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1
QOCA MƏMMƏDLİ, Gülnara. "MADRASAH ALIYYE IN TBILISI (1847–1919)." EUROASIA JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES 8, no. 3 (2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.38064/eurssh.138.
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Georgia, being a generally recognized landmark of the Caucasus, attracts Turkey's and Azerbaıjan's attention both because of its strategic border neighborhood and because hundreds of thousands of Azerbaijanis and representatives of other Turkic-Muslim communities live in it. Islam is the most widespread religion in the country after Christianity. The Georgian land preserves the centuries-old history of Islamic civilization and the rich heritage of Islamic education, the traditions of madrasahs and mektebs. The purpose of this article is to highlight the activities of the spiritual madrasah Aliyye (for Shias) in 1847–1919 in the capital of Georgia, Tbilisi, as an example of Islamic education in the country. The main primary sources of research are the materials of the Central Historical Archives at the National Archives of Georgia in Russian, Georgian and Azerbaijani. Important facts obtained using the method of analyzing archival information on this issue were studied, classified and evaluated from a scientific and pedagogical point of view. The article concludes that the close centuries-old contacts of Georgia with the Islamic world, playing the role of a corridor between Turkey, Georgia and Azerbaijan, contributed to the integration of religions, civilizations here, as well as the development of Islamic teachings and education. Scientific research of this problem is of great importance in the context of interfaith and intercultural relations.
2
Glynias, Joe. "Byzantine Monasticism on the Black Mountain West of Antioch in the 10th-11th Centuries." Studies in Late Antiquity 4, no. 4 (2020): 408–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sla.2020.4.4.408.
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This article sheds light on a hitherto unexplored phenomenon that alters our picture of Byzantine monasticism: the monastic culture of the Black Mountain outside Antioch. From 969-1084, the Black Mountain thrived as a destination for a variety of Chalcedonian monks: Greek-speaking Romans, Arabic-speaking Melkites, Georgians, and Armenians. I illustrate the prosperity of monastic life on the Black Mountain, the scholarly activity flourishing in and between languages, and the networks connecting the mountain to monasteries inside and outside of Byzantium. In this paper, I examine three bodies of source material: manuscripts produced at the Black Mountain, texts produced by its scholars, and the letters of Nikon of the Black Mountain. Colophons in Greek, Arabic, Syriac, and Georgian manuscripts display the active scribal culture of these monasteries. Scholars centered at St. Symeon produced scores of translations from Greek into Arabic and Georgian that illustrate the lasting impact of this multilingual intellectual atmosphere. Nikon’s letters provide the basis for a cultural history of Antiochene monasticism. From these and other sources, I show that the Black Mountain was a major hub in middle Byzantine monastic networks. At the same time when Athos was assuming a primary role in the western Orthodox monastic world, the Black Mountain was performing a similar function in the east.
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Fleming, Simon D. I. "The Howgill Family: A Dynasty of Musicians from Georgian Whitehaven." Nineteenth-Century Music Review 10, no. 1 (2013): 57–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479409813000049.
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It has been often observed that Georgian Britain was alive with musical activity, and that London was one of the most important musical hubs in Europe. Most of Britain's important provincial centres were well connected to the capital by road or sea, and this helped facilitate the spread of the latest musical ideas around the country. The west Cumberland town of Whitehaven is situated over three hundred miles from London by road and, at the time, was isolated from the rest mainland Britain by the surrounding fells of the Lake District. Nevertheless, by the end of the eighteenth century Whitehaven had grown into one of Britain's most important ports and had a musical life that rivalled that at any other major town in the country.Musical life in Whitehaven was dominated by the Howgill family. William Howgill senior was appointed organist of St Nicholas’ Church in 1756 and set himself up there as music teacher and concert promoter. Here he raised a family and was succeeded in his musical duties by his son, William Howgill junior. This article examines the Howgill family's musical activities in depth and explores their London connections. This research is based on the detailed study of primary sources including newspapers, but there has also been an effort to examine all of William Howgill junior's compositions. This study reveals that, despite Whitehaven's remote location, Howgill junior was well aware of the latest musical developments in the capital.
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NEX, JENNY, and LANCE WHITEHEAD. "MUSICAL INSTRUMENT MAKING IN GEORGIAN LONDON, 1753–1809: EVIDENCE FROM THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE OLD BAILEY AND THE MIDDLESEX SESSIONS OF THE PEACE." Eighteenth Century Music 2, no. 2 (2005): 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478570605000370.
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Throughout the Georgian period London was the most significant British centre for musical instrument manufacture. Traditionally, research in this area has focused on the surviving instruments themselves, thereby emphasizing those makers in charge of flourishing workshops and those who were in the habit of signing their products. By examining archival sources, however, it is possible to glean a more complete picture of musical instrument production, through the identification of ‘hidden’ makers unrepresented by extant instruments, the establishment of patterns of settlement and the highlighting of relationships between different builders.Two principal sources form the basis of this study: the online edition of the Proceedings of the Old Bailey and the Middlesex Sessions of the Peace Records. While these sources are an important record of crime and punishment, it is the unwitting testimony of the trials rather than the crimes, the legal procedures or the punishments that is the primary focus of this study. Indeed, since the trials enable the identification of people involved at all levels of the musical instrument trade, it is arguable that they provide one of the most significant means of establishing some of the processes characterizing the industry during the second half of the eighteenth century.
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TODUA, NUGZAR. "USING SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING FOR ATTRACTING FOREIGN TOURISTS TO GEORGIAN DESTINATIONS." Globalization and Business 4, no. 7 (2019): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35945/gb.2019.07.005.
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At current stage business development cannot be imagined without social networks. The customers spend more and more time in social networks and get most part of the information from them. Therefore, for the companies, the social media is a powerful tool for attraction of clients and for competition. Usingthe social media marketing is particularly popular in tourism industry. Technological changes in mass media allow immediate distribution of information in the sphere of tourism. Reasonable using of social networks in tourism requires creative marketing approaches ensuring coverage of the target audience to maximal possible extent. Sites of social media became the primary source of information for the destination management organizations. Usually the tourists trust online information and before commencement of travel they visit the forums and online reviews, as well as specialized blogs. Hence, there is a close relationship between involvement of tourists’ social network sites and change in their behavior. Technological development and globalization of media creates new opportunities providing sharing the information between tourist consumers through blogs, web sites or destination sites. The destinations need creative and powerful social media marketing strategies to attract potential visitors. Social media helps the destinations to communicate with the visitors at relatively low costs and higher effectiveness than traditional communication methods. Social media, as an instrument for stimulation is used for the purposes of interactive marketing. Though, it is notable that there is a growing number of visitors, who use social media applications, creating new challenges in entire tourism industry. As social media plays a significant role in the activities of travel agencies, we found reasonable to find out the level of satisfaction of the foreign tourists with the activities of Georgian tourist companies in social media. Market research showed that of social media platforms, among the foreign tourists the most widespread is Facebook. 85.1% of the respondents use it. It is followed by YouTube (54.7%), Instagram (32.4%), Google+ (31.1%), Linkedin (29.9%), Twitter (27.2%) and MySpace (15.5%). 14% of the respondents use the other social networks (Pinterest, Tumblr, Flickr, Reddit, Ask.fin, Vkontakte, Odnoklassniki). Study demonstrated interest of the respondents to the information provided by the sites related to tourism, their trust and satisfaction. Analysis shows that the respondents are satisfied with the social media marketing offered by Georgian travel agencies to certain extent. As a result of our market study we can conclude that Georgia is an attractive destination for the foreign tourists. Therefore, the number of repeated visits to Georgia increases from year to year. In making choice of Georgian travel agencies, the foreign tourists basically rely on the information in social networks and word-of-mouth marketing. Though, interest, trust and satisfaction of the foreign customers to social media marketing offered by Georgian travel companies are at the average level. Therefore, foreign tourists evaluate media marketing activities conducted by Georgian tourist companies as average and this underlines insufficient activity of Georgian tourist companies in social networks. With the help of marketing research obtained levels of interest, reliability and satisfaction of foreign tourists in relationto social media marketing provided by Georgian destinations.On the basis of analysis of the research results statistically significant values were obtained that show influence of the activity, interest and reliability regarding to social media marketing provided by Georgian destinations on the foreign tourists’ satisfaction.In the work statistically significant value is also received reflecting the influence of the social media activity provided by Georgian destinations on buying behavior of foreign tourists’.
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TODUA, NUGZAR. "USING SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING FOR ATTRACTING FOREIGN TOURISTS TO GEORGIAN DESTINATIONS." Globalization and Business 4, no. 7 (2019): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35945/gb.2019.07.005.
Full textAbstract:
At current stage business development cannot be imagined without social networks. The customers spend more and more time in social networks and get most part of the information from them. Therefore, for the companies, the social media is a powerful tool for attraction of clients and for competition. Usingthe social media marketing is particularly popular in tourism industry. Technological changes in mass media allow immediate distribution of information in the sphere of tourism. Reasonable using of social networks in tourism requires creative marketing approaches ensuring coverage of the target audience to maximal possible extent. Sites of social media became the primary source of information for the destination management organizations. Usually the tourists trust online information and before commencement of travel they visit the forums and online reviews, as well as specialized blogs. Hence, there is a close relationship between involvement of tourists’ social network sites and change in their behavior. Technological development and globalization of media creates new opportunities providing sharing the information between tourist consumers through blogs, web sites or destination sites. The destinations need creative and powerful social media marketing strategies to attract potential visitors. Social media helps the destinations to communicate with the visitors at relatively low costs and higher effectiveness than traditional communication methods. Social media, as an instrument for stimulation is used for the purposes of interactive marketing. Though, it is notable that there is a growing number of visitors, who use social media applications, creating new challenges in entire tourism industry. As social media plays a significant role in the activities of travel agencies, we found reasonable to find out the level of satisfaction of the foreign tourists with the activities of Georgian tourist companies in social media. Market research showed that of social media platforms, among the foreign tourists the most widespread is Facebook. 85.1% of the respondents use it. It is followed by YouTube (54.7%), Instagram (32.4%), Google+ (31.1%), Linkedin (29.9%), Twitter (27.2%) and MySpace (15.5%). 14% of the respondents use the other social networks (Pinterest, Tumblr, Flickr, Reddit, Ask.fin, Vkontakte, Odnoklassniki). Study demonstrated interest of the respondents to the information provided by the sites related to tourism, their trust and satisfaction. Analysis shows that the respondents are satisfied with the social media marketing offered by Georgian travel agencies to certain extent. As a result of our market study we can conclude that Georgia is an attractive destination for the foreign tourists. Therefore, the number of repeated visits to Georgia increases from year to year. In making choice of Georgian travel agencies, the foreign tourists basically rely on the information in social networks and word-of-mouth marketing. Though, interest, trust and satisfaction of the foreign customers to social media marketing offered by Georgian travel companies are at the average level. Therefore, foreign tourists evaluate media marketing activities conducted by Georgian tourist companies as average and this underlines insufficient activity of Georgian tourist companies in social networks. With the help of marketing research obtained levels of interest, reliability and satisfaction of foreign tourists in relationto social media marketing provided by Georgian destinations.On the basis of analysis of the research results statistically significant values were obtained that show influence of the activity, interest and reliability regarding to social media marketing provided by Georgian destinations on the foreign tourists’ satisfaction.In the work statistically significant value is also received reflecting the influence of the social media activity provided by Georgian destinations on buying behavior of foreign tourists’.
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Sutton, J. N., S. C. Johannessen, and R. W. Macdonald. "A~nitrogen budget for the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 4 (2013): 7135–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-7135-2013.
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Abstract. Balanced budgets for dissolved inorganic N (DIN) and particulate N (PN) were constructed for the Strait of Georgia (SoG), a semi-enclosed coastal sea off the west coast of British Columbia, Canada. The dominant control on the N budget is the advection of DIN into and out of the SoG via Haro Strait. The annual influx of DIN by advection from the Pacific Ocean is 29 990 (±19 500)Mmol yr−1. The DIN flux advected out of the SoG is 24 300 (±15 500)Mmol yr−1. Most of the DIN that enters the SoG (∼23 400 Mmol yr−1) is converted to particulate N (PN) in situ by primary production. However, most of the PN produced by primary production is remineralized (∼22 000 Mmol yr−1) back into DIN within the top 50 m. The PN budget for the SoG was further constrained by nitrogen isotope composition (δ15N) that indicated regional differences in the source of PN. The southern Strait receives a much higher proportion of terrigenous PN, relative to marine PN, than does the northern Strait. The difference is due to the influence of the Fraser River, which discharges 1950 Mmol yr−1 of PN and 1660 Mmol yr−1 of DIN into the southern Strait. The overall anthropogenic contribution of PN and DIN to the SoG is minimal relative to natural sources (>30 000 Mmol yr−1). It is unlikely that the Strait will be affected by eutrophication in the near future, although anthropogenic N sources, such as wastewater outfalls, may have significant local effects.
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Schlosser, Christian, Katrin Schmidt, Alfred Aquilina, et al. "Mechanisms of dissolved and labile particulate iron supply to shelf waters and phytoplankton blooms off South Georgia, Southern Ocean." Biogeosciences 15, no. 16 (2018): 4973–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4973-2018.
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Abstract. The island of South Georgia is situated in the iron (Fe)-depleted Antarctic Circumpolar Current of the Southern Ocean. Iron emanating from its shelf system fuels large phytoplankton blooms downstream of the island, but the actual supply mechanisms are unclear. To address this, we present an inventory of Fe, manganese (Mn), and aluminium (Al) in shelf sediments, pore waters, and the water column in the vicinity of South Georgia, alongside data on zooplankton-mediated Fe cycling processes, and provide estimates of the relative dissolved Fe (DFe) fluxes from these sources. Seafloor sediments, modified by authigenic Fe precipitation, were the main particulate Fe source to shelf bottom waters as indicated by the similar Fe ∕ Mn and Fe ∕ Al ratios for shelf sediments and suspended particles in the water column. Less than 1 % of the total particulate Fe pool was leachable surface-adsorbed (labile) Fe and therefore potentially available to organisms. Pore waters formed the primary DFe source to shelf bottom waters, supplying 0.1–44 µmol DFe m−2 d−1. However, we estimate that only 0.41±0.26 µmol DFe m−2 d−1 was transferred to the surface mixed layer by vertical diffusive and advective mixing. Other trace metal sources to surface waters included glacial flour released by melting glaciers and via zooplankton egestion and excretion processes. On average 6.5±8.2 µmol m−2 d−1 of labile particulate Fe was supplied to the surface mixed layer via faecal pellets formed by Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), with a further 1.1±2.2 µmol DFe m−2 d−1 released directly by the krill. The faecal pellets released by krill included seafloor-derived lithogenic and authigenic material and settled algal debris, in addition to freshly ingested suspended phytoplankton cells. The Fe requirement of the phytoplankton blooms ∼ 1250 km downstream of South Georgia was estimated as 0.33±0.11 µmol m−2 d−1, with the DFe supply by horizontal/vertical mixing, deep winter mixing, and aeolian dust estimated as ∼0.12 µmol m−2 d−1. We hypothesize that a substantial contribution of DFe was provided through recycling of biogenically stored Fe following luxury Fe uptake by phytoplankton on the Fe-rich shelf. This process would allow Fe to be retained in the surface mixed layer of waters downstream of South Georgia through continuous recycling and biological uptake, supplying the large downstream phytoplankton blooms.
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Sutton, J. N., S. C. Johannessen, and R. W. Macdonald. "A nitrogen budget for the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, with emphasis on particulate nitrogen and dissolved inorganic nitrogen." Biogeosciences 10, no. 11 (2013): 7179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7179-2013.
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Abstract. Balanced budgets for dissolved inorganic N (DIN) and particulate N (PN) were constructed for the Strait of Georgia (SoG), a semi-enclosed coastal sea off the west coast of British Columbia, Canada. The dominant control on the N budget is the advection of DIN into and out of the SoG via Haro Strait. The annual influx of DIN by advection from the Pacific Ocean is 29 990 (±19 500) Mmol yr−1. The DIN flux advected out of the SoG is 24 300 (±15 500) Mmol yr−1. Most of the DIN that enters the SoG (~ 23 400 Mmol yr−1) is converted to particulate N (PN) in situ by primary production. However, most of the PN produced by primary production is remineralized (~ 22 000 Mmol yr−1) back into DIN within the top 50 m. The PN budget for the SoG was further constrained by nitrogen isotope composition (δ15N) that indicated regional differences in the source of PN. The southern strait receives a much higher proportion of terrigenous PN, relative to marine PN, than does the northern strait. The difference is due to the influence of the Fraser River, which discharges 1950 Mmol yr−1 of PN and 1660 Mmol yr−1 of DIN into the southern strait. The overall anthropogenic contribution of PN and DIN to the SoG is minimal relative to natural sources (> 30 000 Mmol yr−1). It is unlikely that the strait will be affected by eutrophication in the near future, although anthropogenic N sources, such as wastewater outfalls, may have significant local effects.
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Boyhan, George E., Juan Carlos Diaz-Perez, Chris Hopkins, Reid L. Torrance, and C. Randy Hill. "Direct Seeding Short-day Onions in Southeastern Georgia." HortTechnology 18, no. 3 (2008): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.18.3.349.
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Onions (Allium cepa) in southeastern Georgia are almost exclusively transplanted, with the associated high costs and labor requirements. This study was undertaken to evaluate direct-seeded onions as an alternative production method. This study evaluates variety, sowing date, and fertility on direct seeding short-day onions in southeastern Georgia. Sowing dates, early or mid-October (5 and 15 Oct. 2001 and 7 and 21 Oct. 2002), did not affect total, jumbo (≥3 inches diameter), or medium (≥2 inches and <3 inches diameter) yields. Late October sowing (29 Oct. 2001) did not produce sufficient stand or yield to warrant harvesting. Variety also had no affect on yield of direct-seeded onions. Seedstems (flowering), an undesirable characteristic, was significantly greater with the early October sowing date across all varieties compared with the mid- or late- October sowing dates. Neither variety nor sowing date significantly affected plant stand or plant spacing. Fertilization treatments of 150 or 195 lb/acre nitrogen (N) with various application timings and fertilizer sources did not affect total or medium yields. Jumbo yield was affected in only 1 year with calcium nitrate as the primary N source at 195 lb/acre total N having the highest yield, but did not differ from some treatments at 150 lb/acre N. In addition, fertilization treatments did not affect seedstems, plant stand, or plant spacing. Based on this study, we are recommending that growers should direct seed onions in southeastern Georgia in mid-October, plus or minus 1 week depending on field accessibility. In addition, current fertilizer recommendations for transplanted dry bulb onions should be followed, which includes 150 lb/acre N. This eliminates all of the cost and resources required for transplant production.
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Franke, M. D., T. B. Brenneman, and C. C. Holbrook. "Identification of Resistance to Rhizoctonia Limb Rot in a Core Collection of Peanut Germ Plasm." Plant Disease 83, no. 10 (1999): 944–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.10.944.
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Diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani lead to significant reductions in peanut yields and quality throughout the world. A subset of accessions from the peanut germ plasm core collection plus the commercial cultivars Florunner, Southern Runner, Georgia Browne, and Georgia Green were evaluated for resistance to limb and seedling hypocotyl infections caused by R. solani. Georgia Green and core accessions 95 (PI 497351), 197 (PI 331326), 208 (PI 274193), 244 (PI 343361), 246 (PI 343398), and 524 (PI 288178) had levels of resistance comparable to Georgia Browne, the only commercial cultivar reported to have partial resistance to Rhizoctonia limb rot. Eleven core accessions, representing the full range of disease expression, and the commercial cultivars were evaluated in growth chambers to quantify their susceptibility to seedling hypocotyl infections and to determine if evaluating seedlings could serve as a primary screening method to identify potential sources of limb rot resistance. The most resistant core accessions to seedling hypocotyl infections were 234 (PI 159664) and 366 (PI 268968), and the most resistant commercial cultivar was Georgia Green. There was not a significant correlation between resistance to limb rot in the field and the severity of hypocotyl infections in growth chambers, indicating that resistance to hypocotyl infections is not a good indicator of resistance to Rhizoctonia limb rot.
12
BENAKIS, Linos G. "Aristotelian Ethics in Byzantium." WISDOM 9, no. 2 (2017): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/wisdom.v9i2.191.
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This paper argues that research in the primary sources must precede the investigation of Byzantine philosophy. Two points are to be considered, on the one hand, the gathering of texts, and, on the other hand, the study of texts in relation to their sources. Thus the external evidence as well as the internal evidence of texts should be examined. In this double regard, the manuscripts containing Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics are considered. Their authors are Michael of Ephesos, Eustratios of Nicaea, “Anonymus”, Heliodoros of Prussa, Georgios Pachymeres, Michael Psellos, John Italos, Nikephoros Blemmydes, George Gemistos Plethon.
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Gavashelishvili, Alexander, Mike J. McGrady, and Zura Javakhishvili. "Planning the conservation of the breeding population of cinereous vultures Aegypius monachus in the Republic of Georgia." Oryx 40, no. 1 (2006): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605306000081.
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Occupied and potential nesting areas of Near Threatened cinereous vulture Aegypius monachus in the Republic of Georgia were examined to model its nesting habitat. The intention is to support its conservation within the context of the ongoing establishment of a system of protected areas. Data were manipulated and analysed using a geographical information system, univariate statistical analysis and logistic regression. The best model suggested that in Georgia plots were more likely to contain a cinereous vulture nest if the slope was >30° and faced north, was situated in rugged terrain away from unprotected and populated areas, and was relatively dry. North-facing slopes were where suitable nest trees could be found, whereas ruggedness, protected areas and remoteness from populated areas made access to the nest trees by humans difficult. Low annual rainfall provided better soaring and breeding conditions. The model suggested that the breeding range of cinereous vulture in Georgia could expand if seasonal grazing, which is the primary source of disturbance, is properly managed. Because neither nesting places nor food availability appeared to be limiting, human disturbance and climate seem to best explain the current distribution of nesting cinereous vultures in Georgia, and probably elsewhere in the Caucasus.
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Hecobian, A., X. Zhang, M. Zheng, N. Frank, E. S. Edgerton, and R. J. Weber. "Brown carbon and water-soluble organic aerosols over the southeastern United States." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 3 (2010): 7601–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-7601-2010.
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Abstract. Fine particle (PM2.5) light absorption characteristics of aqueous extracts over wavelengths of 250 to 700 nm were investigated based on two data sets; 24-h Federal Reference Method (FRM) filter extracts from 15 southeastern US monitoring sites over the year of 2007 (900 filters), and online measurements from a Particle-Into-Liquid Sampler deployed from July to mid-August 2009 in Atlanta, Georgia. Three main sources of soluble chromophores were identified, biomass burning, mobile source emissions, and compounds linked to Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) formation. Absorption spectra of aerosol solutions from different sources were similar. Angstrom exponents were ~7±1 for biomass burning and non-biomass burning-impacted samples (delineated by a levoglucosan concentration of 50 ng m−3) at both rural and urban sites. The absorption coefficient from measurements averaged between wavelength 360 and 370 nm (Abs365, in units m−1) was used as a measure of overall brown carbon absorptivity. Biomass-burning-impacted samples were highest during colder months and Abs365 was correlated with levoglucosan at all sites. During periods of little biomass burning in summer, light absorbing compounds were still ubiquitous and correlated with fine particle Water-Soluble Organic Carbon (WSOC), but comprised a much smaller fraction of the WSOC, where Abs365/WSOC (i.e., mass absorption efficiency) was typically ~3 times higher in biomass burning-impacted samples. Factor analysis attributed 50% of the yearly average Abs365 to biomass burning sources. Brown carbon from primary urban emissions (mobile sources) was also observed and accounted for ~10% of the regional yearly average Abs365. Summertime diurnal profiles of Abs365 and WSOC showed that morning to midday increases in WSOC from photochemical production were associated with a decrease in Abs365/WSOC. After noon this ratio substantially increased, indicating that either some fraction of the non-light absorbing fresh SOA was rapidly (within hours) converted to chromophores heterogeneously, or that SOA from gas-particle partitioning later in the day was more light-absorbing. Factor analysis associated ~20 to 30% of Abs365 over 2007 with a secondary source that was highest in summer and also the main source for oxalic acid, suggesting that aqueous phase reactions may account for the light-absorbing fraction of WSOC observed throughout the southeastern US in summer.
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Machurishvili, Nino. "Prospects of the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy and Russia’s Disinformation Campaign in the South Caucasus." Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs 25, no. 1 (2021): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33067/se.1.2021.6.
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This paper aims to provide an empirical analysis of EU policy towards the South Caucasus in the framework of the CFSP and CSDP along with perspectives of further development, taking in to consideration Russia’s military and ideological intervention in this region, and to address the issue of the EU’s role in shaping Common European Security. Methodologically, the research is based on qualitative techniques of analysis, key assumptions are raised through a comprehensive review of existing studies/primary sources and, more specifically, presents a case study of August 2008’s Georgia–Russia military confrontation and creeping occupation. The comprehensive review continues with Russia’s disinformation campaign and series of anti-government protests in Georgia (after the so-called “Gavrilov’s Night”), testing several theoretical explanations such as the democratic peace theory and the Europeanization Conflict concept concerning the EU’s confl ict resolution instruments’ evaluation and offensive realism to explain Russia’s involvement/intervention in South Caucasus territorial conflicts. As for its structure, the paper includes an introduction, with two important stages of model building – conceptualization and operationalization, an interpretation part – an overview of EU Foreign and Security Policy instruments, relationships with other global/regional actors, conflicts in the South Caucasus, specifi cally the, Georgia case, and, finally, a summarizing part, where key findings are highlighted.
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Westervelt, D. M., R. H. Moore, A. Nenes, and P. J. Adams. "Effect of primary organic sea spray emissions on cloud condensation nuclei concentrations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 2 (2011): 5757–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-5757-2011.
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Abstract. This work quantifies the primary marine organic aerosol global emission source and its impact on cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations by implementing an organic sea spray source function into a series of global aerosol simulations. The source function assumes that a fraction of the sea spray emissions, depending on the local chlorophyll concentration, is organic matter in place of NaCl. Effect on CCN concentrations (at 0.2% supersaturation) is modeled using the Two-Moment Aerosol Sectional (TOMAS) microphysics algorithm coupled to the GISS II-prime general circulation model. The presence of organics affects CCN activity in competing ways: by reducing the amount of solute available in the particle and decreasing surface tension of CCN. To model surfactant effects, surface tension depression data from seawater samples taken near the Georgia coast were applied as a function of carbon concentrations. A global marine organic aerosol emission rate of 17.7 Tg C yr−1 is estimated from the simulations. Marine organics exert a localized influence on CCN(0.2%) concentrations, decreasing regional concentrations by no more than 5% and by less than 0.5% over most of the globe. The decrease in CCN concentrations results from the fact that the decrease in particle solute concentration outweighs the organic surfactant effects. The low sensitivity of CCN(0.2%) to the marine organic emissions is likely due to the small compositional changes: the mass fraction of OA in accumulation mode aerosol increases by only 15% in a biologically active region of the Southern Ocean.
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Garber, M. P., and K. Bondari. "Retail Garden Outlets: Business Characteristics and Factors Affecting Industry Performance." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 16, no. 1 (1998): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-16.1.15.
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Abstract A survey was conducted of retail garden outlets in Georgia which consisted primarily of traditional garden centers, feed and seed stores, and hardware stores. Plant material, for all types of retail outlets, represented the largest portion of retail sales followed by chemicals and fertilizers. The average annual retail store sales for all products was $344K, with plant material representing $111K. The survey population represented about $47M in retail plant sales and did not include mass merchants or chain garden centers. Individual consumers (87%) were the primary customers as compared to landscapers or other types of customers. Most plant material was sourced in-state (67%) and only about 3% was produced by retailers. The primary factors identified as having a potential negative impact on plant material sales were adverse weather (26%), competition from mass merchants (23%) and a slowing economy (22%). Most garden centers are open year round (74.5%) as compared to feed and seed (7.1%) or hardware (16.7%) stores. The most common consumer complaints regarding plant quality were identified. Retailer experience with the Georgia Gold Medal new plant program suggests that these programs can create pull-through sales.
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Verulava, Tengiz, and Beka Dangadze. "Health Capital and Economic Growth: Evidence from Georgia." Open Public Health Journal 11, no. 1 (2018): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944501811010401.
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Introduction:Investments in healthcare are important in terms of formation of the health capital. The research aims to find out the role of the health capital in economic growth of a country.Methods:This study is based on the secondary sources of data. The study data were obtained from Human Development Report, Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Protection of Georgia. As a proxy indicator for measuring the health capital we used the life expectancy at birth, the general and initial illness rate, the general, maternal and children’s mortality rate, outpatient referral rate, the state expenses on healthcare, the share of state expenditure in total expenditure on health and state expenditure on health as a percentage of the Gross Domestic Product.Results:The average life expectancy has increased in recent 25 years. The maternal and children’s mortality rate have decreased, healthcare expenses have become higher and outpatient referral rate has also become more constant character. All these have a positive influence on the people’s health and country’s economic growth. However, the state expenses on healthcare and outpatient referral rate are far below the European level.Conclusion:As the health capital fulfills significant role in terms of the country’s economic growth in a long-run perspective, it is advisable to promote the development of the primary healthcare system and taking WHO recommendations concerning state healthcare expenses into account.
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Ter-Abrahamian, Hrant. "Islamism in the South Caucasus." Iran and the Caucasus 11, no. 1 (2007): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338407x224969.
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AbstractThe article is dedicated to Islamism and its specific forms of manifestation in the South Caucasus (in Georgia and Azerbaijan Republic in particular). Making no attempt to a full-scale coverage of the subject, the author aims at identifying and displaying the specific targets of a complex study of Islamism, indicating its primary and secondary geographic, social and other points, as well as specifying the basic tendencies for each point thus identified. A special attention is paid to the Internet forums and blogs as more relevant sources for specifying the lines of conflict within diverse trends of Islam and Islamism in the South Caucasus.
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Hecobian, A., X. Zhang, M. Zheng, N. Frank, E. S. Edgerton, and R. J. Weber. "Water-Soluble Organic Aerosol material and the light-absorption characteristics of aqueous extracts measured over the Southeastern United States." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 13 (2010): 5965–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5965-2010.
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Abstract. Light absorption of fine particle (PM2.5) aqueous extracts between wavelengths of 200 and 800 nm were investigated from two data sets: 24-h Federal Reference Method (FRM) filter extracts from 15 Southeastern US monitoring sites over the year of 2007 (900 filters), and online measurements from a Particle-Into-Liquid Sampler deployed from July to mid-August 2009 in Atlanta, Georgia. Three main sources of soluble chromophores were identified: biomass burning, mobile source emissions, and compounds linked to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Absorption spectra of aerosol solutions from filter extracts were similar for different sources. Angstrom exponents were ~7±1 for biomass burning and non-biomass burning-impacted 24-h filter samples (delineated by a levoglucosan concentration of 50 ng m−3) at both rural and urban sites. The absorption coefficient from measurements averaged between wavelength 360 and 370 nm (Abs365, in units m−1) was used as a measure of overall brown carbon light absorption. Biomass-burning-impacted samples were highest during winter months and Abs365 was correlated with levoglucosan at all sites. During periods of little biomass burning in summer, light absorbing compounds were still ubiquitous and correlated with fine particle Water-Soluble Organic Carbon (WSOC), but comprised a much smaller fraction of the WSOC, where Abs365/WSOC (i.e., mass absorption efficiency) was typically ~3 times higher in biomass burning-impacted samples. Factor analysis attributed 50% of the yearly average Abs365 to biomass burning sources. Brown carbon from primary urban emissions (mobile sources) was also observed and accounted for ~10% of the regional yearly average Abs365. Summertime diurnal profiles of Abs365 and WSOC showed that morning to midday increases in WSOC from photochemical production were associated with a decrease in Abs365/WSOC. After noon, this ratio substantially increased, indicating that either some fraction of the non-light absorbing fresh SOA was rapidly (within hours) converted to chromophores heterogeneously, or that SOA from gas-particle partitioning later in the day was more light-absorbing. Factor analysis on the 24-h integrated filter data associated ~20 to 30% of Abs365 over 2007 with a secondary source that was highest in summer and also the main source for oxalate, suggesting that aqueous phase reactions may account for the light-absorbing fraction of WSOC observed throughout the Southeastern US in summer.
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Schrader, James A., and William R. Graves. "608 Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Alnus maritima from Its Three Disjunct Populations." HortScience 34, no. 3 (1999): 552B—552. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.552b.
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Genotypic variation and horticultural potential of Alnus maritima [Marsh.] Nutt. (seaside alder), a large shrub or small tree found naturally in only three small, disjunct populations, have not been studied. We examined effects of population of origin and environment on seed germination and the growth and morphology of seedlings. Our first germination experiment showed that 6 weeks of cold stratification applied to half-siblings from Oklahoma optimized germination at 73.2%. When this treatment was applied to multiple half-sib seed sources from all populations in a second experiment, seeds from Oklahoma had a higher germination percentage (55%) than seeds from both Georgia (31.4%) and the Delmarva Peninsula (14.7%). A third experiment showed that growth of seedlings increased with increasing irradiance intensity up to 258 μmol·m–2·s–1, and survival and growth of seedlings from Oklahoma varied with root media. In a fourth experiment, multiple groups of half-siblings from all three populations were grown in one environment to compare variation in growth and morphology within and among populations. Leaves of Oklahoma seedlings were longer (12.8 cm) and more narrow (2.15 length: width ratio) than leaves of seedlings from Georgia (12.0 cm long, ratio = 1.76) and the Delmarva Peninsula (11.6 cm long, ratio = 1.86). Seedlings from Oklahoma and Georgia had a higher growth rate (180.7 and 160.0 mg/day, respectively) than did seedlings from Delmarva (130.1 mg/day), while Oklahoma and Delmarva seedlings were more densely foliated (0.72 and 0.64 leaves and lateral shoots per cm of primary stem, respectively) than those from Georgia (0.46 per cm). These differences indicate both divergence among the three disjunct populations and potential to exploit genetic variation to select horticulturally superior A. maritima for use in managed landscapes.
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Dymydyuk, Dmytro. "Mace in Bagratid Armenia according to written and figurative sources." Text and Image: Essential Problems in Art History, no. 2 (2020): 15–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-4801.2020.2.02.
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The military history of the Bagratid era (late 9th– mid-11th centuries) has not been the object of historical research for a long time. Therefore many questions concerning the form and functions of the weapons of that time remains unresolved. However, the studies of the armament of neighboring countries (Byzantium, Caliphate, Georgia, etc.) were researched much better. Previousely historiographers considered the military history of such «small nations» as Armenia from the perspectives of Eastern Roman Empire and Muslim world warfare which were considered as primary research objects. This paper aims to change this perspective and give the subject of the medieval Armenian military history the attention it deserves. The aim of the research is to pay attention to the war mace – one of the earliest weapons in almost all cultures. The task is to reconstruct the types of maces which were used in Bagratid Armenia; to analyse their physical and battle characteristics; methods of use; manufacturing process; terminological issue (լախտ (lakht) and գուրզ (gurz) etc. Taking into consideration the lack of archaeological finds of medieval maces from the territory of Armenia, the author pays attention to the written and figurative sources, comparing them with Byzantine and Muslim written accounts, archaeological finds and figurative sources respectively. Special attention was drawn to Armenian miniatures from the 11th century: «Kiss of Judas» (fig. 1–4), «Jesus before Pilate» (fig. 21) and to the relief on the door of Msho Arakelots monastery (1134) (fig. 6), where various types of maces are depicted. Due to the comparative analysis, further support was given to the idea that medieval figurative sources are more or less accurate material for studying medieval military history.
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Huang, Mengjiao, Cesunica Ivey, Yongtao Hu, Heather A. Holmes, and Matthew J. Strickland. "Source apportionment of primary and secondary PM2.5: Associations with pediatric respiratory disease emergency department visits in the U.S. State of Georgia." Environment International 133 (December 2019): 105167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105167.
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Johnson Gaither, Cassandra, Sadia Afrin, Fernando Garcia-Menendez, et al. "African American Exposure to Prescribed Fire Smoke in Georgia, USA." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17 (2019): 3079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173079.
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Our project examines the association between percent African American and smoke pollution in the form of prescribed burn-sourced, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the U.S. state of Georgia for 2018. (1) Background: African Americans constitute 32.4% of Georgia’s population, making it the largest racial/ethnic minority group in the state followed by Hispanic Americans at 9.8%. African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and lower wealth groups are more likely than most middle and upper income White Americans to be exposed to environmental pollutants. This is true because racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to live in urban areas where pollution is more concentrated. As a point of departure, we examine PM2.5 concentrations specific to prescribed fire smoke, which typically emanates from fires occurring in rural or peri-urban areas. Two objectives are specified: a) examine the association between percent African American and PM2.5 concentrations at the census tract level for Georgia, and b) identify emitters of PM2.5 concentrations that exceed National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for the 24-h average, i. e., >35 µg/m3. (2) Methods: For the first objective, we estimate a spatial Durbin error model (SDEM) where pollution concentration (PM2.5) estimates for 1683 census tracts are regressed on percent of the human population that is African American or Hispanic; lives in mobile homes; and is employed in agriculture and related occupations. Also included as controls are percent evergreen forest, percent mixed evergreen/deciduous forest, and variables denoting lagged explanatory and error variables, respectively. For the second objective, we merge parcel and prescribed burn permit data to identify landowners who conduct prescribed fires that produce smoke exceeding the NAAQS. (3) Results: Percent African American and mobile home dweller are positively related to PM2.5 concentrations; and government and non-industrial private landowners are the greatest contributors to exceedance levels (4) Conclusions: Reasons for higher PM2.5 concentrations in areas with higher African American and mobile home percent are not clear, although we suspect that neither group is a primary contributor to prescribed burn smoke but rather tend to live proximate to entities, both public and private, that are. Also, non-industrial private landowners who generated prescribed burn smoke exceeding NAAQS are wealthier than others, which suggests that African American and other environmental justice populations are less likely to contribute to exceedance levels in the state.
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Westervelt, D. M., R. H. Moore, A. Nenes, and P. J. Adams. "Effect of primary organic sea spray emissions on cloud condensation nuclei concentrations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 1 (2012): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-89-2012.
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Abstract. This work estimates the primary marine organic aerosol global emission source and its impact on cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations by implementing an organic sea spray source function into a series of global aerosol simulations. The source function assumes that a fraction of the sea spray emissions, depending on the local chlorophyll concentration, is organic matter in place of sea salt. Effect on CCN concentrations (at 0.2% supersaturation) is modeled using the Two-Moment Aerosol Sectional (TOMAS) microphysics algorithm coupled to the GISS II-prime general circulation model. The presence of organics affects CCN activity in competing ways: by reducing the amount of solute available in the particle and decreasing surface tension of CCN. To model surfactant effects, surface tension depression data from seawater samples taken near the Georgia coast were applied as a function of carbon concentrations. A global marine organic aerosol emission rate of 17.7 Tg C yr−1 is estimated from the simulations. Marine organics exert a localized influence on CCN(0.2%) concentrations, decreasing regional concentrations by no more than 5% and by less than 0.5% over most of the globe, assuming direct replacement of sea salt aerosol with organic aerosol. The decrease in CCN concentrations results from the fact that the decrease in particle solute concentration outweighs the organic surfactant effects. The low sensitivity of CCN(0.2%) to the marine organic emissions is likely due to the small compositional changes: the mass fraction of OA in accumulation mode aerosol increases by only ~15% in a biologically active region of the Southern Ocean. To test the sensitivity to uncertainty in the sea spray emissions process, we relax the assumption that sea spray aerosol number and mass remain fixed and instead can add to sea spray emissions rather than replace existing sea salt. In these simulations, we find that marine organic aerosol can increase CCN by up to 50% in the Southern Ocean and 3.7% globally during the austral summer. This vast difference in CCN impact highlights the need for further observational exploration of the sea spray aerosol emission process as well as evaluation and development of model parameterizations.
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Hofmann, Eileen E., John M. Klinck, Ricardo A. Locarnini, Bettina Fach, and Eugene Murphy. "Krill transport in the Scotia Sea and environs." Antarctic Science 10, no. 4 (1998): 406–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102098000492.
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Historical observations of the large-scale flow and frontal structure of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the Scotia Sea region were combined with the wind-induced surface Ekman transport to produce a composite flow field. This was used with a Lagrangian model to investigate transport of Antarctic krill. Particle displacements from known krill spawning areas that result from surface Ekman drift, a composite large-scale flow, and the combination of the two were calculated. Surface Ekman drift alone only transports particles a few kilometres over the 150-day krill larval development time. The large-scale composite flow moves particles several hundreds of kilometres over the same time, suggesting this is the primary transport mechanism. An important contribution of the surface Ekman drift on particles released along the continental shelf break west of the Antarctic Peninsula is moving them north-northeast into the high-speed core of the southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front, which then transports the particles to South Georgia in about 140–160 days. Similar particle displacement calculations using surface flow fields obtained from the Fine Resolution Antarctic Model do not show overall transport from the Antarctic Peninsula to South Georgia due to the inaccurate position of the southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front in the simulated circulation fields. The particle transit times obtained with the composite large-scale flow field are consistent with regional abundances of larval krill developmental stages collected in the Scotia Sea. These results strongly suggest that krill populations west of the Antarctic Peninsula provide the source for the krill populations found around South Georgia.
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Sun, Jiang-Hua, Stephen R. Clarke, Gary L. Debarr, and C. Wayne Berisford. "Parasitoid Complex of the Mealybug Oracella acuta (Lobdell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in Georgia, USA." Journal of Entomological Science 39, no. 1 (2004): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-39.1.11.
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The parasitoid complex of the mealybug Oracella acuta (Lobdell) was examined in two field populations in Georgia in 1995–96. Allotropa n. sp. and Zarhopalus debarri Sun were the primary endoparasitoids emerging from O. acuta. Adult abundance varied seasonally, with Allotropa n. sp. numbers peaking in June and Z. debarri in September. Parasitism rates of female O. acuta exceeded 60% at one site and ranged from 24 to 29% at the other site. The adult female was the preferred host stage for parasitism (76%), though Allotropa n. sp. and the endoparasitoid Acerophagus coccois E. Smith occasionally utilized second and third instar females as hosts. These two species exhibited gregarious parasitism, with up to 5 Allotropa n. sp. or 4 A. coccois emerging from a single host. Adult longevity of female and male Z. debarri averaged 6.4 and 5.3 days, respectively, and access to a food source usually increased adult lifespan. Female Z. debarri contained an average of 119 eggs, compared to 74 eggs per female for Allotropa n. sp.
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Radhakrishnan, Archana, David Reyes-Gastelum, Brittany Gay, et al. "Primary Care Provider Involvement in Thyroid Cancer Survivorship Care." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 9 (2020): e3300-e3306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa437.
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Abstract Context While prior research has examined how primary care providers (PCPs) can care for breast and colon cancer survivors, little is known about their role in thyroid cancer survivorship. Objective To understand PCP involvement and confidence in thyroid cancer survivorship care. Design/Setting/Participants We surveyed PCPs identified by thyroid cancer patients from the Georgia and LA SEER registries (n = 162, response rate 56%). PCPs reported their involvement in long-term surveillance and confidence in handling survivorship care (role of random thyroglobulin levels and neck ultrasound, and when to end long-term surveillance and refer back to the specialist). We examined: 1) PCP-reported factors associated with involvement using multivariable analyses; and 2) bivariate associations between involvement and confidence in handling survivorship care. Main Outcome Measures PCP involvement (involved vs not involved) and confidence (high vs low). Results Many PCPs (76%) reported being involved in long-term surveillance. Involvement was greater among PCPs who noted clinical guidelines as the most influential source in guiding treatment (OR 4.29; 95% CI, 1.56-11.82). PCPs reporting high confidence in handling survivorship varied by aspects of care: refer patient to specialist (39%), role of neck ultrasound (36%) and random thyroglobulin levels (27%), and end long-term surveillance (14%). PCPs reporting involvement were more likely to report high confidence in discussing the role of random thyroglobulin levels (33.3% vs 7.9% not involved; P &lt; 0.01). Conclusions While PCPs reported being involved in long-term surveillance, gaps remain in their confidence in handling survivorship care. Thyroid cancer survivorship guidelines that delineate PCP roles present one opportunity to increase confidence about their participation.
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Draper, J. "GEORGINA BASIN—AN EARLY PALAEOZOIC CARBONATE PETROLEUM SYSTEM IN QUEENSLAND." APPEA Journal 47, no. 1 (2007): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj06006.
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Queensland contains a number of carbonate-bearing basins which are under-explored for petroleum, but contain the elements of potentially economic petroleum systems. The oldest such basin is the Neoproterozoic to Ordovician Georgina Basin which straddles the Queensland-Northern Territory border and is traversed by the Ballera to Mount Isa gas pipeline.The basin developed across several major crustal blocks resulting in regional variations in deposition and deformation. Thick Neoproterozoic rocks of the Centralian Superbasin form the base of the sequence in apparently fault-bounded, extensional sub-basins. These rocks are generally tight and source rocks are unknown. The Cambrian to Ordovician rocks have the best petroleum potential with the most prospective part of the basin being the Toko Syncline. The Burke River Structural Belt is less prospective, but is worthy of further exploration. Basin fill consists of Cambrian and Early Ordovician rocks which are dominantly carbonates, with both limestones and dolostones present. In the Early to Middle Ordovician, the rocks became predominantly siliciclastic.The main phase of deformation affecting the Georgina Basin occurred in the Devonian as part of the Alice Springs Orogeny. The Toomba Fault, which forms the western boundary of the asymmetric Toko Syncline, is a thrust fault with up to 6.5 km of uplift. The angle of thrusting is between less than 40 degrees and up to 70 degrees. Rich, marine source rocks of Middle Cambrian age in the Toko Syncline are mature for oil except in the deepest part of the syncline where they are mature for dry gas. The deeper part of the Toko Syncline may be gas saturated.Potential hydrocarbon targets include large folds associated with fault rollovers, stratigraphic traps and faultbounded traps. Vugular, secondary porosity in dolostones offers the best chance for commercial reservoirs within the Ninmaroo and Kelly Creek formations and Thorntonia Limestone. There are also oolitic carbonates which may have good primary porosity, as well as interbedded sandstones in the carbonates with preserved porosity. Structurally controlled hydrothermal dolomite facies represent potential reservoirs. The dominantly siliciclastic Ordovician sequence is water flushed. Fracture porosity is another possibility (cf. the Palm Valley gas field in the Amadeus Basin). As the deeper part of the Toko Syncline appears to be gas saturated, there may be potential for basin-centred gas. Fine-grained carbonates and shales provide excellent seals. There has not been a valid structural test; although AOD Ethabuka–1 flowed 7,000 m3/d of dry gas, the well was abandoned short of the target depth.
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MEMMEDLI, Gülnara GOCA. "Education History of Meskhetian (Ahiskaian) Turks: Tsarist Russia Period." International Education Studies 14, no. 1 (2020): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v14n1p108.
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When we talk about Meskhetian/Ahiskaian Turks, it is perceived that the Turkish community with a population of approximately 200 thousand existed in the Meskhetian/Samtskhe-Javakheti region of Georgia, who was exiled from their ancestral lands to the Central Asian countries in 1944 by the Soviet government. Due to its settled position, Ahiskaian Turkishness has been a gateway between Anatolia and the Caucasus, in other words, between the regions and civilizations, as well as the unifying bridge of Anatolian and Azerbaijani Turks. After the exile, this position expanded further, and it also assumed the role of the cultural carrier of Central Asia, Anatolia, and Azerbaijan. Today about 150 thousand Meskhetian Turks live in Kazakhstan, 100 thousand in Turkey, 100 thousand in Azerbaijan, 100 thousand in the Russian Federation, 50 thousand in Kyrgyzstan, 15 thousand in Uzbekistan, 10 thousand in the United States, 10 thousand live in Ukraine and 1,500 in Georgia. As they live in different countries, Meskhetian Turks are defined as a trans-national community. It is known that Meskhetian Turks have a rich cultural heritage. The modern type of schooling process of this community has an important historical background. In the presented article, the schools that operated before the Turks&#39; 1944 evacuation from the historical Meskhet-Javakheti region in south-west Georgia are investigated. At the end of the 19th century, the new type of credit schools gave education in the Turkish language and opened in the villages of the Turks inhabited by the Turks in the Akhaltsikhe District in the province of Tiflis in Tsarist Russia, is being studied. In this context, the activity history of the primary schools established in the villages of Atsquri and Okam in 1881, Khertvisi in 1885, Adigeni in 1895, Oshora, Tsnisi, and Varkhani in 1897, the content of education in these schools, the contributions of reformist teachers who lit the light of enlightenment in the Akhaltsikhe cultural region, information specific to students is presented. The study&#39;s subjective sources and materials are mainly related materials in the Central Historical Archives of the National Archive of Georgia in Tbilisi.
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Garber, M. P., and K. Bondari. "Landscape Maintenance Firms: III. Opportunities for Cooperation in the Landscape/Nursery Industry." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 14, no. 2 (1996): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-14.2.62.
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Abstract Landscape maintenance firms in Georgia identified opportunities for landscape architects, landscape installers, growers, and university personnel to better serve their industry. The primary opportunities for landscape architects were to consider plant maintenance in the design stage (32.9%) and to specify plants with proven performance (27.6%). Landscape installers were asked to improve planting techniques (39.2%) and perform their own installation activities to ensure quality (27.5%). The top 2 opportunities for growers were improved quality and size standards for plant material (22.4%) and to supply new and different plants (16.4%). University personnel were asked to provide training and certification courses (37.9%) and landscape maintenance publications with information on pest management (19.7%). Landscape maintenance firms also identified the most common complaints received from their customers and the sources of information that influenced which plants to purchase. This information provides valuable insight into the needs of landscape maintenance firms and establishes a basis for more effective cooperation and marketing in the nursery/landscape industry.
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Bennett, Rebecca S., Michael G. Milgroom, Raazesh Sainudiin, Barry M. Cunfer, and Gary C. Bergstrom. "Relative Contribution of Seed-Transmitted Inoculum to Foliar Populations of Phaeosphaeria nodorum." Phytopathology® 97, no. 5 (2007): 584–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-97-5-0584.
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A marked-isolate, release-recapture experiment was conducted to assess the relative contributions of seed-transmitted (released isolates) versus all other inocula to foliar and grain populations of Phaeosphaeria nodorum in winter wheat rotated with nonsusceptible crops in New York and Georgia, United States. Seed infected with two distinct groups of marked isolates of P. nodorum containing rare alleles (identified by amplified fragment length polymorphisms [AFLPs]) and balanced for mating type were planted in experimental field plots in two locations in each state. Recapture was done by isolating P. nodorum from leaves showing necrotic lesions at spring tillering and flowering stages, and mature grains from spikes showing glume blotch. Isolates from these samples were genotyped by AFLPs and categorized as released or nonreleased to infer sources of inoculum. Both infected seed and other sources of the pathogen contributed significant primary inocula to populations recovered from leaves and harvested grain. Seed-transmitted genotypes accounted for a total of 57% of all isolates recovered from inoculated plots, with a range of 15 to 90% of the populations of P. nodorum collected over the season in individual, inoculated plots at the four locations. Plants in the noninoculated control plots also became diseased and 95% or more of the isolates recovered from these plots were nonreleased genotypes. Although other potential sources of P. nodorum within and adjacent to experimental plots were not ruled out, nonreleased genotypes likely were derived from immigrant ascospores potentially from sources at a considerable distance from the plots. Our results suggest that, although reduction of seedborne inoculum of P. nodorum may delay foliar epidemics, this strategy by itself is unlikely to result in high levels of control in eastern North America because of the additional contribution from alternative sources of inoculum.
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Stone, Rebecca H., Sally Rafie, Dennia Ernest, and Brielle Scutt. "Emergency Contraception Access and Counseling in Urban Pharmacies: A Comparison between States with and without Pharmacist Prescribing." Pharmacy 8, no. 2 (2020): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8020105.
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Pharmacists are often the primary source of emergency contraception (EC) access and patient information. This study aims to identify differences in pharmacist-reported EC access and counseling between states which do or do not permit pharmacist-prescribed EC. This prospective, mystery caller study was completed in California (CA), which permits pharmacist-prescribed EC after completion of continuing education, and Georgia (GA), which does not. All community pharmacies that were open to the public in San Diego and San Francisco, CA, and Atlanta, GA were called by researchers who posed as adult females inquiring about EC via a structured script. Primary endpoints were EC availability and counseling. Statistical analyses completed with SPSS. Researchers called 395 pharmacies, 98.2% were reached and included. Regarding levonorgestrel (LNG), CA pharmacists more frequently discussed (CA 90.4% vs. GA 81.2%, p = 0.02), stocked (CA 89.5% vs. GA 67.8%, p < 0.01), and correctly indicated it “will work” or “will work but may be less effective” 4 days after intercourse (CA 67.5% vs. GA 17.5%, p < 0.01). Ulipristal was infrequently discussed (CA 22.6% vs. GA 3.4%, p < 0.01) and rarely stocked (CA 9.6% vs. GA 0.7%, p < 0.01). Pharmacists practicing in states which permit pharmacist-prescribed EC with completion of required continuing education may be associated with improved patient access to oral EC and more accurate patient counseling.
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Liu, Haobing, Yanzhi (Ann) Xu, Michael O. Rodgers, and Randall Guensler. "Developing Vehicle Classification Inputs for Project-Level MOVES Analysis." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2503, no. 1 (2015): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2503-09.
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The motor vehicle emission simulator (MOVES) model is the primary regulatory model for estimating automobile emissions in the United States. The model requires refined input data; otherwise, internal model assumptions that are not necessarily representative of the project being modeled can dominate the outputs. For example, project-level on-road fleet composition is highly dependent on local vehicle use; hence, MOVES default inputs and regional distributions are not likely to apply (and MOVES estimates for project-level analyses are especially sensitive to vehicle source type distribution). Unfortunately, developing project-level source type distributions can be challenging for model users. This research proposes a procedure for developing MOVES vehicle source type distribution inputs that uses the FHWA vehicle classification scheme, Environmental Protection Agency certification data, state registration data, along with on-road license plate and video data. A case study of I-85 near Atlanta, Georgia, is presented to illustrate the importance of distinguishing within light-duty vehicle classes for hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide estimations, and between the single-unit heavy-duty truck (HDT) and combination HDT classes for nitrogen oxide and particulate matter estimation. The analysis suggests that the most important work is to generate on-road distributions of HDTs with respect to single-unit and combination trucks rather than to use regional defaults. The case study results show the need for locally derived vehicle class inputs for MOVES for project-level analysis and calls for an alternative MOVES vehicle class input option that uses regulatory class distributions because the default vehicle class distribution embedded in MOVES may sometimes be unrealistic.
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Grigsby-Toussaint, Diana, and Jong Cheol Shin. "184 Racial awareness and insufficient sleep." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (2021): A74—A75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.183.
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Abstract Introduction Population-based studies are needed to fully disentangle persistent racial and ethnic disparities in sleep health in the US. In this study, we examine whether the frequency of self-reflection on racial identify influences insufficient sleep among US adults. Methods The 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Analysis Surveillance System (BRFSS) was used as the primary data source to explore the relationship between self-reflection of racial identity and insufficient sleep. Data was limited to states administering the “Reactions to Race Module,” which included Georgia, Kentucky, and Rhode Island (N=7,085). Frequency of self-reflection of race was assessed using the question “How often do you think about your race? Would you say never, once a year, once a month, once a week, once a day, once an hour, or constantly?” Insufficient sleep was determined using the item, “During the past 30 days, for about how many days have you felt you did not get enough rest or sleep?” Multivariate regression analyses were performed while controlling for age, sex, education, income, marital status, and poor mental and physical health. Results: Results Across the sample, participants reported an average of 8.95+/- 10.06 days of insufficient sleep per month. Participants from Georgia reported the highest number of days of insufficient sleep (9.83+/- 10.51) followed by Kentucky (8.64+/- 9.94) and Rhode Island (8.38+/- 9.67) (p&lt;0.05). After controling for age, sex, education, income, employment, and marital status, individuals reporting any self-reflection on their race were more likely to report insufficient sleep within a 30-day period (Beta=0.026, 95% CI [0.062, 1.02], p=0.027). Conclusion: Conclusion In a sample of US adults, self-reflection of race adversely impacted sleep quality. More studies are needed to fully explore the mechanisms underpinning this association. Support (if any):
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Harrod, J., and P. J. Mago. "Performance analysis of a combined cooling, heating, and power system driven by a waste biomass fired Stirling engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 225, no. 2 (2010): 420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes2086.
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Due to the soaring costs and demand of energy in recent years, combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems have arisen as an alternative to conventional power generation based on their potential to provide reductions in cost, primary energy consumption, and emissions. However, the application of these systems is commonly limited to internal combustion engine prime movers that use natural gas as the primary fuel source. Investigation of more efficient prime movers and renewable fuel applications is an integral part of improving CCHP technology. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyse the performance of a CCHP system driven by a biomass fired Stirling engine. The study is carried out by considering an hour-by-hour CCHP simulation for a small office building located in Atlanta, Georgia. The hourly thermal and electrical demands for the building were obtained using the EnergyPlus software. Results for burning waste wood chip biomass are compared to results obtained burning natural gas to illustrate the effects of fuel choice and prime mover power output on the overall CCHP system performance. Based on the specified utility rates and including excess production buyback, the results suggest that fuel prices of less than $23/MWh must be maintained for savings in cost compared to the conventional case. In addition, the performance of the CCHP system using the Stirling engine is compared with the conventional system performance. This comparison is based on operational cost and primary energy consumption. When electricity can be sold back to the grid, results indicate that a wood chip fired system yields a potential cost savings of up to 50 per cent and a 20 per cent increase in primary energy consumption as compared with the conventional system. On the other hand, a natural gas fired system is shown to be ineffective for cost and primary energy consumption savings with increases of up to 85 per cent and 24 per cent compared to the conventional case, respectively. The variations in the operational cost and primary energy consumption are also shown to be sensitive to the electricity excess production and buyback rate.
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Gassó, S., A. Stein, F. Marino, E. Castellano, R. Udisti, and J. Ceratto. "A combined observational and modeling approach to study modern dust transport from the Patagonia desert to East Antarctica." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 5 (2010): 13287–335. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-13287-2010.
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Abstract. The understanding of present atmospheric transport processes from Southern Hemisphere (SH) landmasses to Antarctica can improve the interpretation of stratigraphic data in Antarctic ice cores. In addition, long range transport can deliver key nutrients normally not available to marine ecosystems in the Southern Ocean and may trigger or enhance primary productivity. However, there is a dearth of observational based studies of dust transport in the SH. This work aims to improve current understanding of dust transport in the SH by showing a characterization of two dust events originating in the Patagonia desert (south end of South America). The approach is based on a combined and complementary use of satellite retrievals (detectors MISR, MODIS, GLAS, POLDER, OMI), transport model simulation (HYSPLIT) and surface observations near the sources and aerosol measurements in Antarctica (Neumayer and Concordia sites). Satellite imagery and visibility observations confirm dust emission in a stretch of dry lakes along the coast of the Tierra del Fuego (TdF) island (~54° S) and from the shores of the Colihue Huapi lake in Central Patagonia (~46° S) in February 2005. Model simulations initialized by these observations reproduce the timing of an observed increase in dust concentration at the Concordia Station and some of the observed increases in atmospheric aerosol absorption (here used as a dust proxy) in the Neumayer station. The TdF sources were the largest contributors of dust at both sites. The transit times from TdF to the Neumayer and Concordia sites are 6–7 and 9–10 days respectively. Lidar observations and model outputs coincide in placing most of the dust cloud in the boundary layer and suggest significant deposition over the ocean immediately downwind. Boundary layer dust was detected as far as 1800 km from the source and $\\sim $800 km north of the South Georgia Island over the central sub-Antarctic Atlantic Ocean. Although the analysis suggests the presence of dust at ~1500 km SW of South Africa five days after, the limited capabilities of existing satellite platforms to differentiate between aerosol types do not permit a definitive conclusion. In addition, the model simulations show dust lifting to the free troposphere as it travels south but it could not be confirmed by the satellite observations due to cloudiness. This work demonstrates that complementary information from existing transport models, satellite and surface data can yield a consistent picture of the dust transport from the Patagonia desert to Antarctica. It also illustrates the limitation of using any of these approaches individually to characterize the transport of dust in a heavily cloudy area.
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Gassó, S., A. Stein, F. Marino, E. Castellano, R. Udisti, and J. Ceratto. "A combined observational and modeling approach to study modern dust transport from the Patagonia desert to East Antarctica." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 17 (2010): 8287–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8287-2010.
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Abstract. The understanding of present atmospheric transport processes from Southern Hemisphere (SH) landmasses to Antarctica can improve the interpretation of stratigraphic data in Antarctic ice cores. In addition, long range transport can deliver key nutrients normally not available to marine ecosystems in the Southern Ocean and may trigger or enhance primary productivity. However, there is a dearth of observational based studies of dust transport in the SH. This work aims to improve current understanding of dust transport in the SH by showing a characterization of two dust events originating in the Patagonia desert (south end of South America). The approach is based on a combined and complementary use of satellite retrievals (detectors MISR, MODIS, GLAS, POLDER, OMI), transport model simulation (HYSPLIT) and surface observations near the sources and aerosol measurements in Antarctica (Neumayer and Concordia sites). Satellite imagery and visibility observations confirm dust emission in a stretch of dry lakes along the coast of the Tierra del Fuego (TdF) island (~54° S) and from the shores of the Colihue Huapi lake in Central Patagonia (~46° S) in February 2005. Model simulations initialized by these observations reproduce the timing of an observed increase in dust concentration at the Concordia Station and some of the observed increases in atmospheric aerosol absorption (here used as a dust proxy) in the Neumayer station. The TdF sources were the largest contributors of dust at both sites. The transit times from TdF to the Neumayer and Concordia sites are 6–7 and 9–10 days respectively. Lidar observations and model outputs coincide in placing most of the dust cloud in the boundary layer and suggest significant deposition over the ocean immediately downwind. Boundary layer dust was detected as far as 1800 km from the source and ~800 km north of the South Georgia Island over the central sub-Antarctic Atlantic Ocean. Although the analysis suggests the presence of dust at ~1500 km SW of South Africa five days after, the limited capabilities of existing satellite platforms to differentiate between aerosol types do not permit a definitive conclusion. In addition, the model simulations show dust lifting to the free troposphere as it travels south but it could not be confirmed by the satellite observations due to cloudiness. This work demonstrates that complementary information from existing transport models, satellite and surface data can yield a consistent picture of the dust transport from the Patagonia desert to Antarctica. It also illustrates the limitation of using any of these approaches individually to characterize the transport of dust in a heavily cloudy area.
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Georgieva, Veselina, Daniela Hristova, and Tanya Srebreva. "TOUR OPERATOR PROJECT." Education and Technologies Journal 11, no. 2 (2020): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26883/2010.202.2377.
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Project work provides active participation of students, covering activities with an emphasis on independent work and the combination of different information sources. The end result is creating your own product. Students from the third grade of „Alexander Georgiev-Kodzhakafaliyata“ Primary School did Project „Tour Operator“, which integrates the subjects Local History, Information Technology and Computer Modeling. In order to complete their tourist offers, student must have a wide range of knowledge and skills. The teams study cultural and historical sites along a certain tourist route. They visit the exhibitions of Regional Historical Museum-Burgas to gather information according to pre-set criteria. For the purpose of the project different methods and means are used such as: dictation; surplus information method; search for information on the Internet (text and images) by keywords. The design of the offers requires the teams to apply knowledge and skills related to entering and formatting text in a word processing program, inserting an image. For each offer the students calculate the prices for visiting in two variants, and in order to intrigue their future clients, they make a virtual walk in Burgas in Scratch. The indirect result is related to positive emotions and attitudes in students, with the formation of social experience.
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Zdonek, Iwona, Anna Mularczyk, and Grzegorz Polok. "The Idea of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Opinion of Future Managers—Comparative Research between Poland and Georgia." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (2021): 7045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137045.
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The article deals with the issue of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the awareness of economics students as future managers responsible for the implementation of this idea in enterprises. Due to the fact that CSR is a source of many innovations today, the aim of the research was to learn about the awareness and opinions of students about CSR on such issues as: reasons for implementation, main activities, impact on profitability, and the need to explore and assess the usefulness of this knowledge. The research was conducted in 2019 among students from Poland and Georgia (as countries at various stages of advancement in the market economy). The results of the research were statistically analyzed in terms of obtaining answers to the hypotheses and research questions, checking the significance of differences in the answers due to nationality, and additionally, gender (chi-square test and test for two proportions). The primary contribution of this study is an exploration of the views of students on various issues of CSR and sustainability. The results showed that—according to students—ethical values, increased consumer awareness, and the desire to gain a competitive advantage are the most common reasons for the implementation of the CSR concept by companies. The vast majority of respondents indicated the need to enrich the knowledge of business ethics as an important aspect shaping the attitudes of employers and employees. The positive attitude of students regarding the impact of CSR on the company’s profitability was confirmed, although the authors expected more unambiguous results. Differences were also distinguished between the responses of students from both countries on some issues, such as: opinions on the developing ethical sensitivity, the need for the credibility of the EU economic policy, ecology and relations with the local community, as well as relations with the closest stakeholders of companies. The results of the conducted research suggest the need for intense activity in the field of public awareness and the requirement of personnel training for the skilful implementation of CSR principles in enterprises.
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Gilmore, James W., Nancy Walker Peacock, Anna Gu, et al. "Antiemetic guideline consistency and incidence of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in U.S. community oncology practice: INSPIRE study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 34_suppl (2012): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.34_suppl.167.
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167 Background: Electronic Health Records (EHRs) are a valuable source to evaluate the quality of oncology care, particularly when combined with patient outcomes data. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of guideline consistent/inconsistent chemotherapy prophylaxis (GCCP, GICP) on the incidence of no CINV after cycle 1 of highly or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC or MEC). Methods: INSPIRE (Impact of NCCN Antiemesis Guideline Usage on Patient Reported Emesis) was a prospective observational, multicenter study that enrolled chemotherapy-naive adults initiating single-day HEC or MEC. Results from the MASCC Antiemesis Tool, administered 5 to 8 days after HEC/MEC, were merged with EHR data. The primary endpoint, no CINV (no emesis and no clinically significant nausea), was compared between groups using logistic regression. Results: 1,295 patients (mean age=59.3, 30.0% male, 35.5% HEC) were enrolled from Georgia Cancer Specialists (53.0%), Tennessee Oncology (38.1%), Florida Cancer Specialists (5.7%), and Cancer Specialists of N. Florida (3.2%). The prevalence of GCCP was 57.3% (28.7% HEC; 73.1% MEC). If corticosteroids were prescribed to all HEC patients on days 2-4, GCCP for HEC would increase from 28.7% to 89.8%. If NK1-receptor antagonists (NK1-RA) were prescribed to all MEC patients, GCCP for MEC would increase from 73.1% to 97.8%. GCCP and GICP-treated patients differed by age, (p=0.010), HEC/MEC (p<0.0001), primary cancer site (p<0.0001), practice site (p<0.0001). The percent with no CINV, no emesis, and no clinically significant nausea was significantly higher for GCCP patients. Conclusions: Increased GCCP could significantly reduce CINV after HEC or MEC. The main reasons for guideline inconsisteny were lack of corticosteroids in the delayed phase for HEC and lack of NK1-RA for MEC. There remains room for improvement in nausea control. [Table: see text]
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Frederick, Bruce C., Mike D. Blum, John W. Snedden, and Richard H. Fillon. "Early Mesozoic synrift Eagle Mills Formation and coeval siliciclastic sources, sinks, and sediment routing, northern Gulf of Mexico basin." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 11-12 (2020): 2631–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35493.1.
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Abstract The sedimentary architecture and provenance of the early Mesozoic incipient northern Gulf of Mexico basin remains controversial due to both lack of outcrop exposure and sample scarcity across the southern United States with subcrop depths approaching 6 km. The Eagle Mills Formation and coeval deposition across the northern Gulf of Mexico provides both a stratigraphic foundation for some ∼15-km-thick overlying Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits, and a coeval pre-salt equivalent for southern synrift deposits, in one of the most economically significant hydrocarbon basins in the world. This study presents more than 3200 new detrital zircon U-Pb analyses from sixteen Late Triassic pre-salt, siliciclastic, subcrop well samples, and combines over 14,000 linear kilometers of 2-D multi-channel seismic reflection data, 1511 geophysical well logs, and biostratigraphic data from 2478 wells to construct basin-scale pre-salt isochore and structure maps spanning the northern Gulf of Mexico margin from Florida to the USA-Mexican border. The data show that incipient Gulf of Mexico paleodrainage pathways held individual distinctions between basement sources and tectonic controls in three primary regions across the northern Gulf of Mexico: (1) The western Gulf of Mexico paleodrainage extended from the Central Texas uplift highlands to the submarine Potosi Fan on the western margin of Laurentia with local tributary sources from the East Mexico Arc, Yucatán/Maya, and Marathon-Ouachita provinces as evidenced by inverse Monte Carlo unmixing of peri-Gondwanan (ca. 700–500 Ma), Appalachian/Ouachita (500–280 Ma), Grenville (1250–950 Ma), and Mid-Continent/Granite-Rhyolite Province (1500–1300 Ma) detrital zircon ages. Isochore and associated geophysical well and seismic data suggest that by Early Jurassic time this depocenter had shifted into the present-day western Gulf of Mexico as East Mexico Arc development continued. (2) Southerly drainage in the north-central Gulf of Mexico region bifurcated around the Sabine and Monroe uplifted terranes with southwestern flow characterized by peri-Gondwanan detrital zircon ages from late Paleozoic accreted basement or discrete flexural successor basins, and southeastern fluvial networks distinguished by traditional North American basement province sources including Grenville, Mid-Continent, and Yavapai-Mazatzal. (3) Eastern Gulf of Mexico regional paleodrainage, with regional southern flow dictated by the brittle extensional tectonics of the South Georgia Rift as well as the regional southern flexure of the South Florida Basin, resulted in almost all pre-salt detrital zircon siliciclastic ages from this region to be dominated by local Gondwanan/peri-Gondwanan aged sources including the proximal Suwannee terrane and Osceola Granite complex. These regional, synrift sediment provenance models provide the first critical allochthonous evidence of Late Triassic–Early Jurassic paleodrainage stemming from the Appalachian-Ouachita hinterlands into the incipient northern Gulf of Mexico basin with critical implications for pre-salt hydrocarbon exploration and carbon sequestration reservoir potential.
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Xu, L., S. Suresh, H. Guo, R. J. Weber, and N. L. Ng. "Aerosol characterization over the southeastern United States using high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry: spatial and seasonal variation of aerosol composition and sources with a focus on organic nitrates." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 13 (2015): 7307–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7307-2015.
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Abstract. We deployed a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) to characterize the chemical composition of submicron non-refractory particulate matter (NR-PM$_{1}$) in the southeastern USA. Measurements were performed in both rural and urban sites in the greater Atlanta area, Georgia (GA), and Centreville, Alabama (AL), for approximately 1 year as part of Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology study (SCAPE) and Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS). Organic aerosol (OA) accounts for more than half of NR-PM1 mass concentration regardless of sampling sites and seasons. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of HR-ToF-AMS measurements identified various OA sources, depending on location and season. Hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) and cooking OA (COA) have important, but not dominant, contributions to total OA in urban sites (i.e., 21–38 % of total OA depending on site and season). Biomass burning OA (BBOA) concentration shows a distinct seasonal variation with a larger enhancement in winter than summer. We find a good correlation between BBOA and brown carbon, indicating biomass burning is an important source for brown carbon, although an additional, unidentified brown carbon source is likely present at the rural Yorkville site. Isoprene-derived OA factor (isoprene-OA) is only deconvolved in warmer months and contributes 18–36 % of total OA. The presence of isoprene-OA factor in urban sites is more likely from local production in the presence of NOx than transport from rural sites. More-oxidized and less-oxidized oxygenated organic aerosol (MO-OOA and LO-OOA, respectively) are dominant fractions (47–79 %) of OA in all sites. MO-OOA correlates well with ozone in summer but not in winter, indicating MO-OOA sources may vary with seasons. LO-OOA, which reaches a daily maximum at night, correlates better with estimated nitrate functionality from organic nitrates than total nitrates. Based on the HR-ToF-AMS measurements, we estimate that the nitrate functionality from organic nitrates contributes 63–100 % to the total measured nitrates in summer. Furthermore, the contribution of organic nitrates to total OA is estimated to be 5–12 % in summer, suggesting that organic nitrates are important components in the ambient aerosol in the southeastern USA. The spatial distribution of OA is investigated by comparing simultaneous HR-ToF-AMS measurements with ACSM measurements at two different sampling sites. OA is found to be spatially homogeneous in summer due possibly to stagnant air mass and a dominant amount of regional secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the southeastern USA. The homogeneity is less in winter, which is likely due to spatial variation of primary emissions. We observe that the seasonality of OA concentration shows a clear urban/rural contrast. While OA exhibits weak seasonal variation in the urban sites, its concentration is higher in summer than winter for rural sites. This observation from our year-long measurements is consistent with 14 years of organic carbon (OC) data from the SouthEastern Aerosol Research and Characterization (SEARCH) network. The comparison between short-term measurements with advanced instruments and long-term measurements of basic air quality indicators not only tests the robustness of the short-term measurements but also provides insights in interpreting long-term measurements. We find that OA factors resolved from PMF analysis on HR-ToF-AMS measurements have distinctly different diurnal variations. The compensation of OA factors with different diurnal trends is one possible reason for the repeatedly observed, relatively flat OA diurnal profile in the southeastern USA. In addition, analysis of long-term measurements shows that the correlation between OC and sulfate is substantially stronger in summer than winter. This seasonality could be partly due to the effects of sulfate on isoprene SOA formation as revealed by the short-term intensive measurements.
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Schmidt, Katrin, Thomas A. Brown, Simon T. Belt, et al. "Do pelagic grazers benefit from sea ice? Insights from the Antarctic sea ice proxy IPSO<sub>25</sub>." Biogeosciences 15, no. 7 (2018): 1987–2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1987-2018.
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Abstract. Sea ice affects primary production in polar regions in multiple ways. It can dampen water column productivity by reducing light or nutrient supply, provide a habitat for ice algae and condition the marginal ice zone (MIZ) for phytoplankton blooms on its seasonal retreat. The relative importance of three different carbon sources (sea ice derived, sea ice conditioned, non-sea-ice associated) for the polar food web is not well understood, partly due to the lack of methods that enable their unambiguous distinction. Here we analysed two highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) biomarkers to trace sea-ice-derived and sea-ice-conditioned carbon in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and relate their concentrations to the grazers' body reserves, growth and recruitment. During our sampling in January–February 2003, the proxy for sea ice diatoms (a di-unsaturated HBI termed IPSO25, δ13C = −12.5 ± 3.3 ‰) occurred in open waters of the western Scotia Sea, where seasonal ice retreat was slow. In suspended matter from surface waters, IPSO25 was present at a few stations close to the ice edge, but in krill the marker was widespread. Even at stations that had been ice-free for several weeks, IPSO25 was found in krill stomachs, suggesting that they gathered the ice-derived algae from below the upper mixed layer. Peak abundances of the proxy for MIZ diatoms (a tri-unsaturated HBI termed HBI III, δ13C = −42.2 ± 2.4 ‰) occurred in regions of fast sea ice retreat and persistent salinity-driven stratification in the eastern Scotia Sea. Krill sampled in the area defined by the ice edge bloom likewise contained high amounts of HBI III. As indicators for the grazer's performance we used the mass–length ratio, size of digestive gland and growth rate for krill, and recruitment for the biomass-dominant calanoid copepods Calanoides acutus and Calanus propinquus. These indices consistently point to blooms in the MIZ as an important feeding ground for pelagic grazers. Even though ice-conditioned blooms are of much shorter duration than blooms downstream of the permanently sea-ice-free South Georgia, they enabled fast growth and offspring development. Our study shows two rarely considered ways that pelagic grazers may benefit from sea ice: firstly, after their release from sea ice, suspended or sinking ice algae can supplement the grazers' diet if phytoplankton concentrations are low. Secondly, conditioning effects of seasonal sea ice can promote pelagic primary production and therefore food availability in spring and summer.
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Rissman, J., S. Arunachalam, M. Woody, J. J. West, T. BenDor, and F. S. Binkowski. "A plume-in-grid approach to characterize air quality impacts of aircraft emissions at the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 1 (2013): 1089–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-1089-2013.
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Abstract. This study examined the impacts of aircraft emissions during the landing and takeoff cycle on PM2.5 concentrations during the months of June 2002 and July 2002 at the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport. Primary and secondary pollutants were modeled using the Advanced Modeling System for Transport, Emissions, Reactions, and Deposition of Atmospheric Matter (AMSTERDAM). AMSTERDAM is a modified version of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model that incorporates a plume-in-grid process to simulate emissions sources of interest at a finer scale than can be achieved using CMAQ's model grid. Three fundamental issues were investigated: the effects of aircraft on PM2.5 concentrations throughout northern Georgia, the differences resulting from use of AMSTERDAM's plume-in-grid process rather than a traditional CMAQ simulation, and the concentrations observed in aircraft plumes at sub-grid scales. Comparison of model results with an air quality monitor located in the vicinity of the airport found that normalized mean bias ranges from −77.5% to 6.2% and normalized mean error ranges from 40.4% to 77.5%, varying by species. Aircraft influence average PM2.5 concentrations by up to 0.232 μg m−3 near the airport and by 0.001–0.007 μg m−3 throughout the Atlanta metro area. The plume-in-grid process increases concentrations of secondary PM pollutants by 0.005–0.020 μg m−3 (compared to the traditional grid-based treatment) but reduces the concentration of non-reactive primary PM pollutants by up to 0.010 μg m−3, with changes concentrated near the airport. Examination of sub-grid scale results indicates that puffs within 20 km of the airport often have average PM2.5 concentrations one order of magnitude higher than aircraft contribution to the grid cells containing those puffs, and within 1–4 km of emitters, puffs may have PM2.5 concentrations 3 orders of magnitude greater than the aircraft contribution to their grid cells. 21% of all aircraft-related puffs from the Atlanta airport have at least 0.1 μg m−3 PM2.5 concentrations. Median daily puff concentrations vary between 0.017 and 0.134 μg m−3, while maximum daily puff concentrations vary between 6.1 and 42.1 μg m−3 during the 2-month period. In contrast, median daily grid concentrations vary between 0.015 and 0.091 μg m−3, while maximum daily grid concentrations vary between 0.751 and 2.55 μg m−3. Future researchers may consider using AMSTERDAM to understand the impacts of aircraft emissions at other airports, for proposed future airports, for airport expansion projects under various future scenarios, and for other national-scale studies specifically when the maximum impacts at fine scales are of interest.
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Fang, Xi, Wenwu Sun, Julie Jeon, Srujana Rayalam, Qun Zhao, and Hea Jin Park. "Effect of Maternal Supplementation of Lutein on Brain Functional Organization of Offspring in a Piglet Model." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (2020): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa041_009.
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Abstract Objectives Lutein preferentially accumulates in human eyes and brains across the lifespan and is associated with visual and cognitive function. Dietary lutein intake during gestation and lactation may influence the development of neuronal networks of the infants. This study aims to provide preliminary data on the effect of maternal lutein supplementation during perinatal period on brain functional organization of the offspring. Methods Pregnant sows (n = 6) were fed a corn-based control diet (CON) or CON supplemented with lutein (LUT, 2 mg/kg BW/day) from late gestation to lactation for 60 days. Piglets (n = 7 in each group) underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to acquire anatomical, diffusion tensor imaging, and resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) data at weaning (21d old). Using a sparse dictionary learning approach, six resting-state networks were examined that resembles that of humans. Results Piglets from LUT-fed sows showed a 7.7% decreased functional connectivity in executive control network and 13.2% decrease in cerebellum network compared to that of CON piglets, suggesting perinatal LUT supplementation may suppress the activation of executive and motor function at resting state in infants. In addition, piglets from LUT-fed sows had a 10.3% decrease in functional connectivity in the visual network encompassing primary, secondary, and associative visual cortex and an 8% lower connectivity within auditory network encompassing superior temporal gyrus and auditory cortex in comparison to that of CON piglets, indicating maternal LUT supplementation may lead to a lower functional activation of the intrinsic visual and auditory networks of offspring at weaning. Slight changes in sensorimotor and default mode networks were also observed. Moreover, perinatal lutein supplementation did not change mean diffusivity, fractional anisotropy, and fiber length in hippocampus, the key component of memory formation and cognitive development. Conclusions Maternal supplementation of lutein may alter the functional organization of the offspring within multiple intrinsic networks at resting state that may underlie the functional outcomes of cognitive development of the offspring at weaning. Funding Sources Georgia Experimental Agricultural Station, Faculty research grant from Office or Research at the UGA, and Division of Research at PCOM.
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Wang, Lili, Dennis C. Flanagan, and Keith A. Cherkauer. "Development of a Coupled Water Quality Model." Transactions of the ASABE 60, no. 4 (2017): 1153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12002.
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Abstract. . Nonpoint-source (NPS) pollutants, especially from agriculture, continue to be a primary source of waterquality degradation problems. Effective land management decisions at the field scale must be made to minimize nutrient losses that could pollute streams. Existing NPS models often cannot directly estimate the impacts of different land management practices or determine the effectiveness of combined best management practices (BMPs) in a distributed way at the farm scale. In many cases, they rely on application of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) or its improved versions, which represent fields in a lumped fashion and use empirical rather than process-based modeling methodologies. In this study, a coupled Water Erosion Prediction Project and Water Quality (WEPP-WQ) model was completed, updated, improved, and evaluated for simulation of hydrology, soil erosion, and water quality. The WEPP model is a well-established process-based model that simulates runoff and erosion processes from a hillslope. The water quality components are based on those of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). A single overland flow element (OFE) on a hillslope is used to represent a single soil and land use management. The WEPP-WQ model was tested by comparing simulated values from the coupled model with observed nutrient and sediment concentrations in surface runoff following storm events at experimental sites near Waterloo in northeastern Indiana and at the Throckmorton Purdue Agricultural Center in west central Indiana. Time series evaluation of the WEPP-WQ model was performed with observed nutrient and sediment losses from an experimental plot near Tifton, Georgia. The model performed quite well in simulating nutrient losses for single storm events, with R2 greater than 0.8, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) greater than 0.65, and percent bias (PBIAS) less than 31% for runoff, sediment, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen, soluble phosphorus, and total phosphorus losses. In predicting time series nutrient loss, the WEPP-WQ model simulated daily nitrate nitrogen losses adequately, with the ratio of the root mean square error to the standard deviation of measured data (RSR) less than 0.7, NSE greater than 0.55, and PBIAS within the range of ±40%. Comparisons between simulated soluble phosphorus, total phosphorus, and literature results were performed due to the absence of an available observational dataset. The WEPP-WQ model with a single OFE in this study provides a basic but important step for the development of WEPP-WQ models with multiple OFEs that can evaluate the effectiveness of BMPs Keywords: Modeling, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Soil erosion, Water quality, WEPP.
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Wahid, Ali, Steven Munkeby, and Samuel Sambasivam. "Machine Learning-based Flu Forecasting Study Using the Official Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Twitter Data." Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology 18 (2021): 063–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4796.
Full textAbstract:
Aim/Purpose: In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) tracks the disease activity using data collected from medical practice's on a weekly basis. Collection of data by CDC from medical practices on a weekly basis leads to a lag time of approximately 2 weeks before any viable action can be planned. The 2-week delay problem was addressed in the study by creating machine learning models to predict flu outbreak. Background: The 2-week delay problem was addressed in the study by correlation of the flu trends identified from Twitter data and official flu data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in combination with creating a machine learning model using both data sources to predict flu outbreak. Methodology: A quantitative correlational study was performed using a quasi-experimental design. Flu trends from the CDC portal and tweets with mention of flu and influenza from the state of Georgia were used over a period of 22 weeks from December 29, 2019 to May 30, 2020 for this study. Contribution: This research contributed to the body of knowledge by using a simple bag-of-word method for sentiment analysis followed by the combination of CDC and Twitter data to generate a flu prediction model with higher accuracy than using CDC data only. Findings: The study found that (a) there is no correlation between official flu data from CDC and tweets with mention of flu and (b) there is an improvement in the performance of a flu forecasting model based on a machine learning algorithm using both official flu data from CDC and tweets with mention of flu. Recommendations for Practitioners: In this study, it was found that there was no correlation between the official flu data from the CDC and the count of tweets with mention of flu, which is why tweets alone should be used with caution to predict a flu out-break. Based on the findings of this study, social media data can be used as an additional variable to improve the accuracy of flu prediction models. It is also found that fourth order polynomial and support vector regression models offered the best accuracy of flu prediction models. Recommendations for Researchers: Open-source data, such as Twitter feed, can be mined for useful intelligence benefiting society. Machine learning-based prediction models can be improved by adding open-source data to the primary data set. Impact on Society: Key implication of this study for practitioners in the field were to use social media postings to identify neighborhoods and geographic locations affected by seasonal outbreak, such as influenza, which would help reduce the spread of the disease and ultimately lead to containment. Based on the findings of this study, social media data will help health authorities in detecting seasonal outbreaks earlier than just using official CDC channels of disease and illness reporting from physicians and labs thus, empowering health officials to plan their responses swiftly and allocate their resources optimally for the most affected areas. Future Research: A future researcher could use more complex deep learning algorithms, such as Artificial Neural Networks and Recurrent Neural Networks, to evaluate the accuracy of flu outbreak prediction models as compared to the regression models used in this study. A future researcher could apply other sentiment analysis techniques, such as natural language processing and deep learning techniques, to identify context-sensitive emotion, concept extraction, and sarcasm detection for the identification of self-reporting flu tweets. A future researcher could expand the scope by continuously collecting tweets on a public cloud and applying big data applications, such as Hadoop and MapReduce, to perform predictions using several months of historical data or even years for a larger geographical area.
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Scherm, H., A. T. Savelle, R. T. Boozer, and W. G. Foshee. "Seasonal Dynamics of Conidial Production Potential of Fusicladium carpophilum on Twig Lesions in Southeastern Peach Orchards." Plant Disease 92, no. 1 (2008): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-1-0047.
Full textAbstract:
Conidia produced on overwintered lesions on 1-year-old twigs constitute the only source of primary inoculum for the peach scab fungus, Fusicladium carpophilum; however, there is little quantitative information about the dynamics of sporulation throughout the season. Starting in late winter and continuing until midsummer over a 4-year period, twig segments were sampled every 1 to 2 weeks from peach trees untreated with fungicide from a total of 18 trials (site–cultivar–year combinations) in Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina. Twig samples were incubated in a moist chamber in the laboratory for 48 h and washed on a wrist-action shaker, and conidial production potential was determined by microscopic counts in aliquots of the wash water. When plotted against calendar date (day of the year), there was considerable variation among cultivars, sites, and years in the temporal pattern of conidial numbers of F. carpophilum. For example, conidia first were detected on samples collected between mid-February and late March, and the highest peak in conidial numbers was observed between late March and mid-May. In contrast, when conidial numbers were expressed as cumulative totals in relation to phenological time (either days after full bloom or days after calyx-split), temporal progress was very similar among trials. Conidial production summarized in this manner generally commenced before bloom and reached 25 and 90% of the seasonal total by calyx-split and 10 weeks after bloom, respectively. A two-parameter sigmoidal function described the relationship between cumulative conidial production and phenological time very well (R2 = 0.9727 and 0.9790 for days after full bloom and days after calyx-split, respectively; P < 0.0001, n = 260). Expression of time in degree-days did not improve the relationship between cumulative conidial numbers and phenological time. Thus, knowledge of host tree phenology may be sufficient to derive strategic estimates of disease risk based on the predictable seasonal pattern of conidial production potential; this seasonal, inoculum-based risk estimate may be used to adjust daily infection risk estimates based on models that consider microclimatic conditions affecting pathogen growth and infection.
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Agop, S. G. "Own experience in an open multicenter randomized controlled trial Rheo-STAT on the efficacy and safety of Reosorbilact in patients with peritonitis in Moldova." Infusion & Chemotherapy, no. 3.2 (December 15, 2020): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32902/2663-0338-2020-3.2-4-6.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Peritonitis is a consequence of complications of the abdominal cavity organs’ diseases (inflammation, injury) and systemic inflammatory reaction of the organism, which is manifested by symptoms of intoxication and dysfunction of all the organs. In case of diffuse peritonitis mortality is about 80 %. Prerequisites of the lethal outcomes include a late visit to the doctor, elderly age, the presence of cancer and diabetes, antibiotic resistance of the pathogen, diagnostic errors. In the department of purulent gynecology peritonitis most often accompanies endometritis, purulent salpingitis, pyosalpinx, abscesses, uterine perforation during curettage. In Moldova, the principles of treatment of peritonitis include the urgent surgery to remove the infection source, aspiration of exudate, massive lavage, abdominal drainage, antibiotic therapy, and correction of metabolic disorders.
 Objective. To determine the effectiveness of Reosorbilact in eliminating the intoxication syndrome in peritonitis.
 Materials and methods. The Rheo-STAT study was an international multicenter, randomized, open-label clinical trial of the efficacy and safety of Reosorbilact (“Yuria-Pharm”) in the treatment of sepsis, peritonitis, community-acquired pneumonia, and burn disease. The study was conducted in 7 countries (Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Vietnam, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan). 5 of them (Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan) took part in the sub-study Rheo-STAT Peritonitis. The study involved 628 adult patients with sepsis, peritonitis, pneumonia and burns. The subgroup of peritonitis consisted of 180 people (27 % males, 73 % females; mean age – 37 years; concomitant infectious diseases were observed in 25 %, complicated appendicitis – in 17 %), 117 of them were treated in Moldova (87 % females, 13 % males, mean age – 45.2 years). The inclusion criteria were age 18-60 years, diagnosis of peritonitis, the first hours of the postoperative period, no later than 24 hours from diagnosis to the first visit of the study, obtaining informed consent, baseline level on the SOFA scale ≥2. The total score on the SOFA scale on day 3 of treatment compared to baseline was considered a primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints were the change in the overall score on the APACHE II, SAPS II, MODS, PSI/PORT, CURB-65 scales; changes in biochemical, immunological and integral markers of endogenous intoxication.
 Results and discussion. Low-volume infusion therapy with Reosorbilact (200-400 ml per day) resulted in an increase in circulating blood volume and a decrease in the total volume of infusions required without the risk of volume overload. Exogenous lactate in Reosorbilact did not increase the content of endogenous lactate, which indicates the high safety of the drug. The inclusion of Reosorbilact in the comprehensive treatment after 3 days provided a decrease in body temperature from 37.1 to 36.75 °C, heart rate – from 88.5 to 82.0 bpm, the leukocyte count – from 11.0 to 7.2×109/L. Reosorbilact therapy in 3 days improved the acid-base balance, as evidenced by the increase in the base excess from -2.73 to -0.57 mmol/L and an increase in standard bicarbonate from 21.8 to 23.5 mmol/L.
 Conclusions. 1. Prerequisites for the lethal consequences of peritonitis include a late visit to the doctor, elderly age, the presence of cancer and diabetes, antibiotic resistance of the pathogen, and diagnostic errors. 2. Elimination of intoxication syndrome is one of the main components of peritonitis treatment. 3. Reosorbilact infusion therapy increases the volume of circulating blood without the risk of volume overload. 4. The inclusion of Reosorbilact into the comprehensive treatment of sepsis after 3 days provided a decrease in body temperature, heart rate, white blood cell count and normalization of the acid-base composition of the blood.