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Journal articles on the topic 'Geopolymer'
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1
Pauzi, Ahmad Hafizi, Lukman Ismail, Ahmer Ali Siyal, Zakaria Man, and Khairun Azizi Azizli. "Experimental Study of Geopolymer Solidification Kinetics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 625 (September 2014): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.625.127.
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Geopolymers are formed from silica and alumina oxides mixed with alkali hydroxide or alkali silicate. This paper presents the findings on the study of the solidification of fly ash geopolymer through setting time by varying alkaline activators, their concentrations and geopolymer curing temperature. This work focuses on the transformation of geopolymer from liquid paste to solid through Avrami’s Kinetic Theory. From the experimental results, alkaline activation with sodium silicate produced shortest time for geopolymer solidification as compared to KOH and NaOH. The increase in concentrations of alkaline solution and curing temperatures were found to reduce setting time for geopolymer’s solidification. From Avrami theory perspective, the growth forms of geopolymer in the geopolymerization process exhibit two and three dimensional structure with the presence of secondary nucleation.
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Guo, Xiao Lu, Hui Sheng Shi, Mao Song Lin, and Wen Jing Dong. "Effects of Calcium Contents in Class C Fly Ash Geopolymer." Advanced Materials Research 687 (April 2013): 508–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.687.508.
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Geopolymers with calcium contents were prepared from class C fly ash, metakaolin, and Ca(OH)2. Geopolymer products and ordinary cement hydration products were divided with gradient acid dissolution test. The effects of calcium in class C fly ash geopolymer were investigated through the calcium concentration of acid solution. In an appropriate alkali situation, most of the calcium will be dissolved from class C fly ash. Part of the calcium will react with silicate and aluminum to form geopolymeric gels as the presence of gismondine (zeolite). Part of calcium was hydrated to form calcium silicate hydrate(C-S-H), and the rest of calcium may be adsorbed within the geopolymeric binding structure to balance charge anion. The class C fly ash geopolymer is a composite system with the coexistence of geopolymeric and C-S-H gels.
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Lezzerini, Marco, Andrea Aquino, and Stefano Pagnotta. "Acid Resistance of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers and Geopolymeric Mortars Reinforced with Coconut Fibers." Fibers 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2024): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib12050040.
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This paper investigates the durability of geopolymers and geopolymeric mortars made with metakaolin and alkaline activators, with and without a coconut fiber addition, after immersion for seven days into solutions of citric acid (1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%); hydrochloric acid (1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%); and sulfuric acid (1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%). The study focuses on mass changes, uniaxial compressive strength, flexural strength, and ultrasound pulse velocity measurements. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy are used to analyze the degradation products and microstructural changes. The aim is to assess the effect of acid exposure on the strength and stability of geopolymer materials and identify any protective effects of coconut fiber reinforcement. The samples are immersed in acid solutions of varying concentrations, and their mechanical properties are measured. The presence of coconut fibers slightly modifies the physical properties and the compressive strength, improving the mechanical flexural strength. Geopolymer and geopolymeric mortar materials experienced a weak decrease in strength when exposed to solutions of citric acid and a significant one when exposed to solutions of hydrochloric and sulfuric acids, attributed to depolymerization of the aluminosilicate binders. Brick waste geopolymeric mortars reinforced with coconut fibers showed the best performance in acid solutions with respect to geopolymers and quartz-rich sand geopolymeric mortars, suggesting a more stable cross-linked aluminosilicate geopolymer structure in this material.
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Malik, Muhammad Akbar, Manas Sarkar, Shilang Xu, and Qinghua Li. "Effect of PVA/SiO2 NPs Additive on the Structural, Durability, and Fire Resistance Properties of Geopolymers." Applied Sciences 9, no. 9 (May 13, 2019): 1953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9091953.
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This exertion introduces polyvinyl alcohol fiber/silica nanoparticles (poly vinyl alcohol (PVA)/SiO2 NPs) in the fly ash-based geopolymer at ambient curing temperature. The present study aims at investigating the structural properties (compressive, bond strength, fracture parameters (fracture toughness (KIc), crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD)), cyclic compression), durability (freeze-thaw), and fire resistivity of the newly developed PVA/SiO2 NPs mediated geopolymer. The outcomes suggest that geopolymers incorporated with 5% PVA fibers showed improved structural properties and durability as compared to other specimens. Investigation on the fire resistivity of the geopolymers exposed to different heating temperatures (400 °C, 600 °C, 800 °C), showed that geopolymers with PVA/SiO2 NPs significantly prevented the explosive concrete spalling. Microstructural studies confirmed that PVA fibers in the geopolymeric matrixes were well distributed and developed a fiber-bridging texture with improved performance. Addition of the nano-silica particles accelerated the heat evolution during the hydration process and the geopolymeric reaction (formation of sodium aluminosilicate N-A-S-H gel) at ambient curing environment.
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Le, Van Quang, Minch Quang Do, Minh Duc Hoang, Vo Thi Ha Quyen Pham, Thu Ha Bui, and Hoc Thang Nguyen. "Effect of Alkaline Activators to Engineering Properties of Geopolymer-Based Materials Synthesized from Red Mud." Key Engineering Materials 777 (August 2018): 508–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.777.508.
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Geopolymer is an inorganic polymer material formed from alumino-silicate structures. Geopolymer has many outstanding functions in comparison with ordinary materials such as high mechanical strength, high heat and chemical resistance, and lightweight property. The engineering properties of geopolymer-based materials depend on raw materials and synthesized conditions. In which, the aluminosilicate materials having high activity and consisting of many alkaline activators have the possibility of increasing pH in geopolymer paste. In the solution of paste, aluminosilicate compounds are solubilized and then react with alkali-activated ions to form geopolymeric networks. The geopolymer can be synthesized in many different conditions depending on factors of temperature, pressure, and curing conditions. In this study, red mud (RM) was used as the main alumino resource for geopolymerization process. RM is a solid waste residue being left from the mining process of bauxite ores with caustic soda for alumina production. Its disposal remains a global issue in terms of environmental concerns. Formation of RM-based geopolymer was affected by many factors, in which, the alkaline activators are the most important factor. This research was conducted with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions to elucidate the effect of alkaline activator ratio to the engineering properties of RM-based geopolymers. The results showed that the RM-based geopolymer used sodium silicate solution has more outstanding properties than RM-based geopolymer using sodium hydroxide solution.
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Zheng, Chuji, Jun Wang, Hengjuan Liu, Hota GangaRao, and Ruifeng Liang. "Characteristics and microstructures of the GFRP waste powder/GGBS-based geopolymer paste and concrete." REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 117–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rams-2022-0005.
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Abstract A novel method is developed for reusing the waste glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) powder as a precursor in geopolymer production. Several activation parameters that affect the workability and strength gain of GFRP powder-based geopolymers are investigated. The results of an experimental study reveal that the early strength of GFRP powder-based geopolymer pastes develops slowly at ambient temperature. The highest compressive strength of GFRP powder-based geopolymer pastes is 7.13 MPa at an age of 28 days. The ratio of compressive strength to flexural strength of GFRP powder-based-geopolymers is lower than that of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS)-based geopolymers, indicating that the incorporation of GFRP powder can improve the geopolymer brittleness. GGBS is incorporated into geopolymer blends to accelerate the early activity of GFRP powder. The binary geopolymer pastes exhibit shorter setting times and higher mechanical strength values than those of single GFRP powder geopolymer pastes. The GGBS geopolymer concrete mixture with 30 wt% GFRP powder displayed the highest compressive strength and flexural strength values and was less brittle. The developed binary GFRP powder/GGBS-based geopolymers reduce the disadvantages of single GFRP powder or GGBS geopolymers, and thus, offer high potential as a building construction material.
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Al Bakri, Abdullah Mohd Mustafa, J. Liyana, Md Tahir Muhammad Faheem, Hussin Kamarudin, A. R. Razak, Zarina Yahya, and A. Alida. "Effect on Strength and Hardness of Clay Ceramic Substrate after Treatment Using Koalin Based Geopolymer Glaze." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.575.
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Geopolymerization is an alternative for ceramic industry by using clay based material such as kaolin or calcined kaolin geopolymer. Geopolymer paste is initially produced by alkaline activation of calcined kaolin with NaOH and Na2SiO3solution), dried at 80oC for 4 hours, pulverized and sieved to fixed particle size powder. The parameters involved in this processing route (alkali concentration, kaolin or calcined kaolin to activator ratio, alkali activator ratio and heating conditions) are investigated. Geopolymeric powder is added with water to produce slurry to be coated on the surface of clay ceramic. It undergoes heat treatment at high temperature to produce glaze on the surface. Flexural strength and hardness analysis are studied. Result evidences the processing show of incresing strength value between 8-10% after treatment with geopolymer glaze and also the Vickers hardness values of geopolymers improved.
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Asprogerakas, A., Aristea Koutelia, Glykeria Kakali, and Sotirios Tsivilis. "Durability of Fly Ash Geopolymer Mortars in Corrosive Environments, Compared to that of Cement Mortars." Advances in Science and Technology 92 (October 2014): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.92.84.
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In the present paper the durability of fly ash geopolymer mortars compared to that of cement mortars is investigated. Geopolymers can improve the ecological image of building materials, especially when their production is based on industrial by-products such as fly ash. Three series of fly ash based geopolymer mortars were prepared using calcareous sand to fly ash ratio (S/FA) varying from 0.5 to 2. In addition, cement mortar specimens were prepared using cement CEM I 42.5 N and CEM II 32.5 N. Durability of geopolymer and cement mortars was evaluated by means of compressive strength development, acid resistance, chloride diffusion and sulfate resistance. It was found that fly ash can be effectively used to produce geopolymer mortars with calcareous sand. Geopolymers exhibit competitive compressive strength compared to that of cement mortars. Geopolymer mortars develop their maximum compressive strength a few days after their casting. Geopolymer and cement mortars exhibit satisfactory resistance to sulphate attack. Cement mortars, generally, show better behaviour (compared to geopolymers) in chloride diffusion. Finally, geopolymers indicate improved performance against acid attack, compared to that of cement mortars.
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Lin, Wei-Ting, Kae-Long Lin, Kinga Korniejenko, and Lukáš Fiala. "Comparative Analysis Between Fly Ash Geopolymer and Reactive Ultra-Fine Fly Ash Geopolymer." International Journal of Engineering and Technology Innovation 11, no. 3 (May 5, 2021): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.46604/ijeti.2021.7129.
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This study investigates novel geopolymers by combining Reactive Ultra-fine Fly Ash (RUFA) with 4M sodium hydroxide as an alkali activator. Comparing with general fly ash geopolymers, RUFA geopolymer pastes are characterized in terms of compressive strength, microstructure, and crystalline phases. The RUFA geopolymer is successfully obtained as alumina-silicate bonding materials with the same properties as the general fly ash-based geopolymer. The high compressive strength of the RUFA-based geopolymer samples (13.33 MPa) can be attributed primarily to Ca-based alumino-silicate hydration products and Na-based alumino-silicate complexes. This research presents an innovative application for geopolymers using RUFA. In the follow-up study, the influence of synthesis and concentration of alkali activator can be considered in RUFA-based geopolymers.
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Pathak, Arvind, Arpana Ranjit, and Bijaya Dhakal. "Geopolymerization Behaviour of Red and White Clays." Journal of Nepal Chemical Society 43, no. 1 (August 30, 2022): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v43i1.46997.
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Construction is one of the most important activities increasing the demand for Portland cement resulting significant amount of CO2 emission, natural resources degradation, and a high amount of energy consumption. The use of geopolymer has been studied as a potential substitute for Portland cement. Geopolymers are environmentally-friendly binding materials that are produced by the polymerization of alumino-silicates in presence of alkali polysilicates forming Si-O-Al bonds, which are used for several building applications. In this study, red and white clays which contain solid alumino-silicate have shown reactive in presence of an alkaline activator. The addition of lime has shown improvement in the mechanical and physical properties of the geopolymer products. The FTIR analysis and SEM images of the product have shown the formation of aluminosilicate gel in the geopolymeric product. The maximum compressive strength of the geopolymer products RCW and RWL were achieved to be 15.91 and 20.30 MPa, respectively. Such geopolymer products are in good agreement with cementitious products and can be used in building applications.
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Kohout, Jan, Petr Koutník, Pavlína Hájková, Eliška Kohoutová, and Aleš Soukup. "Effect of Different Types of Aluminosilicates on the Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Metakaolinite-Based Geopolymer Composites." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 4838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14224838.
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In this study, the effect of different types of aluminosilicates on the thermo-mechanical properties of metakaolinite-based geopolymer binders and composites was examined. The metakaolinite-based geopolymer binders and composites were produced from three different types of aluminosilicates (one metakaolin and two calcined claystones) and a potassium alkaline activator. Chamotte was added as a filler, amounting to 65% by volume, to create geopolymer composites. Geopolymer binders were characterized by X-ray diffraction, rotary rheometer and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties, thermal dilatation and thermal conductivity were investigated on geopolymer composites with three different aluminosilicates before and after exposure to high temperatures (up to 1200 °C). The results showed that the geopolymer binders prepared from calcined claystones had a lower dynamic viscosity (787 and 588 mPa·s) compared to the geopolymer binders prepared from metakaolin (1090 mPa·s). Geopolymer composites based on metakaolin had lower shrinkage (0.6%) and higher refractoriness (1520 °C) than geopolymers from calcined claystones (0.9% and 1.5%, 1500 °C and 1470 °C). Geopolymers based on calcined kaolinitic claystones are a promising material with higher compressive (95.2 and 71.5 MPa) and flexural strength (12.4 and 10.7 MPa) compared to geopolymers based on metakaolin (compressive strength 57.7 MPa).
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Jaya, Nur Ain, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, and Romisuhani Ahmad. "Reviews on Clay Geopolymer Ceramic Using Powder Metallurgy Method." Materials Science Forum 803 (August 2014): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.803.81.
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Inorganic polymers, commonly referred as geopolymers, are alumino-silicate materials which display superior physical and chemical properties with a diverse range of possible potential applications. Pure geopolymer matrix posses relatively low mechanical properties. The improvement on the properties can be made by focusing on the generation of ceramics from geopolymer. It’s a new world to explore yet with superior properties. The results showed the best curing temperature for clay geopolymers were at 60°C since it gained a fast initial setting. The hardened geopolymer clay will encounter physical metallurgy technique to be produced as geopolymer ceramic due to various high sintering temperature. It is proven that throughout heating the amorphous geopolymer transforms into crystalline phases with pure geopolymers demonstrates excessive shrinkage when sintered between 850 and 1000 °C.
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Ai, Tao, Danni Zhong, Yao Zhang, Jingshan Zong, Xin Yan, and Yanhui Niu. "The Effect of Red Mud Content on the Compressive Strength of Geopolymers under Different Curing Systems." Buildings 11, no. 7 (July 7, 2021): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11070298.
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To maximize the utilization of red mud in geopolymers, a red mud–metakaolin (RM-MK) geopolymer and red mud–fly ash (RM-FA) geopolymer were prepared, respectively. The effects of red mud content on the compressive strength and microstructure of the geopolymers were investigated under three different curing conditions. The results showed that the strength of the geopolymer decreased linearly with an increase in the red mud content, whether curing at room temperature or 80 °C. Surprisingly, curing in an autoclave, the appropriate amount of red mud had a favorable impact on the mechanical properties of the geopolymers. When the amount of red mud was 50%, the strength of the RM-MK geopolymer reached its highest compressive strength, 36.3 MPa, and the strength of the RM-FA geopolymer reached its highest at 31.7 MPa. Compared with curing at low temperature, curing the red mud-based geopolymers under a higher temperature and higher pressure can maximize the use of red mud. XRD analysis indicated that zeolite minerals formed. The SEM results showed that the geopolymers cured in an autoclave had a dense structure.
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Knežević, Sanja, Marija Ivanović, Dalibor Stanković, Danilo Kisić, Snežana Nenadović, Jelena Potočnik, and Miloš Nenadović. "Microstructural Analysis of Thermally Treated Geopolymer Incorporated with Neodymium." Nanomaterials 13, no. 10 (May 18, 2023): 1663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13101663.
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The following investigation presents the thermal treatment of geopolymer at 300 °C, 600 °C and 900 °C. We investigated what happens to the geopolymer base when incorporated with 1% and 5% of neodymium in the form Nd2O3. A total of six samples were synthesized. Geopolymer 1 contained 1% and geopolymer 2 contained 5% Nd2O3, and these samples were treated at 300 °C; then, samples geopolymer 3 and geopolymer 4 also had the same percentage composition of Nd2O3 and were treated at 600 °C, while samples geopolymer 5 and geopolymer 6were treated at 900 °C. Physical and chemical changes in the aluminosilicate geopolymer matrix were monitored. The incorporation of rare earths into the polymer network of aluminosilicates has been proven to disrupt the basic structure of geopolymers; however, with increased temperatures, these materials show even more unusual properties. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) analysis showed that the intensity of the vibrational band decreases with the increase in temperature during thermal treatment, suggesting alterations in the chemical structure of the geopolymers. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed that the diameter of the nanoparticles containing Al2O3 is in the range 5–10 nm, while larger crystallites range from 30 to 80 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that the temperature of the thermal treatment increases to 300 °C and 600 °C; the porosity of geopolymer increases in the form of the appearance of large pores and cracks in material. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was used to investigate the surface chemistry of geopolymers, including the chemical composition of the surface, the oxidation state of the elements, and the presence of functional groups. The UV/Vis spectra of the synthesized geopolymers doped with Nd3+ show interesting optical properties at 900 °C; the geopolymer matrix completely disintegrates and an amorphous phase with a rare-earth precipitate appears.
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Liew, Y. M., H. Kamarudin, A. M. Mustafa Al Bakri, M. Binhussain, Luqman Musa, I. Khairul Nizar, Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali, and C. Y. Heah. "Calcined Kaolin Geopolymeric Powder: Influence of Water-to-Geopolymeric Powder Ratio." Advanced Materials Research 548 (July 2012): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.548.48.
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This paper describes the synthesis of calcined kaolin geopolymeric powder from the alkaline activation of calcined kaolin followed by solidification and pulverizing process. The geopolymeric powder was used by just adding water to produce resulted geopolymer paste. In this paper, the effect of water-to-geopolymeric powder ratios on the properties of the resulted geopolymer paste was studied. This water-to-geopolymer powder ratio was similar to that of water-to-cement ratio in the case of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). However, the concept used here was based on geopolymerization process. The compressive strength, setting time and SEM analysis of the resulted geopolymer pastes were conducted. Highest strength was achieved at water-to-geopolymer powder ratio of 0.22. The resulted geopolymer paste could be handled up to 120 minutes and reached final setting after about 4 hours of setting. Microstructure showed the formation of geopolymeric gel after the addition of water to the geopolymeric powder.
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Tian, Quanzhi, Yingchu Bai, Yinhai Pan, Changshuai Chen, Shuo Yao, Keiko Sasaki, and Haijun Zhang. "Application of Geopolymer in Stabilization/Solidification of Hazardous Pollutants: A Review." Molecules 27, no. 14 (July 18, 2022): 4570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144570.
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Geopolymers, as a kind of inorganic polymer, possess excellent properties and have been broadly studied for the stabilization/solidification (S/S) of hazardous pollutants. Even though many reviews about geopolymers have been published, the summary of geopolymer-based S/S for various contaminants has not been well conducted. Therefore, the S/S of hazardous pollutants using geopolymers are comprehensively summarized in this review. Geopolymer-based S/S of typical cations, including Pb, Zn, Cd, Cs, Cu, Sr, Ni, etc., were involved and elucidated. The S/S mechanisms for cationic heavy metals were concluded, mainly including physical encapsulation, sorption, precipitation, and bonding with a silicate structure. In addition, compared to cationic ions, geopolymers have a poor immobilization ability on anions due to the repulsive effect between them, presenting a high leaching percentage. However, some anions, such as Se or As oxyanions, have been proved to exist in geopolymers through electrostatic interaction, which provides a direction to enhance the geopolymer-based S/S for anions. Besides, few reports about geopolymer-based S/S of organic pollutants have been published. Furthermore, the adsorbents of geopolymer-based composites designed and studied for the removal of hazardous pollutants from aqueous conditions are also briefly discussed. On the whole, this review will offer insights into geopolymer-based S/S technology. Furthermore, the challenges to geopolymer-based S/S technology outlined in this work are expected to be of direct relevance to the focus of future research.
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Tippayasam, Chayanee, Phachongkit Boonanunwong, Jocelyn Calvez, Parjaree Thavorniti, Prinya Chindaprasirt, and Duangrudee Chaysuwan. "Effect of Porosity and Pore Size on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Metakaolin Blended with Ca(OH)2 and PLA as Porous Geopolymers." Key Engineering Materials 690 (May 2016): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.690.276.
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Geopolymer is generally made of pozzolanic materials and alkali activators such as sodium alkali or potassium alkali. It can be solidified at ambient temperature to be developed as construction materials. Polylactic acid (PLA) was chosen to create pores in order for porous geopolymers. In this research, the porous geopolymer was developed either to reduce the weight of materials or to be utilized as thermal insulation materials. It was performed by metakaolin (MK), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), 10 molar potassium hydroxide (10M KOH) and potassium silicate (K2SiO3) for geopolymer pastes. These geopolymer pastes were mixed with 40 wt%, 50 wt% and 60 wt% of PLA and fired at 550°C for 6 h., therefore, pores inside geopolymer structure were found. Consequently, those geopolymers were characterized the mechanical properties e.g. compressive and flexural strength by Universal Testing Machine (UTM), microstructures by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), chemical compositions as functional groups by Fourier Infrared Spectroscope (FTIR). Furthermore, the pore size, bulk density, apparent porosity and thermal conductivity coefficient of geopolymers were analyzed. The results presented that the quantity of PLA affected the compressive strength and porosity of geopolymers. In conclusion, our porous geopolymer with 40 wt% PLA gave the highest strength.
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Milad, Abdalrhman, Ahmed Suliman B. Ali, Ali Mohammed Babalghaith, Zubair Ahmed Memon, Nuha S. Mashaan, Salaheddin Arafa, and Nur Izzi Md. Yusoff. "Utilisation of Waste-Based Geopolymer in Asphalt Pavement Modification and Construction—A Review." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 17, 2021): 3330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063330.
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The use of geopolymer in pavement constructions is strongly encouraged. Many studies have demonstrated the vast potential of using industrial-by-products-based geopolymers. This paper discusses the modification of asphalt binders with geopolymers, namely geopolymer-modified asphalt (GMA) and geopolymer-modified asphalt mixture (GMAM). In addition, curing geopolymer materials, engineering properties, production techniques, and prospective utilisation in the pavement construction, such as durability and sustainability, are also discussed. The literature review showed that many industrial by-products, including red mud, blast furnace slag, fly ash, and mine waste, are used to produce geopolymers because of the metal components such as silicon and aluminium in these materials. The geopolymers from these materials influence the rheological and physical properties of asphalt binders. Geopolymers can enhance asphalt mixture performance, such as stability, fatigue, rutting, and low-temperature cracking. The use of geopolymers in asphalt pavement has beneficial impacts on sustainability and economic and environmental benefits.
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Maurer, Matt, David Ciota, and Dong-Kyun Seo. "FACILE SYNTHESIS OF ORGANOSILOXANE-MODIFIED HYDROPHOBIC GEOPOLYMER THROUGH PEPTIZATION OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE." Citi Science 4, no. 1 (March 20, 2024): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.60167/csj/v4i1.2024.05.
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We report a scalable, facile synthetic process for hydrophobic geopolymer containing organosilane. Using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as an organic precursor, the surface of sodium and potassium geopolymers of varying precursor composition was functionalized with degraded PDMS oligomers by first partially hydrolyzing PDMS in a hot, concentrated NaOH or KOH solution and subsequently by undergoing geopolymer synthesis with metakaolin. Both types of geopolymer yielded nonporous hydrophobic materials with external surface areas of 0.6475 and 4.342 m2/g for sodium and potassium geopolymer, respectively. The materials showed an oil capacity of 75 and 134 wt%, respectively. X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples indicate that the PDMS functionalized sodium geopolymers contain zeolite A and sodalite, while the potassium geopolymers were amorphous with two overlapping broad humps in contrast to the typical geopolymers.
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Alshaaer, Mazen, Abdulaziz O. S. Alanazi, and Ibrahim M. I. Absa. "Use of Sulfur Waste in the Production of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers." Sustainability 15, no. 18 (September 12, 2023): 13608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151813608.
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This preliminary study introduces the incorporation and chemical stabilization of sulfur waste into a geopolymer matrix and explores the concept of material production for further environmental and engineering solutions. In this study, a novel synthesis procedure for sulfur-based geopolymers was introduced, and the role of sulfur in geopolymers and its optimal content to obtain a stable structure were explored. Geopolymers were synthesized by dissolving sulfur in an alkaline activator in different proportions. The alkaline solution was then mixed with metakaolin to synthesize the geopolymer matrix. Adding sulfur in amounts from 0 wt.% to 5 wt.%, compared with metakaolin, led to an increase in the compressive strength of the geopolymers from 22.5 MPa to 29.9 MPa. When sulfur was between 5 wt.% and 15 wt.%, a decrease in the compressive strength was observed to 15.7 MPa, which can be explained by defects and voids in the geopolymer’s microstructure due to the solubility of excess sulfur. Because of the incorporation of sulfur into the geopolymers, a compact and dense microstructure was formed, as reported in the SEM analysis. An XRD analysis showed that, besides quartz and analcime, a new phase, Al2·H10·O17·S3, was also formed as a result of sulfur dissolution in the alkaline activator of the geopolymers.
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Zulkifly, Khairunnisa, Heah Cheng-Yong, Liew Yun-Ming, Ridho Bayuaji, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Shamsul Bin Ahmad, Tomasz Stachowiak, et al. "Elevated-Temperature Performance, Combustibility and Fire Propagation Index of Fly Ash-Metakaolin Blend Geopolymers with Addition of Monoaluminium Phosphate (MAP) and Aluminum Dihydrogen Triphosphate (ATP)." Materials 14, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 1973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14081973.
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Thermal performance, combustibility, and fire propagation of fly ash-metakaolin (FA-MK) blended geopolymer with the addition of aluminum triphosphate, ATP (Al(H2PO4)3), and monoaluminium phosphate, MAP (AlPO4) were evaluated in this paper. To prepare the geopolymer mix, fly ash and metakaolin with a ratio of 1:1 were added with ATP and MAP in a range of 0–3% by weight. The fire/heat resistance was evaluated by comparing the residual compressive strengths after the elevated temperature exposure. Besides, combustibility and fire propagation tests were conducted to examine the thermal performance and the applicability of the geopolymers as passive fire protection. Experimental results revealed that the blended geopolymers with 1 wt.% of ATP and MAP exhibited higher compressive strength and denser geopolymer matrix than control geopolymers. The effect of ATP and MAP addition was more obvious in unheated geopolymer and little improvement was observed for geopolymer subjected to elevated temperature. ATP and MAP at 3 wt.% did not help in enhancing the elevated-temperature performance of blended geopolymers. Even so, all blended geopolymers, regardless of the addition of ATP and MAP, were regarded as the noncombustible materials with negligible (0–0.1) fire propagation index.
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Ogunsola, Samuel Sunday, Adedeji Adebukola Adelodun, and Mary Bosede Ogundiran. "Stabilization of Pb, Cu, and Zn in Phytoaccumulator Ash in Calcined Clay-based Geopolymers and Potential Application." Tropical Aquatic and Soil Pollution 4, no. 1 (April 15, 2024): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.53623/tasp.v4i1.398.
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Following phytoremediation, the disposal of accumulating plants (phytoaccumulators) is challenging because the accumulated metals could leach back into the soil if not properly managed. Therefore, this study aims to use calcined clay (CC)-based geopolymer to stabilize Pb, Cu, and Zn in a phytoaccumulator (Sporobolus pyramidalis) ash (PA). Additionally, the effect of adding PA on the setting time, mechanical and heavy metals leaching properties of the geopolymers was investigated, to determine their environmental suitability and potential applications. Mixed proportions of CC (85-100%) and PA (5% - 15%) were used to produce geopolymers, using 8 M NaOH/Na2SiO3 (1:1) as an alkaline activator. The geopolymers were cured for 7 and 28 days at ambient temperatures. Thermograms showed the dehydroxylation of kaolinite at 450-650 °C. X-ray flourescene (XRF) analysis showed CC’s predominant oxides as SiO2 (53.1%) and Al2O3 (41.4%), while PA exhibited SiO2 (46.6%), CaO (13.8%), PbO (1.30%), ZnO (0.28%), and CuO (0.04%). Thermal treatment eliminated most FTIR bands associated with kaolinite, converting crystalline kaolinite into amorphous metakaolinite. Geopolymer setting time ranged from 75 min (100% CC) to 111 min (85% CC). Furthermore, elevated Cao content in the PA resulted in the geopolymer’s early strength development. However, the compressive strength decreased as PA quantity increased, with 95% CC-PA exhibiting maximum strength (22.5 ± 0.2 MPa) after 28 days. Further tests confirmed that 95% and 90% CC-PA geopolymer effectively stabilized Pb and Cu. Fabricated geopolymers met the ASTM (C62-17) Specification Standard for building brick, indicating their suitability as a waste-based construction material under controlled conditions.
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Falayi, Thabo. "A comparison between fly ash- and basic oxygen furnace slag-modified gold mine tailings geopolymers." International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering 11, no. 2 (December 16, 2019): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40095-019-00328-x.
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AbstractFly ash (FA) and Basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag were used to as additives in the geopolymerisation of gold mine tailings (GMT).The aim of the research was to determine the effects of the two additives on the strength formation and mechanism of metal immobilisation by modified GMT geopolymers. GMT, FA and BOF were mixed, respectively, and made into a paste with the addition of potassium hydroxide (KOH) before curing at various conditions. 50% replacement of GMT in the starting materials gave the highest unconfined compressive strength (UCS). The UCS for BOF-based geopolymer was 21.44 Mega Pascals (MPa), whilst the one for FA-based geopolymer was 12.98 MPa. The BOF-based geopolymer cured at lower temperature (70 °C) as compared to the FA-based geopolymer (90 °C). The optimum KOH concentration was 10 and 15 M for BOF- and FA-based geopolymers, respectively. BOF-based geopolymers resulted in the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) phases which contributed to higher strength; whereas in FA-based geopolymers, no new structures were formed. BOF-based geopolymers resulted in over 94% iron (Fe) immobilisation, whereas FA-based geopolymers had 76% Fe immobilisation. Fe immobilisation was via incorporation into the CSH or geopolymer structure, whilst other metal immobilisations were thought to be via encapsulation. 12-month static leaching tests showed that the synthesised geopolymers posed insignificant environmental pollution threat for long-term use.
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Ben Messaoud, Imen, Noureddine Hamdi, and Ezzeddine Srasra. "Physicochemical Characterization of Geopolymer Binders and Foams Made from Tunisian Clay." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9392743.
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Illito-kaolinitic clay rich in hematite from south Tunisia was investigated in view of producing geopolymer materials. Geopolymers with two different densities were elaborated: cement and foam. The effects of activator concentrations on compressive strength, water absorption (durability), open porosity, and bulk density of geopolymers cement were examined, in order to assure optimal geopolymerization conditions. Geopolymer cements aged 28 days with optimum performances were achieved for 13 M of alkaline solution concentration. At these conditions, the compressive strength of prepared geopolymer reaches 27.8 MPa. The addition of silica fume to reactant geopolymer mixture induces modification of geopolymer density and decrease in the compressive strength of the final product. Geopolymer materials based on calcined Tunisian clay can be suggested as sustainable and cost-effective cement that may be applied to alternate Portland cement in many construction applications.
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Xu, Jinyun, Minjing Li, Di Zhao, Guoqiang Zhong, Yu Sun, Xudong Hu, Jiefang Sun, et al. "Research and Application Progress of Geopolymers in Adsorption: A Review." Nanomaterials 12, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12173002.
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Geopolymer is a porous inorganic material with a three-dimensional mesh structure, good mechanical properties, a simple preparation process (no sintering) and a low economic cost, and it is environmentally friendly. Geopolymer concrete has been widely used in the construction field, and many other studies have revealed that geopolymer will become one of the most promising inorganic materials with unique structure and properties. This paper provides a review of the development and current status of geopolymers and briefly explains the effects of material proportioning, experimental factors and activators on geopolymer performance. Because of the advantages of high specific surface area and high porosity, geopolymers could be used as adsorbent materials. This paper summarizes the research progresses of the adsorption of metal cations, anions, dyes, and gases by geopolymers, which emphasizes the geopolymer membranes in adsorption, and discusses the challenges and opportunities for the development of more efficient, sustainable and practical adsorption protocols.
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Aziz, Ikmal Hakem, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Heah Cheng Yong, Liew Yun Ming, Kamarudin Hussin, and Emy Aizat Azimi. "A Review on Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Composites for High Temperature Application." Key Engineering Materials 660 (August 2015): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.660.34.
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Geopolymer is cementitious binder that has enormous potential to become an alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Geopolymer composites have the potential to substantially curb the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Kaolin, metakaolin, slag and fly ash have been used as the prime materials for forming geopolymers composites. Geopolymers have been studied for the past decade due to its unique properties such as low shrinkage, substantially chemical resistance, and higher fire resistance. The geopolymer offer an innovative for coating application at higher thermal application. Based on historical review, geopolymer materials exhibit resistance to corrosion, abrasion and heat. This paper summarizes some research finding about alkali-activated binders over the past decades along with outlines of the potential of geopolymer composites for high temperature application.
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Sarmin, Siti Noorbaini, Johannes Welling, Andreas Krause, and Ali Shalbafan. "Investigating the possibility of geopolymer to produce inorganic-bonded wood composites for multifunctional construction material – A Review." BioResources 9, no. 4 (September 10, 2014): 7941–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.9.4.sarmin.
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Wood-based composites are widely used in consumer products, either in structural or non-structural applications. One of the basic elements for wood-based composites is the binder itself. Recent years have seen great development and trends in the field of eco-friendly binders in wood-based composite. There have been many concerns on the effects of formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOC) released from wood-based products. Researchers have put lot of effort into developing environmental friendly products with enhanced sustainability. Binder materials with a focus on geopolymers (i.e., alumino-silicates) are discussed in this publication. The development and utilization of geopolymeric binders is relatively new in the field of wood-based composites. Up to the present there has been insufficient information regarding the manufacturing conditions and properties of wood-nonwood composite materials prepared using a geopolymeric binder. This paper considers the background of geopolymer materials and the possibilities of producing inorganic-bonded wood composite using geopolymer.
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Mat Daud, Yusrina, Kamarudin Hussin, Che Mohd Ruzaidi, Azlin Fazlin Osman, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, and Mohammed Binhussain. "Kaolin-Based Geopolymer Filled Epoxy-Layered Silicates: Compressive Properties." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.220.
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The present work aimed to study the effects of kaolin-based geopolymers in epoxy-layered silicate nanocomposites using a compressive test. A series of nanocomposites with kaolin-based geopolymers containing 1-7 phr content were prepared. A qualitative evaluation of the three-dimensional shape of a kaolin-based geopolymer surface and origin was characterised using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was discovered that the addition of kaolin based geopolymer at the beginning, in low phr content, displayed a lower compressive strength than nanocomposites without kaolin based geopolymer filled. However, the compressive properties unexpectedly increased at 3phr of kaolin geopolymer content compared to nanocomposites without kaolin. This illustrated that the incorporation of kaolin geopolymers in the nanocomposite system can potentially improved the mechanical properties of the epoxy resin, thereby needs further exploration.
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Růžek, Vojtěch, Petr Louda, and Vladimír Nosek. "The Military and Civilian Applications of Geopolymers." Advances in Military Technology 18, no. 2 (December 8, 2023): 259–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3849/aimt.01845.
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In this article, various geopolymer applications in the context of both existing and potential future military applications are summarized. Geopolymers are a type of alkaline activated concrete binder with many advantageous properties over ordinary Portland cement based materials. Geopolymers are first compared to ordinary Portland cement based materials in regards to their mechanical properties, thermal properties, chemical resistance and CO2 emissions during manufacturing. History of geopolymer applications and research is also discussed. Then, various geopolymer applications are summarized, including their use as a passive fire protection, material for general construction, “ink”for 3D printing. These types of applications are also discussed in the context of existing and potential military applications of geopolymers, including their use by U.S. armed forces and U.S. military research. Superior geopolymer resistance to explosions is also presented.
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Pantongsuk, Thammaros, Chayanee Tippayasam, Pakamon Kittisayarm, Siripan Nilpairach, and Duangrudee Chaysuwan. "Geopolymer Synthesis Using Metakaolin and High Calcium Fly Ash as Binary System Geopolymer." Materials Science Forum 1007 (August 2020): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1007.65.
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Conventional cement production process emits tons of carbon dioxide gas which is one of the greenhouse gases that influence the environment across the world. Discovering the alternative construction material with the eco-friendly process and the performance similar to or greater than ordinary Portland cement has been attractive to find out. This research presented green construction materials or so-called geopolymers from metakaolin substituted by high calcium fly ash by 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 wt%. Some researches reported that geopolymer produced from metakaolin and fly ash with alkali solution gave a great result, but usually, they used fly ash containing very low calcium component. Compressive strength at 3, 7 and 28 curing days and flowability were conducted. The compressive strength of geopolymers blended with high calcium fly ash was still developed as the curing day increased and revealed the highest at 28 days especially on MK40 (high calcium fly ash 60 wt%). Geopolymer pastes prepared with a higher amount of high calcium fly ash exhibited less viscous. It was proved that the high amount of high calcium fly ash could be applied and gave extraordinary compressive strength. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence were used to investigate chemical properties as well as microstructure by a scanning electron microscope. For phase analysis, the existence of oxides of calcium and sulfur in high calcium fly ash resulted in the formation of thenardite, calcite, portlandite and C-S-H phase associating with geopolymeric phase. Therefore, this research proposed the opportunity for geopolymer production by using abundant high calcium fly ash to raise the value of the industrial waste products and green alternative construction material compared with OPC.
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Hashimoto, Shinobu, Hayami Takeda, Tatsuya Machino, Haruka Kanie, Sawao Honda, and Yuji Iwamoto. "Fabrication and Characterization of Geopolymers from Japanese Volcanic Ashes." Advances in Science and Technology 92 (October 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.92.1.
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Geopolymers were fabricated from some Japanese volcanic ashes. 30 g of volcanic ash with 200μm in diameter was mixed with 10 ml of sodium hydroxide solution with various concentrations to form slurry which became geopolymer after curing. When 8.5~11.5 mol/L of sodium hydroxide solution was used, the compressive strength of the resultant geopolymers reached to 25-35MPa. However, when the volcanic ash with high silica content was used, the compressive strength of the geopolymer was under 20 MPa. Furthermore, the addition of sodium silicate hydrate into starting slurry which was consisted of volcanic ash and sodium silicate solution had not effected on the compressive strength of geopolymer. In contrast, the compressive strength of the geopolymer decreased to 30 % of compressive strength compared to that of original geopolymer after water immersion for 3 days. However, crushing treatment of the volcanic ash contributed to retain the compressive strength. Actually, when 10μm of volcanic ash was used to fabricate geopolymer, the compressive strength improved to 70% compared to that of original geopolymer.
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Lv, Yigang, Jie Qiao, Weiwei Han, Bei Pan, Xiafei Jin, and Hui Peng. "Modification Effect of Ca(OH)2 on the Carbonation Resistance of Fly Ash-Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer." Materials 16, no. 6 (March 13, 2023): 2305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16062305.
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Compared with Portland cement, geopolymers have poor carbonization resistance, which will greatly limit the application their application. To improve the carbonization resistance of geopolymers, firstly, the carbonization behavior of the fly ash-metakaolin-based geopolymer was studied through accelerated carbonization tests. Secondly, different amounts of Ca(OH)2 were introduced into the composite system, and the modification effect of the carbonization resistance of the modified geopolymer was studied. Finally, the modification effect of Ca(OH)2 on the fly ash-metakaolin-based geopolymers was analyzed, and the modification mechanism was explored. It was found that adding Ca(OH)2 to the fly ash-metakaolin-based geopolymer could significantly improve its initial compressive strength, but its strength after carbonization remained basically unchanged; meanwhile, the compressive strength of the terpolymer after carbonization clearly decreased after adding Ca(OH)2. Compared with ordinary Portland cement, the carbonization rate of fly ash-metakaolin-based geopolymer is faster, and the addition of Ca(OH)2 can inhibit the development of its carbonization depth. With increased carbonization age, the alkalinity of the geopolymer decreased, and the addition of Ca(OH)2 inhibited the decrease in the alkalinity of the geopolymer. The addition of Ca(OH)2 improved the microstructure of the geopolymers, the pore structure became denser, and the pore size became smaller size after carbonization. The hydration products of fly ash-metakaolin-based geopolymer are mainly amorphous silicaluminate gel and C–S–H gel, and Ca(OH)2 forms in the hydration products of terpolymer with the incorporation of Ca(OH)2, which is conducive to improving the carbonization resistance. In summary, Ca(OH)2 can play a good role in modifying the carbonization resistance of fly ash-metakaolin-based geopolymers.
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Ahn, Joong Woo, Youngsil Kim, Inmog Yang, Sujung Lee, Bong Gyoo Cho, and Youngju Cho. "A study on the environmental impact comparison of geopolymers manufactured of coal combustion ashes." Korean Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 16, no. 1 (October 2015): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.62765/kjlca.2015.16.1.13.
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This study has been carried out to evaluate environmental values of a coal ash recycling technology and suggest directions for improving environmental performance of the recycling technology. As the results of comparing the global warming environmental impacts of 3 types of geopolymers produced by fly ash, middle ash, and bottom ash with the impact of portland cement, Fly ash geopolymer showed 19%, Middle ash geopolymer 51%, Bottom ash geopolymer showed 133% of the impact of portland cement. The impact of Bottom ash geopolymer can be improved by reducing water use and wastewater recycling. In the case of Fly ash geopolymer and Middle ash geopolymer, energy efficiency and sodium silicate input have been found as material factors. The limitation of this study is not to consider the value of new recycling material, additional burden of coal ash dumping, and low efficiency of small amount production of a development stage. It can be inferred that the actual environmental impact of geopolymers would be lower.
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An Nisa, Nur Ridha, Intan Syahbanu, Winda Rahmalia, and Nurlina Nurlina. "SINTESIS GEOPOLIMER DENGAN BAHAN DASAR KAOLIN CAPKALA SEBAGAI ADSORBEN ION Pb(II) DALAM LARUTAN (SYNTHESIS OF GEOPOLYMERS WITH BASE MATERIALS KAOLIN CAPKALA AS ADSORBENT ION Pb(II) IN SOLUTION)." Indonesian Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry 6, no. 2 (August 31, 2023): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/indonesian.v6i2.62731.
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Geopolymer synthesis was carried out using kaolin, for the adsorption of Pb (II) ions in solutions. Kaolin is used by Kaolin Capkala from Bengkayang Regency, West Kalimantan. This kaolin was first modified into metakaolin. The scaling up of geopolymers is carried out by making an activating solution, namely by mixing NaOH and Na2SiO3. The activating solution is mixed into metakaolin. The mass composition of each component in the geopolymer: metakaolin of 94,5 grams, Na2SiO3 of 57 grams, NaOH of 12 grams, and H2O of 30 grams. The formed geopolymers are tested for their adsorption ability against Pb(II) ions. The research results show the success of geopolymer formation as indicated by FTIR and XRD characterization results. Based on the FTIR results, several indications of successful geopolymer formation are seen in the shift and widening of the Si-O absorption peak at wave number 1109 cm-1 for kaolin to 1058 cm-1 for metakaolin and 1016 cm-1 for geopolymer; the appearance of O-C-O bond absorption in CO32- at 1362 cm-1 in geopolymer; and a shift in absorption of Al-O (Al (VI), wherein kaolin it is indicated by a wave number of 536 cm-1 while in metakaolin it is characterized by a wave number of 544 cm-1 and for geopolymer a wave number of 553 cm-1 indicates it. XRD diffractogram of the formation hump's appearance shows the amorphous characteristics of metakaolin and geopolymer at around 2θ 26o-35o. The application of geopolymer for Pb adsorption shows that Pb(II) can be adsorbed well in geopolymers with the maximum adsorption capacity of 2.77 mg/ g obtained at various concentrations of 40 ppm.
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Shamala, Ramasamy, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Hussin Kamarudin, Huang Yue, and Wang Jin. "Improvement of Kaolin Based Geopolymer Coated Wood Substrates for Use in NaOH Molarity." Materials Science Forum 967 (August 2019): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.967.241.
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Geopolymer system which has high demand, especially among carbon conscious end users resulted in various research works on suitable mix designs of geopolymeric materials. There are certain factors that influence the properties of geopolymers such as composition, type and relative amount of alkali activator, NaOH concentration, specific surface composition of source materials, and condition during the initial period of the geopolymerization process. Focus of our work is on the degree of influence NaOH concentration has towards mechanical and bonding properties of kaolin geopolymer coated lumber wood. Other crucial parameters were kept constant at optimum that was deduced based on our earlier findings. The final idea is to create kaolin based coating material that is compatible with wood substrates which leads to a novel finding. To best of our knowledge, no researchers had attempted to do similar work before. Kaolin geopolymer coated lumber wood was prepared with varying NaOH concentration ranging from 2M to 14M. These pepared samples were tested after 7, 28 and 90 days to also analyse the changes in properties of kaolin geopolymer coated lumber wood over time. Samples were then subjected to mechanical and bonding testings such as flexural, adhesive, and water absorption as well. Morphological studies such as scanning electron microscopy were also performed to further evident findings from all testings.
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Gunasekara, Chamila, Rahmat Dirgantara, David W. Law, and Sujeeva Setunge. "Effect of Curing Conditions on Microstructure and Pore-Structure of Brown Coal Fly Ash Geopolymers." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (August 2, 2019): 3138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153138.
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This study reports the effect of heat curing at 120 °C on the geopolymeric reaction and strength evolution in brown coal fly ash based geopolymer mortar and concrete. Moreover, an examination of this temperature profile of large size geopolymer concrete specimens is also reported. The specimen temperature and size were observed to influence the conversion from the glassy (amorphous) phases to the crystalline phases and the microstructure development of the geopolymer. The temperature profile could be divided into three principal stages which correlated well with the proposed reaction mechanism for class F fly ash geopolymers. The geopolymerisation progressed more rapidly for the mortar specimens than the concrete specimens with 12 to 14 h providing an optimum curing time for the 50 mm mortar cubes and 24 h being the optimum time for the 100 mm concrete cubes. The 50 mm and 100 mm concrete specimens’ compressive strengths in excess of 30 MPa could be obtained at 7 days. The structural integrity was not achieved at the center of 200 mm and 300 mm concrete specimens following 24 h curing at 120 °C. Hence, the optimal curing time required to achieve the best compressive strength for brown coal geopolymer was identified as being dependent on the specimen size.
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Lyu, Shaoxiong, Jianzhuang Xiao, Amardeep Singh, and Taohua Ye. "The influence of recycled aggregate on the properties of geopolymeric recycled concrete: A comprehensive review." Journal of Asian Concrete Federation 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18702/acf.2023.9.2.33.
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This paper offers a comprehensive review of geopolymeric recycled concrete (GRC) research, particularly focusing on mechanical properties, durability, microstructure, and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). The study emphasizes the influence of recycled aggregate (RA) content on GRC performance. Findings indicate that higher RA content leads to a gradual reduction in GRC’s compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths, elastic modulus, and toughness. The elastic modulus is most affected, followed by compressive strength, while tensile strength experiences the least decline. Moreover, increased RA content is associated with elevated water absorption, decreased resistance to chloride ion permeability, sulfate corrosion, acid, frost, and carbonization in geopolymer concrete. The integration of RA creates more intricate ITZs in geopolymer concrete, resulting in reduced bonding strength and a looser, more porous microstructure. However, the use of geopolymers can mitigate these effects by enhancing bonding in ITZs. The paper also presents a statistical analysis of compressive strength test results from various studies and proposes a preliminary method for estimating the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete with different RA replacement rates.
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Azimi, Emy Aizat, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Petrica Vizureanu, Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh, Andrei Victor Sandu, Jitrin Chaiprapa, Sorachon Yoriya, Kamarudin Hussin, and Ikmal Hakem Aziz. "Strength Development and Elemental Distribution of Dolomite/Fly Ash Geopolymer Composite under Elevated Temperature." Materials 13, no. 4 (February 24, 2020): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13041015.
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A geopolymer has been reckoned as a rising technology with huge potential for application across the globe. Dolomite refers to a material that can be used raw in producing geopolymers. Nevertheless, dolomite has slow strength development due to its low reactivity as a geopolymer. In this study, dolomite/fly ash (DFA) geopolymer composites were produced with dolomite, fly ash, sodium hydroxide, and liquid sodium silicate. A compression test was carried out on DFA geopolymers to determine the strength of the composite, while a synchrotron Micro-Xray Fluorescence (Micro-XRF) test was performed to assess the elemental distribution in the geopolymer composite. The temperature applied in this study generated promising properties of DFA geopolymers, especially in strength, which displayed increments up to 74.48 MPa as the optimum value. Heat seemed to enhance the strength development of DFA geopolymer composites. The elemental distribution analysis revealed exceptional outcomes for the composites, particularly exposure up to 400 °C, which signified the homogeneity of the DFA composites. Temperatures exceeding 400 °C accelerated the strength development, thus increasing the strength of the DFA composites. This appears to be unique because the strength of ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and other geopolymers composed of other raw materials is typically either maintained or decreases due to increased heat.
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Yang, Xiaoyun, and Cheng Lin. "Mechanical properties of sulfate saline soil stabilized by coal gangue-slag composite geopolymers." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1337, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1337/1/012042.
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Abstract Geopolymers, which are composed of solid waste, are eco-friendly binders characterized by rapid hardening and high strength. Using geopolymers to stabilize saline soils presents a sustainable solution for soil improvement. This study investigated two geopolymers, HG and SG, composed of a coal gangue-slag composite, to improve saline soils. The stabilized soils were prepared by blending geopolymers with saline soils in varying proportions of 10, 20, 30, and 40% by weight. The strength of the stabilized soils was evaluated based on the geopolymer dosage. Moreover, we examined the strength of the stabilized soils with curing time and elucidated the underlying mechanisms using microscopic analyses including XRD, FTIR, and SEM. This study revealed that: 1) the SG geopolymer outperformed the HG geopolymer in soil strength enhancement; 2) cohesion of the stabilized soil increased as the dosage and curing time increased, while the internal friction angle showed no clear trend; 3) the geopolymer stabilized soil mainly contained quartz, C-A-S-H, N-A-S-H, and C-N-A-S-H gels, and these gels were distributed on the soil particle surface and within the interstitial voids, improving the soil strength, and 4) in saline soil engineering, HG or SG geopolymer dosages should be above 30% and 20%, respectively.
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Abdayem, Joseph, Georges Aouad, and Marianne Saba. "Environmental impact assessment of industrial waste geopolymer material." E3S Web of Conferences 585 (2024): 07002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202458507002.
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Geopolymers have emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional ordinary Portland cement concrete due to their compelling thermo-mechanical characteristics and impressive durability. Geopolymer aligns harmoniously with contemporary goals of engineering construction solutions that are stronger, environmentally sustainable, and ecologically friendly. This paper incorporates the environmental impact of various natural minerals and industrial waste materials integrated or reused in their formulation to further investigate geopolymers’ exceptional environmentally friendly attributes. Through careful exploration of the overall properties and characteristics of the materials used in geopolymer production, the work unveils the guiding principles behind selecting and utilizing these components, shedding light on their individual and collective contributions to the material’s overall eco-friendly characteristics. The results of this research elucidate the difference in chemical composition and the main source of the materials. The research done on the environmental impact of several geopolymer materials proves that geopolymers are indeed a suitable alternative to ordinary Portland cement concrete as geopolymer concrete reduces the amount of pollution and global warming, which renders geopolymers an environmentally friendly material that has excellent potential to replace ordinary Portland cement as a construction material. However, some of the materials used for geopolymer formulation still present potential harm to the environment.
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Amari, Samar, Mariam Darestani, Graeme J. Millar, Bijan Samali, and Ekaterina Strounina. "Engineering and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Sustainable Zeolite-Based Geopolymer Incorporating Blast Furnace Slag." Sustainability 16, no. 1 (January 4, 2024): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16010440.
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This study aims to investigate the preparation of zeolite-based geopolymer composites incorporating blast furnace slag at various temperatures and varying amounts of blast furnace slag as potential sustainable building and construction materials. The primary objectives were to use mining waste streams for geopolymer production and assess the mechanical behavior of these hybrid geopolymers, along with performing a life cycle assessment (LCA) to compare their environmental impact with conventional concrete. It was observed that the hybrid geopolymers attained a maximum mechanical strength of 40 MPa. Remarkably, substituting just 20% of the material with blast furnace slag resulted in a 92% improvement in compressive strength. To assess environmental impacts, a cradle-to-gate LCA was performed on different geopolymer mix designs, focusing particularly on the global warming potential (GWP). The results indicated that geopolymer concrete generated a maximum of 240 kg CO2-e/m3, which was 40% lower than the emissions from ordinary cement, highlighting the environmental advantages of geopolymer materials. Further, X-ray diffraction was used to determine the mineral composition of both raw and developed composites. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was applied to study the molecular structure changes upon incorporating blast furnace slag. The initial setting time and shrinkage of the geopolymers were also investigated. Morphological characteristics were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal analyses confirmed the stability of the geopolymers up to 800 °C. Geopolymer composites with high thermal stability can be used in construction materials that require fire resistance. This study not only enhances the understanding of geopolymer composite properties but also confirms the substantial environmental advantages of utilizing geopolymerization in sustainable construction.
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Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk, Beata, Monika Czop, and Dominik Smyczek. "The Comparison of the Environmental Impact of Waste Mineral Wool and Mineral in Wool-Based Geopolymer." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 10, 2022): 2050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15062050.
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Waste generated in fine wool production is homogeneous and without contamination, which increases its chances of reuse. Waste mineral wool from demolition sites belongs to the specific group of waste. However, the storage and collection require implementing restrictive conditions, such as improper storage of mineral wool, which is highly hazardous for the environment. The study focuses on the leachability of selected pollutants (pH, Cl−, SO42−) and heavy metals (Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) from the waste mineral wool. As a solution to the problem of storing mineral wool waste, it was proposed to process it into wool-based geopolymer. The geopolymer, based on mineral wool, was also assessed regarding the leaching of selected impurities. Rock mineral wool is very good for geopolymerisation, but the glass wool needs to be completed with additional components rich in Al2O3. The research involved geopolymer prepared from mineral glass wool with bauxite and Al2O3. So far, glass wool with the mentioned additives has not been tested. An essential aspect of the article is checking the influence of wool-based geopolymer on the environment. To investigate the environmental effects of the wool-based monolith and crushed wool geopolymers were compared. Such research has not been conducted so far. For this purpose, water extracts from fragmented geopolymers were made, and tests were carried out following EN 12457-4. There is no information in the literature on the influence of geopolymer on the environment, which is an essential aspect of its possible use. The research results proved that the geopolymer made on the base of mineral wool meets the environmental requirements, except for the pH value. As mentioned in the article, the geopolymerisation process requires the dissolution of the starting material in a high pH (alkaline) solution. On the other hand, the pH minimum 11.2 value of fresh geopolymer binder is required to start geopolymerisation. Moreover, research results analysed in the literature showed that the optimum NaOH concentration is 8 M. for the highest compressive strength of geopolymer. Therefore, the geopolymer strength decreases with NaO concentration in the NaOH solution. Geopolymers glass wool-based mortars with Al2O3 obtained an average compressive strength of 59, the geopolymer with bauxite achieved about 51 MPa. Thus, Al2O3 is a better additional glass wool-based geopolymer than bauxite. The average compressive strength of rock wool-based geopolymer mortar was about 62 MPa. The average compressive strength of wool-based geopolymer binder was about 20–25 MPa. It was observed that samples of geopolymers grout without aggregate participation are characterised by cracking and deformation.
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Liu, Xiaoming, and Erping Liu. "The Synergistic Mechanism and Stability Evaluation of Phosphogypsum and Recycled Fine Powder-Based Multi-Source Solid Waste Geopolymer." Polymers 15, no. 12 (June 15, 2023): 2696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15122696.
Full textAbstract:
Geopolymer prepared from solid waste is a high value-added means. However, when used alone, the geopolymer produced by phosphogypsum has the risk of expansion cracking, while the geopolymer of recycled fine powder has high strength and good density, but its volume shrinkage and deformation are large. If the two are combined, the synergistic effect of the phosphogypsum geopolymer and recycled fine powder geopolymer can realize the complementarity of advantages and disadvantages, which provides a possibility for the preparation of stable geopolymers. In this study, the volume stability, water stability and mechanical stability of geopolymers were tested, and the stability synergy mechanism between phosphogypsum, recycled fine powder and slag was analyzed by micro experiments. The results show that the synergistic effect of phosphogypsum, recycled fine powder and slag can not only control the production of ettringite (AFt) but also control the capillary stress in the hydration product, thus improving the volume stability of the geopolymer. The synergistic effect can not only improve the pore structure of the hydration product but also reduce the negative impact of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4∙2H2O), thus improving the water stability of geopolymers. The softening coefficient of P15R45 with a 45 wt.% recycled fine powder content can reach 1.06, which is 26.2% higher than P35R25 with a 25 wt.% recycled fine powder content. The synergistic work reduces the negative impact of delayed AFt and improves the mechanical stability of the geopolymer.
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Liu, Jie, and Chun Lv. "Durability of Cellulosic-Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymers: A Review." Molecules 27, no. 3 (January 25, 2022): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030796.
Full textAbstract:
Geopolymers have high early strength, fast hardening speed and wide sources of raw materials, and have good durability properties such as high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance. On the other hand, there are abundant sources of plant or cellulose fibers, and it has the advantages of having a low cost, a light weight, strong adhesion and biodegradability. In this context, the geopolymer sector is considering cellulose fibers as a sustainable reinforcement for developing composites. Cellulosic-fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites have broad development prospects. This paper presents a review of the literature research on the durability of cellulosic-fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites in recent years. In this paper, the typical properties of cellulose fibers are summarized, and the polymerization mechanism of geopolymers is briefly discussed. The factors influencing the durability of cellulosic-fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites were summarized and analyzed, including the degradation of fibers in a geopolymer matrix, the toughness of fiber against matrix cracking, the acid resistance, and resistance to chloride ion penetration, high temperature resistance, etc. Finally, the influence of nanomaterials on the properties of geopolymer composites and the chemical modification of fibers are analyzed, and the research on cellulosic-fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites is summarized.
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Yaro, N. S. A., M. Napiah, M. H. Sutanto, A. Usman, A. H. Jagaba, A. U. Mani, and A. Ahmad. "Geopolymer utilization in the pavement industry - An overview." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1022, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1022/1/012025.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The significant quantity of wastes has raised concern for their management and environmental effects. One of the alternatives ways is the reuse of waste in the construction industry through geopolymerization technology which incorporates waste materials with silica or/and alumina content with activator solution to form a matrix of geopolymers material. This process has attracted attention due to its successful application in different disciplines, influenced by its enhanced properties. This overview paper focuses on available research articles on geopolymers’ utilization in the pavement industry. The study analyzes available works of literature on various geopolymer materials, composition, processes, and the use of geopolymer as artificial aggregate, aggregate substitute, or modifier for the asphalt mixtures. Based on the qualitative overview it was observed that sodium hydroxide or phosphoric acid solution molarity, liquid-to-binder ratio, duration of curing, and temperature affect the properties of geopolymer produced. Also, geopolymers show exceptional performances compared to conventional materials. Though, there is still limited literature about geopolymers pavement long-term performance as well as its response to extreme environmental conditions. Furthermore, there is no standard for the design and preparation of geopolymer modified pavements. From the review, it was ascertained that geopolymers have great potential to be utilized in the pavement industry, as evidenced by the positive and affirmative performances from various studies. In conclusion, it is recommended and encouraged that the pavement industry should explore and utilize more geopolymer materials during construction to promotes sustainability.
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Terrones-Saeta, Juan María, Ana Teresa Luís, Emilio Romero, Juan Carlos Fortes Garrido, Jesús Diaz-Curiel, and José Antonio Grande. "Factor Analysis of the Physical–Mechanical Properties for Geopolymers Based on Brick Dust and Biomass Bottom Ash as Eco-Friendly Building Materials." Processes 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2023): 2491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11082491.
Full textAbstract:
The production of building materials is unavoidable if the well-being and development of society are to be maintained. However, in manufacturing these materials, significant greenhouse gas emissions and environmental effects are produced. For this reason, and with the aim of reducing the impact of the manufacture of these materials, this work developed a geopolymeric material made up solely of wastes, brick dust and biomass bottom ashes which replaced the traditional ceramic materials. To evaluate the quality of this sustainable geopolymeric material, different groups of specimens were formed with different percentages of both residues, subsequently determining the physical properties of the new-formed geopolymers and guaranteeing they accomplish the prescriptions of the ceramic regulations for construction. In addition, the results of the geopolymer characterisation tests were statistically analysed using factor analysis, with the sole purpose of establishing connections and interdependence between the variables that influence the geopolymerisation process. Thus, it was possible to demonstrate that the combination of brick dust and biomass bottom ashes produced geopolymers with adequate qualities to replace traditional ceramics, as well as that the different combinations of both residues produced feasible materials to be used as ceramics with various characteristics, with two main factors determined by factorial analysis that governed the physical properties of the geopolymer obtained: the percentage of brick dust and the theoretical porosity.
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Villaquirán-Caicedo, M. A., R. Mejía de Gutiérrez, and N. C. Gallego. "A Novel MK-based Geopolymer Composite Activated with Rice Husk Ash and KOH: Performance at High Temperature." Materiales de Construcción 67, no. 326 (February 14, 2017): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2017.02316.
Full textAbstract:
Geopolymers were produced using an environmentally friendly alkali activator (based on Rice Husk Ash and potassium hydroxide). Aluminosilicates particles, carbon and ceramic fibres were used as reinforcement materials. The effects of reinforcement materials on the flexural strength, linear-shrinkage, thermophysical properties and microstructure of the geopolymers at room and high temperature (1200 ÅãC) were studied. The results indicated that the toughness of the composites is increased 110.4% for geopolymer reinforced by ceramic fibres (G-AF) at room temperature. The presence of particles improved the flexural behaviour 265% for geopolymer reinforced by carbon fibres and particles after exposure to 1200 .C. Linear-shrinkage for geopolymer reinforced by ceramic fibres and particles and the geopolymer G-AF compared with reference sample (without fibres and particles) is improved by 27.88% and 7.88% respectively at 900 ÅãC. The geopolymer materials developed in this work are porous materials with low thermal conductivity and good mechanical properties with potential thermal insulation applications for building applications.
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Rahmawati, Cut. "Pelindung Dinding Terhadap Hujan Asam Menggunakan Geopolimer Berbasis Nanosilika dan Cellulose Nanocrystals." Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi & Teknik Sipil 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30737/jurmateks.v6i1.4625.
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Geopolymers have a weakness in durability against exposure to acid rain. Nano-silica and Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) can be incorporated to enhance the acid rain resistance of geopolymers. This study aims to investigate the durability of geopolymer-based nano-silica and CNCs against exposure to acid rain. This study employed a rain simulation infiltration method. The concentrations of nano-silica and CNCs used were 4% and 1%, respectively. The compressive strength of the geopolymer specimens was tested before and after exposure to assess the effects of acid rain. Additionally, SEM and XRD tests were conducted to analyze microstructural changes. The results revealed a significant reduction in the compressive strength of the geopolymer without nano silica and CNCs (36.14% and 26.73% at pH 4 and 5, respectively). In contrast, the geopolymer paste containing nano-silica and CNCs exhibited lower reductions of 22.93% and 19.77% at pH 4 and 5, respectively. These findings indicate that the addition of nano-silica and CNCs contributes to the preservation of compressive strength. The observed effect is attributed to the ability of nano-silica and CNCs to impede acid attack on the geopolymer paste, thereby preventing the degradation of calcium levels present in the fly ash within the geopolymer. The strength degradation of the geopolymer paste resulted from the breakdown of Al–O, Si–O, and calcium bonds within the system, triggered by the reaction with H2SO4 from the acid rain. Nano-silica and CNCs-based geopolymers exhibit positive effects and can be utilized as a coating on the walls of buildings.
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Khadka, Suraj D., Priyantha W. Jayawickrama, and Sanjaya Senadheera. "Strength and Shrink/Swell Behavior of Highly Plastic Clay Treated with Geopolymer." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 52 (September 28, 2018): 174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118797214.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents findings from an experimental study in which a novel, non-energy intensive, environmentally-friendly stabilizer known as geopolymer was used for stabilization of a highly plastic clay. Two forms of the stabilizer were synthesized, one using metakaolin (MK) and the other using fly ash (FA) as the alumino-silicate precursor. The paper describes the process of geopolymer synthesis as well as quality control tests conducted during geopolymer synthesis. Synthesized geopolymers were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The paper also presents results obtained from a comprehensive laboratory test program that examined the effectiveness of the stabilizer in improving strength and controlling moisture induced swelling of a highly plastic clay soil. The geopolymer content of the soil ranged from 3% to 15% by weight ratio. SEM-EDX and XRD were performed to investigate the treated specimen for uniformity and stabilization mechanism. The data obtained from unconfined compressive strength tests conducted after seven days of curing showed three- to four-fold improvement in strength for geopolymer stabilized soils with MK geopolymer consistently providing better performance than FA geopolymer. The results from one-dimensional swell tests indicated significant reduction of swell behavior in FA geopolymer treated specimens while no improvement in swell behavior was observed in MK treated soil. This study demonstrates that, while geopolymers can overcome many limitations that exist in traditional stabilizers, the strength and swell performance of geopolymer stabilized clay soil can vary significantly depending on the source of alumino-silicate used in the production of the geopolymer.
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Drabczyk, Anna, Sonia Kudłacik-Kramarczyk, Kinga Korniejenko, Beata Figiela, and Gabriel Furtos. "Review of Geopolymer Nanocomposites: Novel Materials for Sustainable Development." Materials 16, no. 9 (April 29, 2023): 3478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16093478.
Full textAbstract:
The demand for geopolymer materials is constantly growing. This, in turn, translates into an increasing number of studies aimed at developing new approaches to the methodology of geopolymer synthesis. The range of potential applications of geopolymers can be increased by improving the properties of the components. Future directions of studies on geopolymer materials aim at developing geopolymers showing excellent mechanical properties but also demonstrating significant improvement in thermal, magnetic, or sorption characteristics. Additionally, the current efforts focus not only on the materials’ properties but also on obtaining them as a result of environment-friendly approaches performed in line with circular economy assumptions. Scientists look for smart and economical solutions such that a small amount of the modifier will translate into a significant improvement in functional properties. Thus, special attention is paid to the application of nanomaterials. This article presents selected nanoparticles incorporated into geopolymer matrices, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, nanosilica, and titanium dioxide. The review was prepared employing scientific databases, with particular attention given to studies on geopolymer nanocomposites. The purpose of this review article is to discuss geopolymer nanocomposites in the context of a sustainable development approach. Importantly, the main focus is on the influence of these nanomaterials on the physicochemical properties of geopolymer nanocomposites. Such a combination of geopolymer technology and nanotechnology seems to be promising in terms of preparation of nanocomposites with a variety of potential uses.