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Journal articles on the topic 'German and Greek'
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1
Bickes, Hans, Tina Otten, and Laura Chelsea Weymann. "The financial crisis in the German and English press: Metaphorical structures in the media coverage on Greece, Spain and Italy." Discourse & Society 25, no. 4 (July 2014): 424–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926514536956.
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The German media presentation of the so-called Greek financial crisis caused an unexpected uproar in Germany. An anti-Greek sentiment evolved and spread among German citizens and solidarity for crisis-hit Greece was mostly rejected. Public surveys revealed that many Germans even wanted Greece to exit the Eurozone immediately. This article highlights the crucial role of the media in shaping the negative public opinion. In 2010, a period which has lately been referred to as Greek bashing, the German press had discussed the Greek financial crisis heatedly and controversially. Europe’s largest daily newspaper, BILD, published numerous reports that implicitly and explicitly constituted the myth of the corrupt and lazy Greeks in comparison to the hard-working Germans. In 2012, the crisis had spread much further, and not only Greece but other countries too were suffering from high debt, economic stagnation and unemployment. The news coverage became more moderate and conciliating and presented the dramatic social consequences for the respective population. This study highlights not only the development of the German media’s tenor on the Greek crisis through time, but adds an international perspective and widens the view by comparing the media treatment of the different countries involved. Based on 122 online articles, the study methodologically focuses on the analysis of metaphorical language in the news coverage of three comparable international news magazines: SPIEGEL (Germany), The Economist (the UK) and TIME (the USA), and contrasts the representation of Greece with the depiction of larger indebted European countries like Spain and Italy. The analysis shows remarkable differences in the evaluation and presentation of the crisis, which can be linked to the degree of involvement of Germany, the UK and the USA in European policies.
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Bieniek, Damian. "GERMAN ACTIONS ON GREEK CRISIS." sj-economics scientific journal 9 (December 30, 2011): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v9i.466.
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Beginning of Greece problems was related to the accession to the Euro Zone. It occurred despite Greece did not meet the criteria thanks to the support of Germany and the Bundesbank, which assessed the economies of countries aspiring to a common currency. Lack of credibility for one country could burry the entire project. After entering the euro zone, Greece has significantly increased the reliability and successive governments could continue to fund increasing debt by issuance of bonds, bought mostly by French and German banks. Greek debt problem was exposed by the crisis of 2008. After collapse of the Greek finance European Union was forced to create assistance programs for the country, exceeding 100 billion. The largest cost were beard of course, by the economy of Germany. In the possession of European banks are Greek government bonds worth 52,3 billion dollars. With about 43 percent of this amount corresponds to German institutions, and further 27 percent to French lenders. Thus, Greece's problems transforms into problems of the banking sector in Germany and France, and problems across the EU economy Financial institutions and EU member states have imposed draconian Greek rescue package, which is believed to be a rescue package for the EURO. Germany stresses that loans to Greece, should be based on "market price" because otherwise it would be a form of subsidy, which violates the principle of the euro area. Angela Merkel has been pushing up the leading role of the IMF's "rescue" of Greece, which met with numerous objections. Merkel has been opposing by long time the idea of financing the debt of Greece by other countries, particularly by Germany. Merkel behaved so in fear of her party's election results, because the German taxpayers with an increasing reluctance opposed aid for the Greeks. German minister of economy said, however, that the ejection of Greece from the euro zone is impossible. In consideration to many economists Greeks will not be able to repay their obligations, most Greek bonds which were held by German banks should be written off. Germany has adopted a tough stance towards Greece and its problems with a huge budget deficit, impending bankruptcy of the country. Germany was the biggest beneficiary of the unified currency. Now it's bearing the greatest cost of saving a drowning partner. Billions of euros, which are pumped, are not guided by a means of noble conception of European solidarity, but a pragmatic concern about its banking system.
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ROCHE, HELEN. "THE PECULIARITIES OF GERMAN PHILHELLENISM." Historical Journal 61, no. 2 (December 18, 2017): 541–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x17000322.
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AbstractStudies of German philhellenism have often focused upon the idealization of Greece by German intellectuals, rather than considering the very real, at times reciprocal, at times ambivalent or even brutal, relationship which existed between contemporary Germans and the Greek state from the Greek War of Independence onwards. This review essay surveys historiographical developments in the literature on German philhellenism which have emerged in the past dozen years (2004–16), drawing on research in German studies, classical philology and reception studies, Modern Greek studies, intellectual history, philosophy, art history, and archaeology. The essay explores the extent to which recent research affirms or rebuts that notion of German cultural exceptionalism which posits a HellenophileSonderweg– culminating in the tyranny of Germany over Greece imposed by force of arms under the Third Reich – when interpreting the vicissitudes of the Graeco–German relationship. The discussion of new literature touches upon various themes, including Winckelmann reception at the fin-de-siècle and the anti-positivist aspects of twentieth-century philhellenism, the idealization of ‘Platonic’ homoeroticism in the Stefan George-Kreis, the reciprocal relationship between German idealist philhellenism and historicism, and the ways in which German perceptions of modern Greece's materiality have constantly been mediated through idealized visions of Greek antiquity.
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Chrysovitsanou, Vasiliki, and Christina Palaiologou. "German Art of the 19th Century through the Lens of The Greek Literary Magazine Kleiō (Clio): Academic Formalism Versus Modernism." International Journal of Arts, Humanities & Social Science 05, no. 07 (July 12, 2024): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.56734/ijahss.v5n7a2.
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We examine the work of 19th-century German painters as presented in the Greek-language magazine Kleiō published in Germany in the late 19th century. Through an extensive catalogue of paintings, the article highlights the themes that preoccupied German painters during this period. It places particular emphasis on their approach, aesthetic preferences, the decisive role played by the Academies of Fine Arts, and their attitudes towards the modern movements developing in France during the 19th century. It explores the reasons for which Kleiō magazine promoted academic German painting to its Greek readership. It reports the particularly close relations between Greece and Germany during this period and the fact that many Greek painters completed their studies at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts. Since for most of the 19th century, Germany was deeply influenced by the achievements of ancient Greek art, many German painters opposed modernism, instead upholding what they perceived to be the values and ideals of classical antiquity integrating them into German art
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Antoniades, Euripides. "The German-Austrian Philhellenism through the Revolution Press-The Case of Newspapers Ellinika Chronika (Hellenic Chronicles) and O Filos tou Nomou (The Friend of the Law) during the Period 1824-1826." Studies in Media and Communication 10, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/smc.v10i2.5763.
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The Greek Revolution of 1821 was certainly an important milestone in the history of the Greek nation in order to reclaim freedom and create an independent state. This study will attempt to highlight the significance of philhellenism and philhellenes of the diaspora, with a special emphasis on the German Austrian philhellenism, as recorded in the Greek press during the revolution. This article examines a) how two Greek newspapers portray the German-Austrian philhellenism during 1824 – 1826 and b) how this world movement of philhellenism helped during the Greek revolution. The Philhellenic movement was related to the interest of European people in Greece and pre-existed the Greek revolution of 1821. In countries of Western Europe, such as Germany and Britain, interest in classical Greece was nurtured by philosophical, philological and explorative texts and news reporting. More particularly, articles from the Ellinika Chronika (Hellenic Chronicles) and O Filos tou Nomou (The Friend of the Law) newspapers refer to cases of Philhellenes living abroad, and especially the German Austrian axis, will be examined. These items create an important field of study that showcases how the press records history and events happening at the time of the Greek Revolution, 200 years ago.
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Andreou, Maria, Eva Knopp, Christiane Bongartz, and Ianthi Maria Tsimpli. "Character reference in Greek-German bilingual children’s narratives." EUROSLA Yearbook 15 (July 31, 2015): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.15.01and.
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This study investigates reference management of two groups of 8–12 year old Greek–German bilinguals, resident in Greece (Bilinguals_GR N = 38) and in Germany (Bilinguals_GE N = 39). We analyze the bilinguals’ retellings in each language and compare them with data from two monolingual control groups of Greek and German children (Monolinguals_GR and Monolinguals_GE, N = 20 respectively). We seek to establish how the use of referential forms in character introduction, maintenance and reintroduction in the bilinguals’ narrative retellings is affected by language dominance and whether proficiency in each language patterns similarly with respect to dominance in input. Our results indicate that differences in choice of referential form can be attributed to language dominance. Bilingual production of referential expressions differed from that of monolinguals when exposure to one language outweighed the other, as in the case of Bilinguals_GE. Similarly, proficiency in terms of vocabulary, verb diversity and syntactic complexity was affected in the weaker language for this group, which showed a strong dominance in German input. When exposure was more balanced (Bilinguals_GR), proficiency measures in both languages were affected, but to a lesser degree.
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Pavlidou, Theodossia-Soula. "Greek and German telephone closings." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 8, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.8.1.03pav.
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Oxman, Bernard H., and Ilias Bantekas. "State responsibility in private civil action—sovereign immunity—immunity for jus cogens violations— belligerent occupation—peace treaties." American Journal of International Law 92, no. 4 (October 1998): 765–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2998144.
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Prefecture of Voiotia v. Federal Republic of Germany. Case No. 137/1997.Court of First Instance of Leivadia, Greece, October 30, 1997.On November 27, 1995, the Prefecture of Voiotia (soudiern Greece) and other claimants, in their individual capacity, brought a claim of indemnity before the Court of First Instance of Leivadia against the German state. The plaintiffs based their claims on atrocities (willful murder and destruction of private property) committed by German occupation forces against the persons and property of die village of Distomo in Voiotia on June 10, 1944. They sought compensation for the material and mental damage suffered as a result of those atrocities, which were specifically described in their briefs. The Greek Foreign Office forwarded the complaint to the German Foreign Office, which rejected and returned it to the Greek Embassy on the grounds that the suit impaired the sovereign rights of the German state. Germany was not represented at trial. The court awarded damages to the individual claimants of 9,448,105,000 drachmas (approximately $30 million).
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Hess, Christin. "What Are “Reverse Diasporas” and How Are We to Understand Them?" Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 17, no. 3 (June 2014): 288–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.17.3.288.
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This article presents empirical evidence from two contemporary diasporas to support the thesis that formal return to the homeland does not necessarily “unmake” diasporas, as some scholars have previously suggested. I argue that, instead, so-called reverse diaspora formation processes take place, with important repercussions for the acculturation of co-ethnic immigrants in their nominal “homelands.” This article focuses on this latter issue, primarily on processes of identity formation and notions of belonging and home, which are particularly meaningful in the context of this diasporic “homecoming.” It draws on the structured comparison of the ethnic Greek and ethnic German diasporas from the former Soviet Union who moved to Greece and Germany after perestroika. Despite their rich and illuminating analogies and overlaps, these two diaspora groups have never been compared and contrasted before. After a brief historical contextualization, complicated processes of identity negotiation and belonging in the putative “historical homelands” are investigated comparatively, lending credence to the idea that “reverse” German and Greek diasporas have developed within (and often in conflict with) contemporary Greek and German societies. The fact that they occur simultaneously in both countries tends to suggest that the concept of reverse diaspora is an important one that needs closer attention from scholars in the future. The article concludes by outlining how we may conceptualize a reverse diaspora, based on existing definitions of diaspora. My research materials consist of in-depth qualitative data collected over the course of six years by means of eighty-one semi-structured interviews in Russian, German, and Greek with migrants and experts in Greece and Germany, embedded in ethnographic research and supplemented by statistical data.
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Konstantinakou, Despina-Georgia. "A claim in need of ‘special treatment’: compensating for Greek tobacco seized by the German occupation authorities during World War II." Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 42, no. 1 (March 13, 2018): 134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/byz.2017.21.
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Before World War II, tobacco was the most important Greek export, but just days after the German invasion in April 1941, the occupation authorities rushed to seize the tobacco production. While this article will document the seizure, most importantly, it will take a deeper look at how Greek tobacco producers and traders sought compensation for losses incurred as the result of the confiscation of their tobacco. It will also present how the German and the Greek postwar authorities handled these claims, taking into consideration Greek and German archival sources, which have hitherto been relatively neglected.
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Kirkcaldy, B. D., G. Siefen, J. A. Athanasou, and M. Peponis. "The self-image of Greek, Greek-migrant and German adolescents." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 31, no. 3-4 (1996): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00785774.
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Khakimova, G. "BORROWING AS ONE OF THE SOURCES OF REPLENISHMENT OF THE GERMAN VETERINARY TERMINOLOGY." National Association of Scientists 3, no. 66 (May 14, 2021): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/nas.2413-5291.2021.3.66.414.
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The article considers borrowing as one of the ways of term formation in the German veterinary term system. Borrowed words of Greek-Latin origin enter into synonymous relations with the proper German terms, acting as absolute synonyms. The analysis of the actual material allows us to conclude that the replenishment of veterinary terminology in the German language occurs through the introduction of Latin and Greek terms or term elements into the German veterinary term system, the formation of proper German, as well as hybrid terms.
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Vishivanyuk, Anna. "The Greek Catholic Church during the German Occupation of Western Ukraine (1941—1944): Relations with the Occupation Authorities and the Main Areas of Activity." ISTORIYA 13, no. 6 (116) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021881-8.
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The article considers the position and activities of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) under the German occupation. The authors analyzed the documents by Greek Catholics, German and Soviet authorities, and tried to understand the circumstances of the relationship between the UGCC hierarchy and the occupation regime. The transformation of the position of the Greek Catholics towards the German occupation authorities was studied. The work also highlights the social and socio-political activity of the Greek Catholic clergy in Galicia during this period, church activities to support those in need. In addition, we analyzed the connection of the UGCC with the Ukrainian nationalist movement - the church, on the one hand, supported the idea of independence, on the other, condemned terror. Finally, in the article we examined how, under the conditions of the German occupation, the UGCC tried to expand the union to the East, with the support of the Vatican.
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Sparkes, Brian A. "Greek Bronzes." Greece and Rome 34, no. 2 (October 1987): 152–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383500028102.
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When I first began to study Greek art, back in the mid 1950s, a book on Greek sculpture had recently been published in Germany and in England that did much to encourage my interest. It was Reinhard Lullies and Max Hirmer's big picture book, Greek Sculpture, since enlarged and running into three German and two English editions. Its basic idea was not totally novel but was rare for its time and never previously done so well. It presented large, clear photographs of original Greek works (by Hirmer) with a scholarly commentary to each piece (by Lullies); it omitted anything that was known, or considered, not to be original. In doing so, it provided a strong contrast to the sort of book with which I had already come into contact, the sort best characterized perhaps by Ernest Gardner's Six Greek Sculptors of 19252which contains not one single original piece by the six chosen sculptors and in which all the photographs are seen through a glass darkly. Gardner's title and approach, with heavy emphasis on literary evidence and Roman copies, accompanied by a sprinkling of original, unattributed pieces for ballast, was typical of a traditional line of study-that of Kopienkritik, an approach not dead yet by any means and in fact one which must continue to be pursued, though nowadays it is tackled with more caution than earlier. But until one incontrovertible example of a named sculptor's work is found, all attributions must be arguable approximations.
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Love, Ben. "The International Court of justice: Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece Intervening)." International Legal Materials 51, no. 3 (June 2012): 563–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/intelegamate.51.3.0563.
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On February 3, 2012, the International Court of Justice (‘‘ICJ’’ or ‘‘Court’’) issued a widely-anticipated judgment in a dispute over state immunity between Italy and Germany. The Court found that Italy violated its international law obligation to respect the jurisdictional immunity of the German state by: (i) allowing individuals to bring civil claims against Germany in Italian courts for violations of international humanitarian law committed by the German Reich between 1943 and 1945; (ii) declaring Greek judgments finding similar international law violations by Germany enforceable in Italy; and (iii) taking measures of constraint against public and non-commercial property owned by Germany in Italy. The Court accordingly found that Italy must ensure that the decisions of its courts infringing upon Germany’s immunity cease to have effect.
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Uni, Kazuhito. "Advantages of Loanwords of Latin Origin for Learning German and Dutch." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 53 (March 10, 2019): 764–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.53.764.768.
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Latin is the primary donor language to German and Dutch. In this study, a vocabulary survey was conducted to propose the advantages of frequently used German and Dutch vocabulary of Latin origin and their English equivalents for learners of German and Dutch. The Oxford 3000 was used as the primary reference for the 3,000 most frequently used English words, and the author analyzed the frequency of their German and Dutch equivalents. As a result, 432 loanwords of Latin or Greek origin were found to be included in the 3,000 most common German and Dutch words. Therefore, the present study concluded that possessing a knowledge of basic German and Dutch vocabulary of Latin or Greek origin effectively assists English speakers in learning German and Dutch.
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Freytag, Carl. "„Alles war in wirrer Bewegung auf ein vollkommenes Chaos hin“ Otto Braun, Hermann Neubacher, die „Deutsch-Griechische Warenausgleichsgesellschaft mbH“ (DEGRIGES) und die Wirtschaft Griechenlands 1942–1944 / „Everything Was in Confusion and a Movement, Heading toward Complete Chaos“ Otto Braun, Hermann Neubacher, the „Deutsch-Griechische Warenausgleichsgesellschaft mbH“ (DEGRIGES, „German-Greek Organization for the Balancing of Trade), and the Economy of Greece 1942–1944." Südost-Forschungen 73, no. 1 (August 8, 2014): 60–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sofo-2014-0105.
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Abstract In 1942, one year after the occupation of Greece by the German “Wehrmacht”, the “Reichswirtschaftsministerium” set up the DEGRIGES (Deutsch-Griechische Warenausgleichsgesellschaft / German-Greek organization for the exchange of goods) for the control of trade between Germany and Greece. The president was Otto Braun, owner of the Berlin-based „Transdanubia“, an Import- Export-Company. Braun organised in the 1920s in Bavaria illegal arms depots, and commanded „Feme“-murders. In Hungary he supported the fascists, and achieves the „aryanization“ of Jewish companies. The focus of the investigation is on the activities of the DEGRIGES in the network of competing organizations like the greek branch of NSDAP, the Sudosteuropa-Gesellschaft, the SACIG (the Italian counterpart of DEGRIGES), and the Mitteleuropaischer Wirtschaftstag (MWT) − and on the competition with Hermann Neubacher, „Sonderbeauftrager“ of the Foreign Office for Greece, and Max Merten, one of the organizers of the deportation of the greek Jews to Auschwitz. In summary, it can be stated that the DEGRIGES was from 1942 until 1944 (when it was liquidated during the withdrawal of the “Wehrmacht”) an „agency for the wellarranged exploitation of Greece“.
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Stoltzfus, Nathan. "The German Mountain Troops and Their Opponents, 1943 to the Present." German Politics and Society 38, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 72–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2020.380404.
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The most significant World War II battle between Germans and Italians outside of Italy was the September 1943 battle for the Greek island of Cephalonia, ending in the post-battle execution by German Mountain Troops of thousands of Italian soldiers. The recent clash between two German groups over what happened illustrates ongoing disputes about guilt and responsibility—how governments, historians, and civilians mobilize facts to write history. The Mountain Troops’ Veterans Association, which has influenced official German memory of the war, used the Cephalonia case to reassert the myth of Wehrmacht innocence, contrary to opinion-shaping Wehrmacht exhibits of the 1990s. In 2010, the federal government, backing a German judicial decision, reasserted the Wehrmacht Myth, despite opposition from Rome, Athens, and an international association of activists, as reports on right-wing extremism in the German police, judiciary, and military have become increasingly prevalent.
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Pavlidou, Theodossia. "Contrasting German-Greek politeness and the consequences." Journal of Pragmatics 21, no. 5 (May 1994): 487–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(94)90026-4.
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Aleksandrova, Anna. "The Echo of War: The Issue of World War II Reparations and Occupation Loan in Contemporary Greece." Contemporary Europe 103, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope32021167180.
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In World War II Greece suffered immense devastation; aside from the damage itself, the country was forced to provide the Third Reich with an occupation loan. After the war, Athens claimed reparations and repayment of the loan, but not all such claims were settled. The final solution was postponed until the eventual reunification of Germany and the signing of a peace treaty. All attempts of Greek diplomats to address the issue were met with the position that the issue has already been resolved diplomatically and in legal terms. The simmering conflict gained new prominence during the financial and economic crisis of 2010s. Greek citizens, frustrated over the strict austerity policies, blamed not only their own government, but also the “troika” of creditors, which forced Greece to adopt such measures. Since the financial assistance program was developed largely by Germany, the Greek collective memory provided a number of vivid negative images connected to Germany, the Nazi crimes in particular. In the public space of Greece the issues of reparations and the occupation credit were constantly discussed, putting further strain on Greek-German relations. These attitudes among the Greek public were used by Greek politicians who strived to shift the blame for the ongoing crisis onto the Germany. Stereotypes of the past became a tool ofGreek populists. During the crisis the issue of post-war payments reached a new level, and a desire for historic justice was accompanied by the blamegame against Germany.
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Ermolaeva, Elena L. "St. Petersburg Mythology in an Ancient Greek Poem by F. B. Graefe on the 100-year Jubilee of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (1826)." Philologia Classica 15, no. 2 (2020): 371–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu20.2020.212.
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This article deals with a poem by academician F. B. Graefe (1780–1851) written in ancient Greek elegiacs (424 lines) with authorized German poetic translation en regard (1826). The poem was dedicated to the 100-year jubilee of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and printed in a small number of exemplars (für Wenige). The poem has never been republished until now. The article provides the Introduction (54 lines), the Epilogue, and selected passages in Greek and German, with Russian translation and commentaries. The Introduction describes the foundation of St. Petersburg and the Academy by Peter the First. Graefe’s stock images (the marshes on which St. Petersburg appeared; a poor Finnish fisherman with his old net; a tsar demiurge on the bank of the river; etc.), motifs (nature and civilization) and formulas (before — now; one hundred years later; etc.) reflect the official, cosmological St. Petersburg mythology. Three other selected passages of the poem describe the paleontological and Egyptian collections of the Academy museums. The author discusses Graefe’s possible sources, the historical context of his poem, and responces to it in Germany. Graefe’s poem in ancient Greek is a testimony of the Neuhumanismus in Russia.
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Bramo, Elvis, and Salian Cullhaj. "The Classical Languages and Their Actual Contribution - The Case of German and Greek." European Journal of Language and Literature 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v6i1.p111-114.
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In our research on lexical and linguistic interference from one language to another, the case of the Greek language contact with German has drawn our attention. Greek, as one of the most widespread classic languages in the world, came through the Latin channel to convey her words, mostly science (eg mechanics) and the arts (eg aesthetics) in German-speaking countries.
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Graf, Fritz. "GREEK CURSING, AND OURS." Greece and Rome 69, no. 1 (March 7, 2022): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383521000255.
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This paper looks at our term ‘curse tablet’ in the light of the Greek distinction between ἀραί (‘curses’) and κατάδεσμοι (‘binding spells’). It analyses the role of cursing in Greek culture and sketches a short history of research that led German and Anglophone scholars to coin a modern terminology that disregards the ancient distinction.
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Kaltsa, Maria, Ianthi Maria Tsimpli, and Froso Argyri. "The development of gender assignment and agreement in English-Greek and German-Greek bilingual children." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 9, no. 2 (October 16, 2017): 253–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.16033.kal.
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Abstract The aim of this experimental study is to examine the development of Greek gender in bilingual English-Greek and German-Greek children. Four gender production tasks were designed, two targeting gender assignment eliciting determiners and two targeting gender agreement eliciting predicate adjectives for real and novel nouns. Participant performance was assessed in relation to whether the ‘other’ language was a gender language or not (English vs. German) along with the role of the bilinguals’ Greek vocabulary knowledge and language input. The results are argued to contribute significantly to disentangling the role of crosslinguistic influence in gender assignment and agreement by bringing together a variety of input measures such as early and current amount of exposure to Greek, the role of area of residence (i.e. whether Greek is the minority or the majority language), the effect of maternal education and the amount of exposure to Greek in a school setting.
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Krimpas, Panagiotis, and Christina Valavani. "Attention mechanism and skip-gram embedded phrases." Comparative Legilinguistics 52 (January 9, 2023): 318–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cl.52.2022.14.
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This article examines common translation errors that occur in the translation of legal texts. In particular, it focuses on how German texts containing legal terminology are rendered into Modern Greek by the Google translation machine. Our case study is the Google-assisted translation of the original (German) version of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany into Modern Greek. A training method is proposed for phrase extraction based on the occurrence frequency, which goes through the Skip-gram algorithm to be then integrated into the Self Attention Mechanism proposed by Vaswani et al. (2017) in order to minimise human effort and contribute to the development of a robust machine translation system for multi-word legal terms and special phrases. This Neural Machine Translation approach aims at developing vectorised phrases from large corpora and process them for translation. The research direction is to increase the in-domain training data set and enrich the vector dimension with more information for legal concepts (domain specific features).
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Amara, Yamina. "Zum Einfluss des Lateins auf die althochdeutsche." Traduction et Langues 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52919/translang.v15i2.707.
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On the Influence of Latin on Old High German
In this article I have given a historical overview of the influence of Latin on the German language at the different stages of its development. But, a special attention was given to Old High German, because both have common roots. At the beginning I explained the most important background about Latin and Old High German to better understand the development of the German language gradually. Then, I have explained the influence of Latin on Old High German through the relationship between Latin and Old High German from a religious perspective. At the end I explained the features and the different changes that affected the lexical items of Old High German, with a particular emphasis on linguistic and phonetic changes. Not only Latin influenced German, but also French, Greek, Ancient Greek, and English have had the greatest impact. We end up with a question to open other avenues for research: what would the German language be like if Latin had never existed? It is difficult to answer this question, but what is important is that Latin served the German language as a unified language and culture.
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Makrodimitris, Christos, and Petra Schulz. "Does Timing in Acquisition Modulate Heritage Children’s Language Abilities? Evidence from the Greek LITMUS Sentence Repetition Task." Languages 6, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6010049.
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Recent proposals suggest that timing in acquisition, i.e., the age at which a phenomenon is mastered by monolingual children, influences acquisition of the L2, interacting with age of onset of bilingualism and amount of L2 input. Here, we examine whether timing affects acquisition of the bilingual child’s heritage language, possibly modulating the effects of environmental and child-internal factors. The performance of 6- to 12-year-old Greek heritage children residing in Germany (age of onset of German: 0–4 years) was assessed across a range of nine syntactic structures via the Greek LITMUS (Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings) Sentence Repetition Task. Based on previous studies on monolingual Greek, the structures were classified as “early” (main clauses (SVO), coordination, clitics, complement clauses, sentential negation, non-referential wh-questions) or as “late” (referential wh-questions, relatives, adverbial clauses). Current family use of Greek and formal instruction in Greek (environmental), chronological age, and age of onset of German (child-internal) were assessed via the Questionnaire for Parents of Bilingual Children (PABIQ); short-term memory (child-internal) was measured via forward digit recall. Children’s scores were generally higher for early than for late acquired structures. Performance on the three early structures with the highest scores was predicted by the amount of current family use of Greek. Performance on the three late structures was additionally predicted by forward digit recall, indicating that higher short-term memory capacity is beneficial for correctly reconstructing structurally complex sentences. We suggest that the understanding of heritage language development and the role of child-internal and environmental factors will benefit from a consideration of timing in the acquisition of the different structures.
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Kutter, Amelie. "A catalytic moment: The Greek crisis in the German financial press." Discourse & Society 25, no. 4 (July 2014): 446–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926514536958.
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The Greek crisis has attracted more public-political attention than any other sovereign debt crisis within the European Union. This article investigates the argument that this is due to the symbolic-catalytic role that the Greek crisis played in forging a specific approach to state rescue and the reform of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Drawing on assumptions of interpretive-narrative political studies about the discursive construction of crisis and a Critical Discourse Analysis of editorials from the financial press, the study shows how this approach was ‘catalyzed’ by a specific construction of the ‘Greek case’. Reference to the ‘Greek case’, in particular the high level of government debt, rendered austerity a plausible option of crisis management. Reference to the contagion potential of the Greek crisis justified the application of austerity across the Eurozone. The Greek crisis was also seen to reveal the systemic flaws of the EMU and suggest deepened economic integration.
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Ahmadiev, Farit N., and Gennadiy R. Sharafutdinov. "V.P. BUZESKUL AS A RESEARCHER OF GERMAN ANTIC STUDIES OF THE XIX CENTURY." Historical Search 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-2-59-64.
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This paper offers an analysis of the problem of the relationship between Russian and German studies of antiquity during the XIX century. Vladislav Petrovich Buzeskul (1858-1931), an expert in the political history of ancient Athens, was one of the most outstanding researchers of the history of the formation of German antiquity at that time. The main research field for the scholar was the problems of the history of the ancient world. Much less is known about the historiographic component of his work, which manifested itself in his early works, published in the late 1880s. Vladislav Buzeskul reached the pinnacle of his career when he published his work “Introduction to Greek History”, which has been reprinted many times, including in the XXI century. The first edition was published in 1903. The main distinguishing feature of the work is a deep source analysis, which is combined with an excellent knowledge of historiographical material. But “Introduction to Greek History” sums up the previous historiographical practice of the scholar. The article strives to show the “movement” of Buzeskul from one study to another, which eventually brought brilliant results in 1903. Obviously, the paper volume allows us to highlight only the main points of that “movement”. Therefore, we are focusing only on what the historiographer himself considers to be the most characteristic in his works on the history of German antiquity. Buzeskul describes the close connection between the academic search of European historians and their social and political views and practices as a “determining” value in the development of German antiquity studies. In this regard, his most relevant article is the one, where he compares the works of the German antiquity researcher E. Curtius and his British colleague J. Groth. The comparison of “Greek History” by Curtius and “History of Greece” by Groth leads Buzescul to the conclusion that the Briton’s views on the history of antiquity were predetermined by their political activities in the parliament. Buzeskul also found the same dependence in the history of the German science of world history, stating in 1915 that the dependence of historiography on “politics” clearly manifested itself in the political history of Germany throughout the XIX century.
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Siefen, G., B. D. Kirkcaldy, and J. A. Athanasou. "Parental Attitudes: A Study of German, Greek, and Second Generation Greek Migrant Adolescents." Human Relations 49, no. 6 (June 1996): 837–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872679604900606.
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Neumann, Klaus. "German Debts: Entangled Histories of the Greek-German Relationship and Their Varied Effects." German Politics and Society 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2016.340304.
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Breger, Claudia. "Gods, German Scholars, and the Gift of Greece." Theory, Culture & Society 23, no. 7-8 (December 2006): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276406069886.
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This article argues that the abundance of Greek figures and scenarios in Kittler’s recent work points to a shift in his oeuvre, which, however, does not represent a radical break with his ‘hardware studies’. At the turn of the 21st century, Kittler champions an emphatic notion of culture as a necessary supplement to science and technology. This conceptual marriage mediates grand historical narratives of cultural identity. Specifically, Kittler’s texts provide us with narratives of Greek origin which serve to re-capture collective identities in the age of globalization. On the explicit level, this identity is predominantly European, but the search has national components as well. With his turn to culture, the organizing trope of 19th-century German nationalism, Kittler has also embraced the legacy of German philhellenism, which articulated national identities through the theme of ‘elective affinity’. Kittler’s Greece occupies the very structural place it had in 19th-century German philhellenism: It stands in for both the foundation of European civilization and its virtual better self, a realm of sensual culture untainted by modern capitalism and Empire. Most of the figures inhabiting this realm are familiar from 19th-century discourse as well, but these discursive loops are fueled by contemporary feedback. Kittler’s Greek narratives have developed out of postwar academic discourses and connect to other post-unification Greek fantasies.
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Mozokhin, O. B. "German Influence and the Creation of Ukrainian Nationalist Organizations in 1920–1940." Modern History of Russia 13, no. 3 (2023): 549–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2023.302.
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The article reflects the process of influence of the German special services on the formation of numerous Ukrainian nationalist organizations. With the coming to power of Hitler, the ties of the OUN with the fascists are strengthening, while the leaders of the Ukrainian nationalists widely advertise not only their practical cooperation with fascism, but also their spiritual kinship with it. The Berlin center of the OUN becomes the body coordinating its work against the USSR. The establishment of Soviet power in Western Ukraine led to the defeat of the OUN, the leaders and most active members of nationalist organizations were forced to flee to the territory occupied by Germany, where the Germans created the most privileged position for them. The Germans began to use Ukrainian nationalists in conducting political and administrative events in occupied Poland. At the same time, measures are being taken to train military personnel from among the Ukrainian nationalists, espionage-terrorist and sabotage-insurgent activities are being intensified in case of intervention by the USSR. With the direct participation and assistance of the German command, Ukrainian nationalist-minded youth are trained in various military schools, training centers of the Abwehr. Under the patronage of Germany, the Ukrainian Uniate Greek Catholic Church operates in the General Government, which was used as a tribune through which nationalism was propagandized. Her plans included the unification of churches and the expansion of her influence not only in Ukraine, but also in the long term in the whole of Russia. A great influence on the Ukrainian population was exerted by various Ukrainian institutions and schools, where the Ukrainian nationalist ideology was formed.
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Petrushko, V. I. "The Uniate Church in Western Ukraine in the Period of the German Occupation During the Great Patriotic War." Orthodoxia, no. 4 (May 22, 2024): 96–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.53822/2712-9276-2024-4-96-113.
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The Greek Catholic Church in Galicia underwent reform at the beginning of the twentieth century under the leadership of Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky and emerged as one of the primary supporters of nascent Ukrainian nationalism. Indeed, the first half of the twentieth century witnessed significant involvement of the Uniate Church in advancing the Ukrainian nationalist cause. The inevitable consequence of this political alignment of the Galician Greek Catholic Church was its overt collaboration with the German Nazis who occupied Ukraine during the Great Patriotic War. The article explores the most prominent instances of such activities by Uniate hierarchs and clergy. An example of the most cynical collaboration between the Galician Uniates and the German occupiers was the assistance provided by Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky to the Nazis in organizing the export of Ukrainian youth for forced labor in Germany. The Uniate Church continued to assist the German Nazis even when there were clear signs of their imminent defeat. In 1943, the leadership of the Galician Uniates actively assisted the Nazis in creating the 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician) commonly referred to as the Galicia Division, comprising mainly Western Ukrainian Uniates. Such a position loyal to the German occupiers was intended to secure not only favorable conditions for the Uniate Church’s survival under the Nazi regime but also the opportunity to proselytize in the occupied eastern territories. However, the occupation authorities pursued a complex religious policy in Ukraine and were not inclined to strengthen any particular denomination. For this reason, the Galician Uniates were not permitted by the German occupiers to conduct missionary activities outside Western Ukraine.
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Pereira, Inês Prates, and Sérgio Lagoa. "Flight-to-quality and contagion in the European sovereign debt crisis." Journal of Financial Economic Policy 11, no. 2 (May 7, 2019): 193–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-03-2018-0048.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the co-movements between the Portuguese, Greek, Irish and German government bond markets after the subprime crisis (2007 to 2013), with a special focus on the European sovereign debt crisis. It aims to assess the existence of contagion between the Portuguese, Greece and Irish bond markets and to explore the phenomenon of flight-to-quality from the Portuguese and Greek bond markets to the German market. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is undertaken using a DCC-GARCH model with daily data for 10-year yield government bonds. The change in correlation from the stable periods to the crisis periods is used to identify contagion or flight-to-quality. Findings Results suggest that there was contagion between the Greek and Portuguese markets, and to a lesser extent between the Irish and Portuguese markets. During most of the identified crisis periods, there are evident flight-to-quality flows from the Portuguese and Greek bond markets to the German market. Originality/value This paper contributes to the literature by applying the methodology DCC-GARCH to several crisis episodes for the analysis of contagion and flight-to-quality during the European sovereign debt crisis.
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Klonaris, Stathis, and Andromachi Agiangkatzoglou. "Competitiveness of Greek virgin olive oil in the main destination markets." British Food Journal 120, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 80–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-07-2016-0331.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the competitiveness of the Greek virgin olive oil in the main destination markets (German, Italian, UK and US market). Design/methodology/approach In order to achieve the aim, in the first stage the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA2) Index was employed showing that Greek virgin olive oil has a comparative advantage over the other suppliers (mainly Italy and Spain) in the markets under examination. In the second stage, the estimations of an import demand system for each market were estimated. Findings Results demonstrate clearly the competitive advantage of Greek virgin olive oil in the German market but not so clear in the rest of the markets. A strategic shift to export high-quality branded virgin olive oil instead of bulk seems necessity, in order the Greek virgin olive oil to dominate to the international markets. Originality/value Though there are similar works, especially for Spanish olive oil, there is no analogous research work for the Greek olive oil.
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Dhahir, Thamer Abdulkareem. "Einfluss des Nahen Ostens auf die deutsche Literatur." JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 5, no. 1 (January 23, 2022): 294–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jls.5.1.22.
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The purpose of this research is to show how the oriental nation affected the German literature as it affected other nation's culture and literature. In these pages we can see how the conflict was and what the current position is the opinion of European most great German authors such as Harder and Goethe, which distinguish Arabic oriental literary life from the west part of the glop where armies vividly occupied eastern Arabic lands through their power the Arabs got rid of the Superficiality and looked deeper into their own identification. German writers tried to reach the essence of Islamic civilization as well as the essence of Arabic poetry and the religious spirit in the East literature on the contrary of the German literature also religious translations that attracted the attention of writers in Germany. Eastern equestrian spirit which influencing Arab poetry, the poetry in Europe became an essential part of chivalrous life. Fairy tales like One Thousand and One Nights, Tragedy of AL Mansour also and mix of the two techniques, the oriental traditional East and the non-traditional European, Goethe believes that Arab literature reached a peak in the Middle Ages that only Greek and Roman literature reached before them, our research contains The opinion of a German translator Stefan Weidner who said that since the 1970s, we can note that Germany has become an increasingly attractive target for Arab immigrants so we see our honorable great writers whom affected the German literary life from Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Palestine. Many of them preferred permanent residency in Germany, chose to contribute to German and Arab cultural life, and in many cases, played the role of mediator between the two cultures.
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Naska, A., E. Oikonomou, A. Trichopoulou, K. Wagner, and K. Gedrich. "Estimations of daily energy and nutrient availability based on nationally representative household budget survey data. The Data Food Networking (DAFNE) project." Public Health Nutrition 10, no. 12 (December 2007): 1422–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007000158.
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AbstractObjectiveTo describe a cost-efficient method for estimating energy and nutrient availability using household budget survey (HBS) data.DesignFour different approaches were tested and the results were compared with published nutrient intake data. The selected method was exemplarily applied in German and Greek data.SettingGermany, 1998; Greece, 1998/99.MaterialNationally representative HBSs.ResultsComparisons showed that HBS-based estimates were generally close to intake data when results were presented as contributions to daily energy intake. Daily energy and protein availabilities were similar in Germany and Greece. Differences were observed in the availability of carbohydrates (German households reported a 5 percentage points higher contribution to daily energy availability) and lipids (Greek households recorded higher values for total fat, but lower values for saturated fat). Meat, added lipids and potatoes were important energy suppliers in Germany, whereas in Greece the first three energy suppliers were added lipids, cereals and meat. In both countries, meat, cereals, milk and cheese were important protein sources and cereals, potatoes, fruits and nuts contributed more than 60% of the daily carbohydrate availability. Added lipids were the major source of fat in the daily diet of both countries, but their contribution amounted to less than one-third in Germany and two-thirds in Greece.ConclusionsNational HBS data can be used for monitoring and comparing nutrient availability among representative population samples of different countries. The ground is set for the development of a harmonised food composition table to be applied to HBS food data at international level.
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Frankenbach, Chantal. "Dancing to Beethoven in Wilhelmine Germany." Journal of Musicology 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 71–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2017.34.01.71.
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Early in 1904 the American modern dancer Isadora Duncan, already notorious for her barefoot “Greek dancing” to concert music not intended for the stage, created a scandal in Germany by presenting a program of dances to Beethoven’s Seventh Symphony. Critics and composers responded in music journals and the daily press with a vigorous denunciation of Duncan’s trespass into the inner circle of German musical culture. What most disturbed Duncan’s critics, however, was the success of her Beethoven program with the public. Concern over Duncan’s hold on German audiences reveals the anxieties of professional musicians and critics whose status in Germany was also threatened by the popularity of music and dance entertainments in vaudeville and cabaret theater. Together with a musical parody of Duncan by Oscar Straus and a venomous attack by Max Reger, hostile reviews of Duncan illuminate serious musicians’ increasingly tenuous hold on the musical tastes of modern Bildungsbürger audiences.
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Goldhill, Simon. "The Ends of Tragedy: Schelling, Hegel, and Oedipus." Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 129, no. 4 (October 2014): 634–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2014.129.4.634.
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This article compares and contrasts how the texts of Greek tragedy thematize ending and how German idealism, especially Hegel and Schelling, constructed a theory of ending in relation to Greek tragedy. In particular, through Hegel's and Schelling's paradigmatic readings of Oedipus, the article demonstrates a deep-seated commitment to a Protestant Christian teleology that continues, unrecognized, to influence modern readings of Greek tragedy.
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Oikonomou, Despina, Vasiliki Rizou, Daniil Bondarenko, Onur Özsoy, and Artemis Alexiadou. "Scalar and Counterfactual Approximatives: Investigating Heritage Greek in the USA and Germany." Languages 7, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7010011.
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Approximative constructions present special interest for acquisition due to the counterfactual and scalar inferences they give rise to. In this paper we investigate the acquisition of Greek approximatives by heritage speakers in Germany and the USA. We show that while in English and German there is a single lexical item encoding counterfactuality and scalarity, in Greek there are two lexical items which, as we show, have different interpretations. In view of this difference, we test whether the crosslinguistic differences and the interface nature of approximative constructions affect their representation in heritage language. We present a production study and a comprehension study of approximative constructions. Our findings suggest that the two heritage groups do not diverge from the monolingual group in the domain of approximative constructions.
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Khakimova, Giulnara. "To the question on the efficiency of Greek-Latin terminological elements within the German veterinary system of terms." Филология: научные исследования, no. 3 (March 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2020.3.32617.
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The subject of this research is the auxiliary terminological elements of Greek-Latin origin, determined by the author at the current state of study from the German one-word veterinary terms. The article considers the problem of word creation within the veterinary terminological system of German language using the terminological material of classical languages. The goal consists in identification of the most efficient morphological ways of word creation based on affixation, derivational activity of auxiliary Greek-Latin terminological elements in creation of derivative veterinary terms in German language, as well as review of the semantics of most frequent initial and completive terminological elements. Based on the analysis of the corpus of factual material, the author concludes that the most efficient out of morphological ways of derivatives of nouns and adjectives is the prefix-suffix method. The novelty of this research consists in determination of the most frequent initial and completive auxiliary terminological elements in German veterinary sublanguage among one-word derivatives.
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Barboussi, Vasso. "The Beginning of Dance Studies in Greece (1900–1974)." Congress on Research in Dance Conference Proceedings 2016 (2016): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cor.2016.3.
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The educational system introduced in Greece during the liberation, a period known as the Bavarian Regency (1833–1862), had been, more or less, a copy of the corresponding German system of this period. Koula Pratsika (1899–1984), who established modern dance and professional dance studies in the country, participated in the Delphic festival in 1927 and was influenced by Eva Palmer. She also had been influenced by the 1930s Hellenistic ideology writers and artists. Pratsika was trying to find and develop a dance reflecting Greek tradition, revitalized and encouraged by the ancient spirit. She was inspired by Duncan regarding ancient dance as well as by many aesthetic movements, including German modern dance and the Dalcroze School where she studied. Pratsika invited German dancers to give seminars and performances in Athens. This paper will examine the birth of Greek modern dance since the beginning of the twentieth century and the influence of German culture and dance.
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Χατζηπαναγιώτη-Sangmeister, Ίλια. "Λογοκρισία και επανάσταση: Η φημολογούμενη έκδοση της Νέας Πολιτικής Διοικήσεως στη Λιψία." Gleaner 29 (September 30, 2019): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/er.21064.
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Based on unknown documents from German archives, this article details a significant case of prohibitive censorship of a modern greek book during the age of Enlightenment. As the unpublished sources show, the secretary of the Prince of Valachia filed in May 1798, some months after the arrest of Rigas Velestinlis, an official accusation against the Greek merchants in Leipzig for having printed a second edition of Nea Politike Dioikesis – the revolutionary manifest of Rigas. The subsequent investigations ordered and conducted by the saxonian authorities prooved that this accusation was unjustified: Neither the Nea Politike Dioikesis nor any other Greek political text were printed in 1798 in Leipzig. The German documents dissolved the bibliographical phantom of a second edition and allow us to examine the combined intervention: the joined forces of ottoman elites and western-european authorities aimed to prevent the publication and circulation of Greek books with contents considered to be subversive.
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Warnek, Peter. "Once More . . . for the First Time: Aristotle and Hegel in the Logic of History." Research in Phenomenology 34, no. 1 (2004): 160–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569164042404473.
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The paper begins by taking seriously Heidegger's provocative claims concerning Hegel's relationship to the Greeks. Most notably, the enigmatic assertion that Hegel, as the "last Greek," brings Greek philosophy to its completion through a historical thinking is considered in terms of the strange sense of repetition it opens up: the Hegelian presentation of Greek philosophy must both present that philosophy, repeat its movement, but also, in the repetition, present the truth of that movement for the first time. It thus must remain undecided whether Hegel's presentation only opens up a necessity already at work in Greek philosophical history or whether that presentation, in fact, first grants such necessity to that history. The singularity of Hegel's relation to the Greeks is then explored through an examination of Hegel's own statements concerning the singularity of Aristotle. In this way, it becomes apparent that Hegel's own thought, in its entirety, asserts itself as nothing other that a decisive repetition of the Aristotelian speculative thought of actuality. This exceptional position of Aristotle in Hegel's logic of history suggests that there is a need for another sense of history's movement, in which that movement does not simply progress but unfolds as the sin- gular dialogue between one Greek and one German.
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Baur, Rupprecht S. "Der Zusammenhang Von Muttersprache Und Zweit-Sprache Bei Der Sozialisation Von Migrantenkindern in Der Bundesrepublik Deutschland." Leerderskenmerken 37 (January 1, 1990): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.37.08bau.
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In the Federal Republic of Germany a discussion is going on about the role of teaching the mother tongue. This paper presents part of the data from a project presently carried out at the University of Essen (FRG). They consist of language tests (C-tests) in both the mother tongue of the students and German, as well as of a social survey investigating the students' attitude to school, the social situation and the language spoken at home, etc. The sample was taken from three nationalities. 1200 Greek, Turkish and Yugoslavian students were tested (400 for each nationality) aged between 10 and 16 (5th. to 10th. grade in the German school system). The sample was grouped into sets of two grades (5th, 6th. 7th., 8th. and 9th andl0th grade in the German school system) in each nationality. The language data confirm that supporting the mother tongue has no bad effects on the acquisition of the second language.
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Jongman, Allard, Marios Fourakis, and Joan A. Sereno. "The Acoustic Vowel Space of Modern Greek and German." Language and Speech 32, no. 3 (July 1989): 221–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002383098903200303.
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Rathbun, Brian C., Kathleen E. Powers, and Therese Anders. "MoralHazard: German Public Opinion on the Greek Debt Crisis." Political Psychology 40, no. 3 (September 17, 2018): 523–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pops.12522.
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Angelopoulos, Tasos. "Ο Καραγκιόζης πάει αντάρτης: ένα ανέκδοτο έργο της Έλλης Αλεξίου από το αρχείο του ΚΚΕ." Neograeca Bohemica, [1] (2022): [109]—120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/ngb2022-1-5.
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This short Karagkiozis play, by the writer and Resistance fighter Elli Alexiou, was discovered in the archives of the Greek Communist Party. Karagkiozis, the Greek popular shadow theatre, was used during the Resistance (1941–1944) to promote the struggle against the German occupiers. Here, the main hero, who, for some researchers, symbolizes the low-class Greek citizen, abandons his eternal hunger to join the Resistance movement. But he never abandons his playfulness and jokes, even during the darkest times of the Greek history.
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Schaller, Helmut Wilhelm. "The German heritage in Balkan languages." Slavia Meridionalis 15 (September 25, 2015): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sm.2015.002.
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The German heritage in Balkan languagesAll Balkan languages show some German elements in their vocabulary, beginning with Old Bulgarian Bible texts up to modern Balkan languages, including Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Albanian, Romanian and Modern Greek. Etymologies of Balkan words and German words must be distinguished. Loanwords in Balkan languages are confined to words which are traceable back to Germanic languages, e. g. Gothic, Old and Middle High German and contemporary German. Not only the word store but also onomastics were occasionally influenced by German languages, but it is not possible to speak of a German substrat or adstrat in the way we can speak of a Thracian or Illyrian substrat, or Greek or Romance adstrat. Dziedzictwo germańskie w językach bałkańskichW słownictwie każdego z języków bałkańskich występują pewne germańskie elementy, poczynając od starobułgarskich tekstów biblijnych, a kończąc na współczesnych językach bałkańskich, jakimi są: bułgarski, macedoński, serbski, albański, rumuński i nowogrecki. W badaniach nad etymologią należy wyraźnie rozgraniczać dwa nurty rozwojowe: germański i bałkański. Katalog zapożyczeń ograniczamy do wyrazów obecnych w językach bałkańskich, których etymologię możemy prześledzić wstecz do gockiego, staro- i środkowo-wysoko-niemieckiego oraz współczesnego niemieckiego. Nie tylko słownictwo, lecz także onomastyka wykazują okazjonalnie wpływy niemieckie, jednak w żadnym razie nie ma podstaw, by mówić o germańskim substracie czy adstracie w takim sensie, w jakim mówimy o substracie trackim czy iliryjskim, bądź adstracie romańskim lub greckim.