Journal articles: 'Georgicus'

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Evsyukov, Aleksandr P., Sergei I. Golovatch, and Dragan Ž. Antić. "The millipede genera Amblyiulus Silvestri, 1896 and Syrioiulus Verhoeff, 1914 in the Caucasus, with notes on their distributions (Diplopoda, Julida, Julidae)." ZooKeys 1048 (July 13, 2021): 109–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1048.68454.

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In the Caucasus, the genera Amblyiulus Silvestri, 1896 and Syrioiulus Verhoeff, 1914 are shown to include two and four species, respectively: Amblyiulus georgicus Lohmander, 1932, from Georgia and Armenia, A. hirtussp. nov., from Azerbaijan and Dagestan, Russia, Syrioiulus adsharicus (Lohmander, 1936), from Georgia, S. continentalis (Attems, 1903), from Azerbaijan and Iran, S. taliscius (Attems, 1927), from Azerbaijan, and S. armeniacussp. nov., from Armenia. All these six species are described, illustrated, and keyed, and their distributions are mapped and discussed, based on the literature data and abundant new samples.

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Roby, Daniel D. "Chick feeding in the diving petrels Pelecanoides georgicus and P. urinatrix exsul." Antarctic Science 1, no. 4 (December 1989): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102089000507.

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Chick feeding in common diving petrels (Pelecanoides urinatrix exsul) and South Georgia diving petrels (P. georgicus) was studied on Bird Island, South Georgia. Complete chick meals removed from the proventriculus of adults averaged 25.5 g (n = 32) for common diving petrels (17.6% of adult mass) and 23.3 g (n = 24) for South Georgia diving petrels (20.2% of adult mass); neither contained stomach oils. The sum of the positive mass increments during overnight weighings (SUM) averaged 48.6 g for common diving petrel chicks (n = 78 chick nights) and 41.6 g for South Georgia diving petrel chicks (n = 78 chick nights). Average adult feeding frequencies were 0.95 meals day−1 and 0.92 meals day−1, respectively. Relative meal size in diving petrels was similar to that of other procellariiforms, but SUM averaged about twice that of other petrels. The lower conversion efficiency of meals to body mass in diving petrel chicks reflects the absence of stomach oils in the diet. Higher chick feeding frequency and lower variance in SUM are consistent with the hypothesis that diving petrels forage nearshore on reliable food supply compared with other procellariiforms.

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de Lumley, Marie-Antoinette, and David Lordkipanidze. "L'Homme de Dmanissi (Homo georgicus), il y a 1 810 000 ans." Comptes Rendus Palevol 5, no. 1-2 (January 2006): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2005.11.013.

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Gifford, Terry. "Contemporary British Georgic Writing." Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment 12, no. 2 (October 28, 2021): 134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/ecozona.2021.12.2.3828.

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Do we need the modish term “eco-georgics” to help us discover the unsentimental, holistic, healing qualities in the best georgic writing of the Anthropocene? When were georgics not “eco”? Is there a “post-georgic” in some forms of contemporary literature that seem to reject husbandry altogether, such as rewilding texts? Do such categories serve any purpose to readers and critics in the Anthropocene? This essay argues that such careful distinctions do, indeed, matter more than ever now as we reconsider our sustainable options in husbandry, land-management and what sustainability might look like, as it is represented and explored in our poetry, fiction and non-fiction georgic literature in Britain at the present. One might expect contemporary georgic writing to exemplify the environmental engagement implied in the term “eco-georgic”. In fact, contemporary georgic can be environmentally radical or apparently indirect in its implications for sustainability. It remains as diverse, hybrid and composted in the past as Virgil’s original text. This essay begins by considering definitions, with reference to Virgil’s founding Latin text, begun in the third decade BCE, the Georgics. It recognises Laura Sayre’s complaint that ecocriticism has neglected georgic writing, and argues that this is certainly true for contemporary British georgic texts. Briefly, attention is drawn to five volumes of georgic poetry before the essay focuses on contemporary georgic fiction and non-fiction. The novels of Cynan Jones, Tom Bullough, Marie-Elsa Bragg and Tim Pears are discussed and contrasted with one by Melissa Harrison that might mistakenly be thought of as georgic. Three categories of non-fiction are identified and discussed with examples: instructional georgic, personal memoir and future-oriented georgic. Consideration of the latter leads to conclusions about their inevitable overlaps and a final call for a radical twenty-first century animism to embed enchantment into contemporary georgic writing

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Prince, P. A., and M. Jones. "Maximum dive depths attained by South Georgia diving petrel Pelecanoides georgicus at Bird Island, South Georgia." Antarctic Science 4, no. 4 (December 1992): 433–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102092000646.

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Maximum dive depths have been recorded for a number of sea-bird species using simple lightweight capillary gauges (Burger & Wilson 1988). So far these studies have been confined to penguins (Montague 1985, Seddon & van Heezik 1990, Whitehead 1989, Wilson & Wilson 1990, Scolaro & Suburo 1991), alcids (Burger & Simpson 1986, Burger & Powell 1988, Harris et al. 1990, Burger 1991) and cormorants (Burger 1991, Wanless et al. 1991).

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Reid, K., J. P. Croxall, T. M. Edwards, H. J. Hill, and P. A. Prince. "Diet and feeding ecology of the diving petrels Pelecanoides georgicus and P. urinatrix at South Georgia." Polar Biology 17, no. 2 (January 1997): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050100.

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Paterson, Adrian M., Lise J. Wallis, and Graham P. Wallis. "Preliminary molecular analysis ofPelecanoides georgicus(Procellariiformes: Pelecanoididae) on Whenua Hou (Codfish Island): Implications for its taxonomic status." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 27, no. 4 (January 2000): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2000.9518250.

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Bundschuh, Jessica. "The ‘Interrupted Georgics’ of Mushrooms in Contemporary Irish Poetry." Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment 12, no. 2 (October 28, 2021): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/ecozona.2021.12.2.4222.

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The vitality of the georgic mode operates counter to inertia and disorder, driven by the initiative of dynamic labor. Still, Edna Longley, in coining the term “interrupted georgics,” argues that the rupture of war disrupting an agricultural scene defines the georgic. Accordingly, the precariousness of Ireland and Northern Ireland during the Troubles and the EU Referendum in a (pre/post-)Brexit context acts as a felicitous starting point for a generic revival of the georgic mode. Through a selection of contemporary mushroom poems that meditate on this contested history over a 45-year period—Derek Mahon, “A Disused Shed in Co. Wexford” (1973), Paul Muldoon, “Gathering Mushrooms” (1983), Ruth Carr, “Mushroom” (1995), Chris Agee, “Mushrooming” (2003), Padraig Regan, “Rehydrating Mushrooms” (2018), and Ailbhe Darcy, “Mushrooms” (2018)—this paper considers how mushrooms embody the georgic mode for the purpose of ecological remediation. These lyric explorations of the Anthropocene under discussion replicate a symbiotic relationship between the human and nonhuman world as situated within a georgic trajectory. While Virgil does not mention in the Georgics cultivating, foraging, and gathering of mushrooms, these activities, like beekeeping and farming, embody enduring georgic values of rugged curiosity and dogged resilience. As the fruit of mycelial networks, lyrical mushrooms (re)distribute violence across agricultural interconnection, to span specificity and outward scope. As a result, the mushroom becomes a ‘companion species’ capable of assuming the role of co-teacher and co-imparter of knowledge to a poet-as-observer in awe of its ingenuity.

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Barbraud, Christophe, Adrien Chaigne, Maxime Loubon, Olivier Lamy, and Fabrice Le Bouard. "An estimate of the South Georgia diving petrel Pelecanoides georgicus population at Ile de la Possession, Crozet archipelago." Antarctic Science 32, no. 4 (March 25, 2020): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410202000019x.

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AbstractBurrow-nesting seabirds constitute an important part of seabird diversity, yet accurate estimates of their abundance are largely lacking, limiting our understanding of their population dynamics and conservation status. We conducted a survey to estimate the number of South Georgia diving petrel (Pelecanoides georgicus) burrows during the 2013–14 breeding season on Ile de la Possession, Crozet archipelago, southern Indian Ocean. We used distance sampling and acoustic playback in order to estimate burrow densities in a priori-selected favourable nesting areas. A total of 855 burrows were detected. The mean altitude of burrows was 601.8 ± 69.4 m. The mean burrow detection distance was 1.77 ± 1.63 m. The burrow density was estimated at 15.649 burrows ha-1 (95% confidence interval (CI): 10.245–23.903) and the slope-corrected total favourable area was 2365.53 ha, which yielded an estimate 37 018 burrows (95% CI: 24 235–56 544). The playback response rate was 15.8 ± 1.3%, and 40.8 ± 1.7% of burrows were occupied or showed signs of occupation. Occupancy rates were low compared to those measured by systematic burrow inspection in other studies. Assuming that laying occurred in 80–93% of the estimated number of burrows, as estimated by previous studies, gives an estimate of 29 614 (95% CI: 19 388–45 235) to 34 426 (95% CI: 22 538–52 585) breeding pairs.

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Tsuladze, Lia. "On Europeanisation, national sentiments and confused identities in Georgia." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 50, no. 2 (May 12, 2017): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2017.05.003.

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This paper analyses Georgians’ popular online discourses on Europeanisation in the period between Georgia’s initialling and signing of the Association Agreement with the EU (November 2013–June 2014). It investigates the ambivalence encountered by Georgians: Despite their long-lasting aspiration towards EU integration, hopes of gaining political security, economic stability, and cultural integration are accompanied by doubts and fears of asymmetric power relations, diminishing national sovereignty, and declining national identity. Despite these doubts, EU integration is considered to be the only right choice for the country, encouraging Georgians, who readily perform their pro-European aspirations on the international “front stage”, to push their uncertainties and respective national sentiments to the domestic “backstage”.

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FISCHER, JOHANNES H., IGOR DEBSKI, GRAEME A. TAYLOR, and HEIKO U. WITTMER. "Nest site selection of South Georgia Diving-petrels Pelecanoides georgicus on Codfish Island, New Zealand: implications for conservation management." Bird Conservation International 28, no. 2 (March 2, 2017): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270917000041.

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SummarySmall seabird species are often threatened by predation from invasive species at their breeding colonies and considerable efforts are invested into mitigating this threat. However, invasive predators may not be the only onshore threat affecting small seabird species. The South Georgia Diving-petrel Pelecanoides georgicus (SGDP) is a small seabird species, considered ‘Nationally Critical’ in New Zealand. Our objective was to identify terrestrial threats to the species at their sole remaining breeding colony in New Zealand, Codfish Island (Whenua Hou), following the successful eradication of invasive predators. To achieve our objective, we assessed the influence of five physical, three competition/attraction and three plant variables on SGDP nest site selection with generalised linear models (GLMs) and compared models using an information theoretic approach. Models including the distance to sea, slope, aspect, and sand flux outperformed other models and showed selection for steep seaward-facing foredunes with mobile soils. No invasive plant and competition/attraction variables were included in the best performing models. These results suggest that, due to the proximity of their preferred nesting habitat to the springtide line and the overall fragility of the foredunes, SGDPs on Codfish Island are extremely vulnerable to stochastic events and catastrophes, such as storms and storm surges. Eradication efforts directed at invasive predators on Codfish Island appear thus insufficient to safeguard this SGDP colony, necessitating further conservation strategies to secure the continued survival of this population.

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Dauphin, Caroline. "From Suzanne Verdier to Anna Barbauld: An Ecofeminist Revolution of the Georgics." Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment 12, no. 2 (October 28, 2021): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/ecozona.2021.12.2.3776.

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This article explores how the tradition of georgic writing in the early 19th century is reinvented through strong ecofeminist standpoints in France and in England. It focuses on the works of two poets: Suzanne Verdier’s Géorgiques du Midi (Georgics of Southern France, 1799-1812) and Anna Barbauld’s English poem “The Caterpillar” (1815). Through a comparative analysis, this article will question the connections between French and English traditions of the Georgic and observe how female voices emerge at the dawn of Romanticism, with specific ecopolitical claims and poetic representations. Indeed, Verdier dedicates the first canto of her French georgics, “The Silkworm”, to sericulture, an exclusively female practice, which is initially denounced as a form of repressive biopolitics, but later becomes a model of female empowerment and ecological awareness. The author plays with the tradition of Georgics to turn them into an ecofeminist plea. As for Barbauld, she was a friend of Erasmus Darwin, whose essay Phytologia, though not openly political, was connected to radicalism. Both Darwin’s and Barbauld’s work imply, as Verdier’s poem does, that reforming agriculture would lead to a global social and political change. Barbauld prolonged this reflection by questioning the place of women in this new world in a context of political turmoil with the Napoleonic wars. Yet, despite the hostility between France and England during this period, this inaugural ecological reflection may also constitute a social and poetical network propitious to the inter-fertilization of revolutionary ideas, knitting secret silk threads of peace between the two countries, and the promise of a fertile future.

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EMBERSON, ROWAN M. "A reappraisal of some basal lineages of the family Macrochelidae, with the description of a new genus (Acarina: Mesostigmata)." Zootaxa 2501, no. 1 (June 10, 2010): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2501.1.3.

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Macrocheles analis Hyatt & Emberson is redescribed and assigned to a new genus, Reductholaspis gen. nov. Longicheles Valle is separated from the genus Geholaspis Berlese and given generic rank, based on a complex of strongly autapomorphic features and a possible synapomorphy with Reductholaspis. The new tribe Geholaspini, including the genera Dissoloncha Falconer, Geholaspis, Longicheles, and Reductholaspis is described and a key to the genera is provided. The genus Macrholaspis Oudemans and the subgenus Nothrholaspis Berlese of Macrocheles Latreille are reinstated at the generic level, based on distinctive synapomorphies of the included species. Scleritholaspis Mašàn is newly synonymised with Nothrholaspis. Lists of included species are provided for each of the genera discussed. Proposed new combinations are: Longicheles bianchii (Valle & Mazzoleni), L. lagrecai (Valle), L. ilvana (Valle & Mazzoleni), L. longisetosus (Balogh), L. longulus (Berlese), L. mandibularis (Berlese), L. ranzii (Valle & Mazzoleni), Reductholaspis analis (Hyatt & Emberson), Nothrholaspis banaticus (Iavorschi), N. caucasicus (Bregetova & Koroleva), N. coenosus (Takaku), N. shennongjianensis (Ma & Liu), N. subcoenosus (Takaku), N. submotus (Falconer), Macrholaspis beieri (Johnston), M. carpathicus (Mašán), M. georgicus (Bregetova), M. morikawai (Ishikawa), M. recki (Bregetova & Koroleva), M. reductus (Petrova), M. similiopacus (Mašán), M. stammeri (Krauss), M. terreus (Canestrini & Fanzago), M. tianschanicus (Bregetova).

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Cherel, Y., Richard A. Phillips, Keith A. Hobson, and Rona McGill. "Stable isotope evidence of diverse species-specific and individual wintering strategies in seabirds." Biology Letters 2, no. 2 (February 21, 2006): 301–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0445.

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Although there is increasing evidence that climatic variations during the non-breeding season shape population dynamics of seabirds, most aspects of their winter distribution and ecology remain essentially unknown. We used stable isotope signatures in feathers to infer and compare the moulting (wintering) habitat of subantarctic petrels breeding at two distant localities (South Georgia and Kerguelen). Petrels showed species-specific wintering habitat preferences, with a similar pattern of latitudinal segregation for all but one taxon. At both localities, δ 13 C values indicated that blue petrels ( Halobaena caerulea ) moult in Antarctic waters, South Georgian diving petrels ( Pelecanoides georgicus ) in the vicinity of the archipelagos and/or in the Polar Frontal Zone and Antarctic prions ( Pachyptila desolata ) in warmer waters. In contrast, common diving petrels ( Pelecanoides urinatrix ) showed divergent strategies, with low and high intrapopulation variation at South Georgia and Kerguelen, respectively. Birds from Kerguelen dispersed over a much wider range of habitats, from coastal to oceanic waters and from Antarctica to the subtropics, whereas those from South Georgia wintered mainly in waters around the archipelago. This study is the first to show such striking between-population heterogeneity in individual wintering strategies, which could have important implications for likely demographic responses to environmental perturbation.

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Griffiths, Matthew. "Reclaiming 'The Land', Restoring 'The Garden'? Georgian Georgic in the Modernist Moment and Beyond." Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment 12, no. 2 (October 28, 2021): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/ecozona.2021.12.2.4210.

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To scrutinize georgic’s position between progress and tradition, this article will focus on the way those forces become legible in poems composed between the end of the First and Second World Wars. I will examine Vita Sackville-West’s long georgics The Land (1926) and The Garden (1946) to argue that they indicate the scope of what is possible in the genre given the challenges of both modernity and modernism. Her poems demonstrate that, in seeking to navigate the changing material and cultural landscapes, the labour of maintaining an imaginative tradition can be both productive and problematic. The article will assess the way Sackville-West positions herself as a writer in relation to the figures of the agricultural labourer and gardener and to the classical tradition, as well as her claims about the language in which georgic can and should be written. Each poem will also be compared to the poetry and criticism of her modernist contemporary T.S. Eliot, with particular reference to The Waste Land, Four Quartets and his essay “Tradition and the Individual Talent.” Engaged in a struggle on both agricultural and cultural fronts, The Land and The Garden are prone to inconsistency and, even by their own standards, failure. But in these failures as well as their successes both poems are committed to finding a way of writing human engagement with the land and literature. As such, they can be instructively read in the present moment to prompt questions about the way we engage with land and language in the Anthropocene, negotiating between competing modes of writing and more broadly between natural and human agency.

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O'Hogan, Cillian. "CLAUDIAN, DE RAPTU PROSERPINAE 1.82 AND GEORGICS 3.68." Classical Quarterly 64, no. 2 (November 20, 2014): 866–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838814000330.

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That Claudian imitates Virgil's Georgics in the De raptu Proserpinae is well known. Most of his allusions are restricted to Golden Age or Underworld imagery, largely from Books 1, 2, and 4. However, one imitation of the third Georgic that appears not to have been noted previously occurs at De raptu Proserpinae 1.82. The context is Claudian's famous description of Pluto enthroned: ipse rudi fultus solio nigraque uerendusmaiestate sedet: squalent inmania foedosceptra situ; sublime caput maestissima nubesasperat et dirae riget inclementia formae;terrorem dolor augebat. (De raptu Proserpinae 1.79–83) I argue that this recalls the following passage in Virgil: optima quaeque dies miseris mortalibus aeuiprima fugit; subeunt morbi tristisque senectuset labor, et durae rapit inclementia mortis. (Georgics 3.66–8)Inclementia occurs some twenty times in extant classical and late antique Latin verse. Claudian himself uses it three other times. None the less, the construction of Claudian's line makes it clear that the line from the Georgics is being imitated here: the lines are metrically equivalent, and the sound-pattern and identical grammatical structure make the imitation unmistakable (¯˘˘ | et d¯rae r˘˘t inclementia ¯x).

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Fischer, Johannes H., Igor Debski, Colin M. Miskelly, Charles A. Bost, Aymeric Fromant, Alan J. D. Tennyson, Jake Tessler, et al. "Analyses of phenotypic differentiations among South Georgian Diving Petrel (Pelecanoides georgicus) populations reveal an undescribed and highly endangered species from New Zealand." PLOS ONE 13, no. 6 (June 27, 2018): e0197766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197766.

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Berglund, Christofer. "“Forward to David the Builder!” Georgia's (re)turn to language-centered nationalism." Nationalities Papers 44, no. 4 (July 2016): 522–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2016.1142519.

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After the Rose Revolution, President Saakashvili tried to move away from the exclusionary nationalism of the past, which had poisoned relations between Georgians and their Armenian and Azerbaijani compatriots. His government instead sought to foster an inclusionary nationalism, wherein belonging was contingent upon speaking the state language and all Georgian speakers, irrespective of origin, were to be equals. This article examines this nation-building project from a top-down and bottom-up lens. I first argue that state officials took rigorous steps to signal that Georgian-speaking minorities were part of the national fabric, but failed to abolish religious and historical barriers to their inclusion. I next utilize a large-scale, matched-guise experiment (n= 792) to explore if adolescent Georgians ostracize Georgian-speaking minorities or embrace them as their peers. I find that the upcoming generation of Georgians harbor attitudes in line with Saakashvili's language-centered nationalism, and that current Georgian nationalism therefore is more inclusionary than previous research, or Georgia's tumultuous past, would lead us to believe.

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Dadiani, Archil. "Traditional and Modern Mechanisms of Defence and Deterrence – Georgia’s Reality and Prospects." Works of Georgian Technical University, no. 2(524) (June 6, 2022): 154–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36073/1512-0996-2022-2-154-166.

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The traditional and modern mechanisms of defence and deterrence, the Georgia’s defence capabilities and its future prospects are discussed. Moreover, the international experience, implemented reforms and practices applied to cope with modern threats are highlighted. The paper analyzes Russian-Georgian 2008 war, 1994 Russia-Chechnya War and confrontation between Israel and Hezbollah, 2006 Lebanon war. In order to support the strengthening of Georgia's defense and detrrence mechanisms, the paper presents recommendations based on scientific-analytical documents of local agencies and international organizations.

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Dadiani, Archil. "Traditional and Modern Mechanisms of Defence and Deterrence – Georgia’s Reality and Prospects." Works of Georgian Technical University, no. 2(524) (June 6, 2022): 154–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36073/1512-0996-2022-2-154-166.

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The traditional and modern mechanisms of defence and deterrence, the Georgia’s defence capabilities and its future prospects are discussed. Moreover, the international experience, implemented reforms and practices applied to cope with modern threats are highlighted. The paper analyzes Russian-Georgian 2008 war, 1994 Russia-Chechnya War and confrontation between Israel and Hezbollah, 2006 Lebanon war. In order to support the strengthening of Georgia's defense and detrrence mechanisms, the paper presents recommendations based on scientific-analytical documents of local agencies and international organizations.

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Finn, Chad, Kirsten Wennstrom, and Kim Hummer. "Crossability of 14 Rubus Species with Red Raspberry and Blackberry Cultivars." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 620a—620. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.620a.

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Populations of 40 Rubus sp., representing the Malachobatus, Idaeobatus, Eubatus, and Anoplobatus, were planted in the field in 1994. To get a preliminary idea of how successful crosses between these species and standard cultivars would be, 58 crosses were attempted between standard cultivars and randomly selected genotypes of the 14 species that produced a significant number of flowers in 1995. Diploid species were crossed with `Tulameen' and `Meeker' raspberry and the tetraploid species with `Cherokee' and `Chester' blackberry. Twenty-two crosses produced seed lots ranging from 8 to 630 seeds. Crosses were successful with R. caesius, R. caucasicus, R. coreanus, R. georgicus, R. parvifolius, R. rosifolius, and R. sumatranus. Crosses were not successful with R. eustephanos, R. insularis, R. innominatus, R. lambertianus, R. sachalinensis, R. setchuenensis, R. swinhoei, and R. tsangorum. In vitro seed germination was attempted with all crosses. Larger seed lots were also germinated using standard procedures for Rubus. There is a great deal of variability in leaf morphology of the young seedlings within a cross that suggests that some or all of the seedlings are true hybrids. Seedlings that are not true hybrids could result from contaminant pollen or, as in R. armeniacus, pseudogamous embryo formation. Crossing results from 1995 and 1996, including crosses attempted and seed numbers per cross, will be presented along with, for the 1995 crosses, the number of germinated seedlings and our assessment of whether they appear to be true hybrids.

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Holdaway, Richard N., Martin D. Jones, and Nancy R. Beavan Athfield. "Establishment and extinction of a population of South Georgian diving petrel(Pelecanoides georgicus)at Mason Bay, Stewart Island, New Zealand, during the late Holocene." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 33, no. 3 (September 2003): 601–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2003.9517748.

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ÇALIŞKAN, Orçun. "An Analysis of Georgia-EU Relations through the Expectation of Candidacy Status." Sosyolojik Bağlam Dergisi 3, no. 3 (December 15, 2022): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52108/2757-5942.3.3.4.

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Since Georgia's inclusion in the European Neighborhood Policy program in 2006, Georgia-EU relations have been in a stable and gradual development process, taking into account the geopolitical balances in the region. During this process, the European Union provided Georgia with a political framework for integration, both at the institutional and legislative levels. Georgia, on the other hand, concluded this process positively, which resulted in the Association Agreement, and succeeded in taking its relations with the EU to the next level. This rapid reform process, which brought Georgia closer to the EU acquis, has also made the European Union the most important and influential external actor in the country. In this context, as opposed to Moldova and Ukraine, the EU's unwillingness to grant a candidate status to Georgia has created a great disappointment in Georgia. The primary goal of this article is to assess the effects of the EU Commission's decision to link Georgia's EU candidacy status to the reform conditions, following Georgia’s application in 2022. Using qualitative research methods and utilizing a variety of primary and secondary sources, this study examines the problems encountered in the implementation of reforms on political polarization, oligarchization, and the protection of vulnerable minorities, which we consider will be the most difficult to resolve. The conclusions of the study are important in terms of the steps that Georgia should take to fulfill the EU candidacy status requirements, the technical assistance that the EU can provide to Georgia in this regard, and the possible implications of this process on Georgia’s politics.

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Fedorovskaya, I. "Problems of Georgian’s Relations with the EU." Russia and New States of Eurasia, no. 3 (2022): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2073-4786-2022-3-161-168.

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Georgia’s relations with the EU over their 30-year history have experienced both periods of rapid development and periods of decline. At the moment, there is a crisis in the relationship. It is caused by the EU’s refusal to grant Georgia candidate status. The reasons for the refusal are the increasing political confrontation between the government and the opposition, the bureaucratization and oligarchization of the country, problems with respect for human rights. In order for Georgia's application to be reviewed again, the country must fulfill in 6 months 12 conditions put forward by the European Commission.

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Suzryukova, Elena. "PATRON SAINTS OF GEORGIA IN MODERN ORTHODOX WRITERS’ LITERATURE." Проблемы исторической поэтики 18, no. 4 (November 2020): 348–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15393/j9.art.2020.8762.

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Semantics and functions of images that represent Georgia’s patron saints are examined in this article as exemplified in the Georgian Rhapsody, a collection of stories by O. Nikolayeva, stories by M. Saradzhishvili (from the books Do not rush to condemn and Next to you), Exile, a short story by V. N. Lyalin, and Wonderful journey to Orthodox Georgia by O. Rozhneva. Referring to episodes from the hagiography of Georgian saints in the texts in question allow us to trace the spiritual history of Georgia since the time of adoption of Christianity. The detailed list of saints is present in the books of О. Nikolayeva and О. Rozhneva. Even though only particular periods of Georgia's history are reflected in the stories of М. Saradzhishvili and V. N. Lyalin, the country's patron saints participation in the life of their characters in Georgia’s recent past or present day is undeniable. For example, Saint Equal-to-the-Apostles Nina performs a guardian function and her appearance during the Soviet years provides spiritual support to the female character of V. N. Lyalin’s story. First and foremost, a patron in combat, Saint George the Trophy Bearer is also a patron of the family. Venerable David of Garedzha is both an example of humility and a patron of the hearth and home. With his gift of prophecy, Blessed Gabriel (Urgebadze), mentioned in the book by О. Rozhneva, also assists on the path of personal salvation. Whereas О. Rozhneva’s book is exclusively focused on depicting Orthodox Georgia and its saints, the work of О. Nikolayeva provides a more comprehensive image of Georgia, including a vast stratum of the country’s cultural characteristics. In О. Nikolayeva’s book the saints represent a significant facet of Georgia’s image.

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Matsaberidze, David. "Conflict over Abkhazia: To be continued?" Journal of Regional Security 8, no. 2 (2013): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.11643/issn.2217-995x131ppm26.

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This paper analyzes the potential for maintaining the post-August War 2008 status quo in Abkhazia and explores possible transformation scenarios of the existing situation. The present study will attempt to investigate the remaining seeds of prospective conflict, as the current reality might contain some potential for the eruption of violence; namely: the construction of the Sochi Olympic complex which irritates Georgians and Circassians as well as portion of Abkhazians; the North Caucasian new policy line, initiated and followed by the central Georgian authorities: and Georgia's recognition of the Russian Genocide of Circassians in the 19th century, which should become leverage against the Russian Federation in the wider Caucasus region. All of these aspects make up the present security dilemma in the region. It is interesting to see whether changes in the Abkhazian-Georgian and Abkhazian-Russian relations could be expected in the foreseeable future.

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Hutton, Margaret-Anne, Claude Simon, John Fletcher, and Beryl Fletcher. "The Georgics." Modern Language Review 86, no. 2 (April 1991): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3730619.

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Gaisser, Julia Haig, Virgil, and Richard F. Thomas. "Virgil: Georgics." Classical World 84, no. 5 (1991): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4350897.

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Moorton,, Richard F., Virgil, and R. A. B. Mynors. "Virgil: Georgics." Classical World 86, no. 4 (1993): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4351377.

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Mack, Sara, R. A. B. Mynors, and Joseph Farrell. "Virgil, Georgics." American Journal of Philology 114, no. 2 (1993): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/295321.

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Gamoneda, Antonio, and Donald Wellman. "Geórgicas / Georgics." Sirena: poesia, arte y critica 2008, no. 1 (2008): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sir.2008.0008.

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Horn, Cornelia B. "St. Nino and the Christianization of Pagan Georgia." Medieval Encounters 4, no. 3 (1998): 242–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006798x00151.

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AbstractThe ancient land of Georgia (Iberia), in the Caucasus, has a long history of settlement and invasion, including incursions by Hittites, Scythians, Persians, and Greeks, to name a few. Pre-Christian beliefs included a varied assortment of beliefs and practices borrowed from Zoroastrian, classical pagan, and other traditions. The accounts of the conversion of Georgia preserved in sources of the 5th, 8th, and 12th centuries reveal how pre-Christian practices were taken up and reinterpreted by the Christian narrators. While there is some evidence of earlier missionary efforts, according to Rufinus' account in the Ecclesiastical History (402-403) Georgia's official conversion to Christianity took place in the first half of the fourth century. This conversion is unique in a number of ways, not the least being that credit for it must be given to a woman, St. Nino, the apostle to the Georgians. Later Georgian sources (12th century) indicate a substantial measure of discomfort with the conversion of Georgia by a woman.

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Frichova, Magdalena. "Participation of Persons Belonging to National Minorities – Cases of Samtskhe-Javakheti and Gali." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 16, no. 4 (December 20, 2009): 643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115_016_04-11.

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This article explores inter-ethnic and minority participation issues in conflict prevention and ongoing conflict settings. Its focus is on two cases: Georgia's Armenian-inhabited Samtskhe-Javakheti and the Georgian-inhabited Gali district under Abkhaz control. Conflict prevention and resolution contexts have been deeply intertwined in Georgia. Tbilisi's approach to Armenian and Azeri minorities has been affected by ongoing conflict in South Ossetia and Abkhazia, and it has in turn had an impact on Abkhaz and Ossetian perceptions of Georgian conflict resolution policies. Some progress with integration of Azeri and Armenian minorities has been achieved, but much is yet to be accomplished: among others, a genuinely open dialogue and a change in the spirit of majority-minority relations are needed. Gali Georgians are trapped between Tbilisi and Sukhumi in increasingly precarious conditions after the 2008 war. Their community has a great potential for conflict transformation activity; the parties to the conflict and the international community should support them to apply it.

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Jambul Abuladze, Jambul Abuladze. "Analysis and Evaluation of the Dynamics of Hazelnut Production and Foreign Trade in Georgia in 2010-2020." Economics 105, no. 4-5 (May 8, 2022): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/ecs105/4-5/2022-271.

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One of the important tools of Georgia's economic development is to deepen international trade relations and increase its export potential. For this direction, it is even more important to strengthen the trade partnership relations with the EU countries. For this regard the conclusion of the Association Agreement with EU creates legal certainty of cooperation and high reliability for local manufacturers and exporting businesses to enter in The EU market. Hazelnut production holds an important place in Georgia's export production. Moreover, Georgia ranked 7th in the world in hazelnut production during 2017-2018 and is one of the major exporters of the product. More importantly, Georgia’s largest share of hazelnut exports is to EU countries (140 thousand tons were exported in 2010-2020, which is 67% of exported hazelnuts). This factor stimulates the production of hazelnuts. Hazelnut producers mainly are small local households, which is giving this matter more importance. Consequently, the involvement of the population in the hazelnut industry is high, which contributes improvement of their social-economical situation. In Georgia, Samegrelo-zemo Svaneti leads with high rates of hazelnut production, followed by Guria and Imereti regions. Given the relative efficiency of product sales, there is a growing trend of hazelnut production development in other regions, including Ajara. By analyzing the production dynamics in Adjara, assessing and considering the natural-climatic conditions, with the support of governmental, non-governmental and international donor organizations, the development of hazelnut production and its formation for one of its strategic purposes is a real perspective. Keywords: Hazelnuts, export, import, EU.

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SOLOVEJ, TATJANA. "ŠV. GEORGIJAUS KONISKIO (1717–1795) NUOSAVYBĖS ĮRAŠAI JO BIBLIOTEKOS KNYGOSE (BALTARUSIJOS NACIONALINĖS BIBLIOTEKOS PAGRINDU)." Knygotyra 54 (January 1, 2010): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/kn.v54i0.3575.

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Šv. Georgijus Koniskis (1717–1795) – vienas žymiausių Baltarusijos ir Ukrainos Stačiatikių bažnyčios atstovų, gimęs Ukrainoje, Nežino mieste, studijavęs Kijevo Mohylos akademijoje, laisvai kalbėjęs lotynų, graikų, hebrajų, lenkų ir vokiečių kalbomis. 1747 m. jis tapo jerovienuoliu, filosofijos profesoriumi ir Akademijos prefektu, 1752 m. paskirtas Akademijos vadovu. Jis buvo mokymo novatorius, reformavo teologijos dėstymą, parengė naujus retorikos ir filosofijos kursus, 1755 m. pakeltas Baltarusijos vyskupu, 1793 m. – arkivyskupu. Arkivyskupo asmeninė biblioteka liudija jį buvus didelės erudicijos. Gyvenimo pabaigoje jo biblioteką sudarė 1269 knygos ir 241 rankraštis bei dokumentai. Bibliotekos inventorinis sąrašas saugomas Sankt Peterburgo centriniame valstybės archyve (Šventojo Sinodo archyvas, f. 796). Bibliotekoje buvo sukaupti geriausi Europos teologų, filosofų, geografų leidiniai bei žinynai. Pagal jo testamentą knygos buvo perduotos Mogiliavo seminarijos bibliotekai. Po 1917 m. perversmo Rusijoje knygos perduotos Baltarusijos valstybinio universiteto bibliotekai, kuri vėliau buvo perorganizuota į V. I. Lenino valstybinę biblioteką, o neseniai tapo Baltarusijos nacionaline biblioteka. Dabar G. Koniskio knygos saugomos Knygotyros skyriaus fonduose. Šio skyriaus fondų tyrimai dar tik įsibėgėja. Knygos su G. Koniskio įrašais, pastabomis ir žymėmis dar tik kataloguojamos, todėl dar nėra tikslios informacijos, kiek jų yra Baltarusijos nacionalinėje bibliotekoje. Kol kas identifikuota apie 90 leidinių. Daugiausia bibliotekoje buvo kaupiama teologijos knygų: Šventojo Rašto interpretacijų, pamokslų, žodynų, retorikos ir dogmatikos knygų. Taip pat būta fizikos, medicinos, istorijos leidinių, XVII–XVIII a. knygų lotynų, rusų (bažnytine slavų), lenkų kalbomis, leistų Vokietijoje, Lenkijoje, Austrijoje, Nyderlanduose ir Rusijoje. G. Koniskis rašė pastabas knygų antraštiniuose puslapiuose, atsklandose dažniausiai lotynų, kartais vokiečių, lenkų, bažnytine slavų ir rusų kalba. Jis paliko pastabų apie tekstus, rašė pratarmes ir išmintingus posakius. Minėtina 1686 m. knyga Dux viae ad vitam puram, piam, perfectam... su G. Koniskio tėvo Jozefo Koniskio nuosavybės įrašais, gausiai ornamentuota vario raižiniais. 1735 m. išleistoje ir Šventojo Sinodo uždraustoje knygoje Писанию Святому согласующоеся наставление... yra autografas „Pertinet ad libros Georgij Koniskj Ep. A R“ (Knyga priklauso Georgijui Koniskiui, Baltarusijos vyskupui). Nepaisydamas imperatorienės įsakymo sunaikinti knygą, šv. Georgijus ją laikė savo užsienio kalbos mokytojo, knygos vertėjo arkivyskupo Simono Todorskio atminimui.

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Peacock, A. C. S. "Georgia and the Anatolian Turks in the 12th and 13th centuries." Anatolian Studies 56 (December 2006): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154600000806.

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AbstractThis article presents a study of the political and military relations of the Kingdom of Georgia and the Muslims of Anatolia from the 12th century AD up to the Mongol conquest of the region in the mid 13th century. Georgia's expansion during the 12th century and the web of marriage alliance that the Muslim rulers of Anatolia wove to protect themselves drew her into conflict even with distant principalities with which she shared no border, such as the Artukids of Mardin. Meanwhile, Erzurum appears to have been obliged to acknowledge Georgian suzerainty for much of the 12th and early 13th centuries. In the 13th century, however, the Mongol threat forced the Seljuks of Rüm and Georgia to form an alliance, and Georgians came to form a significant part of the Seljuk army. This alliance was sealed with a marriage between the Seljuk sultan and a member of the Georgian ruling house, the Bagratids, and the Seljuks appear to have derived prestige from their association with the Bagratid dynasty.

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Griffiths, Matthew. "Five Neo-Georgics." Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment 12, no. 2 (October 28, 2021): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/ecozona.2021.12.2.4470.

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Courtney, Edward. "Vergil, Georgics 3.44." American Journal of Philology 110, no. 3 (1989): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/295225.

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Jones, Stephen F. "The Georgian Language State Program and its Implications." Nationalities Papers 23, no. 3 (September 1995): 535–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999508408401.

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Minority language rights in Georgia, which are inseparable from economic, social and educational inequalities among the different ethnic groups, run along two axes: Georgian's relation to Russian and Georgian's relation with its own minority languages. Since the late 1980s, Moscow's diminishing power and the republic's internal fragmentation have shifted the emphasis from the first to the second. Newly independent Georgia, which is 70% Georgian, now confronts a problem familiar to many post-colonial states: what status should the multiplicity of languages in the republic have? Should Georgian be the only official language, and if so, in what contexts can non-Georgians use their native language? Such issues are part of larger questions about domination, entitlement and ethnic status, issues which have bedeviled the successive Georgian governments' attempts at state-building. In the last two years, language conflicts in Georgia have been overwhelmed by violent secessionist struggles, and the state language program which was perceived as vital to Georgia's future when it was adopted in August 1989, has become secondary today. But if the ethnically based wars are to end, language relations must be settled. As it stands, the language program is unlikely to help.

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40

Schoenberger, Melissa. "The Sword, the Scythe, and the ‘Arts of Peace’ in Dryden's Georgics." Translation and Literature 23, no. 1 (March 2014): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/tal.2014.0134.

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Dryden's translation of Virgil's Georgics amplifies Virgilian ideas of peace. Dryden is keenly attuned to the complex balance of conditions that Virgil's work proposes as the makings of a peaceful life: deep awareness of natural cycles, toilsome yet fulfilling labour, and distance from battle. The Georgics do not advise oblivion, nor do they place naive hope in a future without conflict. But they do propose a form of positively defined peace, which Dryden interrogates throughout the translation. Only one of the fifteen instances of the word ‘peace’ in the translation is a direct rendering of the Latin noun; the other fourteen appear in lines that Dryden has manipulated in order to make explicit the Georgics’ engagement with various forms of peace. This article discusses many of Dryden's interventions, and concludes that like their Latin counterparts, Dryden's Georgics offer no promise of total unity or stability. Questions of peace pervade Virgil's entire body of work; Dryden's translation reveals his awareness of these questions, while adding further uncertainties.

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Sharshukova, Ol’ga V. "LABOR IN VIRGIL’S “GEORGICS”." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. "Literary Theory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies" Series, no. 6 (2022): 114–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7249-2022-6-114-129.

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The paper considers the concept of labor in Vergil’s “Georgics” in different contexts from labor improbus of Book I to the myth of Aristaeus and Orpheus and labor of the poet himself. It is supposed that along with labor improbus which goes against the world order, brings suffering, and is often fruitless, there is another labor – labor probus. The agricultural labor of Books I and III is hard and often hopeless, and Orpheus lost his wife because his furor ruined him. But the labor of bees, Aristaeus and Senex Corycius is in harmony with the world and the gods, and this labor is not in waste. Bees are not lost irretrievably, Aristaeus following his mothers orders brought back the bees he had lost, and the Corycian garden is full of fruits. Granted the gods’ benevolence and patron’s protection, man of the poem “Georgics” can hope that his labor does not go to waste. That is how the poet also treats his work – the poem.

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Hannaway, Owen. "Georgius Agricola as Humanist." Journal of the History of Ideas 53, no. 4 (October 1992): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2709936.

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Ferry, D. "Vergil: Georgics 3.209-83." Literary Imagination 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litimag/7.1.84.

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Khan, Yumna. "INFLUENCES ON THE GEORGICS." Classical Review 53, no. 2 (October 2003): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cr/53.2.359.

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Spurr, M. S. "Agriculture and the Georgics." Greece and Rome 33, no. 2 (October 1986): 164–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383500030321.

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‘As writes our Virgil, concerned more with what made the best poetry than with complete accuracy, since his object was to delight his readers rather than to instruct farmers.’Seneca passed this judgement on the Georgics after witnessing certain agricultural practices where he was staying (at Liternum on the north-west coast of Campania), which appeared to disagree with a statement of Virgil's (G. 2.58). He then proceeded to mention another Virgilian agricultural error (G. 1.215–16), selected from ‘all the others’ (alia omnia) that he says he could have discussed, in order to drive his point home.

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Thomas, Richard F. "THE GEORGICS AND LUCRETIUS." Classical Review 54, no. 2 (October 2004): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cr/54.2.371.

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Jürgenson, Aivar. "Gruusia-Abhaasia sõja (1992–1993) retseptsioon eesti meedias sõja ajal ja järel." Mäetagused 84 (December 2022): 203–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/mt2022.84.jyrgenson.

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In the minds of Estonians Abkhazia is associated mainly with Estonians living there. When the Georgian-Abkhazian war broke out in August 1992, the Estonian state evacuated about 170 Estonians and their families from Abkhazia in the autumn of the same year. The reception of the war itself in the Estonian media was low and related to the situation of Estonians there, but the motives and direct causes of the war and the development of war events were also examined. One Baltic News Service journalist observed the evacuation of Estonians and wrote about the events of the war on the spot, but most of the authors operated in Estonia and used various sources. In today’s context, it may seem surprising to what extent materials from Russian information channels were used, but at that time it was understandable: Russia covered events in its border countries more actively than Western agencies. Materials translated directly from Russian newspapers were also published in the Estonian press. The choice of sources also influenced the framing in which the events of that time were mediated. The coverage of the war in the Estonian media has undergone significant developments over the decades. The articles published during the war presented the events in a neutral way, rather sympathizing with the Abkhazians than the aggressor. While in the first half of the war the fighters of the Confederation of Mountain People of the Caucasus were presented as allies of the Abkhazians, the articles published at the end of the war sometimes included Russians, although the contribution of the Russians was not explained. However, even at the end of the war, the coverage remained largely neutral, conveying the views of both Georgians and Abkhazians. From the middle of 1994, the reception of the war began to change, which was related to Georgia’s international self-assertion. Reports from international organizations increasingly highlighted the issue of Georgian war refugees and Georgia’s claim to territorial integrity. This was also reflected in the Estonian media, where Abkhazians were increasingly called separatists without the right to independence. However, until the end of the 1990s, some articles were published that also provided Abkhaz views on events. Estonia had taken a clear direction towards integration with the West, but there was no clear understanding of Georgia’s orientation, which also influenced the attitudes of Estonian media towards Georgia-Abkhazia relations. Georgia’s leader, Eduard Shevardnadze, maneuvered between the West and Russia, pushing Abkhazia into an economic blockade and concluding agreements with Russia, while seeking integration with NATO and the European Union. The situation changed dramatically after the Rose Revolution in Georgia, when Mikhail Saakashvili, who had come to power, began to move unequivocally on the path of Western integration. At the same time, Georgia’s relations with Russia deteriorated. Georgia, a small brave country in conflict with Russia, suddenly became Estonians’ ally and friend. The common enemy unites, and when Saakashvili’s rhetoric gained a firm foothold in Georgia’s territorial integrity, Abkhazia was clearly positioned in the Estonian mainstream media as a separatist Russian puppet. Retrospectively, the reception of the Georgian-Abkhazian war changed – the pluralistic approach of the 1990s was replaced by the Georgian version. In this connection, the portrayal of the role of the Russians in the war also changed: peace mediators in the early 1990s or postcolonial implementers of the divide et impera principle now became allies of the Abkhaz. After the Law of Occupied Territories was adopted in Georgia on 23 October 2008, the concept “occupied Georgian territory” as an epithet of Abkhazia appeared in the Estonian media. As Russia continues to be in the position of a negative external “stranger” for the Estonian media, Russia’s relations with Georgia continue to influence our media attitudes towards Abkhazia and interpretations of the Georgian-Abkhazian war.

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Curro, Costanza. "Excessive hospitality: Personhood, moral boundaries and domination around the Georgian table." Journal of Consumer Culture 20, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 216–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540519891278.

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This article investigates the making of personhood through conspicuous hospitality practices in the Republic of Georgia, focusing on how this process has underpinned moral boundary drawing in Georgia’s recent history – from the late Soviet era, through the 1990s, to the years following the Rose Revolution in 2003. Largely perceived and defined as tradition by local people and external observers, hospitality is a powerful device to organise social relationships and exchanges in the community. Excess is a fundamental feature of hospitality practices: people spend many hours around the table displaying, offering and consuming plenty of food and alcoholic drinks and engaging in conspicuous bodily gestures and speech. Analysing literary and media sources and data collected through participant observation and follow-up interviews, the article explores the way in which shifting moral boundaries drawn upon hospitality practices have transformed domination and counter-domination patterns in Georgian society. From a unifying marker of Georgians’ positive distinctiveness vis-à-vis other people, hospitality’s excesses became a token of increasing socio-economic inequality. The analysis contributes to the understanding of consumption, especially in its excessive aspects, as a fundamental element in the making of individual and collective personhood, which, in turn, shapes boundaries of exclusion and inclusion within and across smaller and larger communities.

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Tiefenböck, Ota. "Georgiens valg." Udenrigs, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/udenrigs.v0i2.118708.

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Daviault, Andre, Alain Michel, Jeanne Dion, and Philippe Heuze. "Virgile Georgiques." Phoenix 53, no. 3/4 (1999): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1089003.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Georgicus'

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