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Sinner, Carsten. "Der Gebrauch der typographischen Zeichen und der Interpunktionszeichen im Französischen, Deutschen und Rumänischen." Lebende Sprachen 56, no. 1 (2011): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/les.2011.001.
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AbstractPunctuation marks have special importance in bringing out the meaning of a text. Nonetheless, they are not normally taken into consideration in text production in foreign languages and therefore constitute a strong source of interference. This article analyses the use of a series of punctuation marks (hyphen, quotation marks, etc.) in French, German and Romanian, highlighting the differences and trying to give explanations for the abuse of several signs in texts in the different languages written by non-native and native authors. Evidence is given that the use of the punctuation marks in a foreign language following the norms of the mother tongue may produce misunderstandings on behalf of native readers. Furthermore, it can be shown that the prescriptive and descriptive grammars of the implied languages do not represent current tendencies of use.
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Klosa-Kückelhaus, Annette, and Sascha Wolfer. "Considerations on the Acceptance of German neologisms from the 1990s." International Journal of Lexicography 33, no. 2 (2019): 150–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecz033.
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Abstract Are borrowed neologisms accepted more slowly into the German language than German words resulting from the application of wrd formation rules? This study addresses this question by focusing on two possible indicators for the acceptance of neologisms: a) frequency development of 239 German neologisms from the 1990s (loanwords as well as new words resulting from the application of word formation rules) in the German reference corpus DeReKo and b) frequency development in the use of pragmatic markers (‘flags’, namely quotation marks and phrases such as sogenannt ‘so-called’) with these words. In the second part of the article, a psycholinguistic approach to evaluating the (psychological) status of different neologisms and non-words in an experimentally controlled study and plans to carry out interviews in a field test to collect speakers’ opinions on the acceptance of the analysed neologisms are outlined. Finally, implications for the lexicographic treatment of both types of neologisms are discussed.
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Härtl, Holden. "Name-informing and distancing sogenannt ‘so-called’: Name mentioning and the lexicon-pragmatics interface." Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 37, no. 2 (2018): 139–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2018-0008.
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Abstract This paper aims at a unified analysis of the different interpretations which constructions involving the German name-mentioning modifier sogenannt ‘so-called’ can adopt. In contrast to nouns like Sepsis ‘sepsis’, a noun like Hotel ‘hotel’, as in sogenanntes Hotel, gives rise to a “distanced” interpretation of the construction rather than one informing about a concept’s name. After a thorough investigation of the lexical-semantic properties, we propose the reading of the construction to emerge from an interplay between lexical factors like the head nominal’s conventionalization, on the one hand, and pragmatic implicatures rooted in relevance- as well as manner-based principles, on the other. From a compositional perspective, the so in sogenannt will be reasoned to be identical in function to quotation marks as a means to refer to a linguistic shape through demonstration. The different interpretations of the construction will be coupled with the type of binding of the agent-argument variable as well as the event variable of the verbal root nenn- ‘call’ of sogenannt.
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Van Hal, Toon. "When Quotation Marks Matter." Historiographia Linguistica 38, no. 1-2 (2011): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.38.1-2.17van.
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Brodska, Oksana. "Internal monologue as a narrative manner of A. Schnitzler’s novella “Lieutenant Gustl”." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 13, no. 23 (2020): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2020-13-23-9-15.
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In the article the main attention is focused on A. Schnitzler’s novella “Lieutenant Gustl”, which is analyzed from the point of view of the internal monologue used in it. The analysis is carried out, on the one hand, by theoretical consideration of the work and, on the other hand, we show the influences and references that led to the development of this method of narration. Modern literary theoretical approaches and models are presented, interdisciplinary currents of the spirit of the time, such as psychoanalysis are shown and how they are mutually conditioned. It has been found out that the work is based on the manner of narration – an internal monologue, which is reflected with the help of lexical and syntactical means of expression. At the same time, A. Schnitzler comes to the organization of literary-figurative material of the work in a special way. This is manifested, firstly, in the development of the writer’s methods and techniques of self-analysis; thanks to this, he highlighted the experience of a tragic event that happened in the life of an officer; secondly, in expanding functional possibilities of the depicting plan. The novella “Lieutenant Gustl” presents such a narrative perspective as inner focus (sympathy). The narrator corresponds to the character and can control his speech through grammatical and rhetorical means. This is, so to say, personal narrative behavior focused on one figure (autonomous internal monologue). The internal monologue is characterized by grammatical, narrative and psychologically-semantic features, which is a kind of scientific experiment, which the novelist embodies by means of literature, making it unrecognizable. At the same time, he makes a contribution to the subject-object problematics of modern thinking and criticizes the loss of life practice due to the one-sided predominance of theory. Schnitzler was one of the first writers in the German-language literature who purposefully used the form of an internal monologue. A striking example is the novella “Lieutenant Gustl”, the narration of which is told entirely from the inner perspective of the main character. His thoughts are formulated as improper-direct speech, the author refuses from quotation marks, uses the narrative perspective of inner focus: he knows the inner world of Gustl and allows the reader to participate in it. It completely goes to the background, that is why the whole text consists only of the language of the character. Therefore, the use of an internal monologue with a continuous fixation of Gustl’s thoughts is aimed at open reproduction of his feelings, and thus, the reader has the illusion of being able to directly penetrate into the world of the protagonist’s thoughts.
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Gómez-Torrente, Mario. "Remarks on Impure Quotation." Hybrid Quotations 17 (December 31, 2003): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.17.08gom.
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Quotation marks are ambiguous, although the conventional rules that govern their different uses are similar in that they contain quantifications over quotable expressions. Pure uses are governed by a simple rule: by enclosing any expression within quotation marks one gets a singular term, the quotation, that stands for the enclosed expression. Impure uses are far less simple. In a series of uses the quotation marks conventionally indicate that (part of) the enclosed expression is a contextually appropriate version of expressions uttered by some relevant agent. When the quotation marks have this meaning, it is tempting to think of them as contributing that indication to the truth-conditional content of the utterance. I adopt a cautious attitude towards this hypothesis, for the evidence in its favor is inconclusive. In other uses the quotation marks conventionally indicate that the enclosed expression should be used not “plainly” but in some broadly speaking “distanced” way, or that it is being so used by the utterer, and typically context makes clear the exact nature of the “distance” at stake. In these cases the quotation marks do not even appear to contribute that indication to the truth-conditional content of the utterance.
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Dreesen, Philipp. "Ausdrücke in Anführungszeichen als Verfestigungen." Linguistik Online 96, no. 3 (2019): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.96.5532.
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This study raises the question of whether formulaic expressions always consist of at least two words. It is argued that pragmatics should also consider paraverbal graphematical signs. Some present German expressions are emphased in quotation marks for political and possibly critical reasons (e. g. „Drittes Reich“, „zivilisiert“). They form their own kind of formulaicity, because it is not quotation. The identification of quotations is only one function of quotation marks. Other meta-pragmatic functions of quotation marks are – if at all – only contextual and often not distinct. This includes, for example, the so-called „application with reservation“ and the „term with reservation“, as examples from the German colonial period show (e. g. „wild“, „dunkler Welttheil“). For this reason, corpus-based analyses of these formulaic expressions will also require contextual interpretations in the future.
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Benbaji, Yitzhak. "Who Needs Semantics of Quotation Marks?" Hybrid Quotations 17 (December 31, 2003): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.17.03ben.
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This paper further develops the semantic approach to quotation marks first presented in Benbaji (2004a) and (2004b). The account defended here is a version of the neo-Davidsonian semantic theory of quotation recently revived by Cappelen & Lepore. I begin by providing two further pieces of evidence in support of a semantic account. I argue, contra Recanati, that quotation marks cannot be “pragmatic indicators”, namely “expressions which have certain conditions of use, and whose use indicates that the conditions in question obtain”. Facts about verb phrase anaphora and about the cancelability of conventional implicatures clearly show, I believe, that quotation marks contribute to what is strictly and minimally said by the sentence in which they appear. On the other hand, I argue, contra Cappelen & Lepore, that the semantics of these markers is not “innocent”. Within some contexts, the semantic value of quotation marks is a component of the proposition expressed by the sentence in which they appear, while within others it is part of the mechanism that determines which proposition is expressed by the sentence given a context.
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Kasimir, Elke. "Prosodic correlates of subclausal quotation marks." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 49 (January 1, 2008): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.49.2008.364.
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We present the results of an experimental study which targets prosodic correlates of subclausal quotation marks. We found that written sentences containing passages enclosed by quotation marks were read aloud in a manner that significantly differs in prosody from spoken realizations of corresponding disquoted counterparts. However, we also observed that such prosodic marking of subclausal quotation wasn't strong enough to survive subsequent back-translation into written language: there was no correlation between the presence/absence of quotation marks in the original written examples, and the presence/absence of quotation marks in corresponding back-translations from oral renditions. We investigated three different kinds of uses of quotation marks and found no systematic difference between them with respect to prosodic marking.
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Schlechtweg, Marcel, and Holden Härtl. "Do We Pronounce Quotation? An Analysis of Name-informing and Non-name-informing Contexts." Language and Speech 63, no. 4 (2019): 769–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830919893393.
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Quotation marks are a tool to refer to the linguistic form of an expression. For instance, in cases of so-called pure quotation as in “Hanover” has three syllables, they point to the syllabic characteristics of the name of the town of Hanover. Cases of this nature differ from sentences like Hanover is a town in New Hampshire, in which Hanover is used denotationally and, thus, refers to the town of Hanover itself. Apart from quotation marks, other means such as italics, bold, capitalization, or air quotes represent potential means to signal a non-stereotypical use of an item in the written or gestural mode. It is far less clear, however, whether acoustic correlates of quotation marks exist. The present contribution aims at investigating this issue by focusing on instances of quotation, in which the conventionalized name of a lexical concept is highlighted by means of quotation marks, either together with or without an additional lexical quotational marker, such as so-called, on the lexical level (cf. The so-called “vuvuzela” is an instrument from South Africa vs. The “vuvuzela” is an instrument from South Africa). The data clearly show that quotation marks are pronounced, primarily triggering a lengthening effect, independently of whether they appear together with or without a name-informing context. The results of the experiments are interpreted against the background of a pragmatic implementation of quotation marks in general as well as in spoken discourse in particular.
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L Mack, Robert. "Quotation Marks: living the life of a language." Life Writing 2, no. 1 (2005): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408340308518277.
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Hequembourg, Stephen. "Milton’s “Unoriginal” Voice: Quotation Marks inParadise Lost." Modern Philology 112, no. 1 (2014): 154–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/676498.
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Baker, Gordon P. "Quotation-marks in Philosophical Investigations Part I." Language & Communication 22, no. 1 (2002): 37–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0271-5309(01)00011-8.
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Cumming, Samuel. "Two Accounts of Indexicals in Mixed Quotation." Hybrid Quotations 17 (December 31, 2003): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.17.05cum.
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When the indexical ‘I’ appears inside quotation marks, it refers not to the person now speaking but to the person whose speech is being reported. The apparently ‘monstrous’ behaviour of quotation can be dismissed in direct speech, so long as one maintains that the quoted part is mentioned rather than used. The same cannot be maintained, however, in so-called ‘mixed’ quotation, for which a pure-mention analysis is implausible. In this paper I compare two accounts of the semantics of quotation. While the accounts of Maier & Geurts (2004), Geurts & Maier (this volume), and Bittner (to appear) all anticipate the correct behaviour for indexicals inside quotation, the approach developed by Geurts and Maier makes a further, false generalisation, and is therefore empirically inferior.
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Alexander, Meena. "Phenomenology of Passage." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 131, no. 5 (2016): 1519–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2016.131.5.1519.
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In Dictee Theresa Cha, a Korean American Writer Who Died Tragically at the Age of Thirty-One, Shows Us How Dwelling in language can lead us to the truth of a radical instability. On the first page, she sets blocks of text in French and English one above the other, spelling out the terms for spacing and punctuation that a child might not understand. The English paragraph reads:Open paragraph It was the first day period She had come from a far period tonight at dinner comma the families would ask comma open quotation marks How was the first day interrogation mark close quotation marks… . (1)
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Damien Keane. "Quotation Marks, the Gramophone Record, and the Language of the Outlaw." Texas Studies in Literature and Language 51, no. 4 (2009): 400–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tsl.0.0035.
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Weizman, Elda. "The discursive pattern ‘claim+ indirect quotation in quotation marks’: Strategic uses in French and Hebrew online journalism." Journal of Pragmatics 157 (February 2020): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.07.012.
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Killick, Rachel, and Svetlana Bohm. "Death in Quotation Marks: Cultural Myths of the Modern Poet." Modern Language Review 88, no. 3 (1993): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3734975.
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Mahlberg, Michaela, Peter Stockwell, Johan de Joode, Catherine Smith, and Matthew Brook O'Donnell. "CLiC Dickens: novel uses of concordances for the integration of corpus stylistics and cognitive poetics." Corpora 11, no. 3 (2016): 433–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2016.0102.
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This paper introduces the web application CLiC, which we developed as part of a research project bringing together insights from both cognitive poetics and corpus stylistics, with Dickens's novels as a case study. CLiC supports the analysis of discourse in narrative fiction with search options that make it possible to focus on stretches of text within and outside quotation marks. We argue that such search options open up novel ways of using concordances to link lexico-grammatical and textual patterns. We focus specifically on patterns for the creation of fictional characters. From a technical point of view, we explain the XML annotation that CLiC works with. Our discussion of textual examples focusses on phrases in fictional speech that illustrate significant differences between text within and outside quotation marks. In terms of theory, we argue that CLiC supports the identification of textual patterns that can provide insights into fictional minds and contribute to the exploration of readerly effects within the wider framework of mind-modelling.
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LeBlanc, Ronald D., and Svetlana Boym. "Death in Quotation Marks: Cultural Myths of the Modern Poet." Slavic and East European Journal 37, no. 1 (1993): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/308636.
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Byrman, Gunilla, and Ylva Byrman. "In evidence: Linguistic transformations of events in police interview reports." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 41, no. 2 (2018): 155–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586518000100.
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The aim of this article is to examine how police investigators reproduce interviewees’ utterances in narratives, in direct and indirect reported speech, and by enclosing words in reports in quotation marks. Drawing on a larger study of professional writing, the pertinent research question for the current investigation is how writing techniques in police interview reports convey evidential value in the form of reported utterances. A corpus of police reports on domestic violence is explored from the theoretical perspectives of critical discourse analysis, polyvocality and reportative evidentiality. A new analytical framework for polyvocal texts is developed in terms of utterance, source and framer. The results show that it is difficult to determine whether or not words placed within quotation marks are meant to present verbatim quotes. Another finding is that police investigators are not consistent in documenting utterances from different sources, or in showing whether utterances are embedded in other utterances. This may obscure the structure of the original events and the source of crucial utterances, resulting in unclear evidential status for police reports.
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Reimer, Marga. "Too Counter-Intuitive to Believe? Pragmatic Accounts of Mixed Quotation." Hybrid Quotations 17 (December 31, 2003): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.17.10rei.
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Intuitively, an utterance of: (1) Alice said that life is “difficult to understand” would not be true unless Alice uttered the very words “difficult to understand.” However, several recent theories of “mixed quotation” contend that the intuition here is a misleading one. According to these theories, the truth conditions of (1) are identical to those of: (2) Alice said that life is difficult to understand. On such accounts, the quotation marks in (1) are of only pragmatic significance. That Alice uttered the quoted words is something the speaker might well convey in uttering (1); it is not something literally expressed by the utterance itself. Whatever its theoretical motivations, these contentions are undeniably counter-intuitive and the pragmaticist owes us an explanation of where they come from. This paper presents and evaluates various strategies that a pragmaticist with respect to mixed quotation might appeal to in an effort to explain the source of the counter-intuitive consequences of his theory.
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Anthonissen, Christine. "‘With English the world is more open to you’ – language shift as marker of social transformation." English Today 29, no. 1 (2013): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078412000545.
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This article gives an appraisal of bilingualism in Afrikaans and English among the Cape ‘Coloured’ community and of shifting patterns within it. It has become customary to use quotation marks around the termColouredand lower case to signal that this and other race-based terms are contested ones in South Africa (see Erasmus, 2001; Ruiters, 2009). On the advice of the ET editor for this issue, however, I will use the term with the capital and without quotation marks, since he argues – conversely – that the use of lower case and scare quotes in print can also be misconstrued as disrespect for a community. In this community it appears that a shift is underway from Afrikaans as first and as home language to English as the dominant family language. However, this shift does not follow a straightforward linear trajectory, and while some speakers appear to have abandoned Afrikaans in favour of English, in many families the language has not been jettisoned. Before citing studies that explore this complexity, including current work by the author, it is necessary to give a brief overview of the background to Afrikaans and English in South Africa and their place in the country's overall multilingualism.
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Saka, Paul. "Quotational Constructions." Hybrid Quotations 17 (December 31, 2003): 187–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.17.11sak.
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The utterance of any expression x ostends or makes manifest the customary referent of x, x itself, and related matter. If x appears in quotation marks then the presumed intention behind the utterance is to pick out something other than the customary referent (either instead of it or in addition to it). The consequences of these ideas, taken from my 1998 work, are here drawn out in application to a variety of quotations: metalinguistic citation, reported speech, scare-quoting, echo-quoting, loan words, and titles.
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Žalkauskaitė, Gintarė. "Features of idiolect in the punctuation of electronic mail." Lietuvių kalba, no. 5 (December 28, 2011): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2011.22802.
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The article deals with the usage of punctuation marks in the emails of six different authors. Punctuation marks belong to the graphical level of a text, which makes the electronic discourse more distant from standard written language. As a result, a prediction is made that in the electronic communication punctuation marks may be used specifically. The aim of the article is to determine whether punctuation in electronic mail can be linked with the author's idiolect. The corpus of electronic messages under investigation consists of 65,090 words. In total, there are 13,548 punctuation marks used in it. In the present analysis of punctuation, an attempt is made to measure the total number of punctuation marks as well as the number of them as used by each author. In addition the situations in which each punctuation mark is used are also investigated. In the analysis of general tendencies in punctuation mark usage, it has been noted that many different punctuation marks are used in electronic messages. The most numerous marks have proved to be regular ones such as commas, full stops, question marks, dashes, suspension points, brackets, quotation marks, and exclamation marks. The punctuation marks that are used sparingly in traditional written language and electronic communication (various combinations of different punctuation marks, non-traditional variants of punctuation marks, slashes, semicolons) could have the identification value if they were used frequently by any of the authors in their texts.
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Radhakrishnan, Rajagopalan. "World Literature, by Any Other Name?" PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 131, no. 5 (2016): 1396–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2016.131.5.1396.
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There is a “World” of Difference Between the Benign Descriptive Tautology of the Phrase World Literature When it is Used to indicate, with its phenomenological innocence, literature from a variety of sites and in various languages and the same phrase when it is used to indicate a unitary mode. I distinguish between these concepts by placing quotation marks around the phrase when the second sense is meant. “World literature” indeed results from an act of ideological and hegemonic production: it is a tendentious, normative category with all the magisterial and juridical authority of a taxonomic rubric. In a classic Althusserian sense, the phrase, in quotation marks, actively interpellates the world and the world responds to the ideological hail. In so doing the world constitutes itself epistemologically as certain and determinate. The hail privileges and exemplifies a particular configuration of the world, inevitably alienating and “othering” the possibility of infinite alternative configurations and constellations as various and protean as the world itself. The crucial difference is that until the moment of the hail, world literature just “was,” doing its thing expressively, speaking profusely and in polyglot chaos and richness without necessarily speaking for itself in a unitary, prescriptive, representational, and representative mode. To put it simply, every literature in the world was in the world, and this fact needed no reiteration, no self-conscious validation. Where else would anything or any literature be except in the world? Why not just let world literature be in its various sites, languages, and configurations?
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Noguti, Valeria. "Post language and user engagement in online content communities." European Journal of Marketing 50, no. 5/6 (2016): 695–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-12-2014-0785.
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Purpose This study aims to uncover relationships between content communities post language, such as parts of speech, and user engagement. Design/methodology/approach Analyses of almost 12,000 posts from the content community Reddit are undertaken. First, posts’ titles are subjected to electronic classification and subsequent counting of main parts of speech and other language elements. Then, statistical models are built to examine the relationships between these elements and user engagement, controlling for variables identified in previous research. Findings The number of adjectives and nouns, adverbs, pronouns, punctuation (exclamation marks, quotation marks and ellipses), question marks, advisory words (should, shall, must and have to) and complexity indicators that appear in content community posts’ titles relate to post popularity (scores: number of favourable minus unfavourable votes) and number of comments. However, these relationships vary according to the category, for example, text-based categories (e.g. Politics and World News) vs image-based ones (e.g. Pictures). Research limitations/implications While the relationships uncovered are appealing, this research is correlational, so causality cannot be implied. Practical implications Among other implications, companies may tailor their own content community post titles to match the types of language related to higher user engagement in a particular category. Companies may also provide advice to brand ambassadors on how to make better use of language to increase user engagement. Originality/value This paper shows that language features add explained variance to models of online engagement variables, providing significant contribution to both language and social media researchers and practitioners.
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Gawne, Lauren. "The reported speech evidential particle in Lamjung Yolmo." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 38, no. 2 (2015): 292–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.38.2.09gaw.
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Grammatically encoded evidentials that marks ‘reported speech’, ‘hearsay’ or ‘quotation’ are attested in languages from a variety of families, but often receive cursory description. In this paper I give a detailed account of the reported speech particle ló in Lamjung Yolmo, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nepal. This particle is used when the speaker is reporting previously communicated information. This information may be translated from another language, may be a non-verbal interaction turn or may have been an incomplete utterance. Speakers choose to use the reported speech particle in interaction, and the pragmatic effect is usually to add authority to the propositional content. Detailed description of the use of reported speech evidentials in interaction across different languages will provide a better understanding of the range of their function.
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Heyd, Theresa. "Folk-linguistic landscapes: The visual semiotics of digital enregisterment." Language in Society 43, no. 5 (2014): 489–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404514000530.
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AbstractThis article analyzes folk-linguistic photo blogging as an example of twenty-first-century grassroots prescriptivism. Photo blogs engaged in grassroots prescriptivism usually focus on one specific linguistic phenomenon and collect visual evidence of its usage. Through the overt or covert language policing involved in such displays, folk-linguistic photo blogs contribute to the digital enregisterment of the linguistic practices they focus on as nonstandard or uneducated. This process is closely examined in a case study on emphatic quotation marks, a nonstandard form of punctuation that has been termed ‘greengrocer's quotes’, and its concomitant folk-linguistic photo blog. It is argued here that much of the persuasive power of such blogs can be attributed to their reliance on photographic material depicting signage in public space, and thus on the kind of visual semiotics that also informs many recent approaches in sociolinguistics. The simultaneity of these two phenomena is critically discussed. (Visual semiotics, enregisterment, computer-mediated communication, grassroots prescriptivism, emphatic quotation)*
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Mulvey, Christopher. "The English Project's History of English Punctuation." English Today 32, no. 3 (2016): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078416000110.
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The mission of the English Project (www.englishproject.org) is to explore and explain the English language in order to educate and entertain the English speaker, and 2015 was the year of punctuation for the Project because 6 February 2015 was the 500th anniversary of the death of Aldus Manutius. Aldus was a Venetian printer who shaped the comma, invented the semicolon and created italic fonts. He may have been the greatest punctuator of all time. We ‘punctuated’ the year by looking in turn at the full stop, the semicolon, the colon, the comma, the slash, the hyphen, the parenthesis, the exclamation, the apostrophe, the quotation mark and the question mark. Those twelve provide the fundamentals of English language punctuation, and all of them do more than one job. If we had a complete and unambiguous set of punctuation marks, we might need as many as 50, but the writing world does not want the trouble of such precision. In just same way, the writing world has never accepted the need for 44 separate letters to match the 44 separate sounds of the English language. Providing a separate grapheme (letter) for every phoneme (sound) is the linguist's business. Punctuation marks are ambiguous therefore. They suggest rather than define. They rely on context and the quick wittedness of the reader. If precision is needed, there are proofreader's marks. Merriam-Webster lists 42 of them, but proofreading is a special practice. Punctuation marks are a special set of symbols, and of symbols and signs there is no end. Punctuation marks are regularly appropriated by the devisers of computer languages. Punctuation marks can become logotypes – ‘a single piece of type that prints a word’. The exclamation mark can be made to work like &, $, or @. There are fuzzy edges to the subject of punctuation.
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Baethge, Christopher. "Importance, Errors, and Patterns of Quotations to Psychiatric Original Articles." Pharmacopsychiatry 53, no. 06 (2020): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1167-3567.
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Abstract Introduction A substantial rate of quotation errors has been reported in medical journal publications: about 25% of all quotations are wrong. It is, however, entirely unclear how important quotation errors are for the message of quoting articles. Methods This is a case study in form of a retrospective quotation analysis of a cohort of 72 psychiatric original articles (index articles) from 5 German-language general psychiatric journals. Main outcomes were importance and accuracy of quotations from the 2 calendar years following the publication of index articles. Results Fifty-one index articles were quoted 235 times in 109 quoting articles. Almost all quotations were of medium (76% [95% CI: 70%; 81%]) or high (20% [15%, 25%]) importance for the message of the quoting paper. Regarding quotation accuracy, 44 quotations (19% [14%; 24%]) were rated as minor, and 51 (22% [17%; 27%]) as major errors. In multivariable analyses, no statistically significant and practically relevant factors associated with quotation inaccuracy emerged, such as self-quotation, impact factor of the quoting journal, or importance. Among quoting articles, 7 (6% [3%; 13%]) showed a pattern of predominantly quoting index articles from the time span relevant to the calculation of the impact factor. Discussion Quotations are important for the message of the quoting paper. Therefore, quotation errors may be detrimental to scientific reasoning and may undermine public trust in medical science. The present investigation is a case study, and its results are exploratory. While it is plausible that the findings translate into other environments, independent replication is needed.
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Svanlund, Jan. "Metalinguistic comments and signals." Pragmatics and Cognition 25, no. 1 (2018): 122–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.18005.sva.
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Abstract Many neologies receive a large amount of metalinguistic focus during their conventionalization. This includes explicit metalinguistic comments, as well as several ways of emphasizing a new word qua word in running texts, so-called metasignals (e.g., quotation marks). This article reports from a large quantitative study of 360 Swedish neologies. It investigates the nature and the amount of metafocus during conventionalization. More than 96% of the neologies received metafocus at least once, but the mean proportion of metafocused citations was low, just under 3.5%. Metafocusing is likely to be more intense in early phases and is likely to decline over time. No long-term effects of metafocusing on the conventionalization process itself were found in corpus data.
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Kowalke, Kim H. "For Those We Love: Hindemith, Whitman, and "An American Requiem"." Journal of the American Musicological Society 50, no. 1 (1997): 133–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/832064.
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Hindemith's setting of Whitman's When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd has been called his only "profoundly American" work. However, the double entendre of its original subtitle, "An American Requiem," alluding to Brahms's Ein deutsches Requiem, mirrors Hindemith's ambivalence about his own postwar cultural identity. Although the work's intertextual links with the German polyphonic tradition extend back to Bach, "Taps" is the only overt "American" reference. But the phrase in quotation marks within the final subtitle, "A Requiem 'For those we love,' " is the incipit of a World War I hymn of commemoration, "For those we love within the veil." Hindemith quotes verbatim the melody for this hymn from the 1940 Episcopal Hymnal, which identifies it as "Gaza," a "Traditional Jewish Melody" (in turn derived from a Yigdal). The Requiem may be reinterpreted as a covert commentary on Whitman's text from the post-Holocaust perspective of Hindemith's conflicted personal and artistic circumstances.
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Klewitz, Gabriele, and Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen. "Quote – unquote? the role of prosody in the contextualization of reported speech sequences." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 9, no. 4 (1999): 459–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.9.4.03kle.
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This paper investigates how speakers of English can use the prosodic design of utterances to identity parts of these utterances as instances of reported speech. We will show that prosodic changes can function like quotation marks in written texts by clearly delimiting left and right hand boundaries of the reported sequence. In the majority of cases, however, prosodic changes do not coincide with the boundaries of reported speech but occur nearby, functioning like a 'frame' for the interpretation of a sequence as reported or even only as a 'flag' attracting attention and inviting the listener to actively (re-)construct the corresponding boundaries. Our data analysis also provides evidence for the use of prosodic designs to typify a figure in different roles, which - due to their unique 'prosodic design' can be presented without any verbalized projection of upcoming reported speech, once they have been introduced. This is due to the 'referent-tracking' nature of some prosodic designs of reported utterances.
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Ask, Sofia. "‘She had it coming?’: An experimental study of text interpretation in a police classroom setting." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 41, no. 2 (2018): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586518000094.
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The aim of this study is to investigate how modifications of reporting verbs, modality, style and use of quotation marks in an authentic police report can lead to different interpretations by two groups of trainee police officers. Data was collected through an experiment in a classroom setting, where police trainees discussed two versions of the same police report in focus group discussions. The trainees’ statements were categorised into three themes: impression of the victim, impression of the accused, and assessment of the situation's severity. The results show that modifications such as formal or informal choice of words and the use of scare quotes proved to be influential linguistic modifications. In contrast, variation of reporting verbs and modality appeared less significant. The two versions of the text created different impressions of both the victim and the accused, and the interpretations of the severity of the situation depicted in the text varied between the two trainee groups. This highlights the importance of further study of the linguistic constructions of victims and perpetrators in police texts, in order to ensure credibility and equality before the law.
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Ames, David. "Die Zeit, die ist ein sonderbar Ding [Time is a strange thing]." International Psychogeriatrics 23, no. 2 (2010): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610210002395.
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Having announced my editorship with an editorial whose title was in French (Plus ça change . . .) (Ames, 2003), it seems appropriately symmetrical to commemorate my departure (“editor eject” as opposed to “editor elect”?) with a final editorial whose title is drawn from another major European language. The German title serves four functions: it offers homage to the ethnic origins of our incoming German-born Editor-in-Chief (though given the idiomatic excellence of Nicola Lautenschlager's English I suspect it will be the last bit of German seen in these pages for several years), acknowledges the struggle I have had to try and learn something of the German language in formal weekly lessons since April 2006, and, in addition to its relevance to my situation as outgoing editor, it is also a quotation, from Hugo von Hofmannstahl's libretto to Richard Strauss's opera Der Rosenkavalier (translatable as The Knight of the Rose or simply The Rose Bearer) (Strauss and Hofmannsthal, 1910) which is a work that deals, as much as anything, with questions of transition and adjustment.
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Sulistyowati, Hanifah Monika, Andi Haris Prabawa, Yakub Nasucha, and Laili i. Etika Rahmawat. "Variasi Bahasa, Singkatan, dan Kesalahan Ejaan Pada Fitur Market Place di Facebook." ESTETIK : Jurnal Bahasa Indonesia 3, no. 2 (2020): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/estetik.v3i2.1737.
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The purposes of this study were to answer the following questions: (1) What are the forms of language variations found on the market place feature on Facebook? (2) What are the forms of word abbreviations found on the market place features on Facebook? (3) What are spelling errors in the market place feature on Facebook? This study used a qualitative method referring to the analyses of screenshots and data records. The results of this study revealed the following: 1) There are three variations of language, including Indonesian and English language variations, Indonesian and Javanese variations, and the variations of Indonesian, English, and Javanese. 2) There are two types of word abbreviations, namely Indonesian abbreviations and English abbreviations. 3) There are four forms of spelling errors, including a) Erroneous use of capital letters, b) erroneous use of the in-front letter, c) Errors in writing periods (.) and commas (,), and d) Errors in quotation marks (". .. ") and abbreviations or apostrophes ('').
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Bodnaruk, E. V., and T. N. Astakhova. "Corpus Analysis of Evidential Verbs SAGEN and BEHAUPTEN in Modern German-Language Media Discourse." Nauchnyy Dialog, no. 4 (April 30, 2020): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-4-9-26.
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The semantic and morphological features of the evidential verbs of speech sagen (speak) and behaupten (assert), introducing statements with direct, indirect and fragmentary quotes in the German-language media discourse are discussed in the article. The study is based on the material of the Mannheim Corps of the German Language “COSMAS II”. The empirical material is the newspapers “Die Welt”, “Süddeutsche Zeitung”, and “Tageszeitung”. Attention is paid to one of the components of the category of evidentiality - reported evidentiality, which includes the meanings of ‘quotative’ and ‘hearsay’. A classification of the most significant sources of information is proposed. The results of a comparative analysis of the verbs sagen and behaupten are presented. It is concluded that the verb sagen is the most frequent and neutral verb introducing someone else's speech. The authors note that when transmitting indirect and fragmented citation, sagen usually means ‘individual personal quotative’ based on official and reliable sources. It is proved that the verb behaupten is a marked means of direct, indirect and fragmented quotes. It is emphasized that the verb behaupten is possible as an introductory verb when transmitting the meanings ‘generalized quotation’ and ‘rumors’.
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Diepeveen, Janneke, and Freek Van de Velde. "Adverbial Morphology: How Dutch and German are Moving Away from English." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 22, no. 4 (2010): 381–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542710000115.
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English marks the distinction between adjectives and adverbs with an adverbial suffix, whereas Dutch and German allow adjectives to be used adverbially without extra morphology. This may give rise to the idea that English, like Latin, is more specific in its classification of various types of modifiers. We propose an alternative analysis: Dutch and German draw a different dividing line, between attributive modifiers (NP-level) on the one hand, and predicative and adverbial modifiers (clause-level) on the other. To this end, they use adjectival inflection instead of derivational morphology. We describe how the adverbial systems in these three West-Germanic languages have developed and try to explain the changes that have occurred.
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Mahlberg, Michaela, Viola Wiegand, Peter Stockwell, and Anthony Hennessey. "Speech-bundles in the 19th-century English novel." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 28, no. 4 (2019): 326–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947019886754.
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We propose a lexico-grammatical approach to speech in fiction based on the centrality of ‘fictional speech-bundles’ as the key element of fictional talk. To identify fictional speech-bundles, we use three corpora of 19th-century fiction that are available through the corpus stylistic web application CLiC (Corpus Linguistics in Context). We focus on the ‘quotes’ subsets of the corpora, i.e. text within quotation marks, which is mostly equivalent to direct speech. These quotes subsets are compared across the fiction corpora and with the spoken component of the British National Corpus 1994. The comparisons illustrate how fictional speech-bundles can be described on a continuum from lexical bundles in real spoken language to repeated sequences of words that are specific to individual fictional characters. Typical functions of fictional speech-bundles are the description of interactions and interpersonal relationships of fictional characters. While our approach crucially depends on an innovative corpus linguistic methodology, it also draws on theoretical insights into spoken grammar and characterisation in fiction in order to question traditional notions of realism and authenticity in fictional speech.
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Grebenyuk, Tatyana V. "Book Marks of the Personal Library of the German Bibliophile Prince George of Anhalt." Observatory of Culture 18, no. 2 (2021): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2021-18-2-196-211.
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For many years, the Rare Books Department (Book Museum) of the Russian State Library has been conducting up-to-date work on the description of ex-libris, which contributes to the disclosure of the Department’s collections. The main goal of this research is to identify, record, study, publish, and thereby show the variety and richness of the ownership marks found on books. This article is devoted to the book marks of the German bibliophile Prince George III of Anhalt (1507—1553) from the collection of the Russian State Library. In the Russian-language research literature, Prince George’s book marks have not been considered before. The highly valued private library, later named after the owner — “Georgs-Bibliothek”, used to be part of the Land Library in Dessau (Germany). A small part of this famous book collection came after World War II to the V.I. Lenin State Library of the USSR and is now stored in the Book Museum. On the example of the small fragment of Prince George’s famous library, the article traces the gradual appearance and development of the unique ex-libris of this collection, reveals the literary and bibliophile interests of the owner, and establishes the circle of his communication. In the course of the study, about a hundred owner’s marks were recorded, thanks to which there were identified more than 120 publications from the personal collection of Prince George of Anhalt. The article presents the main types of its ex-libris (handwritten, gift, and super-ex-libris), which are reproduced and described in detail.
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Viesel, Yvonne, and Constantin Freitag. "Wer kann denn schon ja sagen?" Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 38, no. 2 (2019): 243–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2019-2003.
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Abstract The article explores German discourse particles (DiPs) in rhetorical wh-questions (wh-RQs). While schon (roughly ‘unexpectedly’) only marks rhetorical wh-questions, denn (roughly ‘I wonder’) marks contextually arising information-seeking or rhetorical Questions under Discussion (QuDs), with or without schon. Since ja (roughly ‘unquestionably’) marks shared information, it is incompatible with questions by itself, but occasionally occurs in wh-RQs left of DiPs like schon instead of denn. The results of two acceptability judgment experiments confirm that ja is strongly dispreferred in RQs, the presence of schon improves RQs with and without ja, and denn has no effect on acceptability. A follow-up study further indicated the rhetorical reading of our target questions to prevail independently from DiPs. We conclude that ja in RQs operates on the information contributed by elements like schon, denoting roughly that the issue in question arises ‘unquestionably against expectations’. Our contexts were neutral regarding the discourse functions of ja and denn (side remarks vs. QuDs), unlike the contexts of the findings, from which we deduce that the marked ja schon-RQs, while grammatical, require specific felicity conditions. A first attempt to confirm this experimentally was globally unsuccessful and could only reveal potential hints in an exploratory analysis.
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Albrecht, Urs-Vito, Uta Hillebrand, and Ute von Jan. "Relevance of Trust Marks and CE Labels in German-Language Store Descriptions of Health Apps: Analysis." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 6, no. 4 (2018): e10394. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/10394.
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Hübl, Annika, Emar Maier, and Markus Steinbach. "To shift or not to shift." Sign Language and Linguistics 22, no. 2 (2019): 171–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.18004.hub.
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Abstract There are two main competing views about the nature of sign language role shift within formal semantics today: Quer (2005) and Schlenker (2017a,b), following now standard analyses of indexical shift in spoken languages, analyze it as a so-called ‘monstrous operator’, while Davidson (2015) and Maier (2017), following more traditional and cognitive approaches, analyze it as a form of quotation. Examples of role shift in which some indexicals are shifted and some unshifted pose a prima facie problem for both approaches. In this paper, we propose a pragmatic principle of attraction to regulate the apparent unshifting/unquoting of indexicals in quotational role shift. The analysis is embedded in a systematic empirical investigation of the predictions of the attraction hypothesis for German Sign Language (DGS). Results for the first and second person pronouns (ix 1 and ix 2) support the attraction hypothesis, while results for here are inconclusive.
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Betz, Emma. "Quote–unquote in one variety of German: Two interactional functions of pivot constructions used as frames for quotation in Siebenbürger Sächsisch." Journal of Pragmatics 54 (August 2013): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.02.001.
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Serrano Cabezas, María José, and Pablo Jesús Sanz Moreno. "La Présentation des Néologismes." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 43, no. 2 (1997): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.43.2.02ser.
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Although the presentation of neologisms is the last step to be taken in the translation of new lexical items in scientific and technical texts, it has a significance which should not be overlooked. In the same way as the neologism itself, typography (quotation marks, italics, etc.), explanatory notes and commentaries, can play an important role in giving account of the functional value of the new term in the micro-context in which it is inserted. The translator's function is to weigh up what he considers to be more important and what less important in each particular occurrence of a neologism in a text. Thus, if the neologism is bound to occupy a crucial role in its conceptual area that will affect any future research, it should be treated in a special way. It is clear that, in other cases, the functional value of the term can be perfectly rendered by means of a periphrasis. One way or another, the presence of a new lexical item in the source language should always be pointed out in a target text in which the value of a neologism has a direct influence on its translation and presentation. This article provides some general reflections from a terminological perspective, about the translation strategies to be considered for a variety of cases by means of a series of examples taken from scientific literature.
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Marchuk, Svetlana Vladimirovna. "«Russian world» concept in the course of foreign students’ sociocultural competence development." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 1 (2019): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201981311.
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In this paper the author analyzes the Russian world concept which has become a stable term in Russia as well as around the world; the analysis of the concept is accompanied by teaching the Russian language to foreign students. The author describes how foreign students can use knowledge of the Russian world traditions during their stay in Russia while learning the Russian language. The author also explains why the concept of the Russian world should be written without quotation marks. Ideological postulates are being assessed critically. A new approach to the Russian world concept is offered taking into account historical and philosophical consequences. The author of the paper interprets the main sense of the concept for studying the Russian world traditions by foreign students who learn the Russian language. The aim of the paper is to develop sociocultural competence with the help of an adequate interpretation of the Russian world concept to foreign students who learn the Russian language. The author considers that a teacher (an instructor) is responsible for correctness and completeness of the information given to students. Hence teaching foreign students depends on teachers (instructors) ideology, knowledge and methods of teaching. According to the author it is especially important to study the offered subject at present.
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Scott, Alan K. "The Marking of Gender Agreement Using Derivational Affixes in German and Dutch." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 21, no. 1 (2009): 37–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542709000014.
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The German derivational suffix-inprimarily marks female sex on nouns that denote people. This paper investigates the attachment of the suffix to masculine noun bases that refer back to feminine nouns denoting inanimate referents in the same construction, seemingly as a means of making the gender of the two nouns match. The same phenomenon is also observed in Dutch despite the absence of a masculine/feminine distinction in the standard language. It is argued that the gender matching observed is a form of agreement. Using the evidence of corpus data and other attestations, it is concluded here that, because the inanimate referents of the subject nouns in the constructions involved all appear close to animate referents on animacy hierarchies (that is, they fall just outside the suffix's usual sphere of use), the gender agreement performed by-in(and its Dutch counterparts) is an extension of the suffix's prototypical derivational role, but resembles inflection in some respects and may indicate that the suffix is undergoing grammaticalization.*
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Frey, Evelyn. "Prototypenorientierte Genuszuweisung vom Althochdeutschen zum Neuhochdeutschen und Vorschläge für eine Didaktisierung (mit Exkurs zum Gotischen)." Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik 36, no. 1 (2008): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zgl.2008.002.
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AbstractThe system of gender represents one of the greatest problems for learners of German as a foreign language, because it seems to be arbitrary as far as suffixless simple words are concerned. Leiss (1997) showed that the system of gender once was semantically motivated and was available in a complete Indoeuropean paradigm. In Old High German this system is still available in numerous lemmata with double- and triple-gender, but first tendencies of dissolving are recognizable. Following this idea it can be shown that predictability for a certain gender increases, if phonological markers are considered in addition to the semantic ones. The amount of coda consonants and their quality seem to be particularly relevant for fixing the masculine, feminine or neuter gender. In New High German too a huge amount of semantical characteristics exists which allows to predict the gender; but it can be shown that in a lot of cases the rate of predictability increases in a significant way when semantical charactaristics are combined with those phonological marks which are relevant already in Old High German. Nevertheless a small amount of words (especially feminines) remains which is arbitrary. The final didactical proposal for teaching German as a foreign language are based on these results.
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Forker, Diana. "More than just a modal particle." Functions of Language 27, no. 3 (2020): 340–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.17011.for.
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Abstract Modal particles have been intensively studied in German and a few other European languages, but investigations of modal particles from little-known languages are rare. This paper examines in detail the morphosyntactic and the semantic properties of the Sanzhi Dargwa (Nakh-Daghestanian) modal particle =q’al. It is shown that the particle possesses the morphosyntactic properties that are commonly assumed for modal particles. The particle is then analyzed as presupposition trigger that interacts with focus and marks clauses as declarative sentences. It triggers two presuppositions, namely uncontroversiality and contrast/correction. Furthermore, it can express finiteness. The analysis suggests that accounting for modal particles as grammatical rather than lexical items with head status seems promising for further research.