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1
Mansouri, Ehsan, Maeve Manfredi, and Jong-Wan Hu. "Environmentally Friendly Concrete Compressive Strength Prediction Using Hybrid Machine Learning." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 12990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142012990.
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In order to reduce the adverse effects of concrete on the environment, options for eco-friendly and green concretes are required. For example, geopolymers can be an economically and environmentally sustainable alternative to portland cement. This is accomplished through the utilization of alumina-silicate waste materials as a cementitious binder. These geopolymers are synthesized by activating alumina-silicate minerals with alkali. This paper employs a three-step machine learning (ML) approach in order to estimate the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. The ML methods include CatBoost regressors, extra trees regressors, and gradient boosting regressors. In addition to the 84 experiments in the literature, 63 geopolymer concretes were constructed and tested. Using Python language programming, machine learning models were built from 147 green concrete samples and four variables. Three of these models were combined using a blending technique. Model performance was evaluated using several metric indices. Both the individual and the hybrid models can predict the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete with high accuracy. However, the hybrid model is claimed to be able to improve the prediction accuracy by 13%.
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Keawpapasson, Pimpawee, Chayanee Tippayasam, Silawat Ruangjan, Pajaree Thavorniti, Thammarat Panyathanmaporn, Alexandre Fontaine, Cristina Leonelli, and Duangrudee Chaysuwan. "Metakaolin-Based Porous Geopolymer with Aluminium Powder." Key Engineering Materials 608 (April 2014): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.608.132.
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Porous concretes such as aerated and lightweight concretes are commonly used in construction fields. Lightweight construction materials are used to reduce either the weight or the budget of building structures. Porous concrete production is widely utilised aluminium (Al) powder to increase pores in concrete structures and giving information for porous geopolymer production. It was introduced by adding 0.05-1% Al-powder as the initiated materials of geopolymers, to react with water in those materials and promote hydrogen gas inside specimens. The research, therefore, focused on the synthesis of porous geopolymer by metakaolin as a pozzolan and mixed with alkali solution (8M NaOH and Na2SiO3) as well as Al-powder as a foaming agent. The highly porous geopolymers were produced with various Al-powders as 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% 0.8% and 1% by weight. After 7, 14 and 28 days age, the specimens were tested the mechanical properties, such as compressive and flexural strengths. The water absorption, apparent porosity and bulk density were analyzed at 28 days age. The synthesis of metakaolin-based porous geopolymers with Al-powder presented good results. It showed that Al-powder content affected to degree of porosity of geopolymers. Keywords: Metakaolin based geopolymer, Porous geopolymer, Aluminium powder, Foaming agent, Mechanical and physical properties
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Yusof, Noor Hafizah Ramli, Rashidah Mohamed Hamidi, Zakaria Man, Khairun Azizi Azizli, and Mohd Fadhil Nuruddin. "Development of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer as Erosion Mitigation Coating." Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (November 2014): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.342.
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Loss of durability of concrete materials in sewage and chemical treatment facilities exposed to acidic environments is a key issue that affects the life cycle performance. Applications of organic coating such as epoxy and acrylic usually covers the concrete surface by physical addition normally failed to act as an effective coating due to debonding when the organic coating absorbs water. In this work, geopolymer was used as alternative material for concrete coating. Preparation of geopolymer involved fly ash, a materials containing high aluminosilicate and calcium mixed with various concentrations (6, 8 and 12M) of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Subsequently, all samples were tested and analysed through compressive strength test and gel time. Geopolymers synthesised from 12M NaOH concentration exhibited high compressive strength and low gel time, hence was chosen as a coating for the concretes for the erosion evaluation. Results show that, concretes coated with geopolymers yielded low percentage of mass loss compared to the uncoated concretes. This suggest that geopolymers has high potential to be used as erosion mitigation coating to prevent the concretes from degrading due to the acidic environment.
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Gunasekara, Chamila, Rahmat Dirgantara, David W. Law, and Sujeeva Setunge. "Effect of Curing Conditions on Microstructure and Pore-Structure of Brown Coal Fly Ash Geopolymers." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (August 2, 2019): 3138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153138.
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This study reports the effect of heat curing at 120 °C on the geopolymeric reaction and strength evolution in brown coal fly ash based geopolymer mortar and concrete. Moreover, an examination of this temperature profile of large size geopolymer concrete specimens is also reported. The specimen temperature and size were observed to influence the conversion from the glassy (amorphous) phases to the crystalline phases and the microstructure development of the geopolymer. The temperature profile could be divided into three principal stages which correlated well with the proposed reaction mechanism for class F fly ash geopolymers. The geopolymerisation progressed more rapidly for the mortar specimens than the concrete specimens with 12 to 14 h providing an optimum curing time for the 50 mm mortar cubes and 24 h being the optimum time for the 100 mm concrete cubes. The 50 mm and 100 mm concrete specimens’ compressive strengths in excess of 30 MPa could be obtained at 7 days. The structural integrity was not achieved at the center of 200 mm and 300 mm concrete specimens following 24 h curing at 120 °C. Hence, the optimal curing time required to achieve the best compressive strength for brown coal geopolymer was identified as being dependent on the specimen size.
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Alzeebaree, Radhwan, Arass Omer Mawlod, Dillshad K. Amen, Khaleel H. Younis, and Alaa Mohammedameen. "Fire Resistance Performance of Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete: Review." E3S Web of Conferences 318 (2021): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131803003.
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Geopolymer is a relatively new substance that has sparked a surge of research into nearly every field of geopolymers in recent years. It's still on the verge of becoming a competitive OPC concrete alternative. Mechanical, hardness, and fire resistance properties of geopolymer are exceptional. There has been no/limited research on the effect of fiber integration on fire resistance of geopolymer concrete. In fire-exposed concrete, fiber can help to resist spalling. The goal of this study is to develop materials that exhibit eco-friendly properties and better fire-resistant behavior. Moreover, the combined effect of binder materials and different fibers on the fire resistance of geopolymer concretes. According to the findings, the fire resistance of fiber-reinforced geopolymer concretes increased in the order of carbon fiber-based GPC, micro-steel fiber-based GPC, hooked steel fiber-based GPC, and polypropylene fiber-based GPC. Furthermore, as compared to slag and metakaolin-based GPC, fly ash-based GPC has greater stability and fire resistance. Fiber-reinforced GPC can also be used as a sustainable and durable building material in various construction applications where high performance is needed.
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Singh, Nakshatra. "Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Binder: A Future Construction Material." Minerals 8, no. 7 (July 12, 2018): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8070299.
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A large amount of waste coming out from industries has posed a great challenge in its disposal and effect on the environment. Particularly fly ash, coming out from thermal power plants, which contains aluminosilicate minerals and creates a lot of environmental problems. In recent years, it has been found that geopolymer may give solutions to waste problems and environmental issues. Geopolymer is an inorganic polymer first introduced by Davidovits. Geopolymer concrete can be considered as an innovative and alternative material to traditional Portland cement concrete. Use of fly ash as a raw material minimizes the waste production of thermal power plants and protects the environment. Geopolymer concretes have high early strength and resistant to an aggressive atmosphere. Methods of preparation and characterization of fly ash-based geopolymers have been presented in this paper. The properties of geopolymer cement/mortar/concrete under different conditions have been highlighted. Fire resistance properties and 3D printing technology have also been discussed.
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Astutiningsih, Sotya, Dwi Marta Nurjaya, Henki Wibowo Ashadi, and Niken Swastika. "Durability of Geopolymer Concretes upon Seawater Exposure." Advances in Science and Technology 69 (October 2010): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.69.92.
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Geopolymer concrete with designed strength of 40 Mpa has been mixed from coarse aggregates, sands and geopolymer pastes. Two kinds of pastes are synthesized from different precursors, i.e. fly ash and dehydroxylated kaolin, using sodium silicate solution as the activator. Compression test pieces of 15x15x15 cm3 of both geopolymer and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concretes (ASTM C39) have been cast and cured. Curing was done at room temperature for 1 day while Portland cement concretes were immersed in water for 28 days to provide complete hydration. After curing, the samples were immersed in ASTM seawater (ASTM D1141-90) for 7, 28, 56 and 90 days. It is found that geopolymer concretes were in general more durable upon seawater immersion than OPC concrete, This is indicated by the compressive strength retained after immersion. Dehydroxylated kaolin geopolymers show the best performance whose strength did not decrease with time of immersion. The strength of fly ash geopolymers decreased by about 20% during 56-day immersion but did not decrease further. Calcium content is suspected to cause the decrease in strength upon immersion. Kaolin geopolymers containing no calcium showed the best performance, while OPC which consist mostly of calcium silicate hydrates as the strength contributor, showed consistent decrease in strength. It is also found from the experiment that room temperature curing of fly ash geopolymer was slow but continued to progress until 28 days both under dry condition (not immersed) and immersed in water.
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Zulkiflee, Normarliana, and Ahmad Zurisman Mohd Ali. "The Development of Geopolymer Concrete Mix and Portable Steam Curing Technique." E3S Web of Conferences 65 (2018): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186502009.
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Geopolymers concrete is environmental-friendly constructions material utilizing waste as the main ingredient in a concrete binder. Various properties of heat-cured geopolymer concrete have shown its suitability for applications such as precast concrete structure. However, the heat-cured method for geopolymers such as steamer generator and a dry-air oven is limited due to the curing system is not mobilized and it is an industrial form. Thus, these types of curing system is not suitable for cast in situ applications. Based on the study carried out, new finding will be proposed to determine the effectiveness of portable steam curing as the new alternative curing technique for geopolymer concrete. Engineering properties of Class F fly ash based geopolymer concrete after curing with portable steam curing method are study and the corresponding results will be compared with the oven curing method. At the end of the research, the portable steam curing method can offer the effectiveness of geopolymer concrete for cast-in-situ alternatives. Besides, the maximum compressive strength of geopolymer concrete with a portable steam curing can be achieved within 24 hours at 80°C.
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Zheng, Chuji, Jun Wang, Hengjuan Liu, Hota GangaRao, and Ruifeng Liang. "Characteristics and microstructures of the GFRP waste powder/GGBS-based geopolymer paste and concrete." REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 117–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rams-2022-0005.
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Abstract A novel method is developed for reusing the waste glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) powder as a precursor in geopolymer production. Several activation parameters that affect the workability and strength gain of GFRP powder-based geopolymers are investigated. The results of an experimental study reveal that the early strength of GFRP powder-based geopolymer pastes develops slowly at ambient temperature. The highest compressive strength of GFRP powder-based geopolymer pastes is 7.13 MPa at an age of 28 days. The ratio of compressive strength to flexural strength of GFRP powder-based-geopolymers is lower than that of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS)-based geopolymers, indicating that the incorporation of GFRP powder can improve the geopolymer brittleness. GGBS is incorporated into geopolymer blends to accelerate the early activity of GFRP powder. The binary geopolymer pastes exhibit shorter setting times and higher mechanical strength values than those of single GFRP powder geopolymer pastes. The GGBS geopolymer concrete mixture with 30 wt% GFRP powder displayed the highest compressive strength and flexural strength values and was less brittle. The developed binary GFRP powder/GGBS-based geopolymers reduce the disadvantages of single GFRP powder or GGBS geopolymers, and thus, offer high potential as a building construction material.
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Azad, Numanuddin M., and S. M. Samindi M. K. Samarakoon. "Utilization of Industrial By-Products/Waste to Manufacture Geopolymer Cement/Concrete." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 16, 2021): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020873.
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There has been a significant movement in the past decades to develop alternative sustainable building material such as geopolymer cement/concrete to control CO2 emission. Industrial waste contains pozzolanic minerals that fulfil requirements to develop the sustainable material such as alumino-silicate based geopolymer. For example, industrial waste such as red mud, fly ash, GBFS/GGBS (granulated blast furnace slag/ground granulated blast furnace slag), rice husk ash (RHA), and bagasse ash consist of minerals that contribute to the manufacturing of geopolymer cement/concrete. A literature review was carried out to study the different industrial waste/by-products and their chemical composition, which is vital for producing geopolymer cement, and to discuss the mechanical properties of geopolymer cement/concrete manufactured using different industrial waste/by-products. The durability, financial benefits and sustainability aspects of geopolymer cement/concrete have been highlighted. As per the experimental results from the literature, the cited industrial waste has been successfully utilized for the synthesis of dry or wet geopolymers. The review revealed that that the use of fly ash, GBFS/GGBS and RHA in geopolymer concrete resulted high compressive strength (i.e., 50 MPa–70 MPa). For high strength (>70 MPa) achievement, most of the slag and ash-based geopolymer cement/concrete in synergy with nano processed waste have shown good mechanical properties and environmental resistant. The alkali-activated geopolymer slag, red mud and fly ash based geopolymer binders give a better durability performance compared with other industrial waste. Based on the sustainability indicators, most of the geopolymers developed using the industrial waste have a positive impact on the environment, society and economy.
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Yalcinkaya, Baturalp, Tomas Spirek, Milan Bousa, Petr Louda, Vojtěch Růžek, Cezary Rapiejko, and Katarzyna Ewa Buczkowska. "Unlocking the Potential of Biomass Fly Ash: Exploring Its Application in Geopolymeric Materials and a Comparative Case Study of BFA-Based Geopolymeric Concrete against Conventional Concrete." Ceramics 6, no. 3 (August 3, 2023): 1682–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6030104.
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The production of conventional cement involves high energy consumption and the release of substantial amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), exacerbating climate change. Additionally, the extraction of raw materials, such as limestone and clay, leads to habitat destruction and biodiversity loss. Geopolymer technology offers a promising alternative to conventional cement by utilizing industrial byproducts and significantly reducing carbon emissions. This paper analyzes the utilization of biomass fly ash (BFA) in the formation of geopolymer concrete and compares its carbon and cost impacts to those of conventional concrete. The previous analysis shows great potential for geopolymers to reduce the climate change impact of cement production. The results of this analysis indicate a significant disparity in the computed financial and sustainability costs associated with geopolymers. Researchers have shown that geopolymers may help mitigate the effects of cement manufacturing on the environment. These geopolymers are predicted to reduce green gas emissions by 40–80%. They also show that those advantages can be realized with the best possible feedstock source and the cheapest possible conveyance. Furthermore, our case study on CO2 emission and cost calculation for BFA-based geopolymer and conventional concrete shows that geopolymer concrete preparation emits 56% less CO2 than conventional concrete while costing 32.4% less per ton.
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Meskhi, Besarion, Alexey N. Beskopylny, Sergey A. Stel’makh, Evgenii M. Shcherban’, Levon R. Mailyan, Alexandr A. Shilov, Diana El’shaeva, et al. "Analytical Review of Geopolymer Concrete: Retrospective and Current Issues." Materials 16, no. 10 (May 17, 2023): 3792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16103792.
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The concept of sustainable development provides for the search for environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional materials and technologies that would reduce the amount of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, do not pollute the environment, and reduce energy costs and the cost of production processes. These technologies include the production of geopolymer concretes. The purpose of the study was a detailed in-depth analytical review of studies of the processes of structure formation and properties of geopolymer concretes in retrospect and the current state of the issue. Geopolymer concrete is a suitable, environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative to concrete based on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with higher strength and deformation properties due to its more stable and denser aluminosilicate spatial microstructure. The properties and durability of geopolymer concretes depend on the composition of the mixture and the proportions of its components. A review of the mechanisms of structure formation, the main directions for the selection of compositions and processes of polymerization of geopolymer concretes has been made. The technologies of combined selection of the composition of geopolymer concrete, production of nanomodified geopolymer concrete, 3D printing of building structures from geopolymer concrete, and monitoring the state of structures using self-sensitive geopolymer concrete are considered. Geopolymer concrete with the optimal ratio of activator and binder has the best properties. Geopolymer concretes with partial replacement of OPC with aluminosilicate binder have a denser and more compact microstructure due to the formation of a large amount of calcium silicate hydrate, which provides improved strength, durability, less shrinkage, porosity and water absorption. An assessment of the potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from the production of geopolymer concrete compared to the production of OPC has been made. The potential of using geopolymer concretes in construction practice is assessed in detail.
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Pareek, Sanjay, Hiroo Kashima, Ippei Maruyama, and Yoshikazu Araki. "Adhesion characteristics of geopolymer mortar to concrete and rebars." MATEC Web of Conferences 258 (2019): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925801012.
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In recent years, geopolymers have gained a wide attention as highly ecological-friendly building materials, having a capability to cut down 70% of CO2 emissions in comparison to the ordinary cement concrete. In this study, geopolymer mortars are proposed as repair materials for reinforced concrete structures, due to their superior acid resistance, heat resistance and high strength in comparison to the existing repair materials. The objective of this study is to investigate the adhesion properties of geopolymer mortars to concrete substrates with different surface treatments, steel plates and rebars. As a result, the geopolymer mortars are found to have excellent adhesion properties to dry concrete substrates, steel plates and rebars. Concrete substrates treated with grinder, further enhanced the adhesion properties of geopolymer mortars. On the other hand, poor adhesion of geopolymer mortars to wet concrete substrates was observed due to the presence of water on the interfacial zone, which decreased the alkali concentration of the geopolymer, resulting in lower adhesion strength. In general, geopolymer mortars are found to have suitable adhesion properties to the concrete substrates, steel plates and rebars and can be applied as repair materials for reinforced concrete structures.
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Walbrück, Katharina, Felicitas Maeting, Steffen Witzleben, and Dietmar Stephan. "Natural Fiber-Stabilized Geopolymer Foams—A Review." Materials 13, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 3198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13143198.
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The development of sustainable, environmentally friendly insulation materials with a reduced carbon footprint is attracting increased interest. One alternative to conventional insulation materials are foamed geopolymers. Similar to foamed concrete, the mechanical properties of geopolymer foams can also be improved by using fibers for reinforcement. This paper presents an overview of the latest research findings in the field of fiber-reinforced geopolymer foam concrete with special focus on natural fibers reinforcement. Furthermore, some basic and background information of natural fibers and geopolymer foams are reported. In most of the research, foams are produced either through chemical foaming with hydrogen peroxide or aluminum powder, or through mechanical foaming which includes a foaming agent. However, previous reviews have not sufficiently addresses the fabrication of geopolymer foams by syntactic foams. Finally, recent efforts to reduce the fiber degradation in geopolymer concrete are discussed along with challenges for natural fiber reinforced-geopolymer foam concrete.
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Si, Chen, Zhu Ge Yan, and De Ping Xu. "Influencing Factors and New Developments of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer." Advanced Materials Research 831 (December 2013): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.831.62.
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This paper presents a discussion of factors affecting the performance of fly ash based geopolymer, and some recent innovations on fly ash based geopolymer. The characteristics of fly ash based geopolymer are discussed in terms of the effects of raw material selection, alkaline activators, and curing procedures. Nowadays, researchers have used geopolymer as a cementitious material to develop innovative geopolymer materials, such as porous, fibre reinforced and foam fly ash based geopolymer concrete, which are greener than the traditional cementitious material. The high-calcium fly ashes could be used to produce porous fly ash based geopolymer composites with satisfactory mechanical properties. The addition of fibres increases greatly the ductility of geopolymer. Foam can be added to the geopolymeric mixture to produce lightweight concrete. However, the manufacturing of fly ash-based geopolymer foam concrete has not been explored too much.
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Devi, Debby Sinta, Ratih Baniva, and Miselia Nazhirah TT. "ANALISIS SIFAT FISIK DAN MEKANIK GEOPOLYMER FOAM CONCRETE DENGAN VARIASI RASIO FOAMING AGENT DAN AIR." Bearing : Jurnal Penelitian dan Kajian Teknik Sipil 7, no. 4 (December 19, 2022): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.32502/jbearing.v7i4.5498.
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Geopolymer is the synthesis of inorganic natural materials through a polymerization process. The mainingredients in the manufacture of geopolymers are materials containing silica and alumina. Geopolymermaterial can be obtained from coal industry waste products such as fly ash. Innovative technology inmanufacturing foam concrete is widely used in building construction, such as using earthquake-resistantbuilding walls and energy-efficient buildings. In this study, geopolymer foam concrete was manufacturedby combining a mixture of geopolymer and a mixture of foam. A solution of 14 M NaOH and Na2SiO3with a ratio of 2.5 was used as an activator. Fly ash is a precursor, and the ratio of foaming agent andwater is 1:20, 1:30, and 1:40, which is used as a material for making foam. This study aimed todetermine geopolymer foam concrete's physical and mechanical properties with various foaming agentsand water. The results of testing for air content in fresh concrete indicate that the use of more foamingagents in the manufacture of foam can improve the quality of the foam and reduce the air content of theconcrete so that it can increase the compressive strength of the test object. The use of fewer foamingagents can reduce the density of geopolymer foam concrete.
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Nguyen, Quang Dieu, and Arnaud Castel. "Developing Geopolymer Concrete by Using Ferronickel Slag and Ground-Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag." Ceramics 6, no. 3 (September 6, 2023): 1861–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6030114.
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Geopolymer concrete is gaining recognition as an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional cement-based materials, offering potential solutions for reducing the carbon emissions of the construction industry. This study aims to develop GGBFS–FNS geopolymers utilising ferronickel slag (FNS) and ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS). Ground FNS (GFNS) is a potential candidate for replacing fly ash in geopolymers. This research aims to develop for the first time a GGBFS–FNS alkali-activated concrete. Numerous trials were conducted including different GGBFS–FNS blend percentages, several chemical admixtures and varying activator concentrations to develop the optimal binder mix composition. The effects of different chemical admixtures on the properties of geopolymer pastes, mortars, and concretes were investigated. The study evaluated setting time, compressive strength, shrinkage, and physical and durability properties. The results indicate that conventional admixtures have limited impact on the setting time, while increasing the water/solid ratio and decreasing the GGBFS content could extend the initial and final setting times. The presence of FNS aggregate could improve the compressive strength of geopolymer mortars. The water absorber admixture was highly effective in reducing shrinkage and increasing chloride diffusion resistance. The geopolymer mix containing 50 wt.% GFNS and 50 wt.% GGBFS with the presence of the water absorber admixture presented high chloride diffusion resistance, non-reactivity to the alkali–silica reaction and high sulphate resistance. Overall, the GGBFS–FNS geopolymers exhibited promising potential for engineering applications as an environmentally friendly material, particularly in aggressive environments.
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VYAS, SAMEER, Sameer Mohammad, Shilpa Pal, and Neetu Singh. "STRENGTH AND DURABILITY PERFORMANCE OF FLY ASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE USING NANO SILICA." International Journal of Engineering Science Technologies 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijoest.v4.i2.2020.73.
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With the increasing infrastructure development across the globe, the demand of cement production increases day by day. However, the production of cement is associated with the emission of large amount of CO2 causing global warming. Scientist and engineers are in search of a green eco friendly alternative for concrete production. Geopolymers are rapidly emerging as an alternative to Portland cement as the binder of structural concrete. In this respect, the fly ash based geopolymers shows considerable prospect for application in concrete industry as an alternative binder to the Portland cement. Development of geopolymer concrete using class F fly ash brings many advantages like; enhancing workability, durability, better strength as well as lowering the price. There is not only a reduction in the greenhouse footprint but, also considerable increase in strength and resistivity to adverse conditions.
In order to enhance the performance of Geopolymer concrete, the use of Nano-silica is found to be suitable and practiced by researchers.
Use of Nano materials as fillers in the concrete matrix has proven effective in increasing mechanical and durability properties. This research is based on performance evaluation of geopolymer concrete using different percentage of Nano-silica.. It was observed that Geopolymer concrete with Nano-silica ( GPC-N) shows good compressive strength as well as durability under aggressive conditions.
The materials performance were also investigated using X-Ray Diffraction technique. (XRD). Results show that the presence of nano silica enhanced the performance of Geopolymer concrete with respect to strength and durability purposes.
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Malik, Muhammad Akbar, Manas Sarkar, Shilang Xu, and Qinghua Li. "Effect of PVA/SiO2 NPs Additive on the Structural, Durability, and Fire Resistance Properties of Geopolymers." Applied Sciences 9, no. 9 (May 13, 2019): 1953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9091953.
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This exertion introduces polyvinyl alcohol fiber/silica nanoparticles (poly vinyl alcohol (PVA)/SiO2 NPs) in the fly ash-based geopolymer at ambient curing temperature. The present study aims at investigating the structural properties (compressive, bond strength, fracture parameters (fracture toughness (KIc), crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD)), cyclic compression), durability (freeze-thaw), and fire resistivity of the newly developed PVA/SiO2 NPs mediated geopolymer. The outcomes suggest that geopolymers incorporated with 5% PVA fibers showed improved structural properties and durability as compared to other specimens. Investigation on the fire resistivity of the geopolymers exposed to different heating temperatures (400 °C, 600 °C, 800 °C), showed that geopolymers with PVA/SiO2 NPs significantly prevented the explosive concrete spalling. Microstructural studies confirmed that PVA fibers in the geopolymeric matrixes were well distributed and developed a fiber-bridging texture with improved performance. Addition of the nano-silica particles accelerated the heat evolution during the hydration process and the geopolymeric reaction (formation of sodium aluminosilicate N-A-S-H gel) at ambient curing environment.
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Partha, Sarathi Deb, Nath Pradip, and Kumar Sarker Prabir. "Strength and Permeation Properties of Slag Blended Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 651 (January 2013): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.651.168.
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Geopolymer is a binder that can act as an alternative of Portland cement. Geopolymers use by-product substances such as fly ash, and can help reduce carbon dioxide emission of concrete production. This paper presents the results of a study on the fly ash based geopolymer concrete suitable for curing at ambient temperature. To activate the fly ash, a combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions was used. The setting and hardening of geopolymer concrete were obtained by blending blast furnace slag with fly ash instead of using heat curing. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) was used at the rate of 10% or 20 % of the total binder. The tests conducted include compressive strength, tensile strength, flexure strength, sorptivity and volume of permeable voids (VPV) test. The geopolymer concrete compressive strength at 28 days varied from 27 to 47 MPa. Results indicated that the strength increased and water absorption decreased with the increase of the slag content in the geopolymer concrete. In general, blending of slag with fly ash in geopolymer concrete improved strength and permeation properties when cured in ambient temperature.
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Kannangara, Thathsarani, Maurice Guerrieri, Sam Fragomeni, and Paul Joseph. "A Study of the Residual Strength of Reactive Powder-Based Geopolymer Concrete under Elevated Temperatures." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 13, 2021): 11834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411834.
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This paper reports on studies relating to the unstressed residual compressive strengths of geopolymer pastes that are heated up to 800 °C, behavior of reactive powder concrete before and after exposure to elevated temperatures and thermal behavior of novel reactive powder geopolymer-based concretes. For this purpose, 10 geopolymer pastes and three reactive powder concrete mixtures were tested for residual strengths. Gladstone fly ash was used as the primary binder for both geopolymer pastes and reactive powder geopolymer concretes. In addition, four novel reactive powder geopolymer concrete mixes were prepared with zero cement utilization. While reactive powder concretes achieved the highest seven-day compressive strengths of approximately 140 MPa, very poor thermal behavior was observed, with explosive spalling occurring at a temperature of ca. 360 °C. The reactive powder geopolymer concretes, on the other hand, displayed relatively high thermal properties with no thermal cracking at 400 °C, or visible signs of spalling and very mild cracking in one case at 800 °C. In terms of the strength of reactive powder geopolymer concrete, a maximum compressive strength of approximately 76 MPa and residual strengths of approximately 61 MPa and 51 MPa at 400 °C and 800 °C, respectively, were observed.
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Mohd Ariffin, Mohd Azreen, Mohd Warid Hussin, and Muhammad Aamer Rafique Bhutta. "Mix Design and Compressive Strength of Geopolymer Concrete Containing Blended Ash from Agro-Industrial Wastes." Advanced Materials Research 339 (September 2011): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.339.452.
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Geopolymer concrete is a type of amorphous alumino-silicate cementitious material. Geopolymer can be polymerized by polycondensation reaction of geopolymeric precursor and alkali polysilicates. Compared to conventional cement concrete, the production of geopolymer concrete has a relative higher strength, excellent volume stability and better durability. This paper presents the mix design and compressive strength of geopolymer concrete manufactured from the blend of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and pulverized fuel ash (PFA) as full replacement of cement with a combination of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide solution used as alkaline liquid. The density and strength of the geopolymer concrete with various PFA: POFA ratios of 0:100, 30:70, 50:50 and 70:30 together with sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide solution by mass at 2.5 and 1.0, are investigated. The concentrations of alkaline solution used are 14 Molar and 8 Molar. Tests were carried out on 100x100x100 mm cube geopolymer concrete specimens. Specimens were cured at room temperature and heat curing at 60°C and 90°C for 24 hours, respectively. The effects of mass ratios of PFA: POFA, the alkaline solution to PFA: POFA, ratio and concentration of alkaline solution on fresh and hardened properties of concrete are examined. The results revealed that as PFA: POFA mass ratio increased the workability and compressive strength of geopolymer concrete are increased, the ratio and concentration of alkaline solution increased, the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete increases with regards to curing condition.
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V Bhargavi,, B. Anitha Rani. "Compressive Strength of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete Addition with Fibers." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst060811.
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Concrete is the most widely used construction material all over the world. The quantity of the water plays an important role in the preparation of concrete. And the demand of concrete is increasing day by day and cement is used for satisfying the need of development of infrastructure facilities, 1 tonne cement production generates 1 tonne CO2, which adversely affect the environment. In order to reduce the use of OPC and CO2 generation, the new generation concrete has been developed such as Geopolymer concrete (GPC). Geopolymers are inorganic polymers and their chemical composition is similar to natural materials. Geopolymer binders are the alternatives in the development of acid resistant concrete i.e. durability of concrete. Geopolymer concrete is produced using Fly ash at 100% replacement to cement and binders like NaOH, Na2SiO3 to ignite the geopolymerisation. Many studies were carried out on properties of geopolymer concrete. This study focuses on enhancing the strength of geopolymer concrete by using fibers. 60% polyester and 40% polypropylene fibers are added to geopolymer concrete addition with Fly ash content. The trail mixes were casted with addition of fibers at different percentages like (0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45 and 0.50 %). Then samples were air-cured for 28 days at ambient temperature. Compressive strength test is conducted on the samples after 3, 7 and 28 days. The optimum value is obtained at 0.40% addition of fibers when compared to nominal mix(GPC).
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Nagajothi, S., S. Elavenil, S. Angalaeswari, L. Natrayan, and Wubishet Degife Mammo. "Durability Studies on Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete Incorporated with Slag and Alkali Solutions." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (July 11, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7196446.
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This study explores the durability of green cementitious material of geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer concrete is produced from the polycondensation reaction of aluminosilicate materials (fly ash, Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS)) with alkaline activator solutions. Geopolymer concrete has excellent mechanical properties and its production requires low energy and results in low levels of CO2 emission. Due to the high demand for river sand, manufactured sand is used as a replacement material in geopolymer concrete under ambient curing conditions. In this study, the durability of G30 grade geopolymer concrete has been investigated using tests acid resistance, water absorption, sulphate resistance, Rapid Chloride Penetration Test (RCPT), and rate of absorption (Sorptivity) test. The sulphuric acid, sodium sulphate, and water absorption tests were carried out at 28 days, 56 days, and 90 days for both the geopolymer and the conventional concrete. The reduction percentage in water absorption and compressive strength loss was found to be better in geopolymer concrete than in conventional concrete. Geopolymer concrete’s chloride penetrability and rate of absorption were analogous to conventional concrete. Regression analysis for geopolymer and conventional concretes in the rate of absorption test showed a good relationship between absorption and the square root of time.
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Purwanto, Ay Lie Han, Nuroji, and Januarti Jaya Ekaputri. "The influence of molarity variations to the mechanical behavior of geopolymer concrete." MATEC Web of Conferences 195 (2018): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819501010.
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Research on geopolymer concrete has seen a new light in the analyses and experiments for special topics in the field of their mechanical properties. Among the most important are studies of geopolymer concrete subjected to confinement and bond. Regarding the basic material behavior, research of material proportions formulations, mix design formulas and inventions towards the development of a high-performance geopolymer concrete, were conducted. The latest looked into the effects of molar activator concentrations to the 28 days compression strength, and the strength development as a function of concrete age for geopolymer concretes. The specimens were 150 by 300-millimeter cylinders tested in uniaxial compression. The molarity variations were set at 6, 8, and 10 molars. The geopolymer concrete samples were compared to conventional concrete specimens, having the exact same volumetric material proportions. The cement was replaced with fly ash, and the activator with water. The aggregate content was taken as a constant. The concrete strength as a function of molar increase followed a parabolic, convex pattern, suggesting that a maximum value exists. The strength development of all geopolymer concretes had a slower rate when compared to conventional concrete.
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Zhang, Daming, Fangjin Sun, and Tiantian Liu. "Prediction of Compressive Strength of Geopolymer Concrete Based on Support Vector Machine and Modified Cuckoo Algorithm." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (September 25, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4286810.
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Coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete is an environmentally friendly material made from coal gangue, solid waste from the coal mine. Compressive strength is one of the most important indexes for concretes. Different oxide contents of coal gangue will affect the compressive strength of the geopolymer concrete directly. However, there is little study on the relationship between oxide contents and compressive strength of the geopolymer concrete. Experiments are commonly used methods of determining the compressive strength of concretes, including geopolymer concrete, which is time-consuming and inefficient. Therefore, in the work here, a support vector machine and a modified cuckoo algorithm are utilized to predict the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. An orthogonal factor is introduced to modify the traditional cuckoo algorithm to update new species and accelerate computation convergence. Then, the modified cuckoo algorithm is employed to optimize the parameters in the support vector machine model. Then, the compressive strength predictive model of coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete is established with oxide content of raw materials as the input and compressive strength as the output of the model. The compressive strength of coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete is predicted with different oxide contents in raw materials, and the effects of different oxide contents and oxide combinations on compressive strength are studied and analyzed. The results show that the support vector machine and the modified cuckoo algorithm are valid and accurate in predicting the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. And, coal gangue geopolymer concrete compressive strength is significantly affected by oxide contents.
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Nikolov, Aleksandar, Borislav Barbov, and Elena Tacheva. "Geopolymer mortars based on natural zeolite." Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society 82, no. 3 (December 2021): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2021.82.3.25.
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Geopolymers based on Bulgarian natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) were synthesized using alkaline activators in order to prepare plaster/render mortar. The influence of the alkali concentrations of the activator solution was examined in regard to tensile strength and adhesion to concrete. Microstructure of the obtained geopolymer pastes was analysed by XRD, FTIR, SEM. The results showed adhesive strength to concrete up to 3.6 MPa and tensile strength up to 5.44 MPa. The present study shows a promising potential of the geopolymers as coating material for concrete.
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Frangieh, C., M. Saba, D. Karmaoui, and Z. Lafhaj. "Geopolymer: a new sustainable repairing material for concrete cracks." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1123, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1123/1/012061.
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Abstract Concrete is considered by far the most widely used material in the construction field. As such, the matter of repairing concrete cracks has been a constant focus of researchers over the years since cement-based materials are not an effective solution due to the appearance of fissures again. To search for a better repairing solution, geopolymer paste was seen as an eco-friendly solution that fits the requirements of the EN-1504 standard. Geopolymer also reduces global warming and the usage of natural resources and recycles industrial waste materials resulting in the production of more sustainable and eco-friendly materials in the field of construction from what has been assessed geopolymers, it has been proven to show better characteristics than Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The objective of this paper is to study the mechanical properties of geopolymer paste used to bind fissured concrete. A comparison of results will be made between French Metakaolin-based geopolymer paste and Lebanese Metakaolin-based geopolymer paste. Results showed very promising results on different types of concrete cracks.
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Et. al., P. Suresh Chandra,. "Dynamic and Analysis of A Geo-Polymer Concrete Structure." INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY 9, no. 2 (March 21, 2021): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/itii.v9i2.303.
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The standard portland cement (OPC) was traditionally used as the binding agent in concrete. However it is also important to find alternative emissions-free concrete binding agents to reduce environmental damage caused by cement manufacturing. Geopolymers, also known as inorganic polymers, use byproducts like fly ash rather than cement. Recent studies have shown that geopolymer concrete based on fly ash has enough properties for use. As the geopolymer strength mechanism is different from the OPC binder, an appropriate constituent model for geopolymer concrete must be obtained in order to predict the load-deflection behavior and strength of geopolymer concrete structural components. A number of problems faced with today's cement industry are addressed by geopolymer binders. These binders have similar or better engineering qualities in comparison with cement and can use many types of waste materials.
This project describes the seismic analysis of buildings with high-rise structures, the model of residential G+10 buildings with traditional concrete and geopolymer concrete properties is modelled and analysis is carried out using the response spectra method considering the position of the building in zone III, this analysis would generate the effect of higher vibration modes and real force distribution in elastic range. Test results include maximum story shifts, maximum story drifts, story shears and story stiffness, and an efficient lateral load resistance system, helping to establish whether geo-polymer concrete can be used in high-rise building construction as dynamic loads are included in the high-rise structures
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Mathi1, A. Mathu, and G. Lavanya. "Study on the Light Weight Geopolymer Concrete Made of Recycled Aggregates from Lightweight Blocks." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 1551–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46440.
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Abstract: This study studied the properties of lightweight geopolymer concrete that contained recycled lightweight block aggregate. The recovered blocks are classified as coarse aggregates after being crushed.To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, geopolymers have the potential to be used to create new, environmentally beneficial materials. A new class of building materials called geopolymer concrete (GPC) has a replacement for regular Portland cement concrete (OPCC) and are capable of revolution in the construction sector. The impact of On the strength characteristics, alkaline activators have been investigated. Used fly ash was obtained for this study from a nearby thermal power plant. Samples were produced from low-calcium fly ash through activation with a combination of sodium silicate solution and sodium hydroxide. Fly ash was added to the concrete with a ratio of 0.5. Using a mix proportion and 5,10,15 Molar of sodium hydroxide solution, geopolymer specimens were cast. The samples underwent compression testing. test with ambient temperatures for curing. From the analysis ofLiterature suggests that the combination of the aforementioned ingredients is healing. FromAccording to a review of the literature, the amalgamation of the aforementioned elementshas a favorable effect on the strength properties of geopolymer concrete. Since fly ash is viewed as a waste product, geopolymer concrete made from low-calcium fly ash costs less than Portland cement concrete as a result. Lowcalcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has good compressive strength, very little drying shrinkage and minimum creep, great resistance to sulphate attack, and superior acid resistance.
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Luhar, Ismail, and Salmabanu Luhar. "A Comprehensive Review on Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6080219.
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The discovery of an innovative category of inorganic geopolymer composites has generated extensive scientific attention and the kaleidoscopic development of their applications. The escalating concerns over global warming owing to emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), a primary greenhouse gas, from the ordinary Portland cement industry, may hopefully be mitigated by the development of geopolymer construction composites with a lower carbon footprint. The current manuscript comprehensively reviews the rheological, strength and durability properties of geopolymer composites, along with shedding light on their recent key advancements viz., micro-structures, state-of-the-art applications such as the immobilization of toxic or radioactive wastes, digital geopolymer concrete, 3D-printed fly ash-based geopolymers, hot-pressed and foam geopolymers, etc. They have a crystal-clear role to play in offering a sustainable prospect to the construction industry, as part of the accessible toolkit of building materials—binders, cements, mortars, concretes, etc. Consequently, the present scientometric review manuscript is grist for the mill and aims to contribute as a single key note document assessing exhaustive research findings for establishing the viability of fly ash-based geopolymer composites as the most promising, durable, sustainable, affordable, user and eco-benevolent building materials for the future.
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Beskopylny, Alexey N., Evgenii M. Shcherban’, Sergey A. Stel’makh, Levon R. Mailyan, Besarion Meskhi, and Diana El’shaeva. "The Influence of Composition and Recipe Dosage on the Strength Characteristics of New Geopolymer Concrete with the Use of Stone Flour." Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (January 9, 2022): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020613.
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Currently, considering global trends and challenges, as well as the UN sustainable development goals and the ESG plan, the development of geopolymer binders for the production of geopolymer concrete has become an urgent area of construction science. This study aimed to reveal the influence of the component composition and recipe dosage on the characteristics of fine-grained geopolymer concrete with the use of stone flour. Eleven compositions of geopolymer fine-grained concrete were made from which samples of the mixture were obtained for testing at the beginning and end of setting and models in the form of beams and cubes for testing the compressive strength tensile strength in bending. It was found that the considered types of stone flour can be successfully used as an additive in the manufacture of geopolymer concrete. An analysis of the setting time measurements showed that stone flour could accelerate the hardening of the geopolymer composite. It was found that the addition of stone waste significantly improves the compressive strength of geopolymers in comparison with a geopolymer composite containing only quartz sand. The maximum compressive strength of 52.2 MPa and the tensile strength in bending of 6.7 MPa provide the introduction of potassium feldspar in an amount of 15% of the binder mass. Microstructural analysis of the geopolymer composite was carried out, confirming the effectiveness of the recipe techniques implemented in this study.
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Le, Van Su, Katarzyna Ewa Buczkowska, Roberto Ercoli, Kinga Pławecka, Narcisa Mihaela Marian, and Petr Louda. "Influence of Incorporating Recycled Windshield Glass, PVB-Foil, and Rubber Granulates on the Properties of Geopolymer Composites and Concretes." Polymers 15, no. 9 (April 29, 2023): 2122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15092122.
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Waste materials from the automotive industries were re-used as aggregates into metakaolin-based geopolymer (GP), geopolymer mortar (GM), and Bauhaus B20-based concrete composite (C). Specifically, the study evaluates the ability of windshield silica glass (W), PVB-Foils (P), and rubber granulates (G) to impact the mechanical and thermal properties. The addition of the recovered materials into the experimental geopolymers outperformed the commercially available B20. The flexural strength reached values of 7.37 ± 0.51 MPa in concrete with silica glass, 4.06 ± 0.32 in geopolymer malt with PVB-Foils, and 6.99 ± 0.82 MPa in pure geopolymer with rubber granulates; whereas the highest compressive strengths (бc) were obtained by the addition of PVB-Foils in pure geopolymer, geopolymer malt, and concrete (43.16 ± 0.31 MPa, 46.22 ± 2.06 MPa, and 27.24 ± 1.28 MPa, respectively). As well PVB-Foils were able to increase the impact strength (бi) at 5.15 ± 0.28 J/cm2 in pure geopolymer, 5.48 ± 0.41 J/cm2 in geopolymer malt, and 3.19 ± 0.14 J/cm2 in concrete, furnishing a significant improvement over the reference materials. Moreover, a correlation between density and thermal conductivity (λ) was also obtained to provide the suitability of these materials in applications such as insulation or energy storage. These findings serve as a basis for further research on the use of waste materials in the creation of new, environmentally friendly composites.
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Kumar, Shravan, and Kolli Ramujee. "Assessment of Chloride Ion Penetration of Alkali Activated Low Calcium Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 692 (May 2016): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.692.129.
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Fly ash–based geopolymer concrete (GPC) comprised of fly ash, Fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and an alkaline solution, which is a combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate, can play a significant role with respect to environmental control of greenhouse effects. The reduction in the carbon dioxide emission from cement production can contribute significantly to global temperature reduction. Current studies on geopolymer concrete are primarily focused on geopolymer technology to prepare fly ash–based geopolymer concrete and its Engineering properties determination. However, no specific publications are available with respect to the durability of geopolymer concrete in the marine environment. Corrosion of reinforcing steel due to chloride ingress ion is one of the most common environmental attacks that lead to the deterioration of concrete structures. Therefore, wherever there is a potential risk of chloride induced corrosion, the concrete should be evaluated for chloride permeability. This paper describes an durability testing program, based on Rapid chloride permeability test technique to measure the chloride permeability of in-place concrete. To investigate the durability performance of geopolymer fly ash–based concretes and OPC concretes that have been subjected to natural seawater exposure. A series of 100x50mm specimen were cut from the 100x200mm cylinders of both GPC & OPC to fit them into the test set up. The test results indicated excellent resistance of the geopolymer concrete (GPC) to chloride ingress ion with a less charge passed through them relative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC concrete)
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Wasim, Muhammad, Rajeev Roychand, Rhys Barnes, Jason Talevski, David Law, Jie Li, and Mohammad Saberian. "Performance of Reinforced Foam and Geopolymer Concretes against Prolonged Exposures to Chloride in a Normal Environment." Materials 16, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010149.
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The utilization of sustainable cement replacement materials in concrete can control the emission of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases in the construction industry, thus contributing significantly to the environment, society, and the global economy. Various types of sustainable concrete including geopolymer concrete are tested for their efficacy for construction in laboratories. However, the performance and longevity of sustainable concrete for civil engineering applications in corrosive environments are still debatable. This paper aims to investigate the performance of the reinforced geopolymer (GPC) and foam concretes (FC) against corrosive chloride exposure. Two long term key parameters, i.e., corrosion rate and mechanical performance of reinforcing steel in geopolymer and foam concrete were assessed to evaluate their performance against chloride attack. For experiments, reinforced GPC and FC specimens, each admixed with 3 and 5% chlorides, were kept at varying temperatures and humidity levels in the environmental chambers. The corrosion rates of the reinforced geopolymer and foam concrete specimens were also compared with control specimens after 803 days and the tensile strength of the corroded reinforcing steel was also determined. Moreover, the long term efficacy of repaired patches (810 days), in a chloride-rich surrounding environment utilizing FC and GPC, was investigated. The results suggested greater performance of FC compared to GPC under standard environmental conditions. However, the simulated patch repair with GPC showed better resistance against chloride attack compared to FC. The research also undertook the fractographical examination of the surfaces of the reinforcement exposed to 5% admixed chloride and develops models for the corrosion rates of foam concrete as a function of the corrosion rates of geopolymer concrete and chloride content. A correlation model for the corrosion rates of FC and GPC was also developed. The findings of the current research and the model developed are novel and contribute to the knowledge of long term degradation science of geopolymers and form concrete materials. Furthermore, the findings and methodology of the current research have practical significance in the construction and repair industry for determining the remaining service life for any reinforced and steel infrastructure.
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Shi, Xiao Shuang, Qing Yuan Wang, Xiao Ling Zhao, and Frank Collins. "Discussion on Properties and Microstructure of Geopolymer Concrete Containing Fly Ash and Recycled Aggregate." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 1577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.1577.
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Construction materials dominate the main responsibility to maintain the environmental sustainable development in human’s activities. Geopolymer concrete containing fly ash and recycled aggregate is a new concrete which can reuse the by-product of power station and waste concrete, as well as reduce the production of cement which contribute a lot of carbon dioxide emission in the manufacturing process. In this paper, experiments were carried out to investigate the mechanical properties and microstructure of geopolymer concrete with different recycled aggregate contents. Six mixtures were designed including alkali-activated fly ash geopolymeric recycled concrete and corresponding ordinary concrete as the comparison. The compressive strength of the concrete with 0%, 50% and 100% recycled aggregates was tested. The microstructure of these concrete were investigated by petrographic microscope under transmit light. According to experimental results, the strength development and failure mechanism are discussed. Furthermore, the application of such geopolymer concrete is discussed and suggested.
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Herwani, Ivindra Pane, Iswandi Imran, and Bambang Budiono. "Compressive Strength of Fly ash-based Geopolymer Concrete with a Variable of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Solution Molarity." MATEC Web of Conferences 147 (2018): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814701004.
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Geopolymer concrete is a new material made by activating the raw materials which contain many elements of silica and alumina. Compressive strength of geopolymer concrete produced was influenced by the concentration of the activator solution. This paper presents an experimental investigation into fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Research objective was to investigate the effects of alkaline activator solution (AAS) molarity on compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. Variable of the test were a solution to sodium hydroxide was chosen as the activator solution. Concentration of sodium hydroxide solution used was 10 M, 12 M and 14 M with ambient curing. The specimen is made of concrete cylinder with diameter 10 cm and height 20 cm as many as 9 pieces each variable. Compressive strength tests is performed when the concrete is 7, 14, and 28 days old. Results of the test are indicated that the increasing of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution concentration leads to improve the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. The optimal compressive strength of geopolymer concrete was achieved at a concentration of sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) of 12 M. Geopolymer concretes compressive strength only achieves around 50-60% of the planned.
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Olulope, O. R., K. D. Oluborode, and O. O. Popoola. "Evaluating the Influence of Palm Kernel Shell Ash on Ire Clay Geopolymer Concrete Cured at Ambient Temperature." Asian Soil Research Journal 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2023): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/asrj/2023/v7i3132.
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There is an abundance of clay deposit in Ire Ekiti which can serve as geopolymer source material and Palm kernel shell exists as a massive agro waste in South Western Nigeria. This study evaluates the effect of palm kernel shell ash (PKSA) as an additive on the compressive strength of Ire clay geopolymer concrete. The objective of the study is to determine the selected properties of the obtained concrete at room temperature. Palm kernel shell was burned at 650oC for 2 hours in a furnace. Natural clay collected from Ire Ekiti was manually pulverized, air dried and calcined in a furnace at 750o for 2 hours. The geopolymer concrete was prepared at a mixing ratio of 1:2:3. The material constituents were calcined clay (source material), 12M of NaOH and Na2SiO3 (ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 was 2:5), river sand and 12.5mm granite were the fine and coarse aggregates respectively while PKSA of 0%,7.5% and 15% of the calcined Ire Clay content were used as additive in preparing the geopolymer concrete. geopolymer concrete specimens were cured at ambient temperature till testing at different maturity ages of 7, 14 and 28 days. It was generally observed that increasing the percentage of PKSA as additive strongly improved the compressive strength gain with maturity of the Ire clay geopolymer concrete. At 28 days maturity, 7.5% PKSA addition improved the compressive strength by 166% while 15% PKSA addition improved the strength by 181% increase. The highest compressive strength was 7.67N/mm2 at 15% PKSA addition on 28 day. Conclusively, Ire clay and PKSA are viable source material and additive respectively for geopolymer concrete production. The Ire clay geopolymer concrete can be practically applied like conventional concrete in structural work especially in a rural community like Ire Ekiti where cement needs to be transported over kilometers. Also, the concrete performing well at ambient temperature makes it cost effective compare to most geopolymers that require heating at high temperature. It is recommended that further study on the durability should be done.
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Beskopylny, Alexey N., Sergey A. Stel’makh, Evgenii M. Shcherban’, Levon R. Mailyan, Besarion Meskhi, Diana El’shaeva, and Valery Varavka. "Developing Environmentally Sustainable and Cost-Effective Geopolymer Concrete with Improved Characteristics." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 9, 2021): 13607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413607.
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Improving the efficiency and quality of construction mainly depends on the cost of building materials, which is about 55–65% of total capital-construction costs. The study aimed to obtain geopolymer fine-grained concrete with improved quality characteristics that meet the construction field’s sustainable development criteria and that have environmental friendliness, economic efficiency, and advantages over competing analogues. The dependences of strength characteristics on various compositions of geopolymer concrete were obtained. It was found that the most effective activator is a composition of NaOH and Na2SiO3 with a ratio of 1:2. The increase in the indicators of the obtained geopolymer concrete from the developed composition (4A) in relation to the base control (1X) was 17% in terms of compressive strength and 24% in tensile strength in bending. Polynomial equations were obtained showing the dependence of the change in the strength characteristics of geopolymer concrete on the individual influence of each of the activators. A significant effect of the composition of the alkaline activator on the strength characteristics of geopolymer fine-grained concrete was noted. The optimal temperature range of heat treatment of geopolymer concrete samples, contributing to the positive kinetics of compressive strength gain at the age of 28 days, was determined. The main technological and recipe parameters for obtaining geopolymers with the desired properties, which meet the ecology requirements and are efficient from the point of view of economics, were determined.
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Vasconcelos, Eduardo, Sérgio Fernandes, Barroso de Aguiar, and F. Pacheco-Torgal. "Concrete Retrofitting Using CFRP and Geopolymer Mortars." Materials Science Forum 730-732 (November 2012): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.427.
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A new development in the repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete systems is the use of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) strips bonded to concrete substrate with epoxy resins. It has been reported that epoxy adhesive are extremely sensitive to high temperatures. Some authors conclude that the epoxy temperature should not exceed 70 °C in order to safeguard the adhesiveness of the epoxy and, thus, the integrity and adequate functioning of CFRP. It is noted that even frequently exposure to direct sunlight causes temperatures higher than 70 °C. Since geopolymers are known to possess high stability at high temperature, these materials can be an alternative to epoxy resins. This papers presents results about the use of metakaolin based geopolymers mortars to insure the adhesion between the CFRP and the concrete substrate. Several compositions of geopolymer mortars were executed by varying the percentage of binder, sand/binder ratio and the concentration of sodium hydroxide. It was found that geopolymer mortars demonstrate very promising performances, having obtained a high mechanical resistance and a good adhesion to concrete. On the other hand the adhesion between CFRP and geopolymer mortars proved to be smaller than expected which could be due, to the fact that the composition of the mortar was not optimized or even to the nature of the CFRP.
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Tijare, Shreyash. "A Review: To Investigate the Properties of Geopolymer Concrete with Fly Ash in Place of Cement." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 1256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47548.
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Abstract: A novel type of concrete called geopolymer concrete is created by reacting sodium silicate containing minerals with sodium aluminate and a caustic activator, such as fly ash or slag from the production of iron and metal. It can serve as a viable replacement for regular portland cement. In addition to having outstanding mechanical qualities, geopolymer concrete also possesses a number of extremely high-end qualities, including corrosion and fire resistance. The majority of industrial solid waste and bottom ash from waste incineration are stacked up at random, which not only uses up land resources but also negatively affects the ecosystem. They can be recycled and utilised as raw materials to make geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer concrete has the ability to absorb pollutants like heavy metals and other radioactive chemicals, so that its stability, elasticity, and thermal qualities are unaffected. However, geopolymer concrete's use goes beyond that because of its superior qualities. The geopolymerization of concrete, the origin of the raw materials, the numerous categories of activators, the development processes, and the diverse applications of geopolymer concrete in various fields are all covered in this paper. In this section, the factors that affect the mechanical and abrasion resistance of geopolymer concrete. In order to establish a hypothesis that will be used to develop geopolymer concrete for future development, the disadvantages and application quantification of geopolymer concrete, as well as its mix design, will be summarised in this paper.
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Abbas, Syed Nasir, Muhammad Irshad Qureshi, Malik Muneeb Abid, Asad Zia, and Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq. "An Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer and Glass Fibers Concrete." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 23, 2022): 10489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710489.
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This paper presents an innovative approach towards the development of a green concrete. The geopolymer is an environmentally friendly construction/repairing material. In addition, glass fibers are helpful to influence the strength properties and to reduce hair line cracks and bleeding in concrete. This study is based on the use of fly ash and glass fibers as a partial replacement of cement and, subsequently, its effect on compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete. The geopolymer is manufactured after the process of geopolymerization between class F fly ash and alkali activator fluid (sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide). In geopolymer concretes (GPC), an inorganic polymer called aluminosilicate will act as a binder, the same as conventional concrete has Portland cement (OPC)-generated C-S-H gel. The glass fibers are added in the ratios of 3%, 6%, and 10% by weight of cement. To check the effect of geopolymer and glass fibers on compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete, concrete cubes of size 150 × 150 × 150 mm and concrete cylinders of size 150 × 300 mm with or without geopolymer and glass fibers were casted and cured for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The compressive strength and split tensile strength of all concrete cubes and cylinders were determined by compression testing machine. The findings of the research study revealed that concrete having geopolymer and glass fibers used as a partial replacement of cement showed lesser strength as compared to conventional concrete. Concrete having glass fibers showed reduced workability and more segregation as compared to geopolymer concrete and normal concrete. However, the concrete made either with geopolymer or glass fibers is economical as compared to conventional concrete.
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Xu, Jinyun, Minjing Li, Di Zhao, Guoqiang Zhong, Yu Sun, Xudong Hu, Jiefang Sun, et al. "Research and Application Progress of Geopolymers in Adsorption: A Review." Nanomaterials 12, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12173002.
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Geopolymer is a porous inorganic material with a three-dimensional mesh structure, good mechanical properties, a simple preparation process (no sintering) and a low economic cost, and it is environmentally friendly. Geopolymer concrete has been widely used in the construction field, and many other studies have revealed that geopolymer will become one of the most promising inorganic materials with unique structure and properties. This paper provides a review of the development and current status of geopolymers and briefly explains the effects of material proportioning, experimental factors and activators on geopolymer performance. Because of the advantages of high specific surface area and high porosity, geopolymers could be used as adsorbent materials. This paper summarizes the research progresses of the adsorption of metal cations, anions, dyes, and gases by geopolymers, which emphasizes the geopolymer membranes in adsorption, and discusses the challenges and opportunities for the development of more efficient, sustainable and practical adsorption protocols.
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Mukhametkaliyev, Timur, Md Hazrat Ali, Viktor Kutugin, Olesya Savinova, and Vladimir Vereschagin. "Influence of Mixing Order on the Synthesis of Geopolymer Concrete." Polymers 14, no. 21 (November 7, 2022): 4777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214777.
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Geopolymers are high-performance, cost-effective materials made from industrial waste that ideally fit the needs of 3D printing technology used in construction. The novelty of the present work lies in the investigation of methods to mix geopolymer concrete from fly ash (FA) class F, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and raw calcined kaolin clay (RCKC) to determine the mixing procedure which provides the best mechanical strength and structural integrity. The experimental results show that aluminosilicates with different reaction parameters when mixed one after another provide the optimal results while the geopolymer concrete possesses the highest compressive strength and the denser structure. The results demonstrated that the reactivity of GGBS, FA, and RCKC increased for different depolymerization speeds of the selected aluminosilicates. This research will provide results on how to improve the mixing order for geopolymer synthesis for 3D printing demands. The highest compressive strength and denser structure of geopolymer concrete is achieved when each type of aluminosilicate is mixed with an alkaline medium separately.
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Olivia, Monita, Rudy Satriya Pratama, Ferisma Ratu Giri, Iskandar Romey Sitompul, Alfian Kamaldi, Gunawan Wibisono, and Edy Saputra. "The Effect of Portland Cement on Fly Ash Bottom Ash Geopolymer Hybrid Concrete Exposed to Peat Water Environment." Journal of Applied Materials and Technology 3, no. 2 (January 31, 2023): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jamt.3.2.24-33.
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Geopolymer hybrid concrete is prepared by activating fly ash bottom ash with an alkaline solution and curing with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). OPC could be added to the mixture to increase the reaction, promote hydration, and assist in curing at room temperature. Peat water is an acidic organic environment that may reduce the durability of concrete. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of Portland cement on the properties of FABA geopolymer hybrid concrete exposed to peat water. Portland cement was used in geopolymer as an additive and a substitute. Compressive strength, porosity, and weight change were evaluated for both mixtures. The NaOH molarities were 10, 12, and 14M, the NaOH/sodium silicate ratios were 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5, and the Ordinary Portland Cement percentages were 0, 10, and 15%. Specimens were exposed to peat water for up to 91 days following 28 days of room temperature curing. The geopolymer mixture with 10M NaOH, 2.5M Ms, and 15% OPC had the highest compressive strength and the lowest porosity. The FABA geopolymer hybrid with OPC had a slightly greater compressive strength and a lower porosity than the geopolymer containing OPC as a cement replacement material. In addition, weight change is more stable in geopolymers containing OPC. Based on the performance of both mixes in peat water, it is recommended to use OPC as an additive in FABA geopolymer hybrid concrete.
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Yazid, Muhd Hafizuddin, Meor Ahmad Faris, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Muhammad Shazril I. Ibrahim, Rafiza Abdul Razak, Dumitru Doru Burduhos Nergis, Diana Petronela Burduhos Nergis, Omrane Benjeddou, and Khanh-Son Nguyen. "Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete Incorporation Nylon66 Fiber." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 18, 2022): 9050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15249050.
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This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the diamond-shaped Interlocking Chain Plastic Bead (ICPB) on fiber-reinforced fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. In this study, geopolymer concrete was produced using fly ash, NaOH, silicate, aggregate, and nylon66 fibers. Characterization of fly ash-based geopolymers (FGP) and fly ash-based geopolymer concrete (FRGPC) included chemical composition via XRF, functional group analysis via FTIR, compressive strength determination, flexural strength, density, slump test, and water absorption. The percentage of fiber volume added to FRGPC and FGP varied from 0% to 0.5%, and 1.5% to 2.0%. From the results obtained, it was found that ICBP fiber led to a negative result for FGP at 28 days but showed a better performance in FRGPC reinforced fiber at 28 and 90 days compared to plain geopolymer concrete. Meanwhile, NFRPGC showed that the optimum result was obtained with 0.5% of fiber addition due to the compressive strength performance at 28 days and 90 days, which were 67.7 MPa and 970.13 MPa, respectively. Similar results were observed for flexural strength, where 0.5% fiber addition resulted in the highest strength at 28 and 90 days (4.43 MPa and 4.99 MPa, respectively), and the strength performance began to decline after 0.5% fiber addition. According to the results of the slump test, an increase in fiber addition decreases the workability of geopolymer concrete. Density and water absorption, however, increase proportionally with the amount of fiber added. Therefore, diamond-shaped ICPB fiber in geopolymer concrete exhibits superior compressive and flexural strength.
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Migunthanna, Janitha, Pathmanathan Rajeev, and Jay Sanjayan. "Waste Clay Bricks as a Geopolymer Binder for Pavement Construction." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 25, 2022): 6456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116456.
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Geopolymer binders that combine aluminosilicate materials (i.e., precursors) with alkali activators are a viable and environmentally friendly alternative to ordinary Portland cement. While fly ash, slag, silica fume, and metakaolin are the most extensively investigated precursor materials, recent studies demonstrate the feasibility of using low amorphous aluminosilicates (LAA) for geopolymer synthesis. Waste clay bricks (WCB) make an excellent LAA material for producing geopolymer binders, considering their chemical and mineralogical properties. Geopolymer binders with enhanced mechanical properties can be produced either by blending WCB with other aluminosilicate materials or by using WCB as the sole precursor, while providing appropriate production conditions, such as high-temperature curing. Until now, in pavement construction, WCB has been investigated only as a subbase material or as an aggregate for concrete. Since WCB is a potential geopolymer source material, it can also function as an alternative cementitious material (ACM), and stabilizing material in pavement construction. This work reviews the recent studies on producing WCB-based geopolymers, with the focus particularly on the properties of raw materials, activator types and their concentrations, curing conditions, blended geopolymer systems, and the mechanical properties of WCB-based geopolymer binders. Simultaneously, different pavement design requirements and currently available specifications for the use of geopolymer concrete were correlated to evaluate their feasibility as an ACM in pavement construction. Based on the current literature, WCB can be proposed as a suitable ACM to develop pavement-grade concrete and more promising results can be obtained by blending WCB with high-calcium sources, such as slag. Therefore, comprehensive studies on geopolymer concrete development, durability, and field performance are recommended.
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Verma, Manvendra, Nirendra Dev, Ibadur Rahman, Mayank Nigam, Mohd Ahmed, and Javed Mallick. "Geopolymer Concrete: A Material for Sustainable Development in Indian Construction Industries." Crystals 12, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12040514.
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Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is a new material in the construction industry, with different chemical compositions and reactions involved in a binding material. The pozzolanic materials (industrial waste like fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), and rice husk ash), which contain high silica and alumina, work as binding materials in the mix. Geopolymer concrete is economical, low energy consumption, thermally stable, easily workable, eco-friendly, cementless, and durable. GPC reduces carbon footprints by using industrial solid waste like slag, fly ash, and rice husk ash. Around one tonne of carbon dioxide emissions produced one tonne of cement that directly polluted the environment and increased the world’s temperature by increasing greenhouse gas production. For sustainable construction, GPC reduces the use of cement and finds the alternative of cement for the material’s binding property. So, the geopolymer concrete is an alternative to Portland cement concrete and it is a potential material having large commercial value and for sustainable development in Indian construction industries. The comprehensive survey of the literature shows that geopolymer concrete is a perfect alternative to Portland cement concrete because it has better physical, mechanical, and durable properties. Geopolymer concrete is highly resistant to acid, sulphate, and salt attack. Geopolymer concrete plays a vital role in the construction industry through its use in bridge construction, high-rise buildings, highways, tunnels, dams, and hydraulic structures, because of its high performance. It can be concluded from the review that sustainable development is achieved by employing geopolymers in Indian construction industries, because it results in lower CO2 emissions, optimum utilization of natural resources, utilization of waste materials, is more cost-effective in long life infrastructure construction, and, socially, in financial benefits and employment generation.
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Cornelis, Remigildus, Henricus Priyosulityo, Iman Satyarno, Rochmadi ., and Iwan Rustendi. "Effect of the Mortar Volume Ratio on the Mechanical Behavior of Class CI Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete." Civil Engineering Journal 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 1920–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2022-08-09-012.
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This research described the effect of the mortar volume ratio on the mechanical behavior of Class CI fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. The absolute volume ratio parameters were designed to determine the effects on the mechanical properties of the geopolymer concrete. The volume ratio of the mortar to coarse aggregate voids (Rc) was increased by 0.25 increments, from 1 to 1.75, using constant parameters of 10 M NaOH at a ratio of Na2SiO3to NaOH (R). Furthermore, the alkaline to fly ash ratio (A) of 0.35 and the volume ratio of paste to fine aggregate voids (Rm) of 1.5 were based on geopolymer paste and mortar investigations previously published. The test results showed that 1) the Rc ratio influences the workability and compressive strength of geopolymer concrete; 2) the increase in the Rc ratio by 1.75 is not linear with the rise in compressive strength but produces better mechanical properties; 3) it does not affect the tensile strength of both geopolymer and OPC concretes; 4) the lower the Rc ratio, the higher the flexural strength; 5) the Rc ratio does not affect the OPC concrete and GC tensile strength; 6) the bond stress in geopolymer concrete with an Rc ratio of 1.75 is higher than in OPC concrete; and 7) Rc ratio does not affect the early strength of geopolymer concrete. The geopolymer concrete experienced an increase in compressive strength after 28 days, while the OPC concrete remained flat. The results will help develop an optimal mix design of Class CI fly ash with moderate calcium oxide in the production of geopolymer concrete. This will improve the future applications of using this process in new binding materials. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-09-012 Full Text: PDF
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Živica, Vladimír, Martin T. Palou, and Martin Križma. "Geopolymer Cements and Their Properties: A Review." Building Research Journal 61, no. 2 (March 1, 2015): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/brj-2014-0007.
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Abstract Concrete is the world's most versatile, durable and reliable construction material. Next to water, concrete is the second most used substance on earth and it requires large quantities of Portland cement. The industrial sector is the third largest source of man-made carbon dioxide emissions after the transportation sector as the major generator of carbon dioxide, which pollutes the atmosphere. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) production produces the largest amount of carbon dioxide amongst all industrial processes. In addition to that a large amount of energy is also consumed for the cement production. The production of OPC not only consumes a huge amount of the natural resources i.e. limestone and fossil fuels but also produces almost 0.9 t of CO2 for 1t of cement clinker production. Thus, the world cement production generates 2.8 billion tons of manmade greenhouse gas annually. Hence, it is inevitable to find an alternative material to the existing most expensive, most resource and energy consuming Portland cement. Geopolymer cements are innovative binders which can be produced by the chemical action of aluminosilicate materials plenty available worldwide. They are rich in silica and alumina reacting with alkaline solution and producing aluminosilicate gel that acts as the binding material for the concrete. Geopolymers are synthesized by polycondensation reaction of geopolymeric precursor and alkali polysilicates. The paper presents data on the important engineering properties of geopolymer cements showing that these cements offer an alternative to, and potential replacement for, OPC. Geopolymer technology also has the potential to reduce global greenhouse emissions caused by OPC production. Due to the high level of mechanical properties of geopolymer cements and their environmentally beneficial technology they appear as a prospective construction material for the future.