Academic literature on the topic 'German Cameroun'
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Journal articles on the topic "German Cameroun"
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Maderspacher, Alois. "The National Archives of Cameroon in Yaoundé and Buea." History in Africa 36 (2009): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2010.0009.
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Even in learned journals on African and imperial history, few references have been made to the records contained in the archives in Cameroon, West Africa. Kamerun was a German colony (Schutzgebiet) from 1884-1916/19. In 1911, the Germans took over New Cameroon (Neu Kamerun), 295,000 km2 of land of French Equatorial Africa, ceded during the second Morocco Crisis. After World War I this transaction was reversed and the German colony was separated into French and British League of Nations Mandates in 1919. These mandates were transformed into United Nations Trusteeships in 1946. Finally, French Cameroun became independent in 1960, and after a plebiscite in 1961, one part of the British Cameroons joined Nigeria and the other part reunited with the formerly French part, now the independent Federal Republic of Cameroon.Due to the involvement of three colonial powers in Cameroon, the national archives in Yaoundé and Buea are an excellent source for the colonial history of West Africa, allowing for a simultaneous analysis of German, French, and British files. Whereas the colonial files in the European archives mainly give us the point of view of high politics, the archives in Cameroon offer a different dimension. The files reveal the intricacies of the colonial system on the ground, and the problems with which the colonial administrator had to cope in the bush: How did one introduce European legal tender in a territory never touched by Europeans before? How did one cope with the colonial rivals, who were couching at the frontiers to take over the territory? How did one attempt to win peoples' hearts and minds day in and day out? What happened when the new colonial power took over a territory with an already developed administration from another colonial power, as it took place in Cameroon in 1911 and 1916/19? The national archives of Cameroon contain potential answers to these questions. Hence this paper will focus on the sources that are available for the colonial period in these archives.
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HASSANA, HASSANA. "ANALYSE LEXICO-SÉMANTIQUE DES EXPRESSIONS COLONIALES SUR LES TIMBRES-POSTE." FRANCISOLA 2, no. 1 (July 5, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/francisola.v2i1.7522.
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RÉSUMÉ. Ce travail étudie, du point de vue lexico-sémantique, les mots et les expressions sur les timbres-poste. De manière spécifique, il s’agit d’appréhender l’histoire véhiculée par les mots gravés sur les productions philatéliques en circulation au Cameroun pendant la domination allemande, anglaise et française. Sur le plan théorique, cette étude s’inscrit dans le champ de la lexicologie et de la sémantique. L’approche lexicale décrit la structure et la formation des mots en langue allemande, anglaise et française. La démarche sémantique par contre questionne le sens des mots et des discours idéologiques. Sur le plan méthodologique, nous nous appuyons sur un corpus constitué des productions philatéliques. Par le biais de ce corpus, nous focalisons notre attention sur l’interprétation des mots ou des expressions sur les timbres, en mettant en exergue les grandes séquences de l’histoire coloniale au Cameroun. L’intérêt de ce travail est d’interroger l’histoire coloniale sous le prisme des expressions reproduites sur les timbres-poste.Mots-clés : cameroun, colonisation, histoire, lexicologie, philatélie, timbres-poste, sémantique. ABSTRACT. This work studies, from lexico-semantic point of view, the words and expressions on postage stamps. Specifically, it is a question of apprehending the history conveyed by the words engraved on the philatelic productions circulating in Cameroon during the German, English and French domination. From a theoretical point of view, this study falls within the field of lexicology and semantics. The lexical approach describes the structure and formation of words in German, English and French. The semantic approach, on the other hand, questions the meaning of words and ideological discourses. On the methodological level, we rely on a corpus of philatelic productions. Through this corpus, we focus our attention on the interpretation of words or expressions on stamps, highlighting the great sequences of colonial history in Cameroon. The interest of this work is to question the colonial history under the prism of the expressions reproduced on the postage stamps.Keywords: Cameroon, colonization, history, lexicology, philately, postage stamps, semantics.
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Gewald, Jan-Bart. "Mbadamassi of Lagos: A Soldier for King and Kaiser, and a Deportee to German South West Africa." African Diaspora 2, no. 1 (2009): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187254609x433369.
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Abstract In 1915 troops of the South African Union Defence Force invaded German South West Africa, present day Namibia. In the north of the territory the South African forces captured an African soldier serving in the German army named Mbadamassi. Upon his capture Mbadamassi demanded to be released and claimed that he was a British national from Nigeria. In addition, he stated that he had served in the West African Frontier Force, and that he had been shanghaied into German military service in Cameroon. Furthermore, whilst serving in the German army in Cameroon, Mbadamassi claimed that he had participated in a mutiny, and that, as a consequence, he had been deported to GSWA. The article covers the remarkable military career of the African soldier, Mbadamassi, who between 1903 and 1917 served both the King of the British Empire as well as the Kaiser of the German Empire. In so doing, the article sheds light on the career of an individual African soldier serving in three colonial armies; the West African Frontier Force, the Schutztruppe in Cameroon, and the Schutztruppe in GSWA. The article argues that beyond the fact that colonial armies were institutions of repression, they also provided opportunity for those willing or condemned to serve within their ranks. Furthermore the article provides some indication as to the extent of communication that existed between colonial subjects in the separate colonies of Africa at the time. En 1915, les troupes de l'Union de l'Afrique du Sud ont envahi l'Afrique du Sud-Ouest allemande, l'actuelle Namibie. Dans le Nord du territoire, les forces sud-africaines ont capturé un soldat africain servant dans l'armée allemande nommé Mbadamassi. Celui-ci exigea d'être libéré et revendiqua être un Britannique du Nigeria. De plus, il déclara avoir servi dans la West African Frontier Force et avoir été enrôlé de force dans l'armée allemande au Cameroun. En outre, pendant qu'il servait dans l'armée allemande au Cameroun, Mbadamassi a prétendu avoir pris part à une mutinerie, ce qui avait conduit à sa déportation vers l'Afrique du Sud-Ouest allemande. Cet article couvre la remarquable carrière militaire du soldat africain Mbadamassi, qui, entre 1903 et 1917, a servi à la fois le roi de l'empire britannique et le Kaiser de l'empire allemand. Ainsi, l'article éclaire sur la carrière individuelle d'un soldat africain servant dans trois armées coloniales; la West African Frontier Force, le Schutztruppe au Cameroun et le Schutztruppe en Afrique du Sud-Ouest allemande. L'article soutient qu'au-delà du fait que les armées coloniales étaient des institutions de répression, elles ont aussi offert la possibilité à ceux qui le voulaient ou ceux qui y étaient condamnés de servir dans leurs rangs. En outre, l'article fournit une indication sur l'étendue de la communication qui a existé entre les sujets coloniaux dans les colonies d'Afrique séparées de l'époque.
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Jones, Adam. "Still Underused: Written German Sources for West Africa Before 1884." History in Africa 13 (1986): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171543.
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It is gratifying to receive compliments when one publishes books, yet I have mixed feelings about some of the kind words awarded to my two volumes of translations from seventeenth-century German sources on west Africa. What some people seem to be saying is: “Thank God I won't have to waste time learning that language!” Not only does this attitude rest on the untenable assumption that a translation is an adequate substitute for the original; it also underestimates the importance of those German works which remain untranslated.For those interested in the colonial period, of course, the German literature and archival material is very rich--not only for Togo and Cameroun, but also for other countries, notably Liberia. As soon as the Germans became politically involved in west African affairs in 1884, there appeared a whole flood of publications dealing with this part of the world; and there is also a great deal of unpublished material for the whole period 1884-1939 which urgently calls for more attention from scholars interested in the African past. This is generally recognized (the usual excuse offered for not using the German material is the difficulty of access to the Potsdam archive); yet it is seldom appreciated how much German material there is for the period before 1884.
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Welch, David. "Citizenship and Politics: The Legacy of Wilton Park for Post-War Reconstruction." Contemporary European History 6, no. 2 (July 1997): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300004537.
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Writing in 1965 in Britain Looks to Germany, Donald Cameron Watt concluded:Perhaps the biggest successes scored by the Education Branch lay in the programme of exchange visits at all levels, in the discovery and encouragement of a new generation of teachers in Germany.…and most imaginatively of all in the opening up of the Wilton Park Centre to which leaders of opinion in Germany came for short residential courses on British democratic practice. Politicians, journalists, teachers, academics, trades unionists mingle together in these courses, and so valuable did the centre appear to German opinion that it was German initiative and German financial contribution which helped to preserve it in its present form when a niggardly Treasury and a disastrously unimaginative Foreign Secretary threatened to abolish it. Its impact on German life and on the political elites of West Germany has been incalculable.
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Nfobin, E. H. Ngwa. "The Francophone/Anglophone Split over Article 47 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Cameroon: An Abiding Malaise with an Explosive Charge." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 25, no. 4 (November 2017): 538–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2017.0211.
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Voting in 1961for reunification with the Republic of Cameroon instead of remaining Nigerian, the Southern Cameroons made a point. Neither the Treaty of Versailles partitioning the defunct German protectorate between Britain and France nor the superimposition of new values by the successor powers affected nationhood developed under the Germans. They were instead enriching features of that national identity of Kamerun. However, time has revealed how difficult it is to become the beacon of enlightened tolerance. Points of friction emerged, many articulated in the 1993 Buea Declaration that led to the creation of the Southern Cameroons National Council and the 2003 petition mainly for secession to the African Commission. One remains an oozing sore, with all possibilities of opening up into a running sore anytime – the 1972 referendum for the switch to unitarism that gave national destiny a decisively Francophone tilt. Anglophones contend Article 47 of the Federal Constitution guaranteed permanence of status beyond even the power of a referendum and that abolishing federalism entitled them to assert independence from the union. Against these, however, are surefire pro-Francophone arguments: the ‘Francophone spirit’ of the text and the agreed superiority of the French language, which stacked the odds against Anglophones even from the start.
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Langbehn, Volker. "Ferdinand Oyono's Flüchtige Spur Tundi Ondua and Germany's Cameroon." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 128, no. 1 (January 2013): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2013.128.1.142.
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Almost anyone who reads ferdinand oyono's une vie de boy (1956) in any language will conclude that the novel focuses on French colonialism. But is it only about colonialism by the French? An analysis of the many German resonances throughout the text—as well as an engagement with the German translation of Une vie de boy—suggests that it is about much more. Oyono's Une vie de boy enables the reader to reflect on Europan colonialism more broadly beyond the role of France. The novel offers a lens onto Germany's colonial history because Cameroon was a former colonial “protectorate” of the German empire. This historical context, therefore, places Une vie de boy in both national and transnational contexts. While my reading addresses possible connections or similarities between French and German colonialism, the publication in German itself adds an important layer to the understanding of Une vie de boy in Germany. In consideration of the political activism of the novel's German publisher, Johann (Hans) Fladung (1898-1982), the publication of Oyono's novel can be read as a criticism of German historiography in the 1950s, which frequently avoided Germany's colonial history, a history that has been linked with the crimes of the Holocaust (Zimmerer).
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Daheur, Jawad. "‘They Handle Negroes Just Like Us’: German Colonialism in Cameroon in the Eyes of Poles (1885–1914)." European Review 26, no. 3 (June 11, 2018): 492–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798718000194.
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This paper explores the Polish opinion about German colonialism in Africa in connection with the perception of Prussian rule ‘at home’. In late Imperial Germany, Prussian Poles tended to look at the German ventures in Africa with a very critical eye. Their interest in Cameroonian issues was due to the fact that both Poles and Cameroonians were facing the same difficulties at the same time, namely German attempts to eliminate local languages in schools and to take control of the lands. By establishing a link between Polish and Cameroonian suffering, Polish patriots wanted to make Poles aware of their political, economic and cultural subjection within a global context. In a certain way, this counter-hegemonic narration was supposed to deprovincialise the ‘Polish issue’ and make it part of the broader struggle against German imperial power. The Poles, however, did not support independence for Cameroon. They used the Cameroonian issues mainly polemically in order to advance their own cause in imperial Germany.
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Hofer, Jan, Holger Busch, Iva Poláčková Šolcová, and Peter Tavel. "Relationship Between Subjectively Evaluated Health and Fear of Death Among Elderly in Three Cultural Contexts." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 84, no. 4 (January 10, 2017): 343–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091415016685331.
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It is often argued that declining health in elderly people makes death more salient and threatening. However, we argue that health, optimism, and social support interact to predict fear of death in samples from Cameroon, the Czech Republic, and Germany. Low health was associated with enhanced fear of death for participants who received only little social support. As the measure of optimism did not comply with psychometric requirements in the Cameroonian sample, the three-way interaction was tested only in the Czech and German samples. It was found that the two-way interaction was further qualified by optimism in that low health was associated with enhanced fear of death for participants with little social support unless they reported pronounced optimism. Thus, internal and external resources, respectively, can serve to buffer the effect of declining health on the fear of death in the elderly.
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Fru, Raymond Nkwenti, and Johan Wassermann. "Constructions of Identity in Cameroonian History Textbooks in Relation to the Reunification of Cameroon." Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society 12, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jemms.2020.120203.
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This article explores the representation of identity in selected Anglophone and Francophone Cameroonian history textbooks via their coverage of the reunification of Cameroon. A far-reaching effect of the 1916 Anglo-French partition of German Cameroon and of the reunification of the territory in 1961 is that, in spite of the plurality of precolonial identities, it is the legacies of Anglo-French colonial heritage that seem to be the overwhelming identity indicators in contemporary Cameroon. This content analysis found that the Anglophone history textbook presented a clear Anglophone identity which stood in conflict with the identity promoted by the Francophone textbook, which was characterized by national and colonial Francophone assimilationism. Such representations suggest that the Cameroonian nation state as a colonial geopolitical construct is more imagined than real.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "German Cameroun"
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Noma, Bikibili Paul. "L'administration des biens des Missions catholiques du Cameroun allemand (Kamerun) et du Cameroun français : vers une quête d'autonomie patrimoniale." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAK010.
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Cette étude examine l’administration des biens d’Église en territoire de mission, sous l’angle de la quête d’autonomie patrimoniale. Elle évalue la mise en route progressive de l’autonomie patrimoniale des Églises devant succéder aux Missions catholiques, à travers l’analyse des sources depuis l’érection en 1622 de la Sacrée Congrégation de Propaganda Fide chargée des Missions catholiques. Ses efforts de financement s’annonçaient déjà insuffisants. Au XIXe siècle elle prescrivit une administration des biens en lien avec la quête d’autonomie patrimoniale. Une exigence prévoyant l’institution d’un clergé indigène devant trouver ses propres ressources. Elle instaura la pratique d’envoyer des vicaires apostoliques dans les territoires de mission pour mettre en route l’autonomie patrimoniale. Les vingt-cinq années d’administration des biens par les Pallottins se soldèrent par une autonomie financière, défi difficile pour les SpiritainsThis study examines the administration of the property of Catholic Missions in mission territory, from the perspective of the quest for patrimonial autonomy. It evaluates of the gradual implementation of the patrimonial autonomy of the future Churches to succeed the catholic Missions, through the analysis of sources since the erection on 1622 of the Sacred Congregation of Propaganda Fide in charge of catholic Missions. Its financing efforts announced insufficient. In the nineteenth century it prescribed an administration of property in connection with the quest for patrimonial autonomy. Such a requirement provided for the institution of a native clergy to find their own resources. It established the practice of sending apostolic vicars to mission territories to initiate the quest for patrimonial autonomy. The twenty-five years of administration of the property by the Pallottines ended in financial autonomy, a difficult challenge for the Spiritans
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Ousmanou, Zourmba. "La conservation et la valorisation des vestiges du protectorat allemand dans la ville de Douala (Cameroun)." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/23697.
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La question de la valorisation des vestiges du protectorat allemand à Douala s’inscrit dans le
champ du patrimoine, plus précisément et si l’on emprunte le terme à la littérature anglo-saxon,
du patrimoine dissonant. Il s’agit d’une catégorie d’héritage de l’histoire dont la signification
fait l’objet de débat et d’interprétations diverses, voire antagonistes. Malgré l’existence de
plusieurs éléments servant de trace de la présence allemande dans la ville de Douala,
l’intégration dudit héritage à signification équivoque semble pâtir d’une politique culturelle
emprunte d’authenticité et d’objectifs d’unité et d’identité nationales. Héritant d’un modèle
culturel plus adapté à l’Occident, le Cameroun postcolonial a d’abord voulu mettre au second
plan, certains vestiges de son histoire, au profit de la recherche d’éléments patrimoniaux propre
au terroir, dans une logique de dualité entre le local et l’externe. Aussi, dans un contexte de
pluralité ethnoculturelle, cette politique de l’authenticité a consumé les énergies qui devraient
servir à la mise en valeur du patrimoine culturel dans son ensemble.
Néanmoins, l’absence d’une mise en patrimoine d’une bonne partie du legs colonial s’explique
par les rapports à la mémoire coloniale. En effet, si l’Allemagne, après avoir perdu son
protectorat Camerounais dans le contexte de la Première Guerre Mondiale, a manifesté une
volonté de préserver son héritage extérieur à travers notamment les mouvements
germanophiles, il n’en demeure pas moins que le poids de la responsabilité de la Deuxième
Guerre Mondiale a conduit à une amnésie vis-à-vis du passé colonial, que certain ont voulu
idéalisé, afin d’atténuer ses conséquences éventuelles. Dans ce contexte, il faut attendre l’année
2003, pour que se déclenche une rétrospection allemande sur la question coloniale. D’un autre
côté, portée par une ambition de francisation du Cameroun, la France a oeuvré à l’effacement
des traces de la présence allemande dans la ville de Douala. S’agissant des Camerounais, les
vestiges du colonialisme allemand symbolisent tantôt les douloureuses expériences des travaux
forcés, des coups de fouet et des assassinats, parfois des progrès économiques relatifs que le
Cameroun aurait réalisés au cours de la période du protectorat allemand. Dès lors, il y a
nécessité de convaincre les plus sceptiques, sur la nécessité de préserver les vestiges historiques,
au moyen d’approches diversifiées. Ces approches pourraient inclure une didactique du
patrimoine, une protection juridique par l’inscription des vestiges historiques au titre officiel de
monuments, ainsi que via des projets portés vers des objectifs de développement local; Abstract:
The issue of the conservation and the enhancement of the German protectorate’s remains in
Douala fits in the field of heritage, specifically the dissonant heritage. This is a category of
heritage concerning the legacy of history the significance of which is different depending on
the groups of interest. Despite the existence of several elements serving as traces of the German
colonial presence in the city of Douala, the integration of such heritage with ambiguous
meaning seems to suffer from a cultural policy that focus on authenticity and objectives of
building national unity and national identity. Inheriting a cultural model most suitable to the
Western countries, post-colonial Cameroon first wanted to put in the background of its cultural
heritage, some remnants of its history, in a logic of duality between the local and the external.
Also, in a context of ethno cultural diversity, this authenticity policy consumed the energies
that should be used for the enhancement of the cultural heritage as a whole.
However, the absence of a cultural enhancement of much of the colonial legacies could also be
explained by relations to the colonial memory. Indeed, if Germany, after losing its Cameroonian
protectorate in the context of the First World War, has expressed a desire to preserve his legacy
abroad, especially through the germanophile movements, it is not less that the weight of the
responsibility of the Second World War led to an amnesia towards the colonial past, that some
wanted to idealized in order to mitigate its potential consequences. In this context, it has taken
until the year 2003, for Germany to assume a retrospection on its colonial past. On the other
hand, driven by an ambition of francization of Cameroon, France worked in erasing the traces
of the German presence in the city of Douala. Regarding the colonial memories for
Cameroonians, the remains of German colonialism sometimes symbolize the painful
experiences of forced work, lashes and assassinations, as well as occasionally these remains are
perceived as the symbol of some economic progress that Cameroon would have made during
the period of the German protectorate. Therefore, there is a need to convince the most skeptical
about the necessity to preserve the historical remains, through diverse approaches. These
approaches could include a heritage didactics, legal protection by registration of the historical
relics to the official title of monuments, as well as through local development oriented projects.
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Maderspacher, Alois. "European colonialism in sub-Saharan Africa : the Germans, French, and British in Cameroon, 1884-1939." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609449.
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Wanki, Ateghang Emmanuel [Verfasser], and Eike [Akademischer Betreuer] Albrecht. "Influence of the German renewable energy and climate policies on onshore wind energy generation: Implementation options in Cameroon / Emmanuel Wanki Ateghang ; Betreuer: Eike Albrecht." Cottbus : BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1115005154/34.
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Tchigankong, Noubissié Désiré [Verfasser]. "The concept of sustainable development and sustainable management of natural resources in Africa through the German development cooperation. Case study: Benin, Cameroon, Namibia / Désiré Tchigankong Noubissié." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1068589477/34.
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Ngouana, Kammalac Thierry. "Diversité génétique d'isolats de Cryptococcus et Candida issus des patients VIH positifs à Yaoundé et étude de leur sensibilité aux antifongiques et aux extraits de plantes." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13512/document.
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Cryptococcus neoformans et les levures du genre Candida sont fréquemment impliqués dans les infections fongiques opportunistes chez les personnes vivant avec le VIH (PVVIH). Les données sur l'épidémiologie moléculaire et la sensibilité de ces levures aux antifongiques sont rares au Cameroun. Les objectifs de ce travail ont été (i) d'obtenir et caractériser génétiquement les isolats de Cryptococcus et de Candida issus des PVVIH à Yaoundé, (ii) d'étudier leur profil de sensibilité à divers antifongiques, (iii) d'étudier l'activité antifongique des extraits de 3 plantes médicinales (Terminalia mantaly, Terminalia catappa et Monodora tenuifolia). Vingt-cinq souches de C. neoformans et 317 isolats Candida dont 113 C. albicans ont été isolés respectivement de 171 et 402 PVVIH à l'Hôpital Central de Yaoundé. Ces isolats ont été identifiés sur la base de leurs caractères phénotypiques, biochimiques, par spectrométrie de masse et par PCR quantitative. La diversité génétique de 150 isolats (25 prélèvement initiaux et 125 colonies) de C. neoformans a été réalisée par séro-génotypage, PCR-RFLP et polymorphisme de séquences microsatellites. La diversité génétique des 113 isolats de C. albicans a été réalisée par génotypage et par analyse du polymorphisme de séquences microsatellites. La recherche des espèces du complexe C. albicans s'est effectuée par amplification du gène Hwp1. La sensibilité des isolats de C. neoformans aux antifongiques (posaconazole, voriconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, amphotéricine B et 5-fluorocytosine) a été évaluée par microdilution en milieu liquide grâce au kit « Sensititre YeastOne® ». Le protocole CLSI M27-A3 été utilisé pour l'étude de la sensibilité des isolats de C. albicans à l'amphotéricine B, au fluconazole, au ketoconazole et à l'itraconazole. L'étude de l'activité antifongique des extraits de plantes s'est déroulée en 3 étapes : (i) screening préliminaire avec détermination de la concentration minimale inhibitrice (CMI) des extraits bruts, (ii) fractionnement bio-guidé, (iii) étude des interactions synergiques dans les combinaisons de ces subfractions. C. neoformans var grubii est la seule espèce de cryptocoque isolée des liquides céphalorachidiens. Quinze espèces de Candida ont été isolées et C. albicans reste l'espèce majoritaire. C. africana a été isolée et identifiée pour la première fois au Cameroun. La diversité génétique des isolats de C. neoformans a montré 14 types moléculaires, et 24% de patients étaient infectés par deux types moléculaires différents. Le génotype A est majoritaire dans les isolats de C. albicans et 65 types moléculaires différents ont été observés. L'analyse du polymorphisme du gène Hwp1 a permis de définir de nouveaux génotypes (H1-H6). Les souches de C. neoformans sont sensibles aux antifongiques testés. Une souche présente une sensibilité réduite à la 5-fluorocytosine et une autre au fluconazole. Des isolats issus du même patient peuvent présenter des sensibilités différentes aux antifongiques testés. Les isolats de C. albicans présentent une sensibilité aux antifongiques similaire à celle décrite dans la littérature. Il a été montré qu'il existe une relation entre la sensibilité à l'itraconazole et le génotype H chez les isolats de C. albicans (p-value <0,05). Les extraits de plantes présentent des activités inhibitrices contre les levures testées. Les fractions obtenues par fractionnement bio-guidé ont permis l'amélioration de l'activité de 7 extraits. La combinaison de ces subfractions a donné une combinaison synergique et fongicide dérivée de T. mantaly et de M. tenuifolia. En conclusion, ce travail apporte de nouvelles données sur la compréhension de l'épidémiologie moléculaire et de la sensibilité des isolats de C. neoformans et de Candida aux antifongiques à Yaoundé. L'étude des extraits de plantes semble être une voie prometteuse dans le développement de thérapies antifongiques alternativesCryptococcus neoformans and Candida species are the main causative agents of yeast opportunistic infections among HIV infected persons. However, information on molecular their epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility are scarce in Cameroon. The main objective of this work was to study the genetic diversity and the antifungal susceptibility against antifungal drugs and plant extracts of C. neoformans and Candida isolates from Yaoundé HIV patients. C. neoformans (25) and Candida (317 among which 113 C. albicans) Isolates were obtained, from 171 and 402 HIV patients at the Yaoundé Central Hospital respectively. They were identified by phenotypic and biochemical characters, by mass spectrometry and quantitative PCR. The genetic diversity of 150 C. neoformans isolates (25 initial isolates and 125 colonies) was carried out by serotyping, microsatellite length polymorphism and PCR-RFLP. The genetic diversity of the 113 C. albicans isolates was performed by genotyping and microsatellite length polymorphism. The identification of C. albicans complex species was achieved by PCR amplification of the Hwp1 gene. The antifungal susceptibility testing of C. neoformans against posaconazole, voriconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine was carried out by the broth microdilution test using the « Sensititre YeastOne® » kit. The CLSI M27-A3 protocol was used for the determination of the C. albicans isolate's susceptibility against amphotericin B, ketoconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole which are frequently used in Cameroon. The antifungal activity of extracts from Terminalia mantaly, Terminalia catappa and Monodora tenuifolia was performed by a preliminary screening with the determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of crude extracts. Selected extracts were therefore submitted to the bio-guided fractionation. Selected subfractions were submitted to combination assays. C. neoformans var grubii was the lonely Cryptococcus species isolated in cerebrospinal fluids. Fifteen Candida species were isolates from mucosae with C. albicans remaining the most frequent. C. africana has been isolated for the first time in Cameroon. C. neoformans and C. albicans provided 14 and 65 major molecular types respectively. It was also found that a patient can be infected by 2 different molecular types of C. neoformans. C. albicans genotype A was the most frequent. The PCR amplification of the Hwp1 gene allowed the identification of a novel molecular profile among the C. albicans complex and named H (H1-H6). C. neoformans isolates were susceptible to the tested drugs. However, one isolate exhibited reduced susceptibility to fluconazole and one another to 5-fluorocytosine. C. albicans isolates expressed various susceptibility profiles similar to what described in the literature. Furthermore, there was a relationship between the H-typing and the antifungal susceptibility of C. albicans isolates against itraconazole (p-value<0.05). T. mantaly, T. catappa and M. tenuifolia extracts exhibited antifungal activity against tested yeasts. Bioguided fractionation allowed improves of the antifungal activity from crude extracts to subfractions. Synergism was observed, and the most active combination from T. mantaly and M. tenuifolia was also fungicidal on tested yeasts. Conclusively, the present work brings new tools for the comprehension and the better management of C. neoformans and Candida infections among Yaoundé HIV positive patients. The antifungal resistance emergence of yeasts isolates could be compensated by the development of a new antifungal medicine from subfractions combinations of T. mantaly and M. tenuifolia
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Lamm, Bettina. "Children´s ideas about infant care: A comparison of rural Nso children from Cameroon and German middle class children." Doctoral thesis, 2008. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-2008080129.
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In this study, children s ideas about childcare were investigated cross-culturally, considering gender differences as well as developmental and cultural factors. Children between 4 and 8 years of age were interviewed. A rural Nso sample representing a prototypical interdependent context (N=72) and a German middle-class sample representing a prototypical independent context (N=64) were selected. Through the help of picture cards that showed children caring for babies, the children were asked to answer what aspects of care (e.g. primary care, body contact, or object stimulation) are most important and why they are important. Furthermore, the children were asked to elaborate on what they would like to teach a baby and how to react in certain situations, such as infant crying. It was assumed that the children s ideas reflect the characteristic model of childrearing of the respective cultural community. Older children were expected to express more elaborated ideas, but gender differences in the knowledge about infant care were not expected. Results indicate that the Nso and German children apply different caregiving models. The Nso model is characterized by multiple caregivers, co-occurring care, high sensitivity to negative infant signals, and a focus on body contact. The German model, on the other hand, was based on exclusive attention by the mother and distal parenting, such as object stimulation, face-to-face interaction, and vocal interaction. The German children s unexpected focus on primary care and motor development is discussed with respect to different practical caregiving experiences of the German and Nso children and varying sense of responsibility for infant care. Concerning age and gender differences, the hypotheses were predominantly confirmed. Finally, methodological challenges of cross-cultural research and of interviews with children are discussed, and perspectives for future research are presented.
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Lamm, Bettina [Verfasser]. "Children's ideas about infant care : a comparison of rural Nso children from Cameroon and German middle class children / vorgelegt von Bettina Lamm." 2008. http://d-nb.info/989904156/34.
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Bender, Michael. "Effects of Childhood Context, Implicit Motives, and Explicit Sociocultural Orientation on Autobiographical Memory in PR China, Cameroon and Germany." Doctoral thesis, 2006. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-2006081114.
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In this study, the relationship of autobiographical memory, implicit motivation, sociocultural orientation, and childhood variables was investigated cross-culturally. A German sample reflecting a prototypical independent context (n=100), and a Chinese (n = 77) and Cameroonian sample (n = 68) from a prototypical interdependent context were selected. Participants were asked to report their earliest childhood memories, to answer socio-demographic questions, to complete the Operant Multimotive Test as a measure of their implicit motivation, and two self-report scales to indicate their sociocultural orientation. Special attention was given to considerations of methodological equivalence across cultures.It was expected that (1) Chinese and Cameroonian participants recall more oriented towards others than German participants, and that (2) individuals from a social-oriented childhood context make more use of the social function of autobiographical recall, and finally that (3) implicit motivation and sociocultural orientation predict autobiographical memory across cultures.Results indicate that Cameroonian and Chinese participants generally make more use of the social function of autobiographical memory than do German participants. Furthermore, the more siblings an individual has, the more she/he makes use of the social function. Missing effects of implicit motivation and sociocultural orientation on interindividual differences in autobiographical memory are accounted for by methodological constraints.
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Bender, Michael [Verfasser]. "Effects of childhood context, implicit motives, and explicit sociocultural orientation on autobiographical memory in PR China, Cameroon and Germany / vorgelegt von Michael Bender." 2006. http://d-nb.info/980854970/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "German Cameroun"
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Laburthe-Tolra, Philippe. Vers la lumière? ou, Le désir d'Ariel: A propos des Beti du Cameroun : sociologie de la conversion. Paris: Karthala, 1999.
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Schestokat, Karin U. German women in Cameroon: Travelogues from colonial times. New York: Peter Lang, 2003.
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Religious conflict and the evolution of language policy in German and French Cameroon, 1885-1939. New York: P. Lang, 2007.
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Les perspectives de la colonisation: Trois colonisateurs du Cameroun en trois quarts de siècle : essai. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2004.
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Living in two worlds: A student in Bonn-Germany, a chief in Fontem-Cameroon. Madison, WI: NGT Pub., 2007.
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Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders Regimental Association., ed. "A Cameron never can yield": A prisoner of war's escape from Germany to Gibraltar. Inverness: Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders Regimental Association, 1999.
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Geary, Christraud M. Images from Bamum: German colonial photography at the court of King Njoya, Cameroon, West Africa, 1902-1915. Washington, D.C: Published for the National Museum of African Art by the Smithsonian Institute Press, 1988.
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Michels, Stefanie. Imagined power contested: Germans and Africans in the Upper Cross River Area of Cameroon, c.1887-c.1915. Münster: Lit, 2004.
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International influences and Baptist mission in West Cameroon: German-American missionary endeavor under international mandate and British colonialism. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1993.
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Akak, Eyo Okon. Who owns Bakassi? =: Anie enyene Bakassi? : a critique of 1885-1913 Anglo-German treaties and 1975 Gowon-Ahidjo Accord in Nigeria-Cameroon boundary dispute. Calabar, Nigeria: The Author, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "German Cameroun"
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Monga, Yvette D. "The Emergence of Duala Cocoa Planters under German Rule in Cameroon: A Case Study of Entrepreneurship." In Cocoa Pioneer Fronts since 1800, 119–36. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24901-5_7.
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Boger, Julia. "African Universities as Employers of Returning Graduates from Germany: The Example of Ghana and Cameroon." In Geographies of the University, 541–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75593-9_17.
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"German Cameroon." In The Acquisition of Africa (1870-1914), 174–214. Brill | Nijhoff, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004321199_008.
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Wendt, Samuel Eleazar. "Securing Resources for the Industries of Wilhelmine Germany." In Environments of Empire, 39–60. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469655932.003.0003.
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The chapter deals with the making of a plantation economy in the German colonies in West Africa, 1884-1914. It focuses on the contributions of German botanists like, for example, Walter Busse, and examines the transimperial networks of scientific exchange they were involved in. Furthermore, the chapter deals with the unintended consequences of the cultivation of “cash crops” like cotton and rubber in German Togo and Cameroon. It analyzes how the German scientists established the discipline of phytopathology to fight the germs, bacteria and insects that damaged the plants important for colonial agriculture.
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Michael, Theodor. "Thanks." In Black German, translated by Eve Rosenhaft. Liverpool University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781781383117.003.0003.
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This book would never have been written if the children and grandchildren of two big families hadn’t pestered me for years to put my memories on paper. My children have had to suffer rejection, exclusion, insults and undisguised racism as a result of their heritage. Their children, the great-grandchildren of Theophilus Wonja Michael from the German colony Cameroon, whose African heritage is now barely visible, have rarely had to suffer such negative experiences. That means that if anything they are proud of their African heritage and their appearance. So the question is: When will there be a change in people’s attitudes to Germans who at first sight look foreign?...
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"No. 36013. Germany and Cameroon." In United Nations Treaty Series, 579. UN, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/56244a4f-en-fr.
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"No. 42128. Germany and Cameroon." In Treaty Series 2349, 5. UN, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/aecfd350-en-fr.
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"No. 42132. Germany and Cameroon." In Treaty Series 2349, 13. UN, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/ddd31ee5-en-fr.
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"No. 42129. Germany and Cameroon." In Treaty Series 2349, 7. UN, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/e11f58af-en-fr.
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"No. 48388 Germany and Cameroon." In Treaty Series 2740, 69. UN, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/86d43ec3-en-fr.
Full textConference papers on the topic "German Cameroun"
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Nickel, Elke, and Robert Robelus. "The Application of the Environmental and Social Standards (“Safeguard Policies”) of the World Bank to Pipeline Projects." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0746.
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The procedural standard “Environmental Assessment” and the qualitative standards of the World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) have gained additional significance in the environmental risk analysis of multilateral banks since they were compiled into the system of “Safeguard Policies” in 1998. Their position in international lending was further consolidated by the strict application of the Safeguard Policies in the EIA for the Chad-Cameroon pipeline project which was approved in June 2000 by the Board of the World Bank. Finally, the largest internationally active commercial banks (e.g. WESTLB [Germany] CITIBANK [USA]) in 2003 voluntarily committed themselves to compliance with the World Bank standards in major projects. The “test project” for compliance with this voluntary standard is the Baku-Tiblisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, which is being financed by both multilateral and commercial banks. The presentation concentrates on the application of the Safeguard Policies in pipeline projects during the planning and implementation phases. Using the example of the the Baku-Tiblisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, the requirements established under Operational Directive (OP) 4.01 Environmental Assessment are discussed on the basis of selected criteria, and certain developments in the area of “best practice” are demonstrated. A further main focus of the presentation is the discussion over recent tendencies in the application of the Safeguard Policies and the demand of further developments and research.
Reports on the topic "German Cameroun"
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Fleischer, Annett. Marriage over space and time among male migrants from Cameroon to Germany. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2008-006.
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