Journal articles on the topic 'Germ cells'

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1

Kerr, Candace, John Gearhart, Aaron Elliott, and Peter Donovan. "Embryonic Germ Cells: When Germ Cells Become Stem Cells." Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 24, no. 5 (November 2006): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-952152.

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2

Wylie, Chris. "Germ Cells." Cell 96, no. 2 (January 1999): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80557-7.

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3

Wylie, Chris. "Germ cells." Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 10, no. 4 (August 2000): 410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-437x(00)00105-2.

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4

Rossant, Janet. "Immortal germ cells?" Current Biology 3, no. 1 (January 1993): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-9822(93)90148-h.

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5

Xu, HongYan, MingYou Li, JianFang Gui, and YunHan Hong. "Fish germ cells." Science China Life Sciences 53, no. 4 (April 2010): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11427-010-0058-8.

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6

Wylie, Chris. "Introduction: Germ cells." Seminars in Developmental Biology 4, no. 3 (June 1993): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/sedb.1993.1017.

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7

Eppig, John, and Mary Ann Handel. "Germ Cells from Stem Cells." Biology of Reproduction 79, no. 1 (July 1, 2008): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.108.070789.

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8

M, Yang. "In Vitro Germ Line Differentiation from Pluripotent Stem Cells." Journal of Embryology & Stem Cell Research 3, no. 2 (2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jes-16000126.

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9

Zhangab, Rong, Wancun Chang, and Jian-Yong Han. "Culture of Rabbit Embryonic Germ Cells Derived from Primordial Germ Cells." Journal of Applied Animal Research 26, no. 2 (December 2004): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2004.9706509.

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10

Stewart, Colin L., Inder Gadi, and Harshida Bhatt. "Stem Cells from Primordial Germ Cells Can Reenter the Germ Line." Developmental Biology 161, no. 2 (February 1994): 626–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1994.1058.

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11

Schulz, Cordula, Cricket G. Wood, D. Leanne Jones, Salli I. Tazuke, and Margaret T. Fuller. "Signaling from germ cells mediated by therhomboidhomologstetorganizes encapsulation by somatic support cells." Development 129, no. 19 (October 1, 2002): 4523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.19.4523.

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Germ cells normally differentiate in the context of encapsulating somatic cells. However, the mechanisms that set up the special relationship between germ cells and somatic support cells and the signals that mediate the crucial communications between the two cell types are poorly understood. We show that interactions between germ cells and somatic support cells in Drosophila depend on wild-type function of the stet gene. In males, stet acts in germ cells to allow their encapsulation by somatic cyst cells and is required for germ cell differentiation. In females, stet function allows inner sheath cells to enclose early germ cells correctly at the tip of the germarium. stet encodes a homolog of rhomboid, a component of the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in ligand activation in the signaling cell. The stet mutant phenotype suggests that stet facilitates signaling from germ cells to the epidermal growth factor receptor on somatic cells, resulting in the encapsulation of germ cells by somatic support cells. The micro-environment provided by the surrounding somatic cells may, in turn, regulate differentiation of the germ cells they enclose.
12

Samuel, Elizabeth Jeya Vardhini, Joseph Vimal, Nagarajan Natarajan, Sivakumar Periasamy, Sanjoy George, and Gouthaman Thiruvenkadam. "Cancer and Germ Cells." Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 04, no. 07 (2014): 606–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojpm.2014.47070.

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13

McLaren, A. "Signaling for germ cells." Genes & Development 13, no. 4 (February 15, 1999): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.13.4.373.

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14

Hines, Pamela J. "Germ cells on demand." Science 356, no. 6336 (April 27, 2017): 392.11–394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.356.6336.392-k.

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15

López, A., N. Xamena, R. Marcos, and A. Velázquez. "Germ cells microsatellite instability." Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 514, no. 1-2 (February 2002): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5718(01)00325-4.

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16

Cinalli, Ryan M., Prashanth Rangan, and Ruth Lehmann. "Germ Cells Are Forever." Cell 132, no. 4 (February 2008): 559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.02.003.

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17

Donovan, Peter J., and Maria P. de Miguel. "Turning germ cells into stem cells." Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 13, no. 5 (October 2003): 463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2003.08.010.

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18

Vielle-Calzada, Jean-Philippe. "Linking stem cells to germ cells." Science 356, no. 6336 (April 27, 2017): 378–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aan2734.

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19

Xu, Cong, Yu Li, Zhengshun Wen, Muhammad Jawad, Lang Gui, and Mingyou Li. "Spinyhead Croaker Germ Cells Gene dnd Visualizes Primordial Germ Cells in Medaka." Life 12, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): 1226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12081226.

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Spinyhead croaker (Collichthys lucidus) is an economically important fish suffering from population decline caused by overfishing and habitat destruction. Researches on the development of primordial germ cell (PGC) and reproduction biology were an emergency for the long-term conservation of the involved species. Dead end (dnd) gene plays an indispensable role in PGC specification, maintenance, and development. In the current study, we report the cloning and expression patterns of dnd in C. lucidus (Cldnd). RT-PCR analysis revealed that Cldnd was specifically expressed in both sexual gonads. In the ovary, Cldnd RNA was uniformly distributed in the oocytes and abundant in oogonia, and gradually decreased with oogenesis. A similar expression pattern was also detected in testis. Dual fluorescent in situ hybridization of Cldnd and Clvasa demonstrated that they almost had the same distribution except in oocytes at stage I, in which the vasa RNA aggregated into some particles. Furthermore, Cldnd 3′ UTR was sufficient to guide the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) specifically and stably expressed in the PGCs of medaka. These findings offer insight into that Cldnd is an evolutionarily conserved germline-specific gene and even a potential candidate for PGC manipulation in C. lucidus.
20

Horii, T. "Serum-free culture of murine primordial germ cells and embryonic germ cells." Theriogenology 59, no. 5-6 (March 2003): 1257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(02)01166-4.

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21

Kimura, T., M. Tomooka, N. Yamano, K. Murayama, S. Matoba, H. Umehara, Y. Kanai, and T. Nakano. "AKT signaling promotes derivation of embryonic germ cells from primordial germ cells." Development 135, no. 5 (January 23, 2008): 869–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.013474.

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22

Robbins, H., C. Dores, K. Coyle, and I. Dobrinski. "74 GERM CELLS AND TESTICULAR SOMATIC CELLS HAVE DIFFERENT SENSITIVITY TO CRYOPRESERVATION." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 25, no. 1 (2013): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv25n1ab74.

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Spermatogonial stem cells (SSC) are the foundation of spermatogenesis. Undifferentiated spermatogonia, containing SSC, represent only 2 to 5% of cells recovered from immature mammalian testis. Cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen allows for long-term storage of cells. Preservation of germ cells can serve as a means of genetic preservation from immature males when sperm storage is not an option. Studies have investigated the effects of cryopreservation on the spermatogenic potential of SSC and the efficiency of various cryopreservation protocols. Preliminary observations indicated that germ cells may survive cryopreservation better than testicular somatic cells, resulting in a post-thaw cell population enriched in germ cells. However, this has not been critically evaluated. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that germ cells are less susceptible to cryo-damage than testicular somatic cells. Cells were harvested from the testes of 1-wk-old piglets by 2-step enzymatic digestion. The initial cell suspension was subjected to differential adhesion to enrich the cell population for germ cells. Cells were plated in DMEM + 5% fetal bovine serum and incubated at 37°C in 5% CO2 in air. After 18 h, cells in suspension and cells slightly attached were recovered by trypsinization (1 : 10 trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) for 30 s and replated. This was repeated 24 and 36 h after initial plating. The enriched population was placed into cryovials at a concentration of 30 × 106 cells in freezing media (70% DMEM + 20% fetal bovine serum + 10% dimethyl sulfoxide), kept for 24 h at –80°C in a cryogenic freezing container and transferred to liquid nitrogen for 1 week. Aliquots of cells before freezing and after thawing at 37°C followed by incubation at 37°C in 5% CO2 in air for 1 h were analyzed for viability by propidium iodide (PI) exclusion and immunofluorescence for the germ cell marker VASA to identify viable germ cells (VASA+/PI–), nonviable germ cells (VASA+/PI+), viable somatic cells (VASA–/PI–), and nonviable somatic cells (VASA–/PI+). The percentage of viable germ cells after freezing and thawing was compared to the percentage of viable somatic cells by ANOVA. After enrichment by differential plating, the cell population had 95.6 ± 0.9% viability and contained 27.1 ± 7.4% germ cells (n = 3 replicates). After cryopreservation, the overall cell viability was 77.5 ± 1.6%, and 25.8 ± 8.0% were germ cells. The overall viability after cryopreservation could potentially have benefited from the 1-h incubation prior to analysis. The viability of the germ cell population after freezing and thawing was higher (92.1 ± 3.1%) than somatic cell viability (72.3 ± 1.7%; P < 0.01). These results indicate that porcine germ cells survive cryopreservation better than do testicular somatic cells. Therefore, cryostorage of germ cells can be an efficient means for preservation of male genetic material. Supported by NIH ORIP/DCM RR17359.
23

Lehtiniemi, Tiina, and Noora Kotaja. "Germ granule-mediated RNA regulation in male germ cells." Reproduction 155, no. 2 (February 2018): R77—R91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-17-0356.

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Germ cells have exceptionally diverse transcriptomes. Furthermore, the progress of spermatogenesis is accompanied by dramatic changes in gene expression patterns, the most drastic of them being near-to-complete transcriptional silencing during the final steps of differentiation. Therefore, accurate RNA regulatory mechanisms are critical for normal spermatogenesis. Cytoplasmic germ cell-specific ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules, known as germ granules, participate in posttranscriptional regulation in developing male germ cells. Particularly, germ granules provide platforms for the PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway and appear to be involved both in piRNA biogenesis and piRNA-targeted RNA degradation. Recently, other RNA regulatory mechanisms, such as the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway have also been associated to germ granules providing new exciting insights into the function of germ granules. In this review article, we will summarize our current knowledge on the role of germ granules in the control of mammalian male germ cell’s transcriptome and in the maintenance of fertility.
24

Malekmohamadi, Nasim, Alireza Abdanipour, Mehrdad Ghorbanlou, Saeed Shokri, Reza Shirazi, Eva Dimitriadis, and Reza Nejatbakhsh. "Differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells into male germ-like cells in co-culture with testicular cells." Endocrine Regulations 53, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/enr-2019-0011.

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AbstractObjective. Stem cell therapy, specifically, pre-induction of mesenchymal stem cells toward male germ-like cells may be useful in patients with azoospermia. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro differentiation of mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into male germ-like cells by indirect co-culture with testicular cells in the presence of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4).Methods. Experimental groups included: control (mouse BMSCs), treatment group-1 (BMSCs treated with BMP4), treatment group-2 (indirect co-culture of BMSCs with mouse testicular cells in the presence of BMP4) and treatment group-3 (indirect co-culture of BMSCs with testicular cells). BMSCs-derived male germ-like cells were evaluated by the expression of Dazl, and Stra8 using RT-qPCR.Results. Stra8 gene expression was significantly increased in the treatment group-2 and Dazl gene was significantly increased in the treatment group-1 compared to other groups. In conclusion, indirect co-culturing of BMSCs with testicular cells and BMP4 leads to the differentiation of BMSCs into male germ-like cells which express specific male germ-like genes. Testicular cells released factors that contributed to the differentiation of BMSCs into male germ progenitor cells.Conclusion. This study suggests that mesenchymal stem cells may be differentiated into male germ-like cells and therefore, may be a novel treatment option for men with azoospermia.
25

Ge, W., C. Chen, M. De Felici, and W. Shen. "In vitro differentiation of germ cells from stem cells: a comparison between primordial germ cells and in vitro derived primordial germ cell-like cells." Cell Death & Disease 6, no. 10 (October 2015): e1906-e1906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2015.265.

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26

VIGNON, Xavier, Solange DELASALLE, Jacques FLÉCHON, and Yasuhisa MATSUI. "CHARACTERIZATION OF EMBRYONIC GERM CELLS DERIVED FROM PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS IN THE MOUSE." Biology of the Cell 88, no. 1-2 (1996): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0248-4900(97)86883-9.

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27

Hou, Jingmei, Shi Yang, Hao Yang, Yang Liu, Yun Liu, Yanan Hai, Zheng Chen, et al. "Generation of male differentiated germ cells from various types of stem cells." REPRODUCTION 147, no. 6 (June 2014): R179—R188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-13-0649.

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Infertility is a major and largely incurable disease caused by disruption and loss of germ cells. It affects 10–15% of couples, and male factor accounts for half of the cases. To obtain human male germ cells ‘especially functional spermatids’ is essential for treating male infertility. Currently, much progress has been made on generating male germ cells, including spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids, from various types of stem cells. These germ cells can also be used in investigation of the pathology of male infertility. In this review, we focused on advances on obtaining male differentiated germ cells from different kinds of stem cells, with an emphasis on the embryonic stem (ES) cells, the induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, and spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). We illustrated the generation of male differentiated germ cells from ES cells, iPS cells and SSCs, and we summarized the phenotype for these stem cells, spermatocytes and spermatids. Moreover, we address the differentiation potentials of ES cells, iPS cells and SSCs. We also highlight the advantages, disadvantages and concerns on derivation of the differentiated male germ cells from several types of stem cells. The ability of generating mature and functional male gametes from stem cells could enable us to understand the precise etiology of male infertility and offer an invaluable source of autologous male gametes for treating male infertility of azoospermia patients.
28

Nowak-Imialek, Monika, Wilfried Kues, Joseph W. Carnwath, and Heiner Niemann. "Pluripotent Stem Cells and Reprogrammed Cells in Farm Animals." Microscopy and Microanalysis 17, no. 4 (June 20, 2011): 474–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927611000080.

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AbstractPluripotent cells are unique because of their ability to differentiate into the cell lineages forming the entire organism. True pluripotent stem cells with germ line contribution have been reported for mice and rats. Human pluripotent cells share numerous features of pluripotentiality, but confirmation of their in vivo capacity for germ line contribution is impossible due to ethical and legal restrictions. Progress toward derivation of embryonic stem cells from domestic species has been made, but the derived cells were not able to produce germ line chimeras and thus are termed embryonic stem-like cells. However, domestic animals, in particular the domestic pig (Sus scrofa), are excellent large animals models, in which the clinical potential of stem cell therapies can be studied. Reprogramming technologies for somatic cells, including somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell fusion, in vitro culture in the presence of cell extracts, in vitro conversion of adult unipotent spermatogonial stem cells into germ line derived pluripotent stem cells, and transduction with reprogramming factors have been developed with the goal of obtaining pluripotent, germ line competent stem cells from domestic animals. This review summarizes the present state of the art in the derivation and maintenance of pluripotent stem cells in domestic animals.
29

Kurek, Magdalena, Halima Albalushi, Outi Hovatta, and Jan-Bernd Stukenborg. "Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Reproductive Science—A Comparison of Protocols Used to Generate and Define Male Germ Cells from Pluripotent Stem Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 3 (February 4, 2020): 1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21031028.

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Globally, fertility-related issues affect around 15% of couples. In 20%–30% of cases men are solely responsible, and they contribute in around 50% of all cases. Hence, understanding of in vivo germ-cell specification and exploring different angles of fertility preservation and infertility intervention are considered hot topics nowadays, with special focus on the use of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) as a source of in vitro germ-cell generation. However, the generation of male germ cells from hPSCs can currently be considered challenging, making a judgment on the real perspective of these innovative approaches difficult. Ever since the first spontaneous germ-cell differentiation studies, using human embryonic stem cells, various strategies, including specific co-cultures, gene over-expression, and addition of growth factors, have been applied for human germ-cell derivation. In line with the variety of differentiation methods, the outcomes have ranged from early and migratory primordial germ cells up to post-meiotic spermatids. This variety of culture approaches and cell lines makes comparisons between protocols difficult. Considering the diverse strategies and outcomes, we aim in this mini-review to summarize the literature regarding in vitro derivation of human male germ cells from hPSCs, while keeping a particular focus on the culture methods, growth factors, and cell lines used.
30

Nayernia, Karim. "Germ cells, origin of somatic stem cells?" Cell Research 18, S1 (August 2008): S26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cr.2008.116.

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31

Ledger, Bill. "Germ cells from human embryonic stem cells?" Reproductive BioMedicine Online 29, no. 3 (September 2014): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.07.004.

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32

Fujita, K., A. Tsujimura, and A. Okuyama. "Isolation of germ cells from leukemic cells." Human Reproduction 22, no. 10 (July 25, 2007): 2796–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dem212.

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33

Singhal, D. K., H. N. Malik, R. Singhal, S. Saugandhika, A. Dubey, S. Boateng, S. Kumar, J. K. Kaushik, A. K. Mohanty, and D. Malakar. "199 GERM-CELL-LIKE CELLS GENERATION FROM GOAT INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 26, no. 1 (2014): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv26n1ab199.

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Primordial germ cells (PGCs) generated from embryonic stem (ES) cells in different species may be an alternative approach to dealing with the worldwide problem of increasing female infertility. Reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells has been achieved by overexpression of different transcription factors. Here, we report the generation of female goat germ cells from goat induced pluripotent stems cells (giPSC). Goat induced pluripotent stem cells (giPSC) were produced by transduction of adult female goat fibroblast cells with Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog lentiviral particles and further sub-cultured on fibroblast feeder layers. GiPSC were characterised by different methods. These iPSC were found to express alkaline phosphatase, SSEA1, SSEA4, Tra-1–81, and Tra-1–60 surface markers. However, SSEA3 was not observed in giPSC. GiPSC also expressed Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2. Along with Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2, the expression of different transcription factors such as Cdx1, Dapp5, Dax1, Ecat, Eras, Fgf4, Gata6, Lin28, Rex1, and Utf1 was confirmed by RT-PCR. GiPSC were in vitro differentiated and three germ layers were characterised by immunostaining of Gata4 for endoderm, α-Actinin for mesoderm, and β-III tubulin for ectoderm and RT-PCR analysis of GATA4, α-Actinin and BMP4. IPSCs were directed differentiated into germ cells using retinoic acid and bone morphogenetic protein 4 without the inactivation of exogenous factors as these are also required for germ cells development. Differentiated germ cells were characterised by immunostaining against VASA and Dazl proteins. RT–PCR assay was performed for Dazl, Nanog, Nanos1, PUM8, SCP3, Stella, and VASA genes expression. Quantitative PCR was also performed for detection of VASA and Dazl expression during the course of germ cell differentiation. Flow-cytometric analysis of differentiated germ cells was confirmed the presence of germ cells in population of differentiated giPSC. Oocytes/ova-like structures, which were comparable to natural goat oocytes, were observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Cumulus–oocyte complex like structure was observed, which was further used for SEM. The study concluded that adult female goat fibroblast cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells using ectopic expression of Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2 genes and the germ-cells-like cells generated from reprogrammed giPSC could be differentiated into goat oocytes/ova-like structure which have immense applications in human and animal reproduction.
34

Biermann, K., and K. Steger. "Epigenetics in Male Germ Cells." Journal of Andrology 28, no. 4 (February 7, 2007): 466–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.106.002048.

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35

Ariagno, J., S. Curi, G. Mendeluk, D. Grinspon, H. Repetto, P. Chenlo, N. Pugliese, M. Sardi, and A. M. Blanco. "SHEDDING OF IMMATURE GERM CELLS." Archives of Andrology 48, no. 2 (January 2002): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014850102317267436.

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36

Carreau, Serge, Helene Bouraima-Lelong, and Christelle Delalande. "Estrogens in male germ cells." Spermatogenesis 1, no. 2 (April 2011): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/spmg.1.2.16766.

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37

Voronina, E., G. Seydoux, P. Sassone-Corsi, and I. Nagamori. "RNA Granules in Germ Cells." Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 3, no. 12 (July 18, 2011): a002774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a002774.

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38

Saitou, M., and M. Yamaji. "Primordial Germ Cells in Mice." Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 4, no. 11 (November 1, 2012): a008375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a008375.

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39

Burton, Kimberly A., and G. Stanley McKnight. "PKA, Germ Cells, and Fertility." Physiology 22, no. 1 (February 2007): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00034.2006.

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Temporal and spatial regulation of PKA activity are essential for vigorous sperm motility and for the resumption of meiosis in oocytes, two events required for successful fertilization. Genetic mutations in mice that affect PKA signaling in germ cells lead to infertility and illustrate the importance of this pathway in mammalian reproduction.
40

Palmiter, Richard D., and Ralph L. Brinster. "Gene Transplants into Germ Cells." Hospital Practice 22, no. 9 (September 15, 1987): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1987.11703306.

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41

McLaren, A. "Germ cells in the mouse." Cell Differentiation and Development 27 (August 1989): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0922-3371(89)90375-4.

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42

Short, Ben. "Germ cells decide for themselves." Journal of Cell Biology 187, no. 4 (November 9, 2009): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.1874iti2.

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43

Noce, Toshiaki. "In VitroDifferentiation of Germ Cells." Journal of Mammalian Ova Research 26, no. 4 (October 2009): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1274/jmor.26.162.

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44

Royere, Dominique, Fabrice Guérif, Véronique Laurent-Cadoret, and Marie-Thérèse Hochereau de Reviers. "Apoptosis in testicular germ cells." International Congress Series 1266 (April 2004): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2004.01.109.

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45

Tam, Patrick P. L., and David A. F. Loebel. "Specifying Mouse Embryonic Germ Cells." Cell 137, no. 3 (May 2009): 398–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.016.

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46

Delhanty, Joy D. A. "Cytogenetics of human germ cells." Human Genetics 120, no. 1 (June 15, 2006): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00439-006-0203-4.

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47

Scotting, P. J. "Are cranial germ cell tumours really tumours of germ cells?" Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 32, no. 6 (December 2006): 569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2990.2006.00797.x.

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48

Lehmann, Ruth H. "Germ Cells Are Forever: Programming of the Germ Line Genome." Biology of Reproduction 83, Suppl_1 (November 1, 2010): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolreprod/83.s1.61.

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49

Rengaraj, D., Y. H. Zheng, K. S. Kang, K. J. Park, B. R. Lee, S. I. Lee, J. W. Choi, and J. Y. Han. "Conserved expression pattern of chicken DAZL in primordial germ cells and germ-line cells." Theriogenology 74, no. 5 (September 2010): 765–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.04.001.

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AFLATOONIAN, B., and H. MOORE. "Human primordial germ cells and embryonic germ cells, and their use in cell therapy." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 16, no. 5 (October 2005): 530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2005.08.008.

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