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Journal articles on the topic 'German Foreign Policy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 April 2022

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1

Ulatowski, Rafał. "Außenpolitik Deutschlands aus der Perspektive der Geo-Ökonomie." Przegląd Europejski, no. 4-2014 (March 22, 2015): 132–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.4.14.4.

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The aim of this paper is to assess how far the German foreign policy follows the principles of the theory of geo-economy. The paper has the following structure. First, the theory of geo-economy will be presented. Second, the characteristics of three debates relating to the German foreign policy will be pointed out. Third, German policy during the Euro crisis will be analysed. Fourth, the development of the relations between Germany and the new powers will be assessed. This paper supports the thesis that geo-economic strategy is beneficial for Germany.

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2

Ivasiuk, Halyna. "Valuable Orientation of the Germans in Comparison with Other Folks as a Prerequisite of Germany's Foreign Policy." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 39 (June 16, 2019): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2019.39.116-121.

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In addition to geopolitical and economic factors, the factor of values also influences the choice of priorities in foreign policy of the state. The study of values is of particular importance for understanding the principles of foreign policy of Germany because these values were often the basis of various actions of the German state on the world stage, and along with the change of system of values in Germany, the formation of the foundations of European unity was formed. Monitoring the system of values in Germany does not lose its relevance in future. The purpose of this study is to analyze th

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3

Fard, Rebin. "The New Foreign-Policy Pendulum: Geopolitical Codes of German Foreign Policy in the Post-bipolar World Order." Politics in Central Europe 15, no. 3 (2019): 383–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pce-2019-0022.

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AbstractThis article deals with the question of how German foreign policy can be characterized from a geopolitical perspective in an era in which the constellation of world politics is undergoing change, as evidenced by the conflict in Ukraine, shift in US foreign policy under President Trump and the on-going Brexit negotiations. In order to identify changes in the geopolitical orientation of German foreign policy and sketch a profile of German foreign policy, the article includes official German government documents. It can be concluded from the study that the geopolitical codes of German for

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4

Pribicevic, Ognjen, and Brano Miljus. "Challenges and prospects of German foreign policy." Medjunarodni problemi 64, no. 4 (2012): 403–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1204403p.

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For the last few years, the German foreign policy has been under constant temptations and substantial reconsideration. The key role in resolving the difficult economic and financial crises in the EU, the development of close economic ties with the Russian and other rising world economic powers, the decision to sustain in the UN Security Council in deciding to authorise the use of force in Libya, as well as the dominant attitude towards the crises in Greece and Kosovo clearly shows the wish of Germany to pursue a more independent foreign policy. In spite of all these efforts and its huge econom

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5

Kokeev, A. "Trans-Atlantic Relations in Germany's Foreign Policy." World Economy and International Relations 59, no. 11 (2015): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-59-11-38-46.

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Relations between Germany, the US and NATO today are the core of transatlantic links. After the Cold War and the reunification of Germany, NATO has lost its former importance to Germany which was not a "frontline state" anymore. The EU acquired a greater importance for German politicians applying both for certain political independence and for establishing of a broad partnership with Russia and China. The task of the European Union Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) development has been regarded by Berlin as a necessary component of the NATO's transformation into a “balanced Euro-Americ

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6

Arnold, Eckart. "German foreign policy and unification." International Affairs 67, no. 3 (1991): 453–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621946.

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7

Sokolov, Artem. "Security of Germany and the US Military Presence: A “Comfortable” Occupation or an Allied Solidarity?" Journal of International Analytics, no. 1-2 (March 28, 2019): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2019-0-1-2-41-51.

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The article is devoted to the influence of the American military presence in Germany on the foreign policy strategy of the German leadership in the matter of ensuring the security of Germany. The location of the US Army in a number of German lands has remained a significant factor in German foreign policy since the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949. After the reunification of Germany in 1990, the German government expanded its foreign policy activity based on the system of Western alliances and a multilateral approach. The crisis in the Western community, exacerbated by the a

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8

Hellmann, Gunther. "Fatal attraction? German foreign policy and IR/foreign policy theory." Journal of International Relations and Development 12, no. 3 (2009): 257–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jird.2009.11.

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9

Zaritskii, B. "Development Assistance in German Foreign Policy." World Economy and International Relations 66, no. 4 (2022): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-4-63-74.

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The article discusses the conceptual approaches and policies of Germany in the field of official development assistance (ODA). The FRG is the second largest donor country in terms of the absolute amount of financial resources that the government donates as ODA. However, there is an obvious gap between the official rhetoric and the actual practices of the German ODA policy. Development assistance has been actively used by Berlin to promote its political and economic interests and to address its security policy problems. Germany’s ODA policy is built primarily on a bilateral basis, the belief be

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10

Leonov, E. S. "The Origin of German-American Relations as a Partnership of Unequal Parties." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(45) (December 28, 2015): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-6-45-15-22.

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Abstract: Despite the high technological effectiveness of today’s German economy which serves as the «engine» of Europe and the core of the European integration processes, Germany, however, possesses a limited foreign policy leverage in the modern international relations. Gradual restriction of the sovereignty of Germany began during the post-war period due to the strengthening of the European track of U.S. foreign policy. For instance, at this stage Washington takes the responsibility on restoration of the German economic welfare, filling of legal vacuum in West Germany and also initiates cul

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11

Willis, F. Roy, and Wolfram F. Hanrieder. "Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy." American Historical Review 96, no. 3 (1991): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2162467.

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12

Fischer, Conan. "Germany, America, Europe: forty years of German foreign policy." International Affairs 66, no. 3 (1990): 606–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2623132.

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13

Stern, Fritz, and Wolfram F. Hanrieder. "Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy." Foreign Affairs 68, no. 4 (1989): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20044156.

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14

Cooney, James A., and Wolfram F. Handrieder. "Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy." German Studies Review 13, no. 3 (1990): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1430823.

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15

Campbell, Edwina S. "Germany, America, Europe: Forty years of German foreign policy." History of European Ideas 17, no. 4 (1993): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(93)90141-c.

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16

Rustamova, L. R. "THE DEFINING FEATURES OF SOFT POWER STRATEGY IN GERMAN FOREIGN POLICY." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(46) (February 28, 2016): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-1-46-118-128.

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The defeat in the Second World War made Germany very carefully select the foreign policy concepts, which is still actual for the country. Until now, any political idea, even an indirect indication to the desire to establish German hegemony, could cause the deterioration of relations with partners in the EU and other neighboring countries. In these circumstances, Germany has chosen as the most appropriate foreign policy strategy for the promotion of the national interests the use of so-called "soft power" - the ability to encourage others to do what you want with the help of appeal, rather than

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17

Belov, V. B. "German Foreign Policy in the Face of Current Challenges." Journal of International Analytics 12, no. 3 (2021): 38–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2021-12-3-38-58.

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The article analyzes the features of German foreign policy on the eve of the September (2021) elections to the Bundestag and the gradual overcoming of the crisis consequences of the coronavirus pandemic. The priorities of the foreign policy based on the value approach remain the European and transatlantic vectors, as well as relations with the main system-forming international organizations. The postulates of value are prompting Berlin to increasingly intensify criticism of Russia and China, incl. due to the signifi cantly increased, from his point of view, threats in relation to Germany and o

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18

Janes, Jackson. "Merkel 3.0: German Foreign Policy in the Aftermath of the 2013 Bundestag Election." German Politics and Society 32, no. 3 (2014): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2014.320306.

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Angela Merkel remains arguably the most powerful politician in Europe, now in her third term as chancellor. While she enjoys popularity at home, seen as pragmatic and reliable, she faces numerous outward expectations and pressures that challenge Germany's foreign policy of restraint. Some argue that Germany does not pull its weight in foreign policy, particularly militarily, or at least is reluctant to do so. This view is not only an external one, but also is shared by Germany's leaders—both Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier and President Joachim Gauck, among others, have expressed thei

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19

Veselov, Yuriy Aleksandrovich. "Analysis of evolution of the attitude of the Federal Republic of Germany towards the Russian Federation within the framework of the establishment of German national identity after the German reunification." Международные отношения, no. 1 (January 2022): 16–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2022.1.33611.

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This article examines the relevant topic of Germany-Russia relations. The goal is set to analyze the German perception of these relations through the prism of specific German national identity. The key task lies in studying the German identity and its reflection in foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Germany with regards to the Russian Federation. The author believes that German identity is a crucial factor in the formation of foreign policy course alongside the establishment of advantageous business ties. The article covers the main characteristics and problems of German national identi

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20

Juricic, Michael. "Perception, causation and German foreign policy." Review of International Studies 21, no. 1 (1995): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500117541.

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With characteristic insight, intelligence, and good humour, the eighteenth-century Scottish poet, Robert Burns, once remarked that ‘the best-laid schemes o'mice an men gang aft agley’. Written primarily as a commonsense observation on success and unintentional failure experienced during life's travails, Burns’ witticism does ironically account for much in the world of politics as it functions both within societies and between nation-states. For in international politics, established patterns of action and reaction are often poor guides to resolving complex disputes, whereas innovative, origina

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21

Karp, Regina. "The New German foreign policy consensus." Washington Quarterly 29, no. 1 (2005): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016366005774859652.

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22

Gordon, Philip H. "The normalization of German foreign policy." Orbis 38, no. 2 (1994): 225–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4387(94)90043-4.

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23

Kotov, Alexander. "Arctic Vector for German Foreign Policy." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 20, no. 2 (2021): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran220214854.

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Germany updated its Arctic strategy in 2019. It is determined that in the context of achieving global climate goals this region for Germany to be one of the key ones. It is emphasized that the interests of Germany are in the sustainable supply of natural resources from the Arctic. The long-term Germany`s policy is formed by the informing the world community about the risks of further economic development of the macroregion for global climatic and environmental reasons, which is carried out within the framework of national policies by the Arctic countries. Russia is one of the key Arctic countr

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24

Golitsyn, Yu P., and A. S. Sokolov. "German Bank of Soviet Russia (Activity of the German-Volga Bank of Agricultural Credit in the 1920s)." Modern History of Russia 11, no. 3 (2021): 638–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.305.

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The transition of Soviet Russia from “war communism” to a new economic policy required the restoration of commodity-money exchange, the financial and tax system, credit and other market institutions. The need for rapid recovery and development of all branches of the national economy predetermined a certain departure from the “communist” views on banking and in the early 1920s. in the country, along with the State Bank, special banks appeared. These banks, being under the control of the relevant economic commissariats, ensured the implementation of the necessary financial and credit policy in t

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25

Wulf, Stefan. "The Revista Médica project: medical journals as instruments of German foreign cultural policy towards Latin America, 1920-1938." História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 20, no. 1 (2013): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702013000100010.

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After the First World War, foreign cultural policy became one of the few fields in which Germany could act with relative freedom from the restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. In this context the Hamburg doctors Ludolph Brauer, Bernhard Nocht and Peter Mühlens created the Revista Médica de Hamburgo (as of 1928 Revista Médica Germano-Ibero-Americana), a monthly medical journal in Spanish (and occasionally in Portuguese), to increase German influence especially in Latin American countries. The focus of this article is on the protagonists of this project, the Hamburg doctors, the Fore

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26

Sharikov, Pavel. "AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY PRIORITIES TOWARDS GERMANY." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 24, no. 6 (2021): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran620214149.

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The article addresses the priorities of US relations with Germany. The victory of Joseph Biden and Democratic Party on the elections of 2020 signified quite radical twist in US foreign policy. The election slogan «America is back» which won the White House for the Democratic Party and Congress, means restoration of transatlantic relationship, damaged by the previous administration. Germany has a special place in this process. Elections in Germany in 2021 resulted in a victory of a Social Democratic Party. Decision making in Washington on Relations with Germany are influenced by many factors, i

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27

FRIESENDORF, CORNELIUS. "Police assistance as foreign policy: Explaining donor practices." Review of International Studies 42, no. 2 (2015): 377–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210515000297.

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AbstractPolice assistance is an important, albeit understudied aspect of foreign policy. While many scholars have studied international and transnational policing, it remains largely unknown why donor police forces often support their colleagues in fragile states in different ways. This article discusses a variety of potential explanations of police assistance: a domestic rational actor model; a constructivist focus on international norms; and theories on the use of force by democracies. While all of these explanations are relevant, this article shows that they remain incomplete without studyi

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28

Petrosyan, D. V. ,. "FOREIGN POLICY ATTITUDES OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY IN THE POSTBIPOLAR WORLD." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Historical science 7 (73), no. 3 (2021): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1741-2021-7-3-87-98.

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The Contemporary Federal Republic of Germany is the leader of the European Union, on which the development of the European Union and European-transatlantic relations largely depends. The Federal Republic of Germany determines the main content and direction of the EU policy towards the Russian Federation. Russian-German relations have a significant impact on the solution of many world problems. The unification of two states at the end of the 20th century – the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic — became one of the greatest and most significant events in the history o

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29

Цвык and Anatoliy Tsvyk. "CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE FRG." Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences 10, no. 6 (2015): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16833.

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The article analyzes conceptual basis of the foreign policy of the FRG in a period from the1950s to the present. In the author’s opinion the modern foreign policy strategy of Germany was the result of the evolution of German foreign policy since its formation. The author concludes that in the geopolitics, Germany realizes the Global Positioning Strategy based on the political and economic presence in the most important geopolitical regions of the world.

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30

Hellmann, Gunther. "Introduction by guest editor: IR/foreign policy theory and German foreign policy." Journal of International Relations and Development 12, no. 3 (2009): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jird.2009.14.

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31

McAdams, A. James, Wolfram Hanrieder, and George McGhee. "Germany, America, and Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy." Political Science Quarterly 105, no. 1 (1990): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2151231.

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32

MALICI, AKAN. "Germans as Venutians: The Culture of German Foreign Policy Behavior." Foreign Policy Analysis 2, no. 1 (2006): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-8594.2005.00019.x.

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33

Sadykova, L. R. "German Policy Towards Muslim Communities." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(39) (December 28, 2014): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-6-39-174-181.

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The past two-three decades can be characterized by the period of global migration and sharp jump of migratory streams is connected with globalization and with the economic factor, generating labor movement behind resources from Third World countries to the countries with deficiency of labor. The desire to receive comfort life becomes the major reason, and the migrant makes the decision being guided by private interest more often instead of external factors. Western Europe became one of the most important center of gravity of migrants. During the post-war period the need of Europe in foreign la

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34

Bondarev, Vitaly. "Foreign Policy Aspects of the Soviet Famine of 1932–1933." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 4 (2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640016180-6.

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The article examines one of the least studied aspects of the Soviet famine of 1932–33, namely the reaction of the international community and foreign governments to this tragedy. Facts are presented that prove that the Stalinist regime failed to conceal information about the famine in the collectivized village and prevent the outrage that broke out in the West over the mass death of Soviet citizens. The authors note that the negative reaction from the international community came in the form of both coverage of the plight of farmers in the press, and the organization of material assistance to

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35

Dudaiti, A. K. "Iran’s Foreign Policy in 1933-1939: Problems of Diversifying Relations with Leading World Powers." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 12 (December 28, 2021): 309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-12-309-326.

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The article is devoted to the problems of modernizing Iran’s foreign policy strategy on the eve of World War II, the implementation of a set of measures to diversify its relations with the leading world powers. The factors influencing the formation of the conflict relations of Iran with Great Britain and the USSR are revealed. The features of the nationalist policy of the Reza Shah regime, aimed at liberating the country from British control and weakening Soviet influence in the country, are traced. Particular attention is paid to the formation of a pro-German course in Iran’s foreign policy.

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36

Crossley-Frolick, Katy A. "Domestic Constraints, German Foreign Policy and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding." German Politics and Society 31, no. 3 (2013): 43–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2013.310303.

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Since the end of the Cold War, Germany has assumed a greater profile in addressing global security concerns. This article analyzes the evolution of Germany's approach to peacebuilding in the post Cold War era. It argues that while Germany could play a unique and important role in such missions, it has largely demurred. The muted quality of German leadership in international peacebuilding reveals a foreign policy role identity that remains circumscribed by a culture of restraint (Kultur der Zurückhaltung). From a constructivist perspective, this “culture of restraint” acts as a cognitive map fo

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37

Maull, Hanns W. "What German Responsibility Means." Security and Human Rights 26, no. 1 (2015): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02601012.

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“Responsibility” has long been a key political concept in German foreign policy since 1949. It reflects the shadow cast by Germany over Europe during the first half of the last century, and therefore implies a determination to pursue, at home and abroad, policies that are diametrically opposed to those pursued by Berlin under Emperor Wilhelm ii and Nazi Germany. In today’s context, German foreign policy “responsibility” has to deal with the breakdown of the pan-European order of Paris. The article argues that Berlin against this background should assume a leadership role within the osce along

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38

Martynov, Andriy. "US-Germany Relations Development Trends Under the Presidency of Donald Trump." American History & Politics Scientific edition, no. 9 (2020): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2020.09.2.

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The influence of internal political processes in the USA and Germany on the evolution of US-German relations is analyzed in the article. The crisis of the mono-polar system of international relations was synchronized with changes in the global order. It affected relations between the US and Germany. The scientific literature has been dominated by the view that President Trump’s conservative-moderate foreign policy strategy is contrary to the traditions of liberal-democratic multilateral diplomacy. D. Trump’s views on the international positioning of the United States can be considered as a var

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39

Lakishyk, Dmytro. "German Question in the Foreign Policy Strategy of the USA in the Second Half of the 1940s – 1980s." European Historical Studies, no. 16 (2020): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2020.16.6.

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The article examines US policy towards West Germany after World War II, covering a historical span from the second half of the 1940s to the 1980s. It was US policy in Europe, and in West Germany in particular, that determined the dynamics and nature of US-German relations that arose on a long-term basis after the formation of Germany in September 1949. One of the peculiarities of US-German relations was the fact that both partners found themselves embroiled in a rapidly escalating international situation after 1945. The Cold War, which broke out after the seemingly inviolable Potsdam Accords,

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40

Geipel, Gary, and Lothar Gutjahr. "German Foreign and Defence Policy after Unification." German Studies Review 18, no. 2 (1995): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1431885.

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41

Chambers, Paul. "German foreign and defence policy after unification." International Affairs 70, no. 3 (1994): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2623781.

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42

Lee, Son Phil. "German Re-unification and Italian Foreign Policy." Journal of international area studies 14, no. 3 (2010): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.18327/jias.2010.10.14.3.357.

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43

Weinberg, Gerhard L. "Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945." American Historical Review 90, no. 4 (1985): 964. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1858935.

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44

Miskimmon, Alister. "German Foreign Policy and the Libya Crisis." German Politics 21, no. 4 (2012): 392–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2012.739610.

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45

Schulz, Gerhard. "Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945." Philosophy and History 18, no. 2 (1985): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philhist198518288.

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46

Kundnani, Hans. "The Concept of "Normality" in German Foreign Policy since Unification." German Politics and Society 30, no. 2 (2012): 38–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2012.300203.

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In this paper I examine the use of the concept of "normality" in debates about German foreign policy since unification. In the early 1990s, left-wing intellectuals such as Jürgen Habermas tended to criticize the idea of "normality" in favor of a form of German exceptionalism based on responsibility for the Nazi past. A foreign policy based on the idea of "normality" was associated above all with the greater use of military force, which the right advocated and the left opposed. Thus, "normality" became a synonym for Bündnisfähigkeit. Yet, from the mid 1990s onwards, some Social Democrats such a

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47

Krushinsky, V., and B. Pryimak. "GERMANY’S ATTITUDE TOWARD THE EUROPEAN INTEGRATION AND EURO-ATLANTIC ASPIRATIONS OF UKRAINE." Actual Problems of International Relations, no. 131 (2017): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2017.131.0.22-33.

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Despite the long history of relations Ukraine had a sidetrack in the German Eastern European politics. Ukrainian-German relations were in the shadow of German-Russian. This led to inconsistencies in the development of the German strategy for Ukraine and its European and Euro-Atlantic aspirations. Another cause is a dualism of German foreign policy – as a nation-state on the one hand and on the other – as the informal leader of the EU, the most influential country in the union, whose foreign policy to some extent affects Europe overall. As the informal leader of the EU, Germany wants to strengt

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48

Rustamova, L. R. "German "Soft power" Policies in the Muslim World." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(43) (August 28, 2015): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-4-43-144-151.

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In recent years, a number of foreign policy concepts declared the importance of using the instruments of "soft power" to promote the national interests of a country. Soft power is the ability through political values, culture and foreign policy to influence others by forming attractiveness [18]. Germany is generally recognized as the leader in the resources of "soft power." The article discusses what kind of resources are deployed by Germany to increase its "soft power" in the Muslim direction of foreign policy. The Muslim world has its own specifics, which complicate the use of instruments of

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49

Kotova, Elena. "The German Question in the Foreign Policy of the Austrian Empire in 1850—1866." ISTORIYA 12, no. 6 (104) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016050-4.

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For centuries, the House of Austria (the Habsburgs) maintained its leadership in the Holy Roman Empire, and later in the German Union. But in the middle of the 19th century the situation changed, Austria lost its position in Germany, lost to Prussia in the struggle for hegemony. The article examines what factors influenced such an outcome of the German question, what policy Austria pursued in the 50—60s of the 19th century, what tasks it set for itself. The paper traces the relationship between the domestic and foreign policy of Austria. Economic weakness and political instability prevented th

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U. Berger, Thomas. "A Perfectly Normal Abnormality: German Foreign Policy after Kosovo and Afghanistan." Japanese Journal of Political Science 3, no. 2 (2002): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109902002025.

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For decades Japan and the Federal Republic of Germany have gone to extraordinary lengths to cultivate as low a profile as possible on defense and national security policy matters. However, since the Gulf War, the Federal Republic has come under growing pressure from its allies to assume a greater international security role. Slowly, reluctantly it has acceded to these demands, albeit at the expense of considerable internal angst and turmoil. At the same time, German decision makers have sought to preserve as much as possible the old approach to security policy. Consequently, the long-standing

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