso de iniciación de descenso de lahares, que fue basada en la obtención de los datos de campo y experimentos en el laboratorio. El trabajo de campo fue realizado con el objetivo de comparar una cuenca hidrográfica afectada por la erupción de 2010 y una otra cuenca natural, a través de la observación in-situ y la instrumentación geofísica en el campo. En el laboratorio, el trabajo fue realizado con 8 escenarios diferentes usando un canal artificial. La segunda parte de esta tesis fue relacionada a la dinámica de movimiento de lahares que se realizó a través del acoplamiento de vídeos y señales sísmicas. Se analizó también el proceso de sedimentación basado en la cronología de los flujos de lahares. Tres años después de la erupción del Merapi en 2010, la frecuencia de ocurrencia de lahares se disminuye. Sin embargo, la sedimentación de ceniza volcánica de otra erupción de un volcán cercano (Kelud en Java Oriental) causó un aumento significativo de la ocurrencia de lahares desde febrero de 2014. La formación de lahares también se provocó por deslizamiento de tierra que se ocurrió en la noche de 6 a 7 de diciembre de 2012, en la que los materiales se juntaron directamente a la vaguada. La dinámica de dos flujos de lahares fue observada y grabada en video el 28 de febrero y 18 de marzo 2014. Estos dos lahares se dividieron en cuatro fases: (1) flujo hiperconcentrado, (2) el pico de flujo de escombros, (3) cuerpo de lahar, (4) cola de lahar. El análisis de video y la observación in-situ de lahares activos nos han ayudado a crear los hidrogramas en detalle que muestran la profundidad del flujo, la velocidad, la descarga y el número de rocas flotadas. La dinámica de lahares en diferentes topografías del canal causó una frecuencia sísmica muy diferente. El proceso de sedimentación de lahares se correlacionó con la dinámica de flujo y se requiere una observación in-situ para validar la interpretación
Akrour, Nawal. "Simulation stochastique des précipitations à fine échelle : application à l'observation en milieu urbain." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV014.
Full textPrecipitations are highly variable across a wide range of both spatial and temporal scales. This variability is a major source of uncertainty for the measurement and modeling, also for the simulation and prediction. Moreover, rainfall is an extremely intermittent process with multiple scale invariance regimes. The rain-field generator developed during the thesis is based on the fine-scale statistic modeling of rain by the mean of its heterogeneity and intermittency. The modeling originality partially rest on the analysis of fine-scale disdrometer data. This model differs from other existing models whose resolution is roughly a minute or even an hour or a day. It provides simulations with realistic properties across a wide range ofscales. This simulator produces time series with statistical characteristics almost identical to the observations both at the 15s resolution and, after degradation, at hourly or daily resolutions. The multi-scale properties of our simulator are obtained through a hybrid approach that relies on a fine scale simulation of rain events using a multifractal generator associated with a rain support simulation based on a Poissonian-type hypothesis. A final re-normalization step of the rain rate is added in order to adapt the generator to the relevant climate area. The simulator allows the generation of 2D water-sheets. The methodology developed in the first part is extended to the 2 Dimension case. The multi-scale 2D stochastic simulator thus developed can reproduce geostatistical and topological characteristics at the spatial resolution of 1x1 km2.This generator is used in the scope of the feasability study of a new observation system for urban area. The principle of this system is based on the opportunistic use of attenuation measurements provided by geostationary TV satellites which radio waves lay in the 10.7 to 12.7 GHz bandwidth. More specifically it is assumed that the SAT-TV reception terminals installed in private homes are able to measure such attenuations. At this stage of the study we do not have such observations. The study is therefore based on rainfall maps generated using the 2D generator in addition to a hypothetical sensor network. The considered observation system will allow to estimate precipitation fields (30 x 30 km2) with a spatial resolution of 0.5x0.5 km2
Akrour, Nawal. "Simulation stochastique des précipitations à fine échelle : application à l'observation en milieu urbain." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV014/document.
Full textPrecipitations are highly variable across a wide range of both spatial and temporal scales. This variability is a major source of uncertainty for the measurement and modeling, also for the simulation and prediction. Moreover, rainfall is an extremely intermittent process with multiple scale invariance regimes. The rain-field generator developed during the thesis is based on the fine-scale statistic modeling of rain by the mean of its heterogeneity and intermittency. The modeling originality partially rest on the analysis of fine-scale disdrometer data. This model differs from other existing models whose resolution is roughly a minute or even an hour or a day. It provides simulations with realistic properties across a wide range ofscales. This simulator produces time series with statistical characteristics almost identical to the observations both at the 15s resolution and, after degradation, at hourly or daily resolutions. The multi-scale properties of our simulator are obtained through a hybrid approach that relies on a fine scale simulation of rain events using a multifractal generator associated with a rain support simulation based on a Poissonian-type hypothesis. A final re-normalization step of the rain rate is added in order to adapt the generator to the relevant climate area. The simulator allows the generation of 2D water-sheets. The methodology developed in the first part is extended to the 2 Dimension case. The multi-scale 2D stochastic simulator thus developed can reproduce geostatistical and topological characteristics at the spatial resolution of 1x1 km2.This generator is used in the scope of the feasability study of a new observation system for urban area. The principle of this system is based on the opportunistic use of attenuation measurements provided by geostationary TV satellites which radio waves lay in the 10.7 to 12.7 GHz bandwidth. More specifically it is assumed that the SAT-TV reception terminals installed in private homes are able to measure such attenuations. At this stage of the study we do not have such observations. The study is therefore based on rainfall maps generated using the 2D generator in addition to a hypothetical sensor network. The considered observation system will allow to estimate precipitation fields (30 x 30 km2) with a spatial resolution of 0.5x0.5 km2
Birrien, Florent. "Assimilation de données et inversion bathymétrique pour la modélisation de l'évolution des plages sableuses." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00870775.
Full textLegaz, Aurélie. "Imagerie et identification des signaux géophysiques distinctifs induits en surface par l'activité hydrothermale." Phd thesis, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00813307.
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