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Journal articles on the topic 'Geopositioning'
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1
Zhu, Quansheng, Wanshou Jiang, Ying Zhu, and Linze Li. "Geometric Accuracy Improvement Method for High-Resolution Optical Satellite Remote Sensing Imagery Combining Multi-Temporal SAR Imagery and GLAS Data." Remote Sensing 12, no. 3 (February 8, 2020): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12030568.
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With the widespread availability of satellite data, a single region can be described using multi-source and multi-temporal remote sensing data, such as high-resolution (HR) optical imagery, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery, and space-borne laser altimetry data. These have become the main source of data for geopositioning. However, due to the limitation of the direct geometric accuracy of HR optical imagery and the effect of the small intersection angle of HR optical imagery in stereo pair orientation, the geometric accuracy of HR optical imagery cannot meet the requirements for geopositioning without ground control points (GCPs), especially in uninhabited areas, such as forests, plateaus, or deserts. Without satellite attitude error, SAR usually provides higher geometric accuracy than optical satellites. Space-borne laser altimetry technology can collect global laser footprints with high altitude accuracy. Therefore, this paper presents a geometric accuracy improvement method for HR optical satellite remote sensing imagery combining multi-temporal SAR Imagery and GLAS data without GCPs. Based on the imaging mechanism, the differences in the weight matrix determination of the HR optical imagery and SAR imagery were analyzed. The laser altimetry data with high altitude accuracy were selected and applied as height control point in combined geopositioning. To validate the combined geopositioning approach, GaoFen2 (GF2) optical imagery, GaoFen6 (GF6) optical imagery, GaoFen3 (GF3) SAR imagery, and the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) footprint were tested. The experimental results show that the proposed model can be effectively applied to combined geopositioning to improve the geometric accuracy of HR optical imagery. Moreover, we found that the distribution and weight matrix determination of SAR images and the distribution of GLAS footprints are the crucial factors influencing geometric accuracy. Combined geopositioning using multi-source remote sensing data can achieve a plane accuracy of 1.587 m and an altitude accuracy of 1.985 m, which is similar to the geometric accuracy of geopositioning of GF2 with GCPs.
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Geng, X., Q. Xu, J. Wang, and S. Xing. "AUTOMATIC EVALUATION OF THE INITIAL GEOPOSITIONING ACCURACY FOR LARGE AREA PLANETARY REMOTE SENSING IMAGES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (August 21, 2020): 1125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-1125-2020.
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Abstract. The photogrammetric processing of large area planetary remote sensing images is still a very challenging work. In addition to the lack of ground control data and poor tie points extraction, the insufficient knowledge of the initial geopositioning accuracy of the planetary images also increases the difficulty of processing. This paper presents an automatic evaluation method of the initial geopositioning accuracy for large area planetary remote sensing images. The accuracy evaluation method was conducted through image matching on approximate orthophotos derived using coarse resolution digital elevation model (DEM). To improve the orthophotos generation efficiency of linear pushbroom images, a fast ground-to-image transformation algorithm and multi-threaded parallel computing are adopted. The classical normalized cross correlation (NCC) and pyramid matching schemes are used to perform image matching between overlapping orthophotos. Because the conjugate points on orthophotos contain geographic coordinates, we can derive the statistics information (e.g., maximum errors, mean errors and standard deviation) about the geopositioning accuracy of the planetary images. Although it’s actually an evaluation result of relative accuracy, the quantitative geopositioning accuracy information of stereopairs can be used to (1) specify the search window size and the starting position of conjugate points for tie points extraction; (2) set the weight value of bundle adjustment; and (3) identify images with abnormal geopositioning accuracy. Tens of Mars Express (MEX) High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) images were used to conduct the test. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method shows high computational efficiency and automation degree. The automatic evaluation of the initial geopositioning accuracy of the planetary images is helpful to produce large area planetary mapping products.
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Perosanz, Félix. "GNSS: A revolution for precise geopositioning." Comptes Rendus Physique 20, no. 3 (March 2019): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crhy.2019.05.018.
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Kaveeshwar, Ashok. "THE STARSYS DATA MESSAGING AND GEOPOSITIONING SYSTEM." International Journal of Satellite Communications 12, no. 1 (January 1994): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sat.4600120108.
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Fraser, Clive, Harry Hanley, and Takeshi Yamakawa. "Three‐Dimensional Geopositioning Accuracy of Ikonos Imagery." Photogrammetric Record 17, no. 99 (April 2002): 465–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868x.00199.
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Fan, Zhongli, Li Zhang, Yuxuan Liu, Qingdong Wang, and Sisi Zlatanova. "Exploiting High Geopositioning Accuracy of SAR Data to Obtain Accurate Geometric Orientation of Optical Satellite Images." Remote Sensing 13, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 3535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13173535.
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Accurate geopositioning of optical satellite imagery is a fundamental step for many photogrammetric applications. Considering the imaging principle and data processing manner, SAR satellites can achieve high geopositioning accuracy. Therefore, SAR data can be a reliable source for providing control information in the orientation of optical satellite images. This paper proposes a practical solution for an accurate orientation of optical satellite images using SAR reference images to take advantage of the merits of SAR data. Firstly, we propose an accurate and robust multimodal image matching method to match the SAR and optical satellite images. This approach includes the development of a new structural-based multimodal applicable feature descriptor that employs angle-weighted oriented gradients (AWOGs) and the utilization of a three-dimensional phase correlation similarity measure. Secondly, we put forward a general optical satellite imagery orientation framework based on multiple SAR reference images, which uses the matches of the SAR and optical satellite images as virtual control points. A large number of experiments not only demonstrate the superiority of the proposed matching method compared to the state-of-the-art methods but also prove the effectiveness of the proposed orientation framework. In particular, the matching performance is improved by about 17% compared with the latest multimodal image matching method, namely, CFOG, and the geopositioning accuracy of optical satellite images is improved, from more than 200 to around 8 m.
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Oh, Kwan-Young, Hyung-Sup Jung, Won-Jin Lee, and Dong-Taek Lee. "3D Geopositioning Accuracy Assessment Using KOMPSAT-2 RPC." Korean Journal of Geomatics 29, no. 1 (February 28, 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7848/ksgpc.2011.29.1.1.
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Sweet, William. "Loser: Geopositioning - No Payoff For Galileo Navigation System." IEEE Spectrum 45, no. 1 (2008): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mspec.2008.4428315.
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Di, K., B. Xu, B. Liu, M. Jia, and Z. Liu. "GEOPOSITIONING PRECISION ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE IMAGE TRIANGULATION USING LRO NAC LUNAR IMAGES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B4 (June 13, 2016): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b4-369-2016.
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This paper presents an empirical analysis of the geopositioning precision of multiple image triangulation using Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) images at the Chang’e-3(CE-3) landing site. Nine LROC NAC images are selected for comparative analysis of geopositioning precision. Rigorous sensor models of the images are established based on collinearity equations with interior and exterior orientation elements retrieved from the corresponding SPICE kernels. Rational polynomial coefficients (RPCs) of each image are derived by least squares fitting using vast number of virtual control points generated according to rigorous sensor models. Experiments of different combinations of images are performed for comparisons. The results demonstrate that the plane coordinates can achieve a precision of 0.54 m to 2.54 m, with a height precision of 0.71 m to 8.16 m when only two images are used for three-dimensional triangulation. There is a general trend that the geopositioning precision, especially the height precision, is improved with the convergent angle of the two images increasing from several degrees to about 50°. However, the image matching precision should also be taken into consideration when choosing image pairs for triangulation. The precisions of using all the 9 images are 0.60 m, 0.50 m, 1.23 m in along-track, cross-track, and height directions, which are better than most combinations of two or more images. However, triangulation with selected fewer images could produce better precision than that using all the images.
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Di, K., B. Xu, B. Liu, M. Jia, and Z. Liu. "GEOPOSITIONING PRECISION ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE IMAGE TRIANGULATION USING LRO NAC LUNAR IMAGES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B4 (June 13, 2016): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b4-369-2016.
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This paper presents an empirical analysis of the geopositioning precision of multiple image triangulation using Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) images at the Chang’e-3(CE-3) landing site. Nine LROC NAC images are selected for comparative analysis of geopositioning precision. Rigorous sensor models of the images are established based on collinearity equations with interior and exterior orientation elements retrieved from the corresponding SPICE kernels. Rational polynomial coefficients (RPCs) of each image are derived by least squares fitting using vast number of virtual control points generated according to rigorous sensor models. Experiments of different combinations of images are performed for comparisons. The results demonstrate that the plane coordinates can achieve a precision of 0.54 m to 2.54 m, with a height precision of 0.71 m to 8.16 m when only two images are used for three-dimensional triangulation. There is a general trend that the geopositioning precision, especially the height precision, is improved with the convergent angle of the two images increasing from several degrees to about 50°. However, the image matching precision should also be taken into consideration when choosing image pairs for triangulation. The precisions of using all the 9 images are 0.60 m, 0.50 m, 1.23 m in along-track, cross-track, and height directions, which are better than most combinations of two or more images. However, triangulation with selected fewer images could produce better precision than that using all the images.
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Shen, Y., C. Li, G. Qiao, and S. Liu. "ACCURACY ANALYSIS OF HRSI-BASED GEOPOSITIONING USING LEAST SQUARES COLLOCATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XXXIX-B1 (July 24, 2012): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xxxix-b1-273-2012.
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Wang, Jue, Kaichang Di, and Ron Li. "Evaluation and Improvement of Geopositioning Accuracy of IKONOS Stereo Imagery." Journal of Surveying Engineering 131, no. 2 (May 2005): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9453(2005)131:2(35).
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Aguilar, Manuel A., Fernando J. Aguilar, María del Mar Saldaña, and Ismael Fernández. "Geopositioning Accuracy Assessment of GeoEye-1 Panchromatic and Multispectral Imagery." Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 78, no. 3 (March 1, 2012): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.78.3.247.
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Hanley, Harry B., and Clive S. Fraser. "Geopositioning Accuracy of Ikonos Imagery: Indications from Two Dimensional Transformations." Photogrammetric Record 17, no. 98 (October 2001): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868x.00186.
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Liu, Bin, Mengna Jia, Kaichang Di, Jürgen Oberst, Bin Xu, and Wenhui Wan. "Geopositioning precision analysis of multiple image triangulation using LROC NAC lunar images." Planetary and Space Science 162 (November 2018): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2017.07.016.
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Chen, Xiaowei, Baoming Zhang, Minyi Cen, Haitao Guo, Tonggang Zhang, and Chuan Zhao. "SRTM DEM-Aided Mapping Satellite-1 Image Geopositioning Without Ground Control Points." IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 14, no. 11 (November 2017): 2137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2017.2755059.
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Li, Rongxing, Xutong Niu, Chun Liu, Bo Wu, and Sagar Deshpande. "Impact of Imaging Geometry on 3D Geopositioning Accuracy of Stereo Ikonos Imagery." Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 75, no. 9 (September 1, 2009): 1119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.75.9.1119.
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Song, Ha Yoon, and Hyochang Han. "A Design of a Parcel Delivery Systemfor Point to Point Delivery with IoT Technology." Future Internet 12, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi12040070.
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Recently, IoT technology, low power networking technology for IoT, and geopositioning systems are very useful tools for future applications. One of the applications is the logistics system, especially for the point to point delivery. The current parcel delivery system is delivered through the logistics hub despite latent economic disadvantages in terms of delivery time and delivery distance. The major disadvantage of current hub and spoke delivery system is that individual parcels must go to the logistics hub first even if the origin and destination are nearby or within a distance that can be delivered through the hub. These sorts of delivery are inefficient and increase total expense of delivery in terms of delivery time and delivery costs. We designed a new delivery system of point to point delivery using IoT technology and end-to-end IoT platform based on ThingPlug and LoRa technology for fast delivery and less cost of delivery. We designed an IoT device that can be part of parcels or attached to parcels, which have various functionalities including the capability to understand current delivery routes with the use of geopositioning systems. In addition, we addressed the difficulties with issues such as linking IoT device into IoT platforms and designing IoT device functionalities. We also showed methods to improve the efficiency of IoT based parcel delivery systems. The proposed system may improve economics of parcel delivery system by reducing travel distance for delivery and dissipation of delivery time.
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Jung, Hyung-Sup, Sang-Wan Kim, Joong-Sun Won, and Dong-Cheon Lee. "Line-of-Sight Vector Adjustment Model for Geopositioning of SPOT-5 Stereo Images." Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 73, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 1267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.73.11.1267.
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Chujiang, Chen, Li Deren, and Zhu Qing. "Practical research of IKONOS-2 geopositioning and its accuracy in tibet of China." Geo-spatial Information Science 8, no. 1 (January 2005): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02826989.
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Wang, Tao, Yan Zhang, Yongsheng Zhang, Zhenchao Zhang, Xiongwu Xiao, Ying Yu, and Longhui Wang. "A Spliced Satellite Optical Camera Geometric Calibration Method Based on Inter-Chip Geometry Constraints." Remote Sensing 13, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 2832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142832.
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When in orbit, spliced satellite optical cameras are affected by various factors that degrade the actual image stitching precision and the accuracy of their data products. This is a major bottleneck in the current remote sensing technology. Previous geometric calibration research has mostly focused on stitched satellite images and has largely ignored the inter-chip relationship among original multi-chip images, resulting in accuracy loss in geometric calibration and subsequent image products. Therefore, in this paper, a novel geometric calibration method is proposed for spliced satellite optical cameras. The integral geometric calibration model was developed on inter-chip geometry constraints among multi-chip images, including the corresponding external and internal calibration models. The proposed approach improves uncontrolled geopositioning accuracy and enhances mosaic precision at the same time. For evaluation, images from the optical butting satellite ZiYuan-3 (ZY-3) and mechanical interleaving satellite Tianhui-1 (TH-1) were used for the experiments. Multiple sets of satellite data of the Songshan Calibration field and other regions were used to evaluate the reliability, stability, and applicability of the calibration parameters. The experiment results found that the proposed method obtains reliable camera alignment angles and interior calibration parameters and generates high-precision seamless mosaic images. The calibration scheme is not only suitable for mechanical interleaving cameras with large geometric displacement among multi-chip images but is also effective for optical butting cameras with minor chip offset. It also significantly improves uncontrolled geopositioning accuracy for both types of spliced satellite images. Moreover, the proposed calibration procedure results in multi-chip satellite images being seamlessly stitched together and mosaic errors within one pixel.
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Li, Chuang, Yunzhong Shen, Bofeng Li, Gang Qiao, Shijie Liu, Weian Wang, and Xiaohua Tong. "An improved geopositioning model of QuickBird high resolution satellite imagery by compensating spatial correlated errors." ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 96 (October 2014): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.06.010.
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Jiao, Niangang, Feng Wang, Hongjian You, Jiayin Liu, and Xiaolan Qiu. "A generic framework for improving the geopositioning accuracy of multi-source optical and SAR imagery." ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 169 (November 2020): 377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.09.017.
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Kaufmann, P. L., R. Vilhena de Moraes, H. K. Kuga, L. A. Beraldo, C. N. Motta Marins, and P. Kaufmann. "Nonrecursive algorithm for remote geolocation using ranging measurements." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2006 (2006): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/mpe/2006/79389.
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The objective of this work is to present a new algebraic solution for the problem of remote determination of geographic coordinates of a target, using a new remote geopositioning system being developed in Brazil. It can be useful for double-check measurements obtained with other methods, for certain critical applications, being capable to perform independently from them. This system requires three-reference bases on the surface of the earth with synchronized clocks and a repeater in space. Calculations are derived from measurements of propagation time of clock signal transmitted by one base to all bases and target, via a transponder in space. The algorithm also provides the “instantaneous” determination of the repeater position in space and brings other applications in navigation and remote clock synchronization. The algorithm has been successfully tested through computational software.
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Thomas, Orrin, Christian Stallings, and Benjamin Wilkinson. "Unmanned aerial vehicles can accurately, reliably, and economically compete with terrestrial mapping methods." Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/juvs-2018-0030.
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Structure from motion (SfM) and imagery-derived point clouds (IDPC) are excellent tools for collecting spatial data. However, reported accuracies from unmanned aerial systems (UAS) commonly fall short of their theoretical potential. The research presented here, using a DJI Inspire 2 with post-processed kinematic direct geopositioning, demonstrates that UAS mapping can be consistently accurate enough for use in place of, or in concert with, terrestrial methods (2 cm vertical root mean squared error). We further demonstrate that features that are missing or distorted in IDPC (e.g., roof edges, break lines, and above-ground utilities) can be collected from UAS-imagery stereo models with similar accuracy. Accuracy in the experiments was verified by comparison to data from a total station and terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). Use of the recommended hardware and stereo compilation reduced mapping costs by 40%–75% on three test projects.
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Wang, Zilin, Zhaoxiang Zhang, Limin Dong, and Guodong Xu. "Jitter Detection and Image Restoration Based on Generative Adversarial Networks in Satellite Images." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 9, 2021): 4693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144693.
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High-resolution satellite images (HRSIs) obtained from onboard satellite linear array cameras suffer from geometric disturbance in the presence of attitude jitter. Therefore, detection and compensation of satellite attitude jitter are crucial to reduce the geopositioning error and to improve the geometric accuracy of HRSIs. In this work, a generative adversarial network (GAN) architecture is proposed to automatically learn and correct the deformed scene features from a single remote sensing image. In the proposed GAN, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is designed to discriminate the inputs, and another CNN is used to generate so-called fake inputs. To explore the usefulness and effectiveness of a GAN for jitter detection, the proposed GANs are trained on part of the PatternNet dataset and tested on three popular remote sensing datasets, along with a deformed Yaogan-26 satellite image. Several experiments show that the proposed model provides competitive results. The proposed GAN reveals the enormous potential of GAN-based methods for the analysis of attitude jitter from remote sensing images.
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Wu, Bo, Shengjun Tang, Qing Zhu, Kwan-yuen Tong, Han Hu, and Guoyuan Li. "Geometric integration of high-resolution satellite imagery and airborne LiDAR data for improved geopositioning accuracy in metropolitan areas." ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 109 (November 2015): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2015.09.006.
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Hummer, Kim E. "Past, Present, and Future of Fruit Germplasm Exploration." HortScience 42, no. 2 (April 2007): 203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.2.203.
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The fruits of the earth have healed, nurtured, and intrigued humanity throughout history. Cultivated fruit species have complex genome that will continue to require the input of novel genetic resources. Prospecting for wild fruit species will continue. The global nature of science and commerce will drive the demand to expand available genetic resources for fruit improvement. New technologies will enable future explorers to reach remote sites and species. Recent advances, such as geopositioning and remote-communication devices, will be used to a greater degree for targeting specific collection sites and documenting records of origin. The sovereignty of countries over their plant genetic resources, as specified by the Convention on Biological Diversity and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, will continue to be a cornerstone for negotiating bilateral agreements and plant exchange. Although this could be considered a limitation to plant exploration in some situations, global strategies now in conceptual infancy will be developed to encourage and support ex situ preservation and continued plant exchange for long-term conservation and humanitarian benefit.
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Tong, Xiaohua, Shijie Liu, Huan Xie, Weian Wang, Peng Chen, and Feng Bao. "Geometric Integration of Aerial and QuickBird Imagery for High Accuracy Geopositioning and Mapping Application: A Case Study in Shanghai." Marine Geodesy 33, no. 4 (November 9, 2010): 437–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490419.2010.518500.
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Wardrop, N. A., W. C. Jochem, T. J. Bird, H. R. Chamberlain, D. Clarke, D. Kerr, L. Bengtsson, S. Juran, V. Seaman, and A. J. Tatem. "Spatially disaggregated population estimates in the absence of national population and housing census data." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 14 (March 19, 2018): 3529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1715305115.
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Population numbers at local levels are fundamental data for many applications, including the delivery and planning of services, election preparation, and response to disasters. In resource-poor settings, recent and reliable demographic data at subnational scales can often be lacking. National population and housing census data can be outdated, inaccurate, or missing key groups or areas, while registry data are generally lacking or incomplete. Moreover, at local scales accurate boundary data are often limited, and high rates of migration and urban growth make existing data quickly outdated. Here we review past and ongoing work aimed at producing spatially disaggregated local-scale population estimates, and discuss how new technologies are now enabling robust and cost-effective solutions. Recent advances in the availability of detailed satellite imagery, geopositioning tools for field surveys, statistical methods, and computational power are enabling the development and application of approaches that can estimate population distributions at fine spatial scales across entire countries in the absence of census data. We outline the potential of such approaches as well as their limitations, emphasizing the political and operational hurdles for acceptance and sustainable implementation of new approaches, and the continued importance of traditional sources of national statistical data.
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Bohaboy, Erin Collings, Tristan L. Guttridge, Neil Hammerschlag, Maurits P. M. Van Zinnicq Bergmann, and William F. Patterson. "Application of three-dimensional acoustic telemetry to assess the effects of rapid recompression on reef fish discard mortality." ICES Journal of Marine Science 77, no. 1 (November 7, 2019): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz202.
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Abstract Geopositioning underwater acoustic telemetry was used to test whether rapid recompression with weighted return-to-depth (descender) devices reduced discard mortality of red snapper (n = 141) and gray triggerfish (n = 26) captured and released at 30–60 m depths at two 15 km2 study sites in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Cox proportional hazards modelling indicated red snapper released with descender devices had significantly lower discard mortality within the first 2 d (95% CI = 18.8–41.8% for descender-released vs. 44.0–72.4% for surface-released, unvented fish), while there was no significant effect of descender devices on discard mortality of gray triggerfish. Predation by large pelagic predators was estimated to account 83% of red snapper and 100% of gray triggerfish discard mortality. Discard mortality due to predation has likely been overlooked in previous mark-recapture, laboratory, and enclosure studies, suggesting cryptic population losses due to predation on discards may be underestimated for red snapper and gray triggerfish. Large-area three-dimensional positioning acoustic telemetry arrays combined with collaboration and data sharing among acoustic telemetry researchers have the potential to advance our knowledge of the processes affecting discard mortality in reef fishes and other taxa.
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Theiss, H. J. "GENERIC LINEAR ARRAY SCANNER MODELING OF SPECTRAL IMAGING SYSTEMS CONTAINING LIMITED METADATA." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-1-2020 (August 3, 2020): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-1-2020-49-2020.
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Abstract. The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) designed the Generic Linear Array Scanner (GLAS) model for geopositioning images from both airborne and spaceborne linear array scanning systems, including pushbroom, whiskbroom, and panoramic sensors. Providers of hyperspectral imagery (HSI) historically have not populated products with high fidelity metadata to support downstream photogrammetric processing. To demonstrate recommended metadata population and exploitation using the GLAS model, NGA has generated example HSI products using data collected by NASA’s EO-1 Hyperion sensor and provided courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey. This paper provides novel techniques for: 1) generating reasonably accurate initial approximations for GLAS metadata as a function of per-image metadata consisting of only timing information and the latitude and longitude values of the four corners of the image; and 2) identifying a vector of adjustable parameters and reasonable values for its a priori error covariance matrix that enable corrections to the metadata during a bundle adjustment. The paper describes applying these techniques to fourteen overlapping Hyperion images of the Alps, running a bundle adjustment as a function of tie points and optional ground control points, and demonstrating superior results to the previous polynomial based approach as quantified by the 3D errors at several ground check points.
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Knieps, Günter. "Internet of Things, future networks, and the economics of virtual networks." Competition and Regulation in Network Industries 18, no. 3-4 (September 2017): 240–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1783591718784398.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) gains momentum. Developments regarding smart grids, intelligent transportation systems, and low-power networks for smart cities constitute significant drivers in the evolution of network industries. IoT creates an array of new requirements for information and communications technology (ICT) data transmission: In addition to real-time and data geopositioning, new service characteristics result from the change of the traditional sender–receiver perspective of Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) to content relevancy for many users (e.g. cloud computing) and dynamic changes of the state of devices. The future development and success of IoT hinges critically on the provision of heterogeneous quality of service (QoS) requirements which cannot be provided by best-effort TCP/IP Internet. It is thus not surprising that both in the US and the EU network neutrality regulations are currently being reconsidered. Alternative network logistics (virtual networks) dealing with heterogeneous QoS requirements of network traffic may require fundamental deviations from traditional Internet architectures. Corresponding logistics operating over joint physical infrastructures gain increasing attention under the heading of future networks (FNs). The goal of this article is to focus on the economic mechanisms of how the potentials of QoS differentiation in the context of FNs can be fully exploited and incentivized within innovative all-IP-based QoS traffic architectures.
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Fernández, Alberto, Rubén Usamentiaga, Pedro de Arquer, Miguel Ángel Fernández, D. Fernández, Juan Luis Carús, and Manés Fernández. "Robust Detection, Classification and Localization of Defects in Large Photovoltaic Plants Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Infrared Thermography." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 27, 2020): 5948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175948.
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The efficiency and profitability of photovoltaic (PV) plants are highly controlled by their operation and maintenance (O&M) procedures. Today, the effective diagnosis of any possible fault of PV plants remains a technical and economic challenge, especially when dealing with large-scale PV plants. Currently, PV plant monitoring is carried out by either electrical performance measurements or image processing. The first approach presents limited fault detection ability, it is costly and time-consuming, and it is incapable of fast identification of the physical location of the fault. In the second approach, Infrared Thermography (IRT) imaging has been used for the characterization of PV module failures, but their setup and processing are rather complex and an experienced technician is required. The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for IRT imaging of PV plants for health status monitoring of PV modules has been identified as a cost-effective approach that offers 10–-15 fold lower inspection times than conventional techniques. However, previous works have not performed a comprehensive approach in the context of automated UAV inspection using IRT. This work provides a fully automated approach for the: (a) detection, (b) classification, and (c) geopositioning of the thermal defects in the PV modules. The system has been tested on a real PV plant in Spain. The obtained results indicate that an autonomous solution can be implemented for a full characterization of the thermal defects.
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Knieps, Günter. "Internet of Things and the economics of smart sustainable cities." Competition and Regulation in Network Industries 18, no. 1-2 (March 2017): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1783591717736502.
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The major objective of this article is to analyze the potentials of information and communications technology (ICT) for the evolution of smart cities, with a particular focus on the challenges faced by traditional public utilities in the areas of public transportation, energy, water supply, and wastewater management due to the entry of new players originating from ICT organizations and industries. The character of virtual networks for smart cities is demonstrated based on three pillars: (1) All-IP–based real-time and adaptive broadband communication networks, (2) global navigation satellite systems and their overlay position correction networks, and (3) the interoperability of ubiquitous sensor network applications, as they form the ICT basis for a multitude of applications that are important in smart cities. The heterogeneity of virtual networks for different smart city physical network services is based on these pillars, taking into account the different requirements for the quality of service (QoS) of data packet transmission, geopositioning, and sensor networks. It can be expected that prosumer activities and resultant networked commons become increasingly relevant for the smart city of the future. However, the increasing role of prosumer activities cannot replace the role of markets in solving scarcity problems within ICT networks as well as physical networks. The role of congestion pricing and QoS differentiation for network capacities in transportation and electricity markets as well as ICT is indicated. If, due to non-rivalry in usage, efficient congestion prices are pointless, the future role of subsidies from the state is considered.
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Hoolihan, John P., and Jiangang Luo. "Determining summer residence status and vertical habitat use of sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) in the Arabian Gulf." ICES Journal of Marine Science 64, no. 9 (October 3, 2007): 1791–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsm148.
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Abstract Hoolihan, J. P. and Luo, J. 2007. Determining summer residence status and vertical habitat use of sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) in the Arabian Gulf. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64. Pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) were deployed on 18 sailfish in the Arabian Gulf between 2001 and 2005 to determine summer geoposition and habitat preference. Programmed releases following periods ranging from 110 to 156 d provided an aggregate total of 533 monitoring days of data. Three PSATs failed to report and nine released prematurely after periods ranging from 3 to 93 d. Four were recovered in gillnets after periods ranging from 39 to 90 d, and two transmitted after programmed releases of 127 and 128 d. Pooled archival data from recovered PSATs showed a cumulative mean distribution of 83.9% for total time spent in the upper 10 m, with no significant difference between day and night (χ24 = 0.84, p = 0.93). Depth ranged from 0 to 61 m, and ambient water temperature from 19.7°C to 30.1°C. Linear displacements ranged from 11 to 543 km and were all located inside the Gulf. Satellite- and light-level-derived geopositioning suggested that all fish remained in the Gulf. The two PSATs releasing on schedule validated summer residence inside the Gulf, providing further evidence in support of genetic analyses and conventional mark-recapture studies, which suggested that this billfish population confines itself year-round within a shallow marginal sea area. Preference for near-surface depths suggests a great susceptibility to capture by gillnets and other surface gears, raising concern for the effectiveness of regional management and conservation of the species.
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Chen, Chi-Mai, Hong-Wei Jyan, Shih-Chieh Chien, Hsiao-Hsuan Jen, Chen-Yang Hsu, Po-Chang Lee, Chun-Fu Lee, et al. "Containing COVID-19 Among 627,386 Persons in Contact With the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship Passengers Who Disembarked in Taiwan: Big Data Analytics." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 5 (May 5, 2020): e19540. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19540.
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Background Low infection and case-fatality rates have been thus far observed in Taiwan. One of the reasons for this major success is better use of big data analytics in efficient contact tracing and management and surveillance of those who require quarantine and isolation. Objective We present here a unique application of big data analytics among Taiwanese people who had contact with more than 3000 passengers that disembarked at Keelung harbor in Taiwan for a 1-day tour on January 31, 2020, 5 days before the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on the Diamond Princess cruise ship on February 5, 2020, after an index case was identified on January 20, 2020. Methods The smart contact tracing–based mobile sensor data, cross-validated by other big sensor surveillance data, were analyzed by the mobile geopositioning method and rapid analysis to identify 627,386 potential contact-persons. Information on self-monitoring and self-quarantine was provided via SMS, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) tests were offered for symptomatic contacts. National Health Insurance claims big data were linked, to follow-up on the outcome related to COVID-19 among those who were hospitalized due to pneumonia and advised to undergo screening for SARS-CoV-2. Results As of February 29, a total of 67 contacts who were tested by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction were all negative and no confirmed COVID-19 cases were found. Less cases of respiratory syndrome and pneumonia were found after the follow-up of the contact population compared with the general population until March 10, 2020. Conclusions Big data analytics with smart contact tracing, automated alert messaging for self-restriction, and follow-up of the outcome related to COVID-19 using health insurance data could curtail the resources required for conventional epidemiological contact tracing.
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Sampath, A., H. K. Heidemann, and G. L. Stensaas. "GEOMETRIC QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF LIDAR DATA BASED ON SWATH OVERLAP." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 2, 2016): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b1-93-2016.
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This paper provides guidelines on quantifying the relative horizontal and vertical errors observed between conjugate features in the overlapping regions of lidar data. The quantification of these errors is important because their presence quantifies the geometric quality of the data. A data set can be said to have good geometric quality if measurements of identical features, regardless of their position or orientation, yield identical results. Good geometric quality indicates that the data are produced using sensor models that are working as they are mathematically designed, and data acquisition processes are not introducing any unforeseen distortion in the data. High geometric quality also leads to high geolocation accuracy of the data when the data acquisition process includes coupling the sensor with geopositioning systems. Current specifications (e.g. Heidemann 2014) do not provide adequate means to quantitatively measure these errors, even though they are required to be reported. Current accuracy measurement and reporting practices followed in the industry and as recommended by data specification documents also potentially underestimate the inter-swath errors, including the presence of systematic errors in lidar data. Hence they pose a risk to the user in terms of data acceptance (i.e. a higher potential for Type II error indicating risk of accepting potentially unsuitable data). For example, if the overlap area is too small or if the sampled locations are close to the center of overlap, or if the errors are sampled in flat regions when there are residual pitch errors in the data, the resultant Root Mean Square Differences (RMSD) can still be small. To avoid this, the following are suggested to be used as criteria for defining the inter-swath quality of data: <br><br> a) Median Discrepancy Angle <br><br> b) Mean and RMSD of Horizontal Errors using DQM measured on sloping surfaces <br><br> c) RMSD for sampled locations from flat areas (defined as areas with less than 5 degrees of slope) <br><br> It is suggested that 4000-5000 points are uniformly sampled in the overlapping regions of the point cloud, and depending on the surface roughness, to measure the discrepancy between swaths. Care must be taken to sample only areas of single return points only. Point-to-Plane distance based data quality measures are determined for each sample point. These measurements are used to determine the above mentioned parameters. This paper details the measurements and analysis of measurements required to determine these metrics, i.e. Discrepancy Angle, Mean and RMSD of errors in flat regions and horizontal errors obtained using measurements extracted from sloping regions (slope greater than 10 degrees). The research is a result of an ad-hoc joint working group of the US Geological Survey and the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) Airborne Lidar Committee.
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Sampath, A., H. K. Heidemann, and G. L. Stensaas. "GEOMETRIC QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF LIDAR DATA BASED ON SWATH OVERLAP." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 2, 2016): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b1-93-2016.
Full textAbstract:
This paper provides guidelines on quantifying the relative horizontal and vertical errors observed between conjugate features in the overlapping regions of lidar data. The quantification of these errors is important because their presence quantifies the geometric quality of the data. A data set can be said to have good geometric quality if measurements of identical features, regardless of their position or orientation, yield identical results. Good geometric quality indicates that the data are produced using sensor models that are working as they are mathematically designed, and data acquisition processes are not introducing any unforeseen distortion in the data. High geometric quality also leads to high geolocation accuracy of the data when the data acquisition process includes coupling the sensor with geopositioning systems. Current specifications (e.g. Heidemann 2014) do not provide adequate means to quantitatively measure these errors, even though they are required to be reported. Current accuracy measurement and reporting practices followed in the industry and as recommended by data specification documents also potentially underestimate the inter-swath errors, including the presence of systematic errors in lidar data. Hence they pose a risk to the user in terms of data acceptance (i.e. a higher potential for Type II error indicating risk of accepting potentially unsuitable data). For example, if the overlap area is too small or if the sampled locations are close to the center of overlap, or if the errors are sampled in flat regions when there are residual pitch errors in the data, the resultant Root Mean Square Differences (RMSD) can still be small. To avoid this, the following are suggested to be used as criteria for defining the inter-swath quality of data: <br><br> a) Median Discrepancy Angle <br><br> b) Mean and RMSD of Horizontal Errors using DQM measured on sloping surfaces <br><br> c) RMSD for sampled locations from flat areas (defined as areas with less than 5 degrees of slope) <br><br> It is suggested that 4000-5000 points are uniformly sampled in the overlapping regions of the point cloud, and depending on the surface roughness, to measure the discrepancy between swaths. Care must be taken to sample only areas of single return points only. Point-to-Plane distance based data quality measures are determined for each sample point. These measurements are used to determine the above mentioned parameters. This paper details the measurements and analysis of measurements required to determine these metrics, i.e. Discrepancy Angle, Mean and RMSD of errors in flat regions and horizontal errors obtained using measurements extracted from sloping regions (slope greater than 10 degrees). The research is a result of an ad-hoc joint working group of the US Geological Survey and the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) Airborne Lidar Committee.
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Schünemann, Adriano Luís, Filipe de Carvalho Victoria, Margeli Pereira de Albuquerque, Luiz Fernando Würdig Roesch, and Antônio Batista Pereira. "Mapping and Geopositioning Methods in Ice-Free Areas Antarctica." INCT-APA Annual Activity Report, 2012, 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/apa.2014.060.
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Palano, Mimmo, Giuseppe Pezzo, Enrico Serpelloni, Roberto Devoti, Nicola D’Agostino, Stefano Gandolfi, Federica Sparacino, et al. "Geopositioning time series from offshore platforms in the Adriatic Sea." Scientific Data 7, no. 1 (November 4, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00705-w.
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Abstract We provide a dataset of 3D coordinate time series of 37 continuous GNSS stations installed for stability monitoring purposes on onshore and offshore industrial settlements along a NW-SE-oriented and ~100-km-wide belt encompassing the eastern Italian coast and the Adriatic Sea. The dataset results from the analysis performed by using different geodetic software (Bernese, GAMIT/GLOBK and GIPSY) and consists of six raw position time series solutions, referred to IGb08 and IGS14 reference frames. Time series analyses and comparisons evidence that the different solutions are consistent between them, despite the use of different software, models, strategy processing and frame realizations. We observe that the offshore stations are subject to significant seasonal oscillations probably due to seasonal environmental loads, seasonal temperature-induced platform deformation and hydrostatic pressure variations. Many stations are characterized by non-linear time series, suggesting a complex interplay between regional (long-term tectonic stress) and local sources of deformation (e.g. reservoirs depletion, sediment compaction). Computed raw time series, logs files, phasor diagrams and time series comparison plots are distributed via PANGAEA (https://www.pangaea.de).
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Yilmaz, Altan, Mustafa Erdogan, Hadi Hakan Maras, Bahadir Aktug, and Suleyman Sirri Maras. "Did satellite imagery supersede aerial imagery? A perspective from 3D geopositioning accuracy." Arabian Journal of Geosciences 9, no. 4 (April 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12517-016-2386-x.
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Cunha, Marielton dos Passos, Amaro Nunes Duarte-Neto, Shahab Zaki Pour, Ayda Susana Ortiz-Baez, Jiří Černý, Bárbara Brito de Souza Pereira, Carla Torres Braconi, et al. "Origin of the São Paulo Yellow Fever epidemic of 2017–2018 revealed through molecular epidemiological analysis of fatal cases." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56650-1.
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AbstractThe largest outbreak of yellow fever of the 21st century in the Americas began in 2016, with intense circulation in the southeastern states of Brazil, particularly in sylvatic environments near densely populated areas including the metropolitan region of São Paulo city (MRSP) during 2017–2018. Herein, we describe the origin and molecular epidemiology of yellow fever virus (YFV) during this outbreak inferred from 36 full genome sequences taken from individuals who died following infection with zoonotic YFV. Our analysis revealed that these deaths were due to three genetic variants of sylvatic YFV that belong the South American I genotype and that were related to viruses previously isolated in 2017 from other locations in Brazil (Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Bahia and Rio de Janeiro states). Each variant represented an independent virus introduction into the MRSP. Phylogeographic and geopositioning analyses suggested that the virus moved around the peri-urban area without detectable human-to-human transmission, and towards the Atlantic rain forest causing human spill-over in nearby cities, yet in the absence of sustained viral transmission in the urban environment.
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Lai, Shengjie, Andrea Farnham, Nick W. Ruktanonchai, and Andrew J. Tatem. "Measuring mobility, disease connectivity and individual risk: a review of using mobile phone data and mHealth for travel medicine." Journal of Travel Medicine 26, no. 3 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taz019.
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Abstract Rationale for review The increasing mobility of populations allows pathogens to move rapidly and far, making endemic or epidemic regions more connected to the rest of the world than at any time in history. However, the ability to measure and monitor human mobility, health risk and their changing patterns across spatial and temporal scales using traditional data sources has been limited. To facilitate a better understanding of the use of emerging mobile phone technology and data in travel medicine, we reviewed relevant work aiming at measuring human mobility, disease connectivity and health risk in travellers using mobile geopositioning data. Key findings Despite some inherent biases of mobile phone data, analysing anonymized positions from mobile users could precisely quantify the dynamical processes associated with contemporary human movements and connectivity of infectious diseases at multiple temporal and spatial scales. Moreover, recent progress in mobile health (mHealth) technology and applications, integrating with mobile positioning data, shows great potential for innovation in travel medicine to monitor and assess real-time health risk for individuals during travel. Conclusions Mobile phones and mHealth have become a novel and tremendously powerful source of information on measuring human movements and origin–destination-specific risks of infectious and non-infectious health issues. The high penetration rate of mobile phones across the globe provides an unprecedented opportunity to quantify human mobility and accurately estimate the health risks in travellers. Continued efforts are needed to establish the most promising uses of these data and technologies for travel health.
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Cascón-Katchadourian, Jesús-Daniel. "Tecnologías para luchar contra la pandemia Covid-19: geolocalización, rastreo, big data, SIG, inteligencia artificial y privacidad." El profesional de la información, August 11, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.jul.29.
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Many applications and websites to fight the Covid-19 pandemic have been created and developed in recent months by both official institutions and commercial or private initiatives. A large number of projects that use technologies such as geolocation, geopositioning, geofencing, tracking, and registration of contacts through Bluetooth have arisen, generating a huge amount of data. By using big data techniques, geographic information systems (GIS), and artificial intelligence, information has been produced for health institutions and society itself, helping to address the health crisis more efficiently. This article describes, analyzes, and offers a systematized review of a significant sample of websites and applications recently implemented successfully or under development by public and private institutions. We searched the available scholarly literature, as well as news from the main newspapers, websites, and digital media specialized in technology. The article concludes with a description of the best and most efficient practices found, relating then to the right to privacy and personal data protection. Resumen La creación y desarrollo en los últimos meses de aplicaciones y webs para luchar contra la pandemia de la Covid-19, tanto de instituciones oficiales como iniciativas empresariales o particulares, ha sido importante. Han surgido un gran número de proyectos que usan tecnologías como geolocalización, geoposicionamiento, geofencing, rastreo y registro de contactos a través de bluetooth, para generar una ingente cantidad de datos. Mediante técnicas de análisis de datos masivos (big data), sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) e inteligencia artificial se ha producido información para las instituciones sanitarias y para la propia sociedad, ayudando así a afrontar de manera más eficiente la crisis sanitaria. El presente artículo describe, analiza y ofrece la revisión sistematizada de una muestra significativa de webs y aplicaciones implementadas recientemente con éxito o en desarrollo, por parte de instituciones públicas y privadas. Se ha buscado la bibliografía científica disponible, así como las noticias de los principales periódicos, webs y medios digitales especializados en tecnología. El artículo concluye con una descripción de las mejores y más eficientes prácticas encontradas, poniéndolas en relación con el derecho a la privacidad y la protección de los datos personales.
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Nechaeva, Taisia V., Natalya V. Gopp, Oleg A. Savenkov, and Natalya V. Smirnova. "Magnesium in soils and plants of a sloping agrolandscape in the south-east of West Siberia." Почвы и окружающая среда 2, no. 4 (December 30, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.31251/pos.v2i3.91.
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The aim of the study. To carry out a comparative assessment of the magnesium status in soils, situated on the various hypsometric levels of sloped agrolandscape and with different soil organic matter content by measuring total, mobile (exchangeable) and water-soluble magnesium in soils and to compare different analytical methods for determining magnesium in soils and plants. Location and time of the study. The study site was located in the Cis-Salair drained plain in the south-east of West Siberia (55˚02΄20˝N; 83˚50΄00˝E), administratively being within the boundaries of the Toguchin district of the Novosibirsk region, Russia. Altitude increments were marked on the slope positions of the investigated plot of 225 hectares in area and 4 km in length: the upper part of the slope BCI (280-310 m a.s.l. ), the midslope BCII (260-280 m) and BCIII (220-260 m), and the lower slope BCIV (190-220 m) (see figure 1). Soil and plant samples were collected in July 2013. Materials and methods. Prevailing soils were podzolized and leached chernozems, dark-gray and gray-forest soils according to the classification of soils of the USSR (1977), which correspond to clayey-illuvial eluvialed and dark-tongue agrochernozems, agro-dark gray soils and agro-gray soils to according of the Russian soil classification (2004, 2008), or Luvic Greyzemic Chernozems, Haplic Chernozems, Luvic Greyzemic Phaeozems, Luvic Retic Greyzemic Phaeozems by WRB Soil Classification (2014) (see table 1, figure 1). Individual soil samples (n=55) were taken with a drill from 0-30 cm layer (ploughed horizon) according to an irregular grid. The aboveground phytomass stock of oat-pea mixture (n=38) was collected using the hay cutting method on the 0.25 m2 area. The geographical coordinates of the soil and plant sampling sites were determined using the geopositioning system (GPS, Garmin eTrex Vista). The soil samples were analyzed for organic carbon content by dichromate digestion. Overall the studied soils were grouped according to soil organic matter (SOM) content into high-SOM (5-8%) and medium-SOM soils (3-5%). Total magnesium (Mgtot) was measured in dry powdered samples by atomic emission spectrometry; mobile (exchangeable) magnesium was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry using 1 M KCl, 1 M CH3COONH4, 0.1 M C4H4O5(NH4)2 and 0.5 M CH3COOH as extracting solutions. The same extracts were used to measure water-soluble magnesium atomic absorption spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis. The content of total magnesium in plants was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry using two methods of sample digestion, namely wet ashing in a mixture of sulfuric and perchloric acids and dry ashing followed by quantitative transfer of the digest with 1 M HCl. Magnesium content in soils and plants was presented per element and calculated on the air-dry mass basis. Statistical analyses (descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, calculation of student criterion and Mann-Whitney U-test) were performed using Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and Statistica v.6.1. Results. The average content of total magnesium in the slope soils varied from 0.79 to 0.88%. The proportion of mobile magnesium in its total content in soils averaged 3.3-6.0%, whereas that of water-soluble magnesium was 0.06-0.13%. In medium-SOM soils down along the slope the total magnesium content gradually decreased: agrochernozems → agro-dark gray soils → agro-gray soils (see table 2, figure 2). The similar pattern was revealed an earlier for the content of total phosphorus and total potassium in the slope soils. The average content of mobile magnesium in the high-SOM soils on the upper part of the slope (BCI) varied from 3.2 to 4.0 cmol(+)∙kg-1, depending on the extractant used. The medium-SOM soils (BCII-IV) contained 2.2 to 3.2 cmol(+)∙kg-1 of mobile magnesium. Atomic absorption spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis produced very close values water-soluble magnesium content in soils: on average, 0.06-0.08 and 0.04-0.09 cmol(+)∙kg-1, respectively. However, capillary electrophoresis proved to be more sensitive to the decreased content of water-soluble magnesium in the midslope medium-SOM soils. Magnesium content in aboveground phytomass of an oat-pea mixture, collected in the tillering phase of its cereal component, determined by dry ashing, averaged 0.21-0.26%, which corresponded to the optimal level of the element; estimated by wet ashing it was 1.3-1.6 times lower (see table 2). Conclusions. Under the conditions of the sloping agrolandscape of the Cis-Salair in the south-eastern part of West Siberia, high-SOM soils in the upper part of the slope are characterized by higher content of mobile magnesium as compared with the medium-SOM soils mid- and downslope. We believe that for assessing magnesium status of soils it is more expedient to use 1 M KCl or 1 M CH3COONH4 to determine mobile (exchangeable) magnesium. Moreover, these extractants can be used for simultaneous determination of other soil properties, i.e. exchangeable calcium and potassium content, pHsalt, etc.
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Wark, McKenzie. "Book of the Undead." M/C Journal 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1850.
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Memory depends on void, as void depends on memory, to think. -- Anne Carson Sunday, 26th December, 1999 It was a peculiar ritual to perform to bring a personal end to the twentieth century. A journey through the snow to visit Egypt, at the Metropolitan Museum in Manhattan. I took two books, the latest New Yorker and the New York Times to keep me company. Ancient Egyptian funeral art fascinates me. How unreadable it is. Perhaps it isn't meant to be read. If it is addressed to anyone, or anything, it isn't human. It addresses otherness itself, eternity. Serenity masks, and faces, nothingness. A reminder of how little a decade, or a century matters, even a millennium, compared to these fragments of monuments that could stare down handfuls of years in their thousands -- and still not blink. As Paul Valery wrote: "we later civilisations ... we too now know we are mortal. We had long heard tell of whole worlds that had vanished, of empires sunk without a trace, gone down with all their men and all their machines into the unexplorable depths of the centuries..." (23). Our ancestors may have conquered space, spread ourselves thin across the bread of the earth, but Egypt conquered time. Their empires of the dead will probably still be living when the last of ours are rat food. As Paul Valery wrote: "we later civilisations ... we too now know we are mortal. We had long heard tell of whole worlds that had vanished, of empires sunk without a trace, gone down with all their men and all their machines into the unexplorable depths of the centuries..." (23). Our ancestors may have conquered space, spread ourselves thin across the bread of the earth, but Egypt conquered time. Their empires of the dead will probably still be living when the last of ours are rat food. Thanks to universal standard time, everyone could know where they stood in relation to the planet's movement. Thanks to geopositioning, everyone could know the coordinates upon the map that corresponded to the patch of earth under foot. As the world turned, an arc of humans from one latitude to another could experience the arbitrary yet somehow convincing sensation of leaving the twentieth century. As the New Yorker reported: "in a daring act of multiculturalism, the good people of Tonga rose at midnight to sing the 'Hallelujah Chorus' from Handel's Messiah" (Lane 24). Meanwhile, in New York, the Caligula of capital George Soros offered his 250-odd guests bronze medallions featuring etched profiles of himself, and the inscription: "Enlightened by the Past. Embraced by the present. Empowered by the future" (Cassidy 26). Y2K kept bothering me. It was all a little too much data hitting the sensoria. I tried to ignore it, to think about Egypt. I thought that if I closed my eyes to the world's turning, it would go away. It won't go away. Not any more. There is nowhere left to hide. At twilight, in the desert, your satellite phone rings. It's a telemarketer. Egypt is exhausting, even at the Met. There's so many objects, so much information. I'd brought a book or two, so I could pause for coffee and make some notes. The books were by Harold Innis, that quirky old communication theorist. He's a detour, like Egypt, but he'll get us to where I want to go, to thinking media. Egypt is exhausting, even at the Met. There's so many objects, so much information. I'd brought a book or two, so I could pause for coffee and make some notes. The books were by Harold Innis, that quirky old communication theorist. He's a detour, like Egypt, but he'll get us to where I want to go, to thinking media. A simple observation. Consider what it makes it possible to think: "empires must be considered from the standpoint of two dimensions, those of space and time, and persist by overcoming the bias of media, which over-emphasise either dimension. They have tended to flourish under conditions in which civilisation reflects the influence of more than one medium and in which the bias of one medium toward decentralisation is offset by the bias of another toward centralisation" (Empire 7). Consider, for instance, Egypt, where: "a concern with problems of space and time appears to have marked the beginnings of civilisation... A change from a pre-dynastic to dynastic society, or a precise recognition of time... appears to have coincided with writing, monumental architecture and sculpture" (Bias 92). Kings and priests colonised time. "The permanence of death became a basis of continuity through the development of the idea of immortality, preservation of the body, and development of writing in the tombs by which the magical power of the spoken word was perpetuated in pictorial representation of the funeral ritual" (Bias 93). On the one hand, "the pyramids were an index to power over time" (Bias 135). On the other, "by escaping from the heavy medium of stone, thought gained lightness" (Empire 16). The papyrus document became the means for scribes and soldiers to colonise space. These different media, with their different properties, were the basis of a flexible continuity and integrity for the empire, but also a source of conflict within it. "The profound disturbances in Egyptian civilisation involved in the shift from absolute monarchy to a more democratic organisation coincides with a shift in emphasis on stone as a medium of communicating or as a basis of prestige, as shown in the pyramids, to an emphasis on papyrus" (Empire 15). But it was not to last. Egypt "failed to establish a stable compromise between a bias dependent on stone in the pyramids and a bias dependent on papyrus and hieroglyphics" (Bias 96). Failed, and yet succeeded, in replicating itself by virtue of the fascination those of us who, like Valery, see something strikingly different in the shape of this ancient space and time. There's some irony in monuments to eternity being themselves preserved at the Met. "The emphasis of a civilisation on means of extending its duration as in Egypt accompanied by reliance on permanence gives that civilisation a prominent position in periods such as the present when time is of little significance" (Bias 66). What can you say about a civilisation that gives itself an early mark and toddles into its second millennium a year early? One in which global empires grow and merge and collapse each week on the lone and level sands of the market. Or where Danny Hillis, Silicon Valley magus, is making a monument to last out the centuries -- and it's a clock. What is to become of it all? Consider this observation, by Innis, of what became of Egypt: "we can perhaps assume that the use of a medium of communication over a long period will to some extent determine the character of knowledge to be communicated and suggest that its pervasive influence will eventually create a civilisation in which life and flexibility will become exceedingly difficult to maintain and that the advantages of a new medium will become such as to lead to the emergence of a new civilisation" (Bias 34). The scribes and the priests, between them, ran things, and for centuries kept control of the skills to do so. This very facility became a limit, making the empire vulnerable to stagnation and conquest from without. Consider how this might work out in more recent times, when monopolies guard their source code and battle against open source technologies. Innis writes that "a simple flexible system of writing admits of adaptation to the vernacular but slowness of adaptation facilitates monopoly of knowledge and hierarchies" (Bias 4). Microsoft write twentieth century hieroglyphics. It is an empire with an Egyptian approach to source code intended to perpetuate itself through time, even at the risk of arresting flexible and adaptive approaches to creating communication tools anywhere else. Or take the lead story that greeted me over coffee in the Met's cafe: AMERICA ONLINE AGREES TO BUY TIME WARNER FOR $165 BILLION; MEDIA DEAL IS RICHEST MERGER (New York Times 11 Jan 2000). This is the way of things now. Vigorous new empires annex old Egypts in a burst of press release fireworks. Empires that straddle continents but are not built to last much longer than London's Millennium Dome, structures held aloft by tensed steel cables, built to be seen on television by distant cousins by not by any descendants. We may have left the twentieth century, but has it left us? Its ruins lie about us, persisting, insisting. Its miniature monuments lie in the landfill of memory. So many new ways that were discovered, during the century, for impressing the century on memory. Perhaps that's why so little of its architecture is built to last. The great pyramid of Las Vegas is an image preserved in a million snapshots. The monument has become something miniature, even molecular. Exotic pesticide residues now shop up in Antarctic penguins. As Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari write: "a monument does not commemorate or celebrate something that happened but confides to the ear of the future the persistent sensations that embody the event" (176). Perhaps Innis is wrong about this civilisation. It looks like its bias is towards the colonising of space, but in its own way it has colonised time, too. It communicates its chaos, its blind will to creative destruction, through the pulverising of every last particle of the earth. The twentieth century's answer to the pyramids, it's ongoing contributions to civilisation, are the death factories of the Holocaust and the negative architecture of the bombing of Hiroshima. And yet, those memories aside, it was also the century in which for the first time one glimpses a possible life outside the monopoly of knowledge by priests and scribes, where no matter how hard they try, empires can no longer control for millennia the flows of information that allow them to colonise space and time. I'm tempted to say that if Egypt lives on in the Book of the Dead, our time will live on as a Book of the Undead. It left its mark by mummifying nothing except change itself. But the book is one of the things the twentieth century changed too. As Friedrich Kittler writes, "as long as the book was responsible for all serial data flows, words quivered with sensuality and memory" (10). But the book has lost its sovereignty. The scribes and priests and scholars who monopolised knowledge and prestige through mastery of textual codes are going the way of their Egyptian precursors, into the museums. References Cassidy, John. "The Well-Heeled and the Wonky Toast the Millennium." New Yorker 17 Jan. 2000: Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. What Is Philosophy? London: Verso, 1994. Innis, Harold A. The Bias of Communication. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1964. ---. Empire and Communications. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1972. Friedrich A. Kittler. Gramophone, Film, Typewriter. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1999. Anthony Lane. "The New Year Stumbles In." New Yorker 17 Jan. 2000: 24. Paul Valery. The Outlook for Intelligence. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1989. 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