Journal articles: 'Geranial'

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Lüddeke, Frauke, Annika Wülfing, Markus Timke, Frauke Germer, Johanna Weber, Aytac Dikfidan, Tobias Rahnfeld, Dietmar Linder, Anke Meyerdierks, and Jens Harder. "Geraniol and Geranial Dehydrogenases Induced in Anaerobic Monoterpene Degradation by Castellaniella defragrans." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 7 (January 27, 2012): 2128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.07226-11.

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ABSTRACTCastellaniella defragransis aBetaproteobacteriumcapable of coupling the oxidation of monoterpenes with denitrification. Geraniol dehydrogenase (GeDH) activity was induced during growth with limonene in comparison to growth with acetate. The N-terminal sequence of the purified enzyme directed the cloning of the corresponding open reading frame (ORF), the first bacterial gene for a GeDH (geoA, forgeranioloxidation pathway). TheC. defragransgeraniol dehydrogenase is a homodimeric enzyme that affiliates with the zinc-containing benzyl alcohol dehydrogenases in the superfamily of medium-chain-length dehydrogenases/reductases (MDR). The purified enzyme most efficiently catalyzes the oxidation of perillyl alcohol (kcat/Km= 2.02 × 106M−1s−1), followed by geraniol (kcat/Km= 1.57 × 106M−1s−1). ApparentKmvalues of <10 μM are consistent with anin vivotoxicity of geraniol above 5 μM. In the genetic vicinity ofgeoAis a putative aldehyde dehydrogenase that was namedgeoBand identified as a highly abundant protein during growth with phellandrene. Extracts ofEscherichia coliexpressinggeoBdemonstratedin vitroa geranial dehydrogenase (GaDH) activity. GaDH activity was independent of coenzyme A. The irreversible formation of geranic acid allows for a metabolic flux from β-myrcene via linalool, geraniol, and geranial to geranic acid.

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Ohashi, Yuka, Shuai Huang, and Isamu Maeda. "Biosyntheses of geranic acid and citronellic acid from monoterpene alcohols by Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 85, no. 6 (March 13, 2021): 1530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbab039.

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ABSTRACT Geraniol is one of the important aromatic ingredients in alcoholic beverages. Bioconversions of geraniol to other terpenoids and genes involved in the oxidation of geraniol were investigated. Geranic acid and citronellic acid were detected in yeast culture, where geraniol or nerol was added. Addition of citral, a mixture of geranial and neral, resulted in the production of geranic acid and citronellic acid, whereas the addition of citral or citronellal resulted in the production of citronellic acid, suggesting that citronellic acid might be produced through the conversion of citral to citronellal followed by the oxidation of citronellal. Consumption of geraniol and production of geranic acid, citronellic acid, and citronellol were affected in adh1Δ, adh3Δ, adh4Δ, and sfa1Δ yeast strains, which possess single deletion of a gene encoding alcohol dehydrogenase. This is the first report of the bioconversion of monoterpene alcohols, geraniol and nerol, to geranic acid and citronellic acid in yeast culture.

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Höschle, Birgit, and Dieter Jendrossek. "Utilization of geraniol is dependent on molybdenum in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: evidence for different metabolic routes for oxidation of geraniol and citronellol." Microbiology 151, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 2277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27957-0.

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Mini-Tn5-induced mutants with defects in utilization of linear terpenes such as citronellol, geraniol, citronellate and/or geranylate were isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. One mutant was unable to utilize geraniol but showed wild-type growth with the three other acyclic terpenes tested. The Tn5 insertion site of the mutant was determined by DNA sequencing. Comparison with the P. aeruginosa genome sequence revealed that PA3028, an ORF with high similarity on the amino acid level to molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein A2 (encoded by moeA2), was the target of mini-Tn5 in the mutant. Disruption of moeA2 in P. aeruginosa PAO1 wild-type by insertion mutagenesis resulted in the same geraniol-minus phenotype. The ability to utilize geraniol was restored to the mutant by conjugative transfer of PCR-cloned wild-type moeA2 on a broad-host-range plasmid. Growth of P. aeruginosa PAO1 on geraniol and geranial, but not on citronellol, citronellate or geranylate, was inhibited by the presence of 10 mM tungstate, a molybdenum-specific inhibitor. Inhibition by tungstate was prevented by addition of molybdate. The results indicate that at least one step in the oxidation of geraniol to geranic acid (geranial oxidation) is a molybdenum-dependent reaction in P. aeruginosa and is different from the molybdenum-independent oxidation of citronellol to citronellate.

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Yu, Liangli, Mario Morales, and James E. Simon. "Essential Oil of Leaves and Flowers of `Sweet Dani': A Lemon Basil (Ocimum basilicum)." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 689c—689. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.689c.

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Hydro-distilled essential oils from fresh and dry leaves and fresh and dry flowers of `Sweet Dani', a new ornamental lemon basil (Ocimum basilicum) cultivar with potential as a source of natural citral, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The essential oil contents were 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.30%, 0.28% w/w on a fresh weight basis of fresh and dry leaves, and fresh and dry flowers, respectively. Oils from leaves and flowers differed significantly in content and composition. The major constituents in dry leaf oil were neral 21.8% and geranial 33.5%. The major constituents in dry flower oil included: nerol 11.5%, neral 12.9%, geraniol 7.6%, and geranial 17.7%. Nerol (1.6%), and geraniol (0.4%) were very low in dry leaf oil. As citral is a combination of neral and geranial, the relative leaf and flower citral content is 55.3% and 30.6% of the total oil, respectively. Linalool and octanol were detected in flower oils only.

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Gupta, Suphla, Pankaj Pandotra, Gandhi Ram, Rajneesh Anand, Ajai Prakash Gupta, Mohd Kashif Husain, Yashbir Singh Bedi, and Gopal Rao Mallavarapu. "Composition of a Monoterpenoid-rich Essential Oil from the Rhizome of Zingiber officinale from North Western Himalayas." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 1 (January 2011): 1934578X1100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100600122.

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The chemical composition of the essential oil from the rhizome of ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe), collected from Nahan, Himachal Pradesh, India, was determined by gas chromatography and GC-MS. Fifty-one compounds, representing 95.1% of the oil, were identified. The oil was characterized by relatively large amounts of the monoterpenoids 1,8-cineole (10.9%), linalool (4.8%), borneol (5.6%), α-terpineol (3.6%), neral (8.1%), geraniol (14.5%), geranial (9.5%), trans-dimethoxy citral (5.0%) and geranyl acetate (6.3%). Five compounds, namely trans-linalool oxide, trans-linalool oxide acetate, ( Z)-dimethoxycitral, ( E)-dimethoxy citral and epi-zingiberenol are reported for the first time in oil of ginger.

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Sonboli, Ali, Mehran Mojarrad, Abbas Gholipour, Samad Nejad Ebrahimi, and Mitra Arman. "Biological Activity and Composition of the Essential Oil of Dracocephalum Moldavica L. Grown in Iran." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 9 (September 2008): 1934578X0800300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800300930.

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The biological activity and composition of the essential oil of the aerial flowering parts of D. moldavica have been investigated. The oil analysis was performed by GC and GC-MS. Thirteen compounds were identified, representing 99.8% of the oil. Oxygenated monoterpenes (96.3%) were found to be the principal group of compounds, of which neral, geranial, geranyl acetate and geraniol with 32.1, 21.6, 19.9 and 17.6% of the total oil were the main constituents, respectively. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and its main components, citral, geraniol and geranyl acetate, showed that all of the tested microorganisms were highly inhibited by the essential oil with inhibition zones ranged from 15 – 41 mm for bacteria and 29 – 30 mm for fungi. The most sensitive microorganisms were Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis with the lowest MIC values of 0.9 mg/mL. Considering sensitivity screening, it is conceivable that the activity of the oil from D. moldavica could be attributed mainly to the presence of citral.

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da Costa, Andréa Santos, Maria de Fátima Arrigoni-Blank, José Luiz Sandes de Carvalho Filho, Aléa Dayane Dantas de Santana, Darlisson de Alexandria Santos, Péricles Barreto Alves, and Arie Fitzgerald Blank. "Chemical Diversity in Basil (Ocimumsp.) Germplasm." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/352638.

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The present study aimed to chemically characterize 31 accessions and seven cultivars of basil. The percentage composition of the essential oils of the accessions and cultivars was based on the 14 most abundant constituents: 1,8-cineole, linalool, methyl chavicol, neral, nerol, geraniol, geranial, methyl cinnamate,β-bourbonene, methyl eugenol,α-trans-bergamotene, germacrene-D,epi-α-cadinol, andδ-cadinene. The genetic materials were classified into eight clusters according to the chemical composition of the essential oils: Cluster 1—mostly linalool and 1,8-cineole; Cluster 2—mostly linalool, geraniol, andα-trans-bergamotene; Cluster 3—mostly linalool, methyl chavicol, methyl cinnamate, andβ-bourbonene; Cluster 4—mostly linalool, methyl chavicol,epi-α-cadinol, andα-trans-bergamotene; Cluster 5—mainly linalool, methyl eugenol,α-trans-bergamotene, andepi-α-cadinol; Cluster 6—mainly linalool, geraniol, andepi-α-cadinol; Cluster 7—mostly linalool and methyl chavicol; Cluster 8—mainly geranial and neral.

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Chong Jun Weng, Daniel, Jalifah Latip, Siti Aishah Hasbullah, and Harjono Sastrohamidjojo. "Separation of Geraniol from Citronellol by Selective Oxidation of Geraniol to Geranial." Sains Malaysiana 44, no. 8 (August 1, 2015): 1183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2015-4408-15.

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Dabague, I. C. M., C. Deschamps, A. F. Mógor, A. P. Scheer, and L. Côcco. "Essential oil yield and composition of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) rhizomes after different drying periods." Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais 13, no. 1 (2011): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-05722011000100012.

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Ginger production in Paraná State, Brazil, has predominated in Morretes Municipality, with around 300 ha cultivated area. The aim of this work was to evaluate the essential oil yield and composition of ginger rhizomes produced in Morretes and subjected to different drying periods at room temperature. Experimental design was completely randomized, in a 5x5 factorial arrangement, with four replicates (four plants each), five origins and five drying periods at room temperature (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days). The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type device for 3h and the constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The drying of ginger rhizomes at room temperature for up to 60 days decreased the essential oil yield in most origins. Geranial and neral levels were higher in all origins and as drying periods were longer. Geraniol and geranyl acetate levels decreased after drying in all origins, as well as eucalyptol, camphene, zingiberene and β-bisabolene in most origins.

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Gbolade, A. A., and G. B. Lockwood. "Selective Biotransformation of Monoterpenoids by Cell Suspensions of Petroselinum crispum." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 1989): 1066–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1989-11-1232.

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Cell suspension cultures of Petroselinum crispum (Mill) Nyman cultivars “Paramount” and “Plain-leaved” were capable of biotransforming exogenously supplied geraniol largely into nerol and minor quantities of neral and geranial. Maximal conversions into nerol (32-36%); and neral: < 1% (cult. “Plain-leaved”), <5% (cult. “Paramount”) were usually recorded by 24 h. Over the incubation period a low proportion of the substrate, 32-40% was involved in biotransformation. Cyclic and other acyclic monoterpenoids were not biotransformed.

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Báez, Disnelys, Jorge A. Pino, and Diego Morales. "Floral Scent Composition of Plumeria Tuberculata Analyzed by HS-SPME." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 1 (January 2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700134.

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The headspace volatile compounds of the flowers of Plumeria tuberculata Lodd. were analyzed by solid phase microextraction coupled with capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Twenty-five compounds were identified, representing 100% of the total composition. The volatile fraction was characterized by oxygenated monoterpenes (79.6%), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (8.4%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (7.6%), and benzenoid esters (2.6%). The major components were geraniol (34.9%), citronelol (21.5%) and geranial (16.2%), and they were found to make the major contribution to the typical scent of this flower.

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Zheng, Yin, Yanhong Shang, Mengyun Li, Yunzhou Li, and Wuqing Ouyang. "Antifungal Activities of cis-trans Citral Isomers against Trichophyton rubrum with ERG6 as a Potential Target." Molecules 26, no. 14 (July 14, 2021): 4263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144263.

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Trichophyton rubrum causes ringworm worldwide. Citral (CIT), extracted from Pectis plants, is a monoterpene and naturally composed of geometric isomers neral (cis-citral) and geranial (trans-citral). CIT has promising antifungal activities and ergosterol biosynthesis inhibition effects against several pathogenic fungi. However, no study has focused on neral and geranial against T. rubrum, which hinders the clinical application of CIT. This study aimed to compare antifungal activities of neral and geranial and preliminarily elucidate their ergosterol biosynthesis inhibition mechanism against T. rubrum. Herein, the disc diffusion assays, cellular leakage measurement, flow cytometry, SEM/TEM observation, sterol quantification, and sterol pattern change analyses were employed. The results showed geranial exhibited larger inhibition zones (p < 0.01 or 0.05), higher cellular leakage rates (p < 0.01), increased conidia with damaged membranes (p < 0.01) within 24 h, more distinct shriveled mycelium in SEM, prominent cellular material leakage, membrane damage, and morphological changes in TEM. Furthermore, geranial possessed more promising ergosterol biosynthesis inhibition effects than neral, and both induced the synthesis of 7-Dehydrodesmosterol and Cholesta-5,7,22,24-tetraen-3β-ol, which represented marker sterols when ERG6 was affected. These results suggest geranial is more potent than neral against T. rubrum, and both inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis by affecting ERG6.

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Nurzyńska-Wierdak, Renata, Anna Bogucka-Kocka, and Grażyna Szymczak. "Volatile Constituents of Melissa officinalis Leaves Determined by Plant Age." Natural Product Communications 9, no. 5 (May 2014): 1934578X1400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1400900531.

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The present study investigated changes in the content and chemical composition of the essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation from air-dried Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm) leaves in the first and second year of plant growth. The lemon balm oil was analysed by GC-MS and GC-FID. The presence of 106 compounds, representing 100% of the oil constituents, was determined in the oil. The predominant components were geranial (45.2% and 45.1%) and neral (32.8% and 33.8%); their proportions in the examined samples of the oil obtained from one- and two-year-old plants were comparable. However, the age of lemon balm plants affected the concentration of other constituents and the proportions of the following compounds were subject to especially high fluctuations: citronellal (8.7% and 0.4%), geraniol (trace amounts and 0.6%), and geranyl acetate (0.5% and 3.0%), as well as, among others, isogeranial, E-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, germacrene D, and carvacrol. The essential oil of two-year-old plants was characterized by a richer chemical composition than the oil from younger plants.

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Najar, Basma, Ilaria Marchioni, Barbara Ruffoni, Andrea Copetta, Laura Pistelli, and Luisa Pistelli. "Volatilomic Analysis of Four Edible Flowers from Agastache Genus." Molecules 24, no. 24 (December 6, 2019): 4480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244480.

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Volatilomes emitted from edible flowers of two species of Agastache (A. aurantiaca (A.Gray) Lint & Epling, and A. mexicana (Kunth) Lint & Epling) and from two hybrids (Agastache ‘Arcado Pink’ and Agastache ‘Blue Boa’) were investigated using a solid-phase microextraction technique as well as the extraction of its essential oils. Oxygenated monoterpenes were almost always the predominant class (>85%) of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in each sample of A. aurantiaca, A. ‘Blue Boa’ and A. mexicana, with the exception of A. ‘Arcado Pink’ (38.6%). Pulegone was the main compound in A. aurantiaca (76.7%) and A. ‘Blue Boa’ (82.4%), while geranyl acetate (37.5%) followed by geraniol (16%) and geranial (17%) were the principal ones in A. mexicana. The essential oil composition showed the same behavior as the VOCs both for the main class as well as the major constituent (pulegone) with the same exception for A. mexicana. Total soluble sugars, secondary metabolites (polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins) and antioxidant activity were also investigated to emphasize the nutraceutical properties of these edible flowers.

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Gerez, Thierry, Michèle Besson, Catherine Pinel, Jean-Michel Joerger, and Vivien Henryon. "Catalytic Transfer Dehydrogenation of Geraniol to Geranial Over Palladium and Copper Supported Catalysts." Topics in Catalysis 57, no. 17-20 (September 30, 2014): 1498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-014-0324-2.

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Blank, Arie Fitzgerald, Lídia Cristina Alves Camêlo, Maria de Fátima Arrigoni-Blank, José Baldin Pinheiro, Thiago Matos Andrade, Edenilson dos Santos Niculau, and Péricles Barreto Alves. "Chemical Diversity inLippia alba(Mill.) N. E. Brown Germplasm." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/321924.

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The aim of this study was to perform chemical characterization ofLippia albaaccessions from the Active Germplasm Bank of the Federal University of Sergipe. A randomized block experimental design with two replications was applied. The analysis of the chemical composition of the essential oils was conducted using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. The chemical composition of the essential oils allowed the accessions to be allocated to the following six groups: group 1: linalool, 1,8-cineole, and caryophyllene oxide; group 2: linalool, geranial, neral, 1,8-cineol, and caryophyllene oxide; group 3: limonene, carvone, and sabinene; group 4: carvone, limonene, g-muurolene, and myrcene; group 5: neral, geranial, and caryophyllene oxide; and group 6: geranial, neral, o-cymene, limonene, and caryophyllene oxide.

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Janmohammadi, Mohsen, Naser Sabaghnia, and Adel Bashiri. "Evaluation of the Impact of Weed Control Methods on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Moldavian Balm; A Medicinal Plant." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ata-2016-0022.

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Abstract Moldavian balm is an annual herbaceous plant and its lemon-scented leaves contain essential oil. However, weeds adversely affect its growth by release of allelochemicals, and/or direct competition for nutrient, moisture, light and space. Current experiment was conducted to evaluate the different weed control methods including preventive approach (soil pasteurization), mechanical methods (one hand weeding, two hand weeding, and successive hand weeding for weed free condition), and chemical control by synthetic herbicides (haloxyfop-R-methyl and trifluralin). Results revealed that stem diameter, quantity of secondary branches, flower-bearing branches and leaves were significantly affected by weed control treatments; the highest lateral growth was obtained by successive mechanical weed control and two hand weeding method, respectively. This trend was also observed in canopy spread and chlorophyll content. Pre-emergence control by trifluralin considerably accelerated the initiation of flowering in Moldavian balm. However, observation of qualitative traits showed that the highest essential oil content and oil yield was obtained when the plants grew in weed free soil which was pasteurized. Considering the recognized essential oils, the most responsive composition was including Geranial, Geranyl acetate, Neral and Geraniol. The lowest amount of Neral was recorded in postemergence control performed by means of haloxyfop-R-methyl herbicide.

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Sim, Sherina, Su Kay Tan, Birgit Kohlenberg, and Norbert A. Braun. "Amomum tsao-ko—Chinese Black Cardamom: Detailed Oil Composition and Comparison With Two Other Cardamom Species." Natural Product Communications 14, no. 7 (July 2019): 1934578X1985767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x19857675.

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Two Chinese black cardamom oils ( Amomum tsao-ko) were analyzed using GC and GC/MS and compared to 2 Indian cardamom oils from the species Amomum subulatum and Elettaria cardamomum, respectively. The main constituents of A. tsao-ko oils were eucalyptol, geranial, geraniol, trans-2,3,3A,7A-tetrahydro-1 H-indene-4-carbaldehyde, (2 E)-decenal, neral, and 4-indanecarbaldehyde. Special attention was given to the 1 H-indene-carbaldehyes, which are frequently wrongly assigned in previous literature. A detailed odor evaluation of the oils was also carried out. In addition, composition variations of 28 main constituents of 8 E. cardamomum oils were investigated, taking various factors like origin, production methods, plant material, and drying stage into consideration.

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Сачивко, Татьяна, Tatsiana Sachyuka, Наталья Коваленко, Nataliya Kovalenko, Галина Супиченко, Galina Supichenko, Виктор Босак, and Viktar Bosak. "Enantiomeric composition of essential oils Ocimum L. components." Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 48, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2018-1-164-171.

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Basil Ocimum L. belongs to the perspective aromatic and essential-oil plants. Its green mass and essential oils can be successfully used in different sectors of economy including food industry. In 56 samples of basil Ocimum L. having different ecological and geographic origin the author determined the content and yield of essential oils. The study of the taken basil cultivars shows that the content of essential oils in different types of basil (sweet basil – Ocimum basilicum L., holy basil – Ocimum tenuiflorum L., camphor basil – Ocimum kilimandscharicum Willd., hoary basil – Ocimum canum Sims.) was 0.28–0.83% when its yield was 24.0–314.6 kg/ha and green mass yield during technological maturity phase (massive flowering) was 0.51–5.08 kg/m2. By means of gas liquid chromatography method the author performed compositional and anantiometric analysis of the composition of the essential oils obtained from the new basil varieties such as Ocimum L. (Magiya, Volodar, Nastena, Istochnik), bred in Belorussian State Agricultural Academy and catalogued in the National Register of Cultivars in the Republic of Belarus. As a result of the research the author determined that essential oil samples obtained from the new basil cultivars have up to 20 components. The main components are linalool, methyl chavicol, - and -pinenes, -terpineol, eugenol, geraniol, geranial, geranyl acetate, thymol, neral, carvone, carvacrol, limonene and 1.8-cineol. Enantiomers are present in essential oil components - and -pinenes, limonene and linalool.

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Plata-Rueda, Angelica, Gabriela Da Silva Rolim, Carlos Frederico Wilcken, José Cola Zanuncio, José Eduardo Serrão, and Luis Carlos Martínez. "Acute Toxicity and Sublethal Effects of Lemongrass Essential Oil and Their Components against the Granary Weevil, Sitophilus granarius." Insects 11, no. 6 (June 18, 2020): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11060379.

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In the present work, we evaluate the toxic and repellent properties of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC. ex Nees) Stapf.) essential oil and its components against Sitophilus granarius Linnaeus as an alternative to insecticide use. The lethal dose (LD50 and LD90), survivorship, respiration rate, and repellency on adults of S. granarius exposed to different doses of lemongrass oil and some of its components were evaluated. The chemical composition of the essential oil was found to have the major components of neral (24.6%), citral (18.7%), geranyl acetate (12.4%), geranial (12.3%), and limonene (7.55%). Lemongrass essential oil (LD50 = 4.03 µg·insect–1), citral (LD50 = 6.92 µg·insect–1), and geranyl acetate (LD50 = 3.93 µg·insect–1) were toxic to S. granarius adults. Survivorship was 99.9% in insects not exposed to lemongrass essential oil, decreasing to 57.6%, 43.1%, and 25.9% in insects exposed to LD50 of essential oil, citral, and geranyl acetate, respectively. The insects had low respiratory rates and locomotion after exposure to the essential oil, geranyl acetate, and citral. Our data show that lemongrass essential oils and their components have insecticidal and repellent activity against S. granarius and, therefore, have the potential for application in stored grain pest management schemes.

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Honda, Gisho, Akiko Yuba, Atsushi Nishizawa, and Mamoru Tabata. "Genetic control of geranial formation inPerilla frutescens." Biochemical Genetics 32, no. 5-6 (June 1994): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00554619.

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GOLPARVAR, Ahmad Reza, Amin HADIPANAH, Mohammad Mehdi GHEISARI, and Reza KHALILIAZAR. "Chemical constituents of essential oil of Dracocephalum moldavica L. and Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. from Iran." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 107, no. 1 (April 6, 2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2016.107.1.03.

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Dracocephalum moldavica L. and Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. are aromatic plants belonging to Lamiaceae family. The aim of this study was to identify the chemical components of D. kotschyi and D. moldavica from Iran. The aerial parts of D. kotschyi were collected from (Kamu Mountain) Isfahan province and the aerial parts of D. moldavica were collected from Sari (Mazandaran province) North of Iran, during 2014. The essential oil was extracted by a Clevenger approach and analyzed using GC/MS. In total, 32 and 24 compounds were identified in the essential oil from the aerial parts D. kotschyi and D. moldavica, respectively. The results obtained in our study indicated that the major components in the oil D. kotschyi were limonene (23.56 %), carvacrol (14.65 %), γ-terpinene (12.99 %), α -pinene (12.62 %), 2-methyl-1-octen-3-yne (9.73 %), camphene (4.66 %), myrcene (3.65 %) and α -terpinene (3.12 %). The major constituents of the oil D. moldavica were geranyl acetate (36.62 %), geraniol (24.31 %), neral (16.25 %) and geranial (11.21 %). D. kotschyi is one of the important sources of limonene and D. moldavica is one of the important sources of geranyl acetate.

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Likibi Belline, Ndzeli, Loubaki Milandou Laurent, Nsikabaka Samuel, and Ouamba Jean-Maurille. "HEMI-SYNTHESIS AND UV-VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF 2,4-DINITROPHENYLHYDRAZONES DERIVED FROM CITRAL AND CITRONELLAL ESSENTIAL OILS OF TWO AROMATIC PLANTS ACCLIMATIZED IN CONGO-BRAZZAVILLE." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 03 (March 31, 2021): 581–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12617.

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The orange-yellow and colorless essential oils with respective yields of 1.54% and 3.59% were extracted from the dry leaves of Cymbopogoncitratus (DC.) Stapf and Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. collected south of Brazzaville. Analysis by gas chromatography (GC) and by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) allowed the identification of fifteen (15) and eight (8) constituents representing (96.25%) and (98.46%) of total essential oils respectively. Cymbopogoncitratus oil consists mainly of geranial (51.99%) and neral (32.94%), two geometric isomers constituting citral which occupies a rate of 84.93%. While citronellal with a high level of (80.72%) and citronellol (10.48%) are the major compounds of the essential oil of Eucalyptus citriodora. Geranial (citral a) and citronellal 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones were hemi-synthesized by a simple, easy method, respectively from essential oils of Cymbopogoncitratus and Eucalyptus citriodora with respective conversion rate (yields) of 20%. and 37%, in a short time (three to five minutes). Analysis of geranial and citronellal 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones by UV-visible spectrophotometry showed maximum absorption wavelengths of 390 nm and 370 nm respectively. The UV-visible spectrophotometric method employed for the determination of these hydrazones is convenient, fast and simple. The hemi-synthesized hydrazones could be useful in the pharmaceutical industry, in perfumery, cosmetic and in biomedicine.

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Bhatnagar, Anju. "Altitudinal variation in the volatile constituents of Cymbopogon flexuosus from Uttarakhand region of Himalaya." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 11, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i2.1988.

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The essential oils of Cymbopogon flexuosus (lemon grass) of the family Poaceae collected from different altitudes of the Uttarakhand region of Himalaya were subjected to detailed GC/MS analysis in order to determine the variation of concentration in their constituents. The GC/MS analysis led to the identification of 29 constituents forming 90.62 to 93.58% of their total oil content. The major constituents were citral, geraniol, citronellol,citranellal, linalool, borneol, ?-myrcene limonene, ?-caryophyllene, camphene, ?-cadinene, ? terpineol, neryl acetate and heptenone. Plants collected from 450 m altitude afforded citral (74.58 %) [a isomeric mixture of geranial and nearl] as a major constituents whereas only a less percentage of citral (64.21%, 68.29%) was found in the plants collected from two other altitudes i.e 250m and 1000m respectively. The geraniol, cam-phene and neryl acetate were obtained in a high concentration form the plants collected at 250 m altitude but in the plant from two other altitudes, it was found only in less proportion. Similarly, ?-cadinene, ?-terpineol and camphene were the major constituents of plants at 1000m altitude but in other plants it was detected in very low concentration. Since, the concentration of plant constituents affected by altitude and season, medicinalproperties of such plants and their use in biological application would vary accordingly.

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Niculau, Edenilson dos Santos, Péricles Barreto Alves, Paulo Cesar de Lima Nogueira, Luciane Pimenta Cruz Romão, Graziele da Costa Cunha, Arie Fitzgerald Blank, and Anderson de Carvalho Silva. "Chemical Profile and Use of the Peat as an Adsorbent for Extraction of Volatile Compounds from Leaves of Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’ Herit)." Molecules 25, no. 21 (October 24, 2020): 4923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25214923.

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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from leaves of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’ Herit) were extracted by dynamic headspace using Porapak Q (HSD-P) as adsorbent and peat, a novel adsorbent in the extraction of plant volatiles, analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography–flame ionization (GC/FID), and the results were compared with those obtained by hydrodistillation (HD). The yield volatiles changed with the extraction method. HD was more efficient for extracting linalool (11.19%) and citronellyl formate (9.41%). Citronellol (28.06%), geraniol (38.26%) and 6,9-guaiadiene (9.55%) and geranyl tiglate (8.21%) were the major components identified by dynamic headspace using peat (HSD-T), while citronellol (16.88%), geraniol (13.63%), 6,9-guaiadiene (16.98%) and citronellyl formate (6.95%) were identified by dynamic headspace using Porapak Q (HSD-P). Furthermore, this work showed, for the first time, that in natura peat is useful to extract VOCs from leaves of geranium.

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Hagvall, Lina, Magnus Bruze, Malin Engfeldt, Marléne Isaksson, Magnus Lindberg, Kristina Ryberg, Berndt Stenberg, Cecilia Svedman, Ann‐Therese Karlberg, and Johanna Bråred Christensson. "Contact allergy to citral and its constituents geranial and neral, coupled with reactions to the prehapten and prohapten geraniol." Contact Dermatitis 82, no. 1 (November 6, 2019): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cod.13404.

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Esfahani, Razieh Ebadati, and Pejman Moradi. "Experimental Paper. The effect of different development stages on the quantity and quality of the essential oil of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle in Iran." Herba Polonica 63, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hepo-2017-0003.

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Summary Introduction: The Mexican lime tree with the scientific name of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle have great economic value because of its essential oil with a unique flavour. Objective: The essential oils from the peel of C. aurantifolia were collected during three development periods. Methods: The essential oil was analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS. Results: The essential oil yields (v/w%) were 1.54%, 0.88% and 1.23%, respectively. The highest oil yield was obtained at stage I (1.54% v/w). The analysis of the essential oil indicated that limonene, β-pinene, geranial, neral and γ-terpinene were the main compounds of all samples. At the first stage, the highest percentages belonged to limonene (39.38%), geranial (14.32%) and neral (11.01%). On the other hand, the highest percentages of β-pinene and γ-terpinene (24.25% and 8.92%, respectively) were found at the final stage. Conclusion: Therefore, it is concluded that the harvest time has a considerable effect on the content and amount of lime fruit essential oil.

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Koumaglo, Kossi H., Koffi Akpagana, Adolé I. Glitho, François-X. Garneau, Hélène Gagnon, France-I. Jean, Mansour Moudachirou, and Ivan Addae-Mensah. "Geranial and Neral, Major Constituents ofLippia multifloraMoldenke Leaf Oil." Journal of Essential Oil Research 8, no. 3 (May 1996): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1996.9700608.

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Kim, Kee Hyun, Seokchan Choi, Youn Gang Yoo, Su Jin Lee, Un-Kyu Park, and Seok-Yeon Hwang. "Study of a Hand Sanitizer Composed of Active Ingredients Geranial, Cineol, Menthol, and Chamaecyparis obtusa." Journal of Records Management & Archives Society of Korea 16, no. 2 (May 31, 2016): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14404/jksarm.2016.16.2.173.

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Xuan Thi, Luu Thi. "SELECTIVE AND EFFICIENT OXIDATION OF UNSATURATED ALCOHOLS AS CONSTITUENTS IN ESSENTIAL OILS." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 54, no. 2C (March 19, 2018): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/54/2c/11853.

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Essential oil unsaturated alcohols have been oxidized efficiently into the correspondingunsaturated aldehydes by potassium permanganate supported copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate.Unsaturated aldehydes such as geranial and cinnamaldehyde being valuable components in food,cosmetic, perfumery and pharmaceutical chemistry, have been obtained in good yields (> 60%)under two activation methods: microwave irradiation and conventional heating.

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Ding, Jingkai, Yu Xuejian, Wu Yu, Zhihui Ding, Zonglian Chen, Nanao Hayashi, and Hisasi Komae. "Aromatic Components of the Essential Oils of Four Chinese Medicinal Plants (Asarum petelotii, Elsholtzia souliei, Eupatorium adenophorum, Micromeria biflora) in Yunnan." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 49, no. 11-12 (December 1, 1994): 703–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1994-11-1202.

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The volatile components of the essential oils of four Chinese medicinal Plants (Micromeria biflora, Elsholtzia souliei, Eupatorium adenophorum, Asarum petelotii) were investigated by GC and GC-MS. Large amounts of terpenes (geranial, naginataketone, p-cymene, β-himachalene), or phenol ethers (apiole, elemicin, 1,2,3,4-tetramethoxy-5-allyl-benzene) were identified in the oils.

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Luz, J. M. Q., S. M. Silva, L. L. Habber, and M. O. M. Marquez. "Produção de óleo essencial de Melissa officinalis L. em diferentes épocas, sistemas de cultivo e adubações." Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais 16, no. 3 (September 2014): 552–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-084x/11_130.

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Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a biomassa, o rendimento e a composição de óleo essencial de Melissa officinalis L. submetida a diferentes épocas de plantio, sistemas de cultivo, e adubações. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados (DBC), em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 2, sendo duas épocas de plantio (verão e inverno), dois sistemas de cultivo (estufa e campo), e dois tipos de adubação (mineral e orgânica). A colheita consistiu no corte de todas as plantas da parcela útil. Após a colheita, foi avaliada a massa fresca foliar, a altura de plantas, o comprimento e largura das folhas. A extração de óleo essencial foi realizada por hidrodestilação e a composição química foi analisada em cromatógrafo gasoso acoplado a espectrômetro de massas. Das substâncias encontradas, prevaleceram como constituintes majoritários os monoterpenos geranial e neral na colheita de verão, e geranial, neral e citronelal na colheita de inverno. As condições do ambiente protegido e do verão propiciaram melhor biomassa de melissa, maior rendimento de óleo essencial, e maior taxa do constituinte citral.

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Rana, Virendra S., and Maria A. Blazquez. "Compositions of the Volatile Oils of Citrus Macroptera and C. Maxima." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 10 (October 2012): 1934578X1200701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200701032.

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The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the fresh peels of Citrus macroptera Montr. and C maxima(Burm.) Merr. were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The yields of oil ranged from 0.53% in C macroptera to 0.13% in C maxima cultivar (white). Forty-seven compounds were identified in the oils with limonene (55.3-80.0%), dodecyl acrylate (2.2-8.0%), geranial (0.4-3.5%), trans-linalool oxide (1.0-2.8%), α-terpineol (0.7-2.3%), linalool (0.7-1.5%) and cis- linalool oxide (0.5-1.4%) identified as major compounds. The oil of C. macroptera contained limonene (55.3%), β-caryophyllene (4.7%) and geranial (3.5%) as main compounds. Similarly, oils from two C maxima(pink and white) cultivars were rich in limonene (72.0-80.0%), dodecyl acrylate (8.0-7.2%) and nootkatone (1.6-2.5%). C maxima(pink and white) cultivars were found to contain higher amount of limonene (72.0 and 80.0%) as compared with C. macroptera(55.3%). The chemical compositions of the oils were found to be similar, but nootkatone (1.6-2.5%) was identified only in C maxima cultivars.

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Xu, Brittany M., George L. Baker, Paul J. Sarnoski, and Renée M. Goodrich-Schneider. "A Comparison of the Volatile Components of Cold Pressed Hamlin and Valencia (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) Orange Oils Affected by Huanglongbing." Journal of Food Quality 2017 (2017): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6793986.

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Volatiles from huanglongbing (HLB) symptomatic and asymptomatic cold pressed orange oils from Florida Hamlin and Valencia fruit were assessed. Qualitative gas-liquid chromatography studies showed the presence of several compounds (β-longifolene, perillene, and 4-decenal) which are not commonly identified in Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck oils. Oils derived from huanglongbing symptomatic fruit had lower concentrations of linalool, decanal, citronellol, neral, geranial, carvone, dodecanal, and 2-decenal and higher concentrations of citronellal compared to asymptomatic fruit. A comparison to historic literature of orange oil investigations before HLB was of issue in Florida orange crops showed lower levels of linalool, decanal, neral, and geranial in Hamlin peel oil samples, as well as higher levels of dodecanal. Valencia peel oil samples showed lower concentrations of linalool and increased concentration of citronellol and dodecanal. As a result of huanglongbing (HLB) phenomena, the concentrations of several important volatiles found in Hamlin and Valencia peel oil profiles have changed compared to historic values. Differences in volatile concentrations of symptomatic and asymptomatic HLB affected peel oil compounds in orange fruit are identified.

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Saeidnia, Soodabeh, Ahmad Reza Gohari, Michiho Ito, Fumiyuki Kiuchi, and Gisho Honda. "Bioactive Constituents from Dracocephalum subcapitatum (O. Kuntze) Lipsky." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 60, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2005): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2005-1-204.

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From an EtOAc extract of Dracocephalum subcapitatum, five flavonoids, calycopterin, xanthomicrol, isokaempferide, luteolin and apigenin, together with five terpenoids, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, geranial, neral and limonene-10-al, were isolated. Among them, citral and limonene-10-al were the most effective components against epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasitic agent of Chagas disease.

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Iijima, Yoko, Takao Koeduka, Hideyuki Suzuki, and Kikue Kubota. "Biosynthesis of geranial, a potent aroma compound in ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale): Molecular cloning and characterization of geraniol dehydrogenase." Plant Biotechnology 31, no. 5 (2014): 525–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.14.1020a.

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Owolabi, Moses S., Oladipupo A. Lawal, Rebecca M. Hauser, and William N. Setzer. "The Volatile Constituents of Parquetina nigrescens from Southwestern Nigeria." Natural Product Communications 9, no. 6 (June 2014): 1934578X1400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1400900634.

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The leaf essential oil of Parquetina nigrescens collected from Badary, Nigeria, was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The essential oil had a simple composition with only five identified components. The oil was dominated by citral (35.0% neral and 53.7% geranial). The high concentration of citral in the essential oil likely contributes to the ethnomedicinal utility and bioactivities associated with this medicinal plant.

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Kaler, Kristi M., and William N. Setzer. "Seasonal Variation in the Leaf Essential Oil Composition of Sassafras Albidum." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 5 (May 2008): 1934578X0800300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800300529.

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The seasonal variation in the chemical composition of the leaf essential oil of Sassafras albidum has been analyzed by GC-MS. Three individual trees were sampled four times during the course of the growing season. The leaf oils were made up of 44 components, with geranial (11%–27%) and neral (10%–18%) dominating. S. albidum showed a general trend of diminishing monoterpenoid concentrations and increasing sesquiterpenoid concentrations during the season.

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Ortet, Risoleta, Erik L. Regalado, Olivier P. Thomas, Jorge A. Pino, Miguel D. Fernández, and Jean-Jacques Filippi. "Composition and Antioxidant Properties of the Essential Oil of the Endemic Cape Verdean Satureja forbesii." Natural Product Communications 4, no. 9 (September 2009): 1934578X0900400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0900400924.

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The chemical composition of essential oil from the air-dried aerial parts of Satureja forbesii (Benth.) Briq. from Cape Verde was studied by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-nine volatile compounds were identified of which geranial (42.0%) and neral (31.2%) were the major constituents. Using the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free-radical scavenging method and the in vitro assay for prevention of lipid peroxidation by thiobarbituric reactive species, significant activities were evidenced.

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Maksimović, Zoran, Marina Milenković, Dragana Vučićević, and Mihailo Ristić. "Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Thymus pannonicus All. (Lamiaceae) essential oil." Open Life Sciences 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-008-0013-x.

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AbstractThis paper presents the results of a study on chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Thymus pannonicus All. (Lamiaceae) essential oil from Vojvodina province (north of Serbia). The investigated oil was hydrodistilled from a flowering plant and analysed by GC and GC-MS. Fifty-three constituents were identified (>97% of total oil), with geranial (41.42%, w/w) and neral (29.61%, w/w) as the most prominent. The antimicrobial activity of the oil was evaluated using agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution method against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, two strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and two strains of Candida albicans. The essential oil exhibited antimicrobial activity to varying degrees against all tested strains. The maximum activity of T. Pannonicus oil was observed against E. coli, S. aureus and both tested strains of C. Albicans (MIC = 50 µ/ml, each). Moderate activity was observed against P. aeruginosa and one of the tested strains of K. Pneumoniae (MIC = 200 µ/ml), while E. faecalis and the other strain of K. Pneumoniae expressed a higher degree of resistance (MIC > 200 µ/ml). This study confirms that essential oil of T. pannonicus possesses remarkable in vitro antimicrobial activity against several medicinally important pathogens. This is attributable to lemon-scented citral, a mixture of geranial and neral, which has well-documented antimicrobial activity against a range of bacteria and fungi.

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Kizil, Suleyman, Ozlem Toncer, Tahsin Sogut, Emel Diraz, and Sengul Karaman. "DETERMINATION OF SOME AGRONOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ESSENTIAL OIL VARIATION IN DIFFERENT LOCAL Ocimum basilicum L. ECOTYPES UNDER SEMI-ARID CLIMATIC CONDITIONS." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 18, no. 3 (June 17, 2019): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2019.3.1.

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The study aimed to determine agronomic characteristics and essential oil components of different basil ecotypes in semi-arid climatic conditions of South Eastern Anatolia, Diyarbakir, Turkey. Two-year harvest data about fresh and dry herb yield, dry leaf yield, essential oil content and its components from the plants of year 2015 and 2016 was analyzed in this study. Essential oil components were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The resulting outcomes demonstrated that both ecotypes and harvests had important effects on fresh and dry herb, dry leaf yield and essential oil contents of sweet basil. The highest dry leaf yield was noted from green leafy ecotypes and from second harvest stage. Twenty-three constituents were detected in the essential oil of O. basilicum ecotypes. The main components of basil essential oil were linalool, methyl chavicol, neral, geranial and methyl cinnamate that differed according to ecotypes and harvests during experimental years 2015 and 2016. Purple leafy basil ecotypes were determined as linalool rich, while greenish leaf ecotypes were abundant in methyl chavicol. Silbe – green ecotype contains higher neral and geranial levels than the other ecotypes. It was concluded that basil plant could be grown successfully and harvested two or more times to prefer for maximum dry leaf yield and essential oil contents under semi-arid climatic conditions.

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Thai, Tran Huy, Ophélie Bazzali, Tran Minh Hoi, Nguyen Thi Hien, Nguyen Viet Hung, Félix Tomi, Joseph Casanova, and Ange Bighelli. "Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils from Vietnamese Clausena indica and C. anisum-olens." Natural Product Communications 9, no. 10 (October 2014): 1934578X1400901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1400901032.

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The chemical composition of Vietnamese oil samples of the aerial parts of Clausena indica (Dalz.) Oliver and C. anisum-olens (Blanco) Merryll have been investigated using a combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. C. indica essential oil contained mainly terpinolene (53.9 and 56.1%), and myristicin (17.9 and 7.3%), whereas the major components of C. anisum-olens essential were citronellal (22.8%), geranial (21.4%) and neral (16.8%). The compositions of the investigated samples have been compared with those of essential oils from various origins.

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Saeidnia, Soodabeh, Ahmad Reza Gohari, Abbas Hadjiakhoondi, and Abbas Shafiee. "Bioactive Compounds of the Volatile Oil of Dracocephalum kotschyi." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 62, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2007): 793–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2007-11-1203.

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Trypanocidal activity was found in the volatile oil of dried Dracocephalum kotschyi. GCMS analysis determined that the major constituents of the oil were geranial (35.8%), C10H14O (26.6%), limonene (15.8%) and 1,1-dimethoxy decane (14.5%). In order to isolate the unknown biologically active monoterpene, fractionation of the volatile oil was carried out by silica gel column chromatography. The structure of the oxygenated compound was confirmed to be limonene-10-al (C10H14O) by analysis of physical and spectroscopic data (1H NMR, 13C NMR, HMBC and HMQC).

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Southwell, Ian. "Backhousia citriodora F. Muell. (Lemon Myrtle), an Unrivalled Source of Citral." Foods 10, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10071596.

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Lemon oils are amongst the highest volume and most frequently traded of the flavor and fragrance essential oils. Citronellal and citral are considered the key components responsible for the lemon note with citral (neral + geranial) preferred. Of the myriad of sources of citral, the Australian myrtaceous tree, Lemon Myrtle, Backhousia citriodora F. Muell. (Myrtaceae), is considered superior. This review examines the history, the natural occurrence, the cultivation, the taxonomy, the chemistry, the biological activity, the toxicology, the standardisation and the commercialisation of Backhousia citriodora especially in relation to its essential oil.

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Oliveira, M. M. M., D. F. Brugnera, M. G. Cardoso, L. G. L. Guimarães, and R. H. Piccoli. "Rendimento, composição química e atividade antilisterial de óleos essenciais de espécies de Cymbopogon." Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais 13, no. 1 (2011): 08–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-05722011000100002.

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Objetivou-se determinar o rendimento, a composição química e avaliar a atividade antilisterial dos óleos essenciais de Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. (capim-limão) e Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle (capim-citronela), puros e em combinação. A obtenção dos óleos essenciais foi realizada a partir de folhas frescas, empregando-se a técnica de hidrodestilação e utilizando-se aparelho de Clevenger modificado. Os rendimentos foram calculados a partir da massa obtida na extração e da umidade do material vegetal. A análise qualitativa foi realizada por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas e a avaliação dos teores dos constituintes químicos por cromatografia em fase gasosa com detector de ionização de chamas. O efeito bacteriostático de diferentes concentrações dos óleos essenciais, puros e em combinação, foi determinado pela técnica de difusão em ágar. As concentrações mínimas inibitórias (CMIs) foram utilizadas na determinação do tempo de ação bactericida. O rendimento, em base seca, foi de 1,39% (v/p) para o óleo essencial de C. citratus e de 2,27% (v/p) para o óleo essencial de C. nardus. Geranial e neral foram os constituintes majoritários do óleo essencial de C. citratus, enquanto, para C. nardus, foram citronelal, geraniol e citronelol. A maioria das concentrações utilizadas mostrou-se efetiva contra Listeria monocytogenes e observaram-se efeitos bactericidas nas CMIs. Óleos essenciais de C. citratus e C. nardus, puros e em combinação, constituem novas alternativas de antibacterianos naturais a serem utilizados no controle de L. monocytogenes na indústria de alimentos.

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Hoyos, Julián Mauricio Ágredo, Eduardo Alves, Luciane Cristina Rozwalka, Elaine Aparecida de Souza, and Walmes Marques Zeviani. "Antifungal activity and ultrastructural alterations in Pseudocercospora griseola treated with essential oils." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 36, no. 3 (June 2012): 270–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542012000300002.

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Pseudocercospora griseola, the etiologic agent of angular leaf spot of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), is an important disease in all bean-producing regions worldwide and may cause extremely high yield losses. The control of this disease is made more difficult by the pathogen's genetic variability and the inefficiency of fungicides. In this study, of 26 essential oils tested at different concentrations, 25 demonstrated efficiency in affecting the germination of strains 63-31 and 63-63 of the pathogen, reaching inhibition levels of between 80% and 100%. Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon martinii inhibited conidia germination at all concentrations; Eugenia caryophyllata, Cinnamomum sp., Thymus vulgaris, Matricaria recutita, Cordia verbenacea, Origanum vulgare, Cymbopogon nardus, at 0.1 and 0.5%; and Zingiber officinale, Mentha arvensis, Chamaecyparis pisifera, Lavandula officinalis, Ocimum basilicum, Pimpinella anisum, Ocimum selloi, Baccharis dracunculifolia, Laurus nobilis, Citrus sinensis, Melaleuca alternifolia and Eucalyptus globulus, at 0.5%. The main constituents identified were cinnamaldehyde in Cinnamomum sp.; eugenol in E. caryophyllata; trans-β-farnesene in M. recutita; pulegone in C. verbenacea; thymol in T. vulgaris; geranial and neral in C. citratus, and geraniol in C. martini. Through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), it was verified that C. citratus, C. martini and E. caryophyllata presented direct fungitoxic action on P. griseola, causing severe damage to the cellular ultrastructure of the conidia, invalidating germination. These results indicated that essential oils are a promising alternative strategy for the control of angular leaf spot in bean, representing less risk to human health and the environment.

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Cardoso, Rebeca Sales, Valéria Bastos Gomes, Aleksandra Barroso Gomes, Angélica Regina Lima Brasil, Sebastião Francisco Silva Leite, Said Gonçalves da Cruz Fonseca, Nirla Rodrigues Romero, et al. "Farmácias Vivas: caracterização de marcadores químicos ativos para avaliação da qualidade da matéria-prima, intermediário e fitoterápico à base de cidreira (Lippia alba), Quimiotipo II." Comunicação em Ciências da Saúde 28, no. 01 (February 2, 2018): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.51723/ccs.v28i01.111.

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A cidreira (Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown), quimiotipo II, é referidapopularmente como cidreira carmelitana, rica em óleo essencial(limoneno e citral) e foi selecionada pelo Comitê Estadual de Fitoterapiapara integrar o elenco de plantas medicinais de uso nas Farmácias Vivasdo Estado do Ceará, fazendo parte da Relação de Plantas Medicinais-REPLAME/CE (Portaria 275/2012), como terapia complementar àscrises de ansiedade e insônia de leves a moderadas. Vários estudostêm relatado ações farmacológicas do citral - uma mistura de doisisômeros: trans-geranial e cis-neral – especialmente atividade sedativa.O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar a caracterização destesmarcadores químicos ativos para avaliação da qualidade da matériaprima,intermediário e fitoterápico à base de cidreira (Lippia alba),Quimiotipo II. A metodologia utilizada consistiu em: 1) Caracterizaçãomacro e micro morfológica das folhas de L. alba;2) Extração do óleoessencial 3) Preparação do Elixir de L. alba a 8%; 4) Análises porCromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrômetro de Massas (CG-EM)e Cromatografia em Camada Delgada. Observou-se que a metodologiautilizada pode ser aplicada nos trabalhos de rotina de controle dequalidade de L. alba, quimiotipo II, tanto para caracterização macro emicromorfológica da espécie, como para caracterização do marcadoresquímicos ativos do óleo essencial (citral/neral e geranial). Observouse,ainda, que as técnicas utilizadas para obtenção do extrato fluido edo elixir extraíram estes constituintes ativos do óleo essencial, os quaisinfluenciam na qualidade e atividade destas preparações. O elixir decidreira pode representar uma alternativa terapêutica simples, segura ede baixo custo para o SUS, em consonância com a Política Nacional dePlantas Medicinais e Fitoterápicos.

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Il'ina, Irina V., Konstantin P. Volcho, Dina V. Korchagina, and Nariman F. Salakhutdinov. "The Convenient Way for Obtaining Geranial by Acid-Catalyzed Kinetic Resolution of Citral." Helvetica Chimica Acta 99, no. 5 (May 2016): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.201500266.

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Koller, Lisa M., Stefan Wirth, and Günther Raspotnig. "Geranial-rich oil gland secretions: a common phenomenon in the Histiostomatidae (Acari, Astigmata)?" International Journal of Acarology 38, no. 5 (June 2012): 420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01647954.2012.662247.

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Albuquerque, Maria Rose Jane R., Sonia Maria O. Costa, Paulo N. Bandeira, Gilvandete Maria P. Santiago, Manoel Andrade-Neto, Edilberto R. Silveira, and Otilia D. L. Pessoa. "Nematicidal and larvicidal activities of the essential oils from aerial parts of Pectis oligocephala and Pectis apodocephala Baker." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 79, no. 2 (June 2007): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652007000200003.

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The chemical composition of the essential oils from aerial parts of Pectis apodocephala and Pectis oligocephala were analyzed by GC-MS. The essential oils of these species were predominantly constituted by monoterpenes. Geranial (42.9-44.5%), neral (32.2-34.2%) and alpha-pinene (10.7-11.4%) were the main constituents in the oil of P. apodocephala, while p-cymene (50.3-70.9%) and thymol (24.4-44.7%), were the prevalent compounds in the oil of P. oligocephala. The essential oils were tested against the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and Aedes aegypti larvae survival. The results obtained show that both essential oils exhibited significant activity and could be considered as potent natural namaticidal and larvicidal agents.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Geranial'

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