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1
Jones, James P., and William Harris Bragg. "Joe Brown's Army: The Georgia State Line, 1862-1865." Journal of Southern History 54, no. 4 (November 1988): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2209226.
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Matthews, John M. "Joe Brown's Army: The Georgia State Line, 1862-1865 (review)." Civil War History 34, no. 3 (1988): 284–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1988.0039.
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Sprochi, Amanda. "Book Review: Religion and Politics in America: An Encyclopedia of Church and State in American Life." Reference & User Services Quarterly 56, no. 3 (April 3, 2017): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.56n3.219b.
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Religion and Politics in America: An Encyclopedia of Church and State in American Life provides an overview of the relationship between politics and religion in the United States. Smith, president of Tyndale International University, history instructor at Georgia Gwinnett College, and Presbyterian minister, with his collaborators, has created a resource that spans the history of the United States from the colonial era to the present day. The 360 entries in the encyclopedia are arranged alphabetically by topic and are signed by the contributor, and each article includes references for further reading. Cross-references, a chronological time line, and a comprehensive index help to identify particular topics and to facilitate further reading.
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Kurahvili, Guguli, and Rusudan Kinkladze. "Women’s Migration Processes from Georgia." International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development 2, no. 5 (2015): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.25.2002.
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Purpose of the paper is to study the territorial movement of population in line with predictable and unpredictable changes following world globalization, with its economic and social-political outcomes having become a severe problem for Georgia. World Bank database, materials of Ministry of Resettlement and Refugees of Georgia, IOM’s assessment mission report Review in Georgia and data of Geostat (National Statistics Office of Georgia) were used in the study. Methods of statistical observation, grouping and analysis were used to determine the migrants’ distribution from Georgia according to age and sex. Scientific aim of the paper is to throw light upon the migration process of women from Georgia in political, economic and social respects and identify the trends and advantages and disadvantages of this process. The paper notes that. Georgia, in respect of migration, is a country of origin, destination and transit. Traditionally, mostly men made up the labour or study migration currents from Georgia. Since the 1990s, the picture has changed. As the statistics of 2014 suggest, 65 females area encountered for every 100 migrants. This ratio changes according to women’s age groups. In economic respect, women’s migration from Georgia is justified, as money sent by them is the means of living for their families and plays a role in overcoming property. Recently, many young girls have left Georgia. Studies demonstrate that migration-prone attitude is quite strong among young people. Such a situation needs much consideration and contemplation by every citizen, whole society and government of the country, as Georgia is going to face severe demographic, social-economic, political, national security and other problems. The state must improve the living standards in the country through job generation, better compensation and gender equality on the labour market and less migrants as an ultimate aim.
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Monteiro de Carvalho, Rodrigo. "Nacionalismos, Independências e State-Building no Cáucaso do Sul | Nationalisms, independence and state-building in the South Caucasus." Mural Internacional 10 (December 28, 2019): e45131. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rmi.2019.45131.
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RESUMOPosicionado entre a Europa e a Ásia, linha de contato entre as civilizações islâmica e cristã e lar de diversas etnias, o Cáucaso foi disputado por persas, turcos e russos durante séculos. Após um breve período de independência, ao final da década de 1910, Armênia, Geórgia e Azerbaijão permaneceram sob o rígido controle de Moscou por quase a totalidade do século XX. No entanto, antes mesmo da extinção oficial da União Soviética, em 1991, conflitos étnicos e movimentos independentistas passaram a aflorar na região. Neste artigo, procura-se analisar de forma comparada os ressurgimentos dos nacionalismos armênio, azerbaijano e georgiano durante os anos finais do regime soviético, assim como os processos de independência e posterior construção de seus respectivos Estados nacionais. Espera-se demonstrar que os conflitos étnico-políticos que afloraram no Cáucaso durante o processo de desintegração soviética serviram como catalizadores para o reavivamento dos nacionalismos na região.Palavras-Chave: Cáucaso do Sul; nacionalismos; desintegração soviética.ABSTRACTPlaced between Europe and Asia, line of contact between Islamic and Christian civilizations and home to various ethnicities, the Caucasus has been disputed by Persians, Turks and Russians for centuries. After a brief period of independence in the late 1910s, Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan remained under the tight control of Moscow for almost the entire twentieth century. However, even before the official demise of the Soviet Union in 1991, ethnic conflicts and independence movements began to surface in the region. This paper seeks to analyze in a comparative way the resurgence of Armenian, Georgian and Azerbaijani nationalisms during the final years of the Soviet regime, as well as the processes of independence and subsequent construction of their respective national states. It is expected to demonstrate that the ethnic-political conflicts that erupted in the Caucasus during the soviet disintegration served as catalysts for the revival of nationalisms in the region.Keywords: South Caucasus; nationalisms; soviet disintegration. Recebido em: 09 Set.2019 | Aceito em: 16 Dez.2019
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Dorner, Zachary. "From Chelsea to Savannah: Medicines and Mercantilism in the Atlantic World." Journal of British Studies 58, no. 1 (January 2019): 28–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2018.172.
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AbstractIn 1732, the London Society of Apothecaries joined the Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America in a scheme to establish an experimental garden in the nascent colony. This garden was designed to benefit the trustees’ bottom line, as well as to provide much-needed drugs to British apothecaries at a time of increasing overseas warfare and the mortality it entailed. The effort to grow medicinal plants in Georgia drew together a group of partners who began to recognize the economic potential of botany, and of medicinal plants specifically, in calculations of political economy. The plan depended on the knowledge production occurring at the apothecaries’ Chelsea Physic Garden and their efforts to adapt to a changing medicine trade by finding customers among state-sponsored institutions. Taken together, the histories of the gardens at Chelsea and Savannah illustrate that a perceived need for medicines brought plants into expressions of state power long before the network of botanical stations emblematic of the nineteenth-century empire. This earlier transatlantic story pairs the commercialization of health-care provision with shifts in imperial policy in the long eighteenth century.
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Maglakelidze, Amirani. "CHALLENGES OF MIDDLE CLASS FORMATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA." Globalization and Business 4, no. 8 (December 27, 2019): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35945/gb.2019.08.014.
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In order to ensure irreversible development and stable social-economic conditions of a State, it should have a strong middle class, defining the country’s social and economic development targets. Considering the said, economic policy of development should be directed to the implementation of the measures supporting the formation of the healthy middle class in Georgia. Share of the population belonging to the middle class is still low in Georgia. According to the studies conducted by the World Bank, in 2014 only 7% of the population of Georgia belonged to the middle class. According to the economic- statistical study conducted in Georgia in 2018, share of the population belonging to the middle class in 2016 was 16%. The same study, with exclusion of the employment factor, shows the growth of the said share to 24,6%. Ignoring the employment – very important determinant of the middle class – naturally puts the last figure far from reality. Current income inequality and high level of poverty negatively impact formation of the middle class in the country. In order to form a middle class, Government of Georgia must overcome the problems faced by country’s entrepreneurship and society by means of the purposeful implementation of the rational policy of economic development. Achieving the said target requires: a stable political-economic environment; elaboration of the small, medium business development programs oriented on the inclusive growth, increase the scales of the currently existing program; development of the special professional training and employment programs for the population below the poverty line; promotion of economic activities based on the start of entrepreneurship, development of the start-ups, innovations and advanced technologies.
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Carmichael, Stephen W. "Microscope Museum." Microscopy Today 5, no. 5 (June 1997): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500061526.
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Recently, I had a delightfully pleasant surprise. I was attending a Human Embryology Conference in Washington, D.C., held at the National Museum of Health and Medicine, a Division of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. I've heard of the AFIP many times, but I had never been there, didn't even know where it was located. AFIP is located on the campus of Walter Reed Army Medical Center, which is bordered by Georgia Avenue. If you're driving, it's near the Maryland state line. If you're taking the Metro, get off at the Silver Springs stop and take a taxi.
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AKINS, E. DEANN, MARK A. HARRISON, and WILLIAM HURST. "Washing Practices on the Microflora on Georgia-Grown Cantaloupes." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.1.46.
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In recent years, several foodborne illness outbreaks have been associated with the consumption of cantaloupe. Cantaloupes can be contaminated with pathogens anywhere from the field to the packing line. In the United States, cantaloupes are handled and packed differently in each state. Georgia-grown cantaloupes are brought to sheds, washed, and packed, whereas California-grown cantaloupes are field packed. In this study, the microbiological status of cantaloupes produced by four Georgia growers that use various washing and packing practices was assessed to determine the influence of these different practices. The facilities were visited four times during the harvest season. Aerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli, and coliforms on these Georgia-grown cantaloupes were enumerated in transport trailers, after washing, and after packing. Samples also were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7. In sheds 1 and 4, a chlorinated dump tank was used to wash melons. In sheds 2 and 3, heated water with chlorine was used in the dump tanks. Although there was a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the populations of the aerobic bacteria and E. coli between the transport trailer and the dump tank for sheds 1 and 4, the reduction was less than 0.5 log CFU/cm2. The temperatures of the water in the dump tanks at sheds 2 and 3 were not high enough to effectively reduce the microbial populations evaluated. Populations on the melons increased slightly (<0.5 log CFU/cm2) after the melons were removed from the dump tank, suggesting possible contamination after washing.
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Xu, Wenjing, Sergio Bernardes, Sydney T. Bacchus, and Marguerite Madden. "Mapped Fractures and Sinkholes in the Coastal Plain of Florida and Georgia to Infer Environmental Impacts from Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) and Supply Wells in the Regional Karst Floridan Aquifer System." Journal of Geography and Geology 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v8n2p76.
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The regional Floridan aquifer system (FAS) extends from the submerged carbonate platform of the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Straits of Florida in the southeastern United States (US), throughout Florida and the coastal plain of Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. This carbonate aquifer system is characterized by bedding planes, fractures, dissolution cavities, and other karst features that result in preferential flow of ground water, particularly in response to anthropogenic perturbations such as groundwater withdrawals and aquifer injections. The FAS was divided into six sub-regions for groundwater-modeling purposes in 1989, with results concluding that breaches of those groundwater divides had occurred and those breaches were attributed to large withdrawals of ground water in the US southeastern coastal plain. Those results suggest the model did not elucidate preferential flow conditions through fractures and other karst conduits. We hypothesized that incorporating fractures and sinkholes into groundwater models could improve results and predict adverse impacts to environmentally sensitive areas. We analyzed extensive fracture networks and sinkholes previously mapped throughout Florida and in Dougherty County, Georgia. Some of those fractures extend from one sub-region into an adjacent sub-region of the FAS and may be facilitating the breaching of groundwater divides described in the 1989 groundwater model for this regional aquifer system. The greater total fractures and fracture density in Dougherty County (1,225 and 141.3/100 km2, respectively) compared to 21 north-Florida counties (10-91fractures per county and 0.6-3.8/100 km2, respectively) presumably is due to the scale of fracture mapping and shorter mean lengths of mapped fractures in Dougherty County (1.2 km), compared to north Florida counties (26-118 km), rather than to orders of magnitude increases in fracture densities in that part of the FAS. The number of sinkholes identified in Dougherty County in a recent, unrelated project using 2011 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images, was approximately an order of magnitude greater than the number of sinkholes mapped in analog form in that county and published in 1986. Extension of the dense network of those fractures that occurred within the boundaries of a Priority Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Area (PARCA) that encompassed Dougherty County covered the Elmodel Wildlife Management Area (WMA) and ASR demonstration well in Baker County, Georgia. Those extensions also passed through numerous agricultural areas with center-pivot irrigation wells in southwest Georgia; intersected other Georgia PARCAs near the Florida-Georgia state line; and clumped in two areas of dense sinkhole clusters in northwest Florida. No determination has been made regarding the contributions of pirated water from the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) River Basins and Wakulla Springshed from the magnitude and extent of agricultural, municipal, and industrial groundwater withdrawals in Georgia’s coastal plain, that exceed groundwater withdrawals in Florida for that area of the FAS, to the increase in sinkholes in Dougherty County and the dense clusters of sinkholes in northwest Florida, via preferential flow through fractures. Similarly, the survival and recovery of at least 24 animal species in Georgia that are either federally listed or high-priority state species may be jeopardized by adverse direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts from preferential flow through fractures, sinkholes, and other karst conduits in response to aquifer injections and withdrawals that have not been evaluated. Currently no regional groundwater model has been constructed to evaluate such preferential groundwater flow in the FAS. A model incorporating preferential flow via mapped fractures and sinkholes is essential to determine the magnitude and extent of environmental impacts from ASR wells and other supply and disposal wells in this regional aquifer system, such as pirated water from the ACF and other river basins, alterations in submarine groundwater discharge to Apalachicola Bay and other coastal areas, saltwater intrusion, upconing of saline ground water and resulting impacts to federally endangered and threatened species and high-priority state species.
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Shestakova, Marianna N. "Territorial differentiation of public sentiment in modern Georgia (the experience of sociological survey)." Socialʹnye i gumanitarnye znania 7, no. 2 (June 11, 2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/2412-6519-2021-2-146-157.
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В конце октября 2020 г. в Грузии состоялись парламентские выборы. Стартовал очередной электоральный цикл. Что принесёт он в плане взаимоотношений России и Грузии? После окончания избирательной кампании был проведён социологический опрос среди жителей соседнего государства с целью выяснения их отношения к России, её потенциального влияния на избирательную кампанию, возможных путей развития взаимосвязей двух государств. Опираясь на результаты анкетирования, автор исследует наличие территориальной дифференциации общественного мнения по данным вопросам. Возможно ли выявить «эффект соседства» по отношению к России? Исследование является составной частью большого многолетнего проекта по изучению вероятной трансформации электорального поведения жителей пограничных с Россией государств. Автор приходит к выводу, что, несмотря на довольно серьезные политические противоречия между двумя государствами, существует большой потенциал добрососедских отношений, выражающийся в преобладающем позитивном общественном мнении по отношению к соседнему государству. Приграничные с Россией регионы Грузии не проявляют какой-либо особой лояльности. В работе также выявлены территориальные различия в общественном мнении по линии Север - Юг, которые требуют дополнительного исследования. At the end of October 2020, parliamentary elections took place in Georgia. Another electoral cycle has started. What will it bring in terms of bilateral relations between Russia and Georgia? After the end of the election campaign, a sociological survey was conducted among residents of the neighboring state in order to clarify their attitude towards Russia, its potential impact on the election campaign, and possible ways of developing relations between the two states. Based on the results of the survey, the author finds out whether there is a territorial differentiation of public opinion on these issues. Is it possible to identify the "neighborhood effect" in relation to Russia? The research paper is an integral part of a large multi-year project, which studies the probable transformation of the electoral behavior of residents of the states bordering Russia. The author comes to the conclusion that despite the existing considerable political contradictions between the two states, there is a great potential for good neighborhood relations, expressed in the prevailing positive public opinion regarding the neighboring state. The regions of Georgia bordering Russia do not demonstrates any particular loyalty. It was possible to identify territorial differences in public opinion along the North-South line, which require additional research.
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DAATLAND, SVEIN OLAV, KATHARINA HERLOFSON, and IVAR A. LIMA. "Balancing generations: on the strength and character of family norms in the West and East of Europe." Ageing and Society 31, no. 7 (January 11, 2011): 1159–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x10001315.
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ABSTRACTThis article explores the strength and character of responsibility norms between older parents and adult children in a European context. Data from the ‘Generations and Gender Survey’ are analysed to compare seven countries from the North West to the South East of Europe: Norway, Germany, France, Romania, Bulgaria, Russia and Georgia. Norm strength is measured as the level of support for filial and parental responsibility norms. Character differences are indicated by how conditional the norms are, and how they are balanced between the younger and older generations. The general findings are in line with the family culture hypothesis – family norms are stronger towards the East and South of the continent, with Norway and Georgia as the extreme cases. National differences are considerable for filial norms, but moderate for parental norms. Parental responsibility is relatively stronger in the North West, filial responsibility in the South East. Family norms have a more open character in the West, where the limits to responsibility are widely recognised. Women are less supportive of family obligations than men. It is suggested that where the welfare state is more developed, it has moderated the demanding character of family obligations and allowed a more independent relationship between the generations to form. The level of support for filial obligation is for these reasons a poor indicator for family cohesion in more developed welfare states.
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Aydemir, Görkem. "Contingent Homes: Mobility and Long-Term Conflict in the Contested Periphery of Georgia." Journal of Refugee Studies 34, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feab004.
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Abstract Displaced Georgians in the de facto Georgia-Abkhazia borderland have lived in a zone of protracted ambivalence and contingency for almost three decades. During the war between the post-Socialist Georgian state and Abkhaz forces supporting the independence of Abkhazia, Georgian residents of Abkhazia were forced to flee to Georgia proper. Soon after the war’s end, thousands of displaced people started to access their homes in Gali, the southern borderland of the de facto state of Abkhazia. By persistently navigating shifting places and sovereignties, displaced Georgians from Gali construct lives on the move in a disputed and militarized borderland where contingency, surveillance, and economic precarity infiltrate everyday life. In such a space of life projects grounded in contested mobilities, home emerges as a question of being able to move across a disputed border rather than returning to a singular and fixed place.
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Clogg, Rachel. "The Politics of Identity in Post-Soviet Abkhazia: Managing Diversity and Unresolved Conflict1." Nationalities Papers 36, no. 2 (May 2008): 305–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990801934371.
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The question of ethnic and national identity has dominated post-Soviet life in Abkhazia, which is situated on the Black Sea coast, in the north-west corner of the South Caucasus. Formerly an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, its status is now contested. Following violent armed conflict with Georgia over a period of 13 months in 1992/1993, Abkhazia became de facto independent. However, while not now under Georgian control, Abkhazia remains de jure part of the Republic of Georgia, which considers Abkhazia an integral component of its state. Abkhazia declared independence in 1999, a status that remains unrecognized by the international community.
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Gaman-Golutvina, Oxana. "Political Elites in the Commonwealth of Independent States: Recruitment and Rotation Tendencies." Comparative Sociology 6, no. 1-2 (2007): 136–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913307x208140.
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AbstractThis paper deals with the process of elite recruitment in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The analysis of CIS countries' experiences allows a correlation to be drawn between the model of elite organization and the political and economic policies they pursue. As a rule, based on the mold of traditionalist (patron-client) relations, elites act as the agents of de-modernization and re-traditionalization. Organized on the principles of rational bureaucracy, elites are able to ensure modernization. Looking at the evolution of the CIS countries from this angle, the author investigates three groups of states. Two of these represent an almost 'ideal type' or 'clean' example of implementing the reference model. Byelorussia, at one end of the spectrum, is an example of a bureaucratically run state. On the other side of this spectrum are the countries of post-Soviet Central Asia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, which embody the model of the clannish elite. The third group of countries are those states maintaining an in-between position within the proposed line of analysis, or those post-Soviet polities marked by a complicated plexus and sometimes also by an acute struggle between different models (Russia, Ukraine, Armenia, and Moldova).
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Momtselidze, Giorgi. "General Education Policy in Minority Schools in Georgia." Acta Educationis Generalis 10, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/atd-2020-0028.
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Abstract Introduction: The historical conditions that have developed over the centuries, as well as the migration processes of the 19th and 20th centuries, have determined the multi-ethnic composition of the country’s population. Georgia, as a post-Soviet country, has been transitioning from totalitarianism to democracy for the last few years. The country is in the process of developing into an open, civil society; the modern concept of human-free development, the new principles and values of a civil society and the priorities of public consent placed the problem of ensuring the creation of tolerance in the foreground. Therefore, it is important to define the place and role of national minorities in modern social life. The aim of the article is to determine the problems of non-Georgian general education schools in the educational space of Georgia and develop the necessary recommendations for the solution of these problems. The object of the study is non-Georgian-language public schools in the territory of Georgia, where the teaching and learning processes of the representatives of national minorities is underway. Purpose: The study will discuss the current situation in non-Georgian language general education schools. We will present the recommendations that we think will have a positive impact on the development of non-Georgian language educational institutions in the current education reform. Methods: The article examines the situation in the state regarding the issue of general education of national minorities, international experiences, problems and the means of solving them. Through surveys, in-depth interviews, focus group, data collection, organisation, analysis and synthesis, attention was paid to three problematic issues. These were as follows: 1. low motivation of the students in non-Georgian language schools; 2. low level of knowledge of the state language among the students; 3. textbook availability in non-Georgian language schools of Georgia. Conclusion: A content analysis was used to draw common conclusions. From the in-depth study of the materials, specific recommendations have been made regarding the effectiveness. The policies that were implemented in relation to the national goals of general education in national minorities are less result-oriented and need to be improved.
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Koguashvili, Paata, and Nikoloz Chikhladze. "CEREALS AS GUARANTOR OF FOOD SOVEREIGNTY." Globalization and Business 4, no. 8 (December 27, 2019): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35945/gb.2019.08.005.
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Georgia has long been considered one of the exemplary wheat producing and consuming countries. In the article, the authors claim that the production of cereals as a strategic food must be a priority, and that the structural transformation of arable lands will allow for producing 1.0-1.1 million tons of cereals in the medium term, which is sufficient for the country’s food security. As to wheat, we can produce it within 60-65% of our demand, of which, price of one ton will be by$ 25-30 as compared who imported wheat. To that end, we have to change agricultural policy and bring it in line with the existing global challenges. In the last two decades, there has been a trend towards the decline in world cereal output and the continuing rise in their prices. The latter is also due to the fact that population growth has far outpaced the percapita growth of cereal production. In the last four decades, the global price of 1 ton of wheat has increased from $ 80.4 to $ 173.4. The era of cheap food in the world has come to an end. Economic calculations indicate that by 2025, the optimal area for wheat will be considered: 114.0 thousand ha, for crops - 421.8 thousand tons, for a grain-storing - 120.0 thousand ha, and for a fodder - 50.0 thousand ha, for maize - 170,0 thousand ha and 714,0 thousand tons, for barley - 50,0 thousand ha and 160,0 thousand tons, for oats - 20,0 thousand ha and 50,0 thousand tons. In case of land consolidation, the wheat cultivation area may be increased to 150.0 thousand hectares. In order to avoid the long-standing problem, it is necessary to apply all the reserves for increasing domestic cereal production, for which, first of all, Georgia should adopta financially, technically, technologically and institutionally strong State program supporting grain producers, which will also involve institutional measures to produce elite seeds.
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Occheli, Vera. "Польская драматургия рубежа XIX–XX веков на сцене грузинского театра." Bibliotekarz Podlaski Ogólnopolskie Naukowe Pismo Bibliotekoznawcze i Bibliologiczne 51, no. 2 (August 16, 2021): 165–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.36770/bp.606.
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The article presents findings based on the materials of the Archives of the State Theatre Museum of Georgia and theatrical reviews published in the Georgian periodical press of the designated time. The obtained data allowed to draw a conclusion about the wide popularity of Polish drama on the stages of Tiflis and Kutaisi theatres. Polish drama attracted the audience not only with its high artistic skill, but also with the desire to get acquainted with the Polish theatre system, its ability to pose and solve important life problems. Plays by Stanislaw Przybyszewski, Jerzy Żuławski, Gabriela Zapolska, Michał Bałucki and others were staged in Georgian theatres. The dramatization of the novel Quo vadis? by Henryk Sienkewicz was particularly recognized among the Georgian public. The article also points to the great interest of the Georgian audience in modern Polish drama, especially the plays of Sławomir Mrożek.
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Hall, Charles R., Alan W. Hodges, Hayk Khachatryan, and Marco A. Palma. "Economic Contributions of the Green Industry in the United States in 20181." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 38, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-38.3.73.
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Abstract The economic contributions of the green industry in the United States were estimated for 2018 using information on industry employment and wages, and economic multipliers from a U.S. IMPLAN economic model. Direct industry output for all sectors was estimated at $159.57 billion (B), and total output contributions, including indirect and induced regional economic multiplier effects of export sales, were $348.08 B. The total value added contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was $190.98 B, including labor income contributions of $121.55 B, other property income contributions of $16.01 B and business taxes paid to local, state and federal governments of $25.84 B. The industry had direct employment of 1,599,662 fulltime and part-time individuals, and total employment contributions of 2,315,357 jobs in the broader economy. The largest individual industry sectors in terms of employment and GDP contributions were landscaping and horticultural services (1,460,669 jobs, $221.89 B), greenhouse, nursery and floriculture production (217,574 jobs, $28.69 B), and lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores (292,614 jobs, $43.80 B). The top ten states in terms of employment contributions were California (264,913 jobs), Florida (203,482), Texas (161,151), Ohio (90,406), Pennsylvania (90,075), New York (90,266), Illinois (87,595), North Carolina (78,766), Michigan (77,719), and Georgia (66,527). Since 2013, green industry contributions in 2018 increased by 16.2% for employment and 17.3% for GDP in inflation-adjusted terms. Growth in the industry was highest for wholesale and retail trade, while production and manufacturing declined. Although the green industry has grown slowly in recent years, it remains an important contributor to national, state and local economies. Index words: Sales, industry output, employment, value added, Gross Domestic Product, production, manufacturing, landscaping services, wholesale, retail, lawn and garden product line.
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Kurdadze, I. "New School Model Approaches in Preparing Future Teacher - in Pedagogical Practice Process." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/64/36.
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The process of preparing a future teacher is one of the most important directions in Samtskhe-Javakheti State University. Particular importance is attached to the training of teachers in the field of accuracy and natural sciences — STEM, which is a priority in Georgia today. In this process, it is very important to harmonize the approaches of teaching methodology in the teaching / learning process of students with the paradigm of the new school model, since the current process of education reform in the country is based on the introduction of a new school model project. Future teacher training programs (60 credits) must be in line with the country’s current reform processes, ensuring that future teacher training is up to date. Successful pedagogical practice will show the future teacher in practice and will allow him to understand the child’s personality, his profile and, as a result, introduce the most important aspects of development assessment to each student, according to the developing five-level system. Assessment-Single Taxonomy — In this process, it is important to have a good understanding of the target concept / perceptions of the indigenous peoples. A special task in the learning process is a challenging task, because with a well-chosen complex task, well thought out key questions and deeply analyzed accents, effectively planned learning stages, it is possible to develop deep and fundamental knowledge in the student who prepares the student for school.
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van Peski, Caecilia J. "Good Cop, Bad Cop." Security and Human Rights 24, no. 1 (2013): 49–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02401008.
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Over the summer month of August 2008, Georgia launched a large-scale military offensive against South Ossetia in an attempt of reconquering the territory. Four years later, on October 1, 2012, Georgia is holding its first Parliamentary Elections after the conflict that caused so much harm. The Parliamentary Elections constitute the 7th legislative elections held since Georgia’s independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. It is however the first time for Georgia to elect an alternative party from the ruling party solely based on principle of democratic vote. The article examines the almost ten years of President Saakashvili’s Administration. During this decade, Saakashvili’s United National Movement government realized many positive works. Works like the successful reform of police forces and the determined force-back of corruption. These liberating works were all eagerly welcomed by Europe and other western nations. However, in the apparent loss of sense of reality towards the end of its reign, Georgia’s United National Movement government turned to dictating and ordering as a main style of governing. This in turn pushed citizens away from Saakashvili’s politics into voting for the opposition. Unforeseen by even the most experienced Southern Caucasus and Georgia experts, Georgia’s 2012 Parliamentary Elections gave way to the opposition coalition Georgian Dream to sweep to victory, leaving President Saakashvili to ceded defeat. Despite President Saakashvili’s statement that he would go into opposition there has not been a complete paradigm shift in Georgia’s domestic politics. With the Georgian Dream’s failure to gain a constitutional majority and questions over the ideological compatibility of the coalition – along with the fact that United National Movement still has the greatest representation in Parliament relative to the other parties, Saakashvili and his supporters keep hold to substantial political leverage. Also, Saakashvili will remain President until the October 2013 election. His opponent, Prime Minister Ivanishvili is expected to manifest himself, bringing in a less contentious, more pragmatic approach to relations with the country’s giant neighbour to the north. Overall, it can be said that Georgia’s unrivalled ballot-box transfer of power elevated the country to a category fundamentally higher in terms of democratic development than virtually all other post-Soviet states. This has been the more remarkable even since Georgia had been widely cited as an example case of a failed state, with a destroyed infrastructure and economy, dysfunctional state institutions and something approaching anarchy as its governance model. The impact of the ongoing reform of Georgia’s constitution and electoral law has lead to major shifts in Georgia’s political landscape. However, opinions vary as to whether the farsighted amendments made to the Georgian constitution on the initiative of the United National Movement are a genuine attempt to improve the country’s system of governance or that they rather are an effort by the incumbent president to cling on to power. The adoption of the amendments and the timing of their entry into force strongly suggest that the latter might be the case. Meanwhile, as a result of the changes to the Georgian constitution, a system of dual power has come in place. These and other factors suggest that Georgia’s political landscape is set to become more predictable. The article examines the degree to which this can be held true. In the streets of Tbilisi, hundred days into the reign of the new government, there is an air of optimism amongst the people. This holds especially true when it comes to youth. The hope is that the Georgian Dream becomes a Georgian reality. The disappointment otherwise might be shattering. In spring 2013, the new leadership offers new opportunities for Georgia. It can improve its democratic system and economic growth and establish a dialogue with Russia and the breakaway districts of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. This would alleviate the frozen conflict and tense security dilemma’ on the Administrative Boundary Lines. Yet, if the transition of power does not go well, there will be prolonged power struggles that could cripple the policy making and cast Georgia back to pre-Saakashvili times. The article addresses the overall question whether the smooth transfer of power Georgia achieved after October’s election sets a standard for democracy in the region depending on whether the new government can strengthen the independence and accountability of state institutions in what remains a fragile, even potentially explosive political climate. The victory of the Georgian Dream Coalition over the United National Movement has brought pluralism into Georgian policymaking. However this political pluralism also includes that awkward dual powers; Georgia’s good cop and bad cop.
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Berglund, Christofer. "“Forward to David the Builder!” Georgia's (re)turn to language-centered nationalism." Nationalities Papers 44, no. 4 (July 2016): 522–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2016.1142519.
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After the Rose Revolution, President Saakashvili tried to move away from the exclusionary nationalism of the past, which had poisoned relations between Georgians and their Armenian and Azerbaijani compatriots. His government instead sought to foster an inclusionary nationalism, wherein belonging was contingent upon speaking the state language and all Georgian speakers, irrespective of origin, were to be equals. This article examines this nation-building project from a top-down and bottom-up lens. I first argue that state officials took rigorous steps to signal that Georgian-speaking minorities were part of the national fabric, but failed to abolish religious and historical barriers to their inclusion. I next utilize a large-scale, matched-guise experiment (n= 792) to explore if adolescent Georgians ostracize Georgian-speaking minorities or embrace them as their peers. I find that the upcoming generation of Georgians harbor attitudes in line with Saakashvili's language-centered nationalism, and that current Georgian nationalism therefore is more inclusionary than previous research, or Georgia's tumultuous past, would lead us to believe.
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Pritchett, Hallie. "From the Chair." DttP: Documents to the People 47, no. 3 (September 12, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/dttp.v47i3.7118.
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To my surprise, my year as GODORT chair is over. Equally surprising: it has been just over a year since I left the University of Georgia to move into library administration at North Dakota State University. While I was in fact job hunting when I agreed to run for chair in 2017, at the time it did not occur to me that there was a good possibility that these two challenging situations would not only overlap but happen simultaneously. Over this past year, I told many people that had I known that would be the case, I never would have run for GODORT chair. In retrospect, I am not so sure that is true. Job hunting is at best a crapshoot; with so many variables and uncertainties, you rarely know how things will go until you get a job offer. I had interviews for jobs I thought would be too much of a stretch given my experience and heard nothing from places I assumed would at least give me a phone interview. My favorite rejection letter was a terse, two sentence email with the subject line “Not Selected” that came months after the position in question was filled. Talk about breaking it to you gently! Although I was getting enough interviews to think I would find a new job at some point, at the time I had no idea when that would be; for all I knew, I would still be at UGA when I started my term as GODORT chair. Ultimately, I decided that being in the middle of a job search was no reason not to run, and so I did; the rest is history.
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Margvelashvili, Maia. "Sport, Physical Exercise and Public Health in Georgia." Journal of Anthropology of Sport and Physical Education 5, no. 2 (April 16, 2021): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26773/jaspe.210405.
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The present study is focused on the sport, physical exercise, and their role in the public health of Georgia. In this paper, the situation created by the COVID-19 global pandemic and its negative consequences on the physical or mental health of individuals was not considered, as at this stage, as the pandemic is not yet about to recede, it is too early to draw any far-reaching conclusions. Life after the pandemic will be quite different, but the significance of sports and physical activity for human health will probably become more in the spotlight. The paper discusses the low participation in physical activity of the population in Georgia as the risk factor for non-contagious diseases, as well as explains and analysis many reasons for such low engagement. Finally, the paper provides some recommendations, which in the author's opinion, will be beneficial for achieving growth of participation of the Georgian population in mass sport and physical activities.
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Bregvadze, Roland. "DEVELOPMENT OF «LIABILITY INSURANCE» IN GEORGIA FOR THE LAST 10 YEARS» (OVERVIEW OF 2008 - 2018)." Economic Profile 15, no. 20 (December 25, 2020): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2020.20.07.
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In Georgia, the insurance industry has been developing since 1997, since the establishment of insurance development strategy by the state, the LEPL State Insurance Supervision Service, the main insurance regulation law on insurance, normative and sub-legal acts have been developed, and an important place has been given to insurance relations in Georgian civil, air, marine and customs code. Several types of compulsory insurance have been introduced. Over time, with the realization of the benefits of insurance by the public and private business, there has been a growing demand for the various types of insurance offered by private insurance companies. Including types of personal insurance, property and financial risk insurance. There was also some demand for various liability insurance in both the corporate and retail markets. Nevertheless, judging by the statistics of the Georgian insurance market from 2008 to 2018, we will see that liability insurance is less prominent. Leading among the types of insurance are types of insurance such as medical insurance, auto insurance, property and life insurance. Liability insurance ranks sixth and seventh, both in terms of premiums attracted and policies issued. Liability insurance is less in demand today and is preceded by types of insurance such as medical insurance, motor insurance, property and life insurance. The separation of the type of liability insurance and the importance of its development is due to the fact that it is impossible to attribute it to property or personal insurance. If the object of property insurance is the property of a natural or legal person, and the property of a person - human life, health and ability to work, then the object of liability insurance is the liability of the insured (insured) for damage to a third party in accordance with law or contractual obligations. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to reflect to some extent the problems of liability insurance development in Georgia and to offer recommendations for their solution.
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TVALCHRELIDZE, Nino, and Nana Alkesidze. "Exploring the Student-Centered Classroom Management and Self-Actualization Tendencies in Georgian Classrooms." Journal of Education in Black Sea Region 4, no. 2 (May 26, 2019): 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31578/jebs.v4i2.176.
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The demands of the 21st century world have changed, these changes require the modernization of the tendencies almost in every field, including education. The demand of the globalized world caused the shifting of educational approaches from the conventional and traditional methods to more contemporary, person–oriented and challenging ones. Georgia is a developing country. The multi-ethnicity of the population makes its educational system to be more sophisticated and tailored to the population needs and contemporary challenges. Self-actualization is one of the best ways of students’ engagement and encouragement in the educational process and for their preparation as life-long self-directed learners. Adopting the student-centered approach in teaching enhances the process of students’ engagement in the classroom activities and their self-actualization. In order to find out the state of the student-centeredness and self-actualization in Georgian high schools the quantitative approach (4-point Likert scale questionnaire) was applied. Eight schools from different regions of Georgia were involved in the research. The results from the research are positive enough: more than the half of the high school students in Georgian schools both in public and in private ones consider their classroom and the whole educational management more student-centered than teacher-centered. However, there is still much to be done for fostering and enhancing theses tendencies for making students learn in a really student-centered classroom environment and to make them more self-actualized.
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Grabovska, Iryna, and Tetyana Talko. "PUTINISM AND ITS IDEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND AS A PROBLEM OF MODERN THEORETICAL DISCOURSE IN SOCIAL SCIENCIES AND HUMANITIES." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 25 (2019): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2019.25.8.
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The article explores the problem of the ideology of Putinism. It draws attention to the fact that in modern analytical texts about the phenomenon of Putinism, the dispute between scholars has shifted toward clarifying its ideological foundations. A few years ago, an intense scientific debate about the correctness of usage of the term "Putinism" itself took place. The authors investigate the current analytical publications on the ideological foundations of Putinism. The article points out the divergence of views of researchers on the existence of state ideological doctrine developed in the current Kremlin regime. The purpose of this article is defined as proving the fact that Putinism is not only a practical but also an ideological phenomenon of our age. The authors conclude that the ideology of Putinism exists. It seems convincing to consider Putinism as an ideological doctrine of the hybrid type, the general characteristic of which can be defined as neo-imperialism of the autocratic type with the elements of totalitarianism, "assembled" from a set of different doctrines of the past and present. Among them: Pan-Slavism, Russo-Centrism, Eurasianism and Neo-Eurasianism, Duginism (ideologically extremely close to the ideology of the Third Reich and the ideologists of the German "conservative revolution" at the same time, according to L. Lux), Messianism, Isolationism, Anti-Westernism and Anti-Americanism, Neo-Stalinism, Orthodox Fundamentalism, the role of the strong leader. Putinism as a neo-imperialist ideology is in line with the Kremlin's practice, beginning with Putin's rise to power when neo-colonial wars began on the perimeter of the former Soviet empire. It is partly orientated to suppress internal separatist movements, as it was in the case of Chechnya and partly to attempts to "gathering lands" as in the case of Georgia and now – of Ukraine.
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Emelyanenko, Tatyana G. "Materials of I.M. Pulner on the Ethnography of the Georgian Jews in the Аrchive of the Russian Ethnographic Museum: 1926–29." Herald of an archivist, no. 2 (2021): 603–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-2-603-614.
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The article introduces one of the documentary sources on the history and ethnography of the Georgian Jews stored in the archive of the Russian Ethnographic Museum – field materials collected by I. M. Pulner in his expeditions to Georgia in 1926, 1928, and 1929. The introductory part of the article provides a brief summary of the main stages of his professional activity, wherein his study of the Georgian Jews ethnography dates back to his student years. The expeditions he carried out at that time were the first experience of purposeful ethnographic study of this Jewish ethnic group. Pulner's field materials accrue special scientific value as they contain real facts and people’s statements, as well as ethnographer’s direct observations, which give a fairly objective idea of everyday culture and socio-economic conditions of the Georgian Jews in the second half of the 1920s. The documents of the archive include expedition journal and report, as well as separate notes on various areas of Georgian Jewish culture. Most notes date from Pulner’s first trip to Kutaisi; in the following two years, he mostly visited villages where the Georgian Jews lived, but the archive of the Museum contains only several his recordings of weather wisdom, culinary recipes, and song lyrics written down in these trips. The article chiefly analyses Pulner’s Kutaisi materials. Drawing on them, methods and peculiarities of his ethnographic work among the local Jews are revealed; areas in which he collected his data are described; certain information is cited concerning occupation, material situation, organization of religious life, specificity of religious rituals performed in synagogue, Sabbath celebration, state of Jewish education following the closure of Jewish schools during the Soviet era, attitude to the ideas of Zionism among the youth, relations (including matrimony) between the mountain Jews, Ashkenazi, and Georgians Jews, traditional dwelling and its decoration, festive and everyday food, clothing, folk sayings, wedding ceremonial rites, etc. Among all occupations, Pulner underscored trade, which remained the main occupation of the Jews of Kutaisi, although it fell into decay under the Soviet rule, forcing Jews to master new professions of porters and water sellers, which were considered lowly occupations in Georgia. Talking about the synagogue, he drew attention to the fact that among the Georgian Jews it was not just a place for performing religious rites, but also the center of the Jewish quarter residents’ social life; he noted the leading role of cantor in synagogue service and detailed its procedure. There are interesting materials about relationship between the Georgian Jews and the Jews of other ethnic groups (mountain, Ashkenazi) demonstrating their distancing, as well as materials on their close cooperation with the Georgians in everyday life. Information on material culture is brief and concerns mainly clothing worn by men and women. Of the wedding rituals, Pulner managed to record only matchmaking rites. He did not succeed in continuing a full-scale study the eorgian Jews, and those materials he collected during his student expeditions remain rare evidence of the Georgian Jews in the Soviet era.
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Hopkins, Chandra Owenby. "The Natural Stage: Fanny Kemble's Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838–1839." Theatre Survey 62, no. 2 (April 6, 2021): 201–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557421000077.
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Noted British actress Fanny Kemble lived eighty-four years on and off the theatrical and political stages of the nineteenth century. Kemble was an active writer who authored her first five-act play, Francis the First, at the age of eighteen. She would go on to write at least ten other published works, including a second full-length play, multiple journals recording her personal observations, notes on Shakespeare, and poetry collections. While Kemble remained devoted to writing as personal practice throughout her life, her most well-known piece of writing is her 1863 Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838–1839. Kemble's journal documents her outrage and disgust at the living conditions, harsh daily existence, and enslaved individuals she encountered while living on the two Sea Island plantations that her husband, Pierce Butler, inherited off the coast of Georgia.
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Kbiladze, David, Shorena Metreveli, and Medea Samsiani. "Some Problems of Food Safety in Georgia." Ekonomika 98, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2019.2.8.
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The problem of production, export, import, and consumption of food was always topical for the long history of Georgia. At all stages of the society development, people need to take food and meet other of their elementary needs. Issues of food supply assurance of the Georgian population differ according to time periods. For example, in Shota Rustaveli’s poem The Knight in the Panther’s Skin it is described that the living standard in the 11th–13th centuries was quite high. At that period of time, Georgia was fed with its own grain. Along with wealth, Shota Rustaveli also characterizes poverty. Most of the state's income was spent on the poor people, so there was a large gap between the rich and poor population.
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the problem of poverty and wealth of the population was highlighted by prominent public figures: Sulkhan – Saba Orbeliani and Vakhushti Bagrationi. Ilia Chavchavadze describes the problem of poverty in the country by the end of the 19th century. Poor living conditions of the population were noted during the initial phase of Georgia in Soviet Union and during World War II. Better conditions existed at the last stage of socialism.Meeting the population’s demand for principal foodstuffs and providing near-rational norms of such foodstuffs has always been a major objective of the governments of all times.The prolonged transformation process of the economy of Georgia with its social characteristics was particularly painful. A sharp decline in the standard of life started from the 1990s. Before the economic collapse, a monthly rated wage in Georgia with its foodstuff purchasing power parity almost equaled that of developed countries.
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Chelidze, V. "Written Sources from Ancient Albanian-Georgian Communications (Sagdukht - Princess Rani and Queen of Kartli)." Язык и текст 7, no. 3 (2020): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2020070309.
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National-cultural and religious disappearance of the Christian countries of the Caucasus (Albania, Iberia, Armenia) from the V century was threatened by Persia. "Kartlis Tskhovreba" (History of Georgia) tells in detail about these acute and dramatic historical events. Historical writings from a later period show one feature of this region. The references to Rani (Aran) as Persia ("Mirian... called from Persia his relative, a descendant of kings, named Peroz") and the inhabitants of this country as Persians ("in Ran, wherever the Persians fought") should not be taken literally. In Georgian historical works, the terms "Persia" and" Persian " in addition to Persia and Persians also meant countries and peoples of the Near and Middle East-Arabs, Turks, and others: "Sultan Arfasaran came out, king of P e R s I I" (Leonti Mroveli, Life of kings); "P e R s I d s K I e s u l t a n s, far and near" ("Chronicle of the times of lash Giorgi", life of king Giorgi); "the Georgians entered the castle, and there was a strong battle, and p e R s s B a g d a d a were defeated" (Chronicle of the century). This situation is due to the fact that the entire territory to the East of the Caucasus for centuries belonged to and was ruled by the Persian Empire of the Achaemenid, Arshakid and Sasanian eras (much later the Arab Caliphate and then the Turkish Sultanate appeared on the historical scene). In Georgian historical texts, in particular in the chronicle "Life of the kings" by Leonti Mroveli, a logical geographical description is given about this – "Persians from the East of the sun". According to Georgian historical data, these peoples also include Albanians who lived to the East of the Georgians. One of the most notable historical events is an extensive episode of romantic love in the life of an Albanian Princess, the daughter of the ruler of Rani (Aran) Barzaboda and a thorough historical account of the dramatic state activities of the Queen of Kartli (Iberia), mother of the great Georgian king Vakhtang Gorgasal-S a g d u x t.
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Verulava, Tengiz, and Beka Dangadze. "Health Capital and Economic Growth: Evidence from Georgia." Open Public Health Journal 11, no. 1 (September 28, 2018): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944501811010401.
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Introduction:Investments in healthcare are important in terms of formation of the health capital. The research aims to find out the role of the health capital in economic growth of a country.Methods:This study is based on the secondary sources of data. The study data were obtained from Human Development Report, Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Protection of Georgia. As a proxy indicator for measuring the health capital we used the life expectancy at birth, the general and initial illness rate, the general, maternal and children’s mortality rate, outpatient referral rate, the state expenses on healthcare, the share of state expenditure in total expenditure on health and state expenditure on health as a percentage of the Gross Domestic Product.Results:The average life expectancy has increased in recent 25 years. The maternal and children’s mortality rate have decreased, healthcare expenses have become higher and outpatient referral rate has also become more constant character. All these have a positive influence on the people’s health and country’s economic growth. However, the state expenses on healthcare and outpatient referral rate are far below the European level.Conclusion:As the health capital fulfills significant role in terms of the country’s economic growth in a long-run perspective, it is advisable to promote the development of the primary healthcare system and taking WHO recommendations concerning state healthcare expenses into account.
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Roberson, Ethan K., Christopher E. Skelton, and Christopher M. Babb. "Life history and distribution of the Oconee burrowing crayfish, Cambarus truncatus." Freshwater Crayfish 21, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5869/fc.2015.v21-1.123.
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Abstract The Oconee burrowing crayfish, Cambarus truncatus, is endemic to the Oconee River watershed in central Georgia. Very little is known about this primary burrower’s life history or distribution. To gather life history data, a non-invasive study was conducted using Norrocky burrowing crayfish traps and burrowing crayfish nets at Balls Ferry State Park in Toomsboro, Georgia. Crayfish were captured, measured, tagged, and released to determine growth rate, reproductive stage, and association with physiochemical factors. Thirty-six specimens were captured during the study of which twenty-five were tagged and released. Ten of the individuals were recaptured multiple times. Form I males were found in the months of February, March, May, October, and November. Female glair gland activity was present from February – May, when four in-berry females were captured; females held an average of 28 eggs. Glair gland activity peaked again during the months of October and November. Cambarus truncatus exhibited a growth rate of about 1 mm in total carapace length per molt until plateauing at about 34 mm total carapace length. The largest specimen collected was a female measuring 34.6 mm in total carapace length. The known distribution of C. truncatus was increased from 15 to 26 localities during this study, and now encompasses six counties within the Oconee River watershed.
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Dundua, Salome, Tamar Karaia, and Zviad Abashidze. "National narration and Politics of Memory in post-socialist Georgia." Slovak Journal of Political Sciences 17, no. 2 (April 25, 2017): 222–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjps-2017-0010.
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Abstract The article is dedicated to analyse the politics of so called “historical memory” during the state-building and nation-building process in post-socialist Georgia After the Rose Revolution 2003, the new government that aimed at building the “new Georgia,” implementing radical changes in many key spheres, including institutions, readdressing the totalitarian past, faced number of problematic manifestations in political and cultural life in this post-Soviet country. The “politics of memory” became one of the key factors of reconstructing of “new, democratic, western Georgia”. This process can be evaluated as leading toward state nationalism. Analyzing the politics of memory, symbolism is the most notable attitude and that is why former President Mikheil Saakashvili used commemorative ceremonies continuously. The authors argue in favour of approach, that the so called “memory politics” is the integral part of one’s legitimacy building, but at the same time, it can be used as tool for reconsidering of Polity’s future and mobilization of population under the “citizenship” umbrella towards the strong loyalty to the actual and future state-building.
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Mkanta, William N., Michelle C. Reece, Abeer D. Alamri, Emmanuel U. Ezekekwu, Aishwarya Potluri, and Neale R. Chumbler. "A 3-State Analysis of Black–White Disparities in Diabetes Hospitalizations Among Medicaid Beneficiaries." Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology 5 (January 1, 2018): 233339281878351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333392818783513.
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Introduction: Although diabetes is one of the leading chronic disease in the country, efforts in primary care and patient self-care management could prevent most of the diabetes-related hospitalizations and produce cost savings and improvements in quality of life. We used information from Medicaid beneficiaries in 3 states to predict racial differences in diabetes hospitalizations and demonstrate how they vary across states. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study to examine differences between black and white patients with diabetes hospitalizations. Information was obtained from the Medicaid Analytic eXtract files. We used multiple logistic regression models to assess the significance of the differences. Results: Analysis included 10 073 adult Medicaid recipients from the states of Mississippi (51%), Georgia (35%), and Michigan (14%). Blacks were more likely to experience longer hospital stays in Georgia (odds ratio [OR] = 1.040; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-1.06) and Mississippi (OR = 1.048; 95% CI: 1.03-1.07). A majority of patients in both groups were likely to be discharged to their homes for self-care. Black patients had lower odds of repeated stays in Georgia (OR = 0.670; 95% CI: 0.54-0.84), but higher odds in Michigan (OR = 1.580; 95% CI: 1.12-2.24). Similar differences occurred when patients were matched by age and sex. Blacks had lower odds of qualifying for dual Medicare–Medicaid enrollment benefit in Georgia and Mississippi. Conclusion: Racial differences in diabetes-related hospitalizations reflect possible inefficiencies in the process of care. Identification of race-specific factors for hospitalizations and implementation of primary care strategies that support effective self-management skills would aid in reducing diabetes hospitalizations and related disparities.
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Sumioka, Toshihiro. "Research on the charter system in Georgia, USA." Impact 2021, no. 7 (September 14, 2021): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.7.12.
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Education is invaluable for equipping young people with important knowledge and life skills. Many countries have publicly-funded education systems but politics related to funding can lead to inequalities in access to education for different communities. Professor Toshihiro Sumioka, Faculty of Education, Oita University, Japan, believes that recent educational reforms that strengthen privatisation, deregulation and accountability have increased segregation and division between ethnic groups and promoted academic disparity among these communities. He specialises in educational administration history in pedagogy and conducts historical analyses on school segregation in the US. A key focus for Sumioka is on the role that public education has played in the US in contributing to racial discrimination, economic disparity and academic disparity and he is particularly interested in the experience of the African American community with public education. In recent work, he is looking at development from the state of Georgia that pertains to charter schools and increasing the power of local districts such as charter system and the lessons learned from such research can be applied to other countries, including Japan where the effect of the privatization of public education on minorities has become an issue. In his work, Sumioka will speak with African American students, newspapers and organizations like the NAACP to understand the impacts of the move to privatisation-based reform and deregulation.
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Jones, Stephen F. "Democracy from Below? Interest Groups in Georgian Society." Slavic Review 59, no. 1 (2000): 42–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2696904.
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The Georgian state, almost destroyed by two secessionist wars, a civil war, and an economic catastrophe, had by 1997 reestablished an orderly political life. The messianic rhetoric of the early postindependence years was replaced by a new language of civic values and pluralism. The former Soviet nomenklatura—never really ousted by the revolution or subject to lustration laws—had joined old cultural elites, industrial managers, new entrepreneurs, and intellectually minded modernizers in a heterogeneous political class. Though fractious and facing new challenges to its authority from the media, international nongovernmental organizations, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), this new political class began to mediate Georgian economic and political life. Society remained fragmented, but structural changes in the economy, the Georgian leadership's restoration of order, and the activities of international nongovernmental organizations, generated embryonic interest groups and indigenous nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) with claims on government policy. Today, policy conflicts are no longer just the domain of autonomous state structures, but multicornered fights—albeit unequal ones—that extend into Georgian society.
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Wickersham, Mary Eleanor Rawlings, and Robert Yehl. "Georgia rural hospital authorities as “shadow governments”." International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior 21, no. 2 (June 11, 2018): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijotb-03-2018-0021.
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Purpose The tenuous financial viability of many of Georgia’s rural hospitals has driven increased scrutiny of the hospital authorities (HAs) that own and govern them. HAs are a type of “special district” established in state law to allow for specialization of function, while evading statutes that can limit local government borrowing and multi-year contracts. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a case example to introduce transparency and accountability in one local Georgia hospital and expands to include a descriptive analysis of transparency measures in 29 rural Georgia HAs. Findings Findings indicate that, like many other special districts in Georgia and the USA, Georgia’s rural HAs often act more like private entities than the public organizations they are. The lack of transparency demonstrated in this sector limits access to public information and reduces opportunities for citizen engagement, a necessary component of representative institutions. Research limitations/implications This case study is limited to Georgia HAs; however, the data support the lack of accountability and transparency found in many special district governments. Originality/value The lack of transparency in all of the organizations reviewed in this study demonstrates blurred lines between between public matters and private interests and raises questions of transparency, a key value in democracies.
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Lekaidze, Tamar. "Ideological Impact on Social-Economic Development of the Region of Tusheti (Georgia) after WWII." Balkanistic Forum 30, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 196–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v30i1.12.
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The paper deals with one of the highland regions of Eastern Georgia - Tusheti, which represents a geoeconomic and ethnocultural phenomenon from a scientific and worldview perspectives. The research sheds light on ideological influences on the socio-economic and the cultural situation of Tusheti from the 1930s to the present day, a number of shortcomings and consequences of Soviet economic reforms, and on its backdrop. The Tush people, uncontented with the system joined an anti-Soviet organization linking the idea of Georgia's independence to the European countries. The centuries-old model of life based on communal relations, setting up on the democratic principles (the right to private property, equality, freedom of speech) was destroyed by Soviet ideological pressure. These principles naturally merged with European values. For centuries, Tusheti, placed in the geostrategic area was of great importance not only for the security of the region, but it also was a natural bridge in connecting the Eurasian cultures. Its strategic importance was particularly increased in the post-Soviet period. The contours of the geostrategic location of this region was revealed exactly in this period. The importance of the sustainable development of Tusheti has transcended national and state boundaries and has come under international environmental frameworks, which have laid the foundation for adapting traditional knowledge and experience with modern international standards and irreversible processes of cooperation. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, historical sources, and field materials, I conclude that the elements of the pro-Western orientation that affects Georgia have been felt in Tusheti from social and cultural viewpoints. Integration into European culture is of great importance for the preservation and further development of Tusheti cultural heritage.
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Tomelleri, Vittorio. "From the History of Ossetian Studies: The Correspondence Between Georgij (Gappo) V. Baev and Giorgi Akhvlediani." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 6 (March 2021): 92–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2020.6.8.
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After his emigration to the West, Georgij (Gappo) Baev (1865–1939), an outstanding cultural figure in Prerevolutionary Ossetia, spent many years in Germany, where he was involved in the translation of biblical texts into Ossetic and also taught his mother tongue as a lecturer at the Berlin Oriental Seminary (1922–1939). In the manuscript department of the Berlin State Library his personal archive is kept, containing a lot of interesting material, a real treasure of information not only about his personal life, but also and above all on Ossetic culture and history. The present paper features his correspondence with the Georgian linguist Giorgi Akhvlediani (1887–1973), whose personal archive is housed at the Tbilisi State University. The so far unpublished letters and postcards cover a relatively short time frame, namely from the 8 th of September 1927 to the 16 th of October 1928. Besides showing the deep respect and sincere appreciation of the two former colleagues for each other, the texts, all written in Russian, provide interesting facts which shed more light upon their biography and scientific activity. All in all, the professional and at the same time friendly correspondence, being a significant contribution to Ossetic studies, provides an insight into the nostalgic mood of the emigrant, on the one hand, and the interested tone of his counterpart, on the other.
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Kharadze, Natalia, Ekaterine Gulua, and Dugladze Davit. "Free-Time Management among Master’s Degree Students of Georgia." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 11, no. 2 (June 10, 2017): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v11i2.p24-33.
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Attitude to time management in modern literature becomes more and more topical. According to (Orlikowsky and Yates 2002), increased competition causes the necessity of effective utilization of time. The part of free time in time budget of employed Master’s degree students becomes smaller, and the importance of free time is almost disregarded. (Garhammer M. 2002) supposes that short period of time includes such types of activities, which have direct impact on energy restoration of Master’s degree students. We can’t completely share the opinion of Marquis and Huston (2009), who think that only event management and not time management is possible in life, and we consider that proper use of time resource causes formation of self-management culture CITATION KharadzeGulua \l 1033 (Kharadze N. Gulua E., 2016) Our article deals exactly with mentioned issues. Research was organized by Human Potential Management Laboratory (HPML) of TSU. Research was carried out in 5 leading universities of Georgia: Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgian Technical University, Gori State University, Telavi State University and Shota Rustaveli Batumi State University. Research was referred only to Master’s degree students. Number of respondents amounted to 523. The questionnaire included 37 questions and 117 versions of answers. We laid an emphasis on that part of time budget, which doesn’t represent the part of working time, in particular the time allotted for everyday rest, part of activities scheduled on Saturday and Sunday, time spent in social networks, personal hygiene, transportation, sport, physical activities, time devoted to sleep and nutrition. Research showed that in time budget of employed Master’s degree students less attention is paid to free-time management that is the basis of increase of stress situations. Thus, conflict situation management among Master’s degree students became the subject of consequent research of our laboratory. Except for employment or teaching activities, one has to devote certain time to personal life. Psychological or physical health predetermines better accomplishment of intended objectives. Proceeding from peculiarities of free-time management the recommendations were elaborated, which requires: development of self-management abilities, implementation of changes at organization level and amendments in the Law on Education System. In-depth study of time budget of Master’s degree students is topical, since exactly these youngsters are potential labor resource of our country. Availability of healthy labor resources, in its turn, predetermines the potential of long-term development of organization and country as a whole.
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Woo, Seong Min, and Hazel Y. Wetzstein. "Morphological and Histological Evaluations of In Vitro Regeneration in Elliottia racemosa Leaf Explants Induced on Media with Thidiazuron." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 133, no. 2 (March 2008): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.133.2.167.
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Georgia plume (Elliottia racemosa Muhlenb. ex. Elliott) is a rare deciduous shrub or small tree. It has sustained severe loss of habitat and its range is now restricted to a limited number of sites in the state of Georgia. Tissue culture protocols have been developed as a means to propagate and conserve this threatened species using leaf explants induced on medium supplemented with 10 μm thidiazuron (TDZ) and 5 μm indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Bud-like clusters, elongated embryo-like protrusions, and shoot-like structures were produced from the leaf explants. Morphological and histological evaluations of cultures during induction and development were conducted using light microscopy of sectioned material and scanning electron micrography. Histology of explant tissues indicates that plant regeneration of Georgia plume occurs through a shoot organogenesis pathway that involves the formation of actively dividing meristematic regions originating in subepidermal cell layers that proliferate to form protuberances on the explant surface. Numerous well-formed shoot apical meristems with leaf primordia are produced, as well as fused shoot-like structures. Elongated, embryo-like structures had various degrees of shoot apex development. Evaluations of serial sections found that they lacked a defined root apex, and that basal portions were composed of parenchymatous files of cells with a broad point of attachment to the parent tissue. The lack of bipolarity and a root pole signifies that true somatic embryogenesis does not occur.
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Kaufman, Jay S., Corinne A. Riddell, and Sam Harper. "Black and White Differences in Life Expectancy in 4 US States, 1969-2013." Public Health Reports 134, no. 6 (October 10, 2019): 634–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354919878158.
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Objectives: Racial differences in mortality in the United States have narrowed and vary by time and place. The objectives of our study were to (1) examine the gap in life expectancy between white and black persons (hereinafter, racial gap in life expectancy) in 4 states (California, Georgia, Illinois, and New York) and (2) estimate trends in the contribution of major causes of death (CODs) to the racial gap in life expectancy by age group. Methods: We extracted data on the number of deaths and population sizes for 1969-2013 by state, sex, race, age group, and 6 major CODs. We used a Bayesian time-series model to smooth and impute mortality rates and decomposition methods to estimate trends in sex- and age-specific contributions of CODs to the racial gap in life expectancy. Results: The racial gap in life expectancy at birth decreased in all 4 states, especially among men in New York (from 8.8 to 1.1 years) and women in Georgia (from 8.0 to 1.7 years). Although few deaths occurred among persons aged 1-39, racial differences in mortality at these ages (mostly from injuries and infant mortality) contributed to the racial gap in life expectancy, especially among men in California (1.0 year of the 4.3-year difference in 2013) and Illinois (1.9 years of the 6.7-year difference in 2013). Cardiovascular deaths contributed most to the racial gap in life expectancy for adults aged 40-64, but contributions decreased among women aged 40-64, especially in Georgia (from 2.8 to 0.5 years). The contribution of cancer deaths to inequality increased in California and Illinois, whereas New York had the greatest reductions in inequality attributable to cancer deaths (from 0.6 to 0.2 years among men and from 0.2 to 0 years among women). Conclusions: Future research should identify policy innovations and economic changes at the state level to better understand New York’s success, which may help other states emulate its performance.
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Joron, Philippe. "A transpiração do quotidiano ou os poros do real mediático." Comunicação e Sociedade 21 (June 29, 2012): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17231/comsoc.21(2012).712.
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We had a habit of grasping the television as a window to the world or to life, whose telegenic framework was in line with our expectations before the conditions of our existence. We were told what to see, in a given view, and the visible world was coming down to-one scenic focus. But now there's no walls, no loopholes that keep such openings in the hyper-globalized world, whose state of over-information makes tangible its numerous breaks. Jean Baudrillard understood this new communication fact in terms of immanent promiscuity and perpetual connection. The prospects that we have today reveal an oversized world, giver of all our fantasies. Airflow caused by the decomposition of the conventional media frames thereby introducing a new communicative practice, irretrievable: the defenestration; the appeal to empty, or more precisely the fascination with what Georges Bataille understood in terms of lost intimacy and original continuity: stick to the world in a vital engagement, like mud sticks to mud.
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Foltz Boklage, Susan H., Charles Kreilick, Carl V. Asche, Sally Haislip, James W. Gilmore, Stephen Szabo, Todd E. Williamson, Satish Valluri, and Brian S. Seal. "Differences in survival for advanced-stage colorectal cancer (CRC) patients by lines of therapy received in a U.S. local oncology practice." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): e14106-e14106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e14106.
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e14106 Background: Improvements in survival for advanced-stage colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who receive chemotherapy have been reported. We compared survival rates for patients with 3+ vs. <3 lines of therapy using electronic medical records of a local oncology practice in Georgia, USA. Methods: The Georgia Cancer Specialist (GCS) EMR Database (1/1/2005–07/ 31/2010) was used. The database contains data on patient demographics, cancer diagnostic information, chemotherapy and non-chemotherapy drugs administered written prescriptions, chemotherapy/radiation protocols, chemotherapy protocol changes, office visit information, and hospitalizations. Patients newly diagnosed with CRC between 01/01/05 and 06/31/10 treated with systemic therapy for CRC were identified. Patients were followed from initial CRC diagnosis to death, loss to follow-up, or end of study. Patients were categorized by number of lines of therapy received (1, 2, 3+) and original stage at diagnosis (III b/c, IV, unknown). Survival following initial line of therapy was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models controlling forstage at diagnosis, type of 1st line treatment, and other patient characteristics. Results: The study included 704 patients with a median age of 63 years (age range 26-85 years) at diagnosis and 49% (n=345) female. 45% (n=317) and 42% (n=296) had stage IV and III b/c CRC at diagnosis, respectively. 53% (n=373) received only 1st line treatment, 27% (n=190) received 1st and 2nd line treatment and 20% (n=141) received 3rd line and beyond. The median follow up was 431 days and death was reported in 27%(n=190) of subjects. The multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis indicated that there was no statistical difference in survival between patients who received 2nd line of therapy vs. 3 plus lines of therapy (HR=1.42; p<0.067). Conclusions: A non-statistical significant association between 2nd and more than 3 total lines of therapy in survival was found in subjects diagnosed with stage III B/C and IV. However the trend towards survival was present, indicating that some patients could benefit from the addition of 3rd line but it would require additional studies to confirm this.
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Saccucci, Andrea. "Le misure provvisorie della Corte europea dei diritti umani nell'ambito della procedura di ricorso interstatale Georgia c. Russia." DIRITTI UMANI E DIRITTO INTERNAZIONALE, no. 1 (April 2009): 129–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/dudi2009-001006.
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- In the case Georgia v. Russia, the European Court has adopted provisional meas- ures requesting both States parties to ensure compliance with their engagements under the ECHR, particularly in respect of the right to life (Article 2) and the prohibition of tor- ture and inhuman or degrading treatment (Article 3). It is the first time in the Court's history that Rule 39 of its Rules of Procedure is applied in the framework of an inter- state complaint procedure. Being themselves aimed at safeguarding pendente lite the rights of individuals exposed to the imminent risk of an irreparable damages rather than to protect States' own rights, inter-state provisional measures are subject to a legal re- gime largely correspondent to that of provisional measures adopted on request of an in- dividual applicant. Notwithstanding the despicable absence of any reasoning, the in- terim protection accorded by the Court in the case Georgia v. Russia seems to fall squarely within the previous practice in individual cases as to procedural and substantial requirements, certain peculiarities being in fact a mere consequence of the rules appli- cable to inter-state litigation and of the specific object of the complaint filed by Georgia in relation to an ongoing armed conflict. The most controversial issue remains that of the binding nature of provisional measures, given that the solution embraced by the re- cent Court's case-law relies on the obligation not to hinder the effective exercise of the right of individual petition and cannot be extended to inter-state complaints. A proposal for a different approach is therefore offered, which links the binding nature of provi- sional measures to the substantive obligations they seek to ensure respect for against possible violations having irreparable consequences.
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Sydor, Tim, Brooks Mendell, Jacek Siry, Rafael De La Torre, Tom Harris, Bob Izlar, and Amanda Hamsley. "A Framework for Tracking the State of the Forest Industry: Case Study of Georgia." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 33, no. 4 (November 1, 2009): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/33.4.157.
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Abstract This research introduces a framework for tracking the state of the forest industry and relative competitiveness at the local level and applies it to the state of Georgia. Key insights highlight how localized forestry and forest industry profiles indicate where wood demand and suppliesare in and out of balance on an annual basis. Alternately, localized profiles that emphasize physiographic regions may not correspond well with traditional wood procurement areas. More importantly, ongoing tracking of wood supply viability and competitive analysis must distinguish between timber markets (stumpage, forest inventories and removals, and growth) and end product commodity markets (lumber, pulp, oriented strand board, and plywood). Mills, like forests, are not uniformly distributed throughout a state, whether measured by size, type, or end product. Tracking the forest industry in a localized, annual manner can support ongoing planning, investment, and policymaking activities in a targeted and efficient manner.
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Aroshidze, Marine, and Nino Aroshidze. "The Role of the Language Priorities in Development of Society." Balkanistic Forum 30, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v30i1.6.
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The need to comprehend contemporary global problems the mankind is facing poses demands to modern science to expand the range of functions and strengthen interac-tion between areas of society. The modern anthropocentric scientific paradigm makes a focus on the interdisciplinary research of the civilizational processes of social de-velopment, which created the need for a comprehensive study of sociocultural and linguistic processes in their functional interaction during the historical development of society.The process of human socialization is, first of all, the mastery of the symbolic cultural code and cultural memory of society, which in modern society is losing its usual monoculturism and is increasingly acquiring a bi- and multicultural character, which poses a pressing multifaceted problem for society - linguistic policy, linguistic consciousness, persona lingua. The language policy of any particular country or region is dictated by the prevailing socio-political situation in the country and contributes to shaping the fate of this country for it regulates the status of the state language, the language of the press, education, and science.In each society, certain language priorities are formed, as well as language prohibitions that regulate the life of society, and the formation of the worldview of the participants in society depends on the languages being assimilated. Not surprisingly, the problems of language (with the light hand of the philosopher Ludwig Wittgen-stein) have long exceeded philological problems of philological problems. The language policy of small countries largely depends on foreign policy fac-tors; it is interesting to follow the example of Georgia to trace the change in language priorities in different historical eras (from Arabic, Persian, Greek, Latin, Turkish to Russian, and now to English). The Second World War became an important milestone for Soviet Georgia in language policy: the spiritual unity of all the peoples of the USSR was so intense that the formation of a single supra-ethnic community “Soviet nation” was successfully supported by language policy: having Russian as the second native language. The education system and the press were fully focused on the Russian language. The schools taught foreign languages (French, German, English) by choice, but the minimization of hours, the grammatical approach and the lack of language practice allowed only units to learn European languages at the level of free communi-cation.The 1990s became a period of forced breaking of habitual linguistic priorities for Georgia, free of imperial influence. English has become compulsory subject matter at all stages of the Georgian educational system, Russian is studied only by choice as a second foreign language with a minimum number of hours. The previously banned Turkish language is strengthening its position, especially in Adjara, neighboring Turkey.
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Fery, R. L. "Development of Pinkeye-type Southernpeas with Green Cotyledons." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 452C—452. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.452c.
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A breeding program was initiated in 1990 to develop a pinkeye-type southernpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cultivar homozygous for the gc gene conditioning green cotyledons. The pinkeye is the leading cultivar class of southernpea grown in the U.S., and there is considerable interest in converting pinkeye germplasm to green cotyledon phenotypes because a cultivar homozygous for the gc gene can be harvested at the near-dry seed stage of maturity without loss of the seed's fresh green color. Seeds containing embryos homozygous for the gt gene are easily identified, and this ability to select in the seed stage greatly facilitated breeding efforts. A total of 25 advanced breeding lines (F9 and F10) were evaluated in preliminary field tests in 1995, and the experimental line US-858 was selected for seed multiplication, field testing, and raw product evaluation in 1996. The results of 1996 replicated yield trials conducted in South Carolina and seed multiplication plantings grown in El Salvador, Georgia, and Florida indicate that the maturity, seed, and yield characteristics of US-858 are comparable to those of the leading pinkeye-type cultivars. Raw product evaluations were conducted at a commercial freezing facility in Georgia, and the results indicate that US-858 produces an excellent processed product. The results of field inoculation tests conducted in Georgia indicate that US-858 is resistant to blackeye cowpea mosaic virus, the major pathogen of southernpea in the U.S.
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Gagnidze, Ineza. "THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER OFFICES IN THE INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY OF GEORGIA." Globalization and Business 4, no. 8 (December 27, 2019): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35945/gb.2019.08.018.
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Facing the 4th and 5th industrial revolutions, worldwide- recognized research centers forecast particularly high rates of economic development. There is no doubt that a small country like Georgia cannot determine trends in the development of the world economy. Therefore, given the above conditions, it is difficult to choose the right vector of development. We believe that for making the right choice several factors should be taken into consideration; in particular, elaboration and implementation of the education programs and development of the sectors that will provide the possibility to adopt and introduce the new technologies created in the developed countries in Georgia should be supported; based on competitive advantages of Georgia production of inelastic demand goods should be focused on. For the implementation of the above-mentioned directions, formation of appropriate entrepreneurial universities should be encouraged, which, in turn, will contribute to the formation of clusters around them, development of regional economy and creation of an entrepreneurial ecosystem. As known, demand for the products that are essential for humans to exist is inelastic. In particular, these are potable water, food, medicines, hygiene products, relax/ recreation, etc. Georgia can produce bio-products in some of the above sectors not only to satisfy the demand on the domestic market, but for export as well. We would like to note that in Georgia, there is a great potential of combining the results of the studies on mineral waters and medicinal plants, which will allow to produce unique, biological medicinal hygienic products, household chemistry, agricultural pesticides and minerals used for soil enrichment and in irrigation systems, etc. It should be noted as well that production and usage of such goods will allow Georgia to care for the health of its population and the environmental conditions and to enter developed markets. Unfortunately, the studies conducted in Georgia show that there is no efficient connection between education and business. This is indicated by GIZ, NGOs, universities and local government officials. Rigid legislative and internal system in state universities, which represents one of the reasons for such a failure, is also highlighted. In addition, we would like to note that in the World Economic Forum reports 2014-2018, ‘inadequately educated workforce’ takes the first position among the factors that are most problematic for doing business. Traditionally, the country has had a poor position in terms of access to training. In order to be able to introduce the innovations, find a new niche in the international markets and become an economic leader in the region, we consider that it is necessary to establish technology transfer offices in the universities functioning in the regions of Georgia. The issue is analyzed based on the best practice of foreign countries, namely: the USA, Germany, France, Italy, UK, South Africa, etc. Due to the above-mentioned factors, it is necessary to form an education system that is directly and systematically linked to the development of the economy. This is ensured by the effective functioning of technology transfer offices in entrepreneurial universities. This approach is fully compatible with the policy of the government of Georgia with special emphasis on green economy and education, which, in our opinion, is the right vector for development.