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Lamm, Mariya A. "The development of Belarusian literature in a multicultural context." Slavic Almanac, no. 1-2 (2020): 501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2020.1-2.6.04.
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Sinkova L. D. Between text and discourse: Russian literature of the XX-XXI century: history, comparative studies and criticism (lit. - crit. articles, conversations). - Minsk: Parkus plus, 2013. - 296 P. The main characteristics of the Belarusian literature development in the contest of 20th-21th century are demonstrated throughout the review. The key patterns of the poetics progression in Belarusian literature are revealed, alongside with the most noticeable algorithms of the national aesthetics establishment and the specifics of mythopoetic perception. Meaningful characteristics of Belarusian literature during Soviet period are examined particularly, especially the literature about Second World War. The national aspects of literary comprehension of the experience of German-fascist occupation in Belarusian literature during Soviet period are revealed. The important characteristic of the modern Belarusian literature after the Chernobyl disaster that has started in 1986, is emphasized upon.
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Kuizinienė, Dalia. "Alfonsas Nyka-Niliūnas’s Literary Review: Polemical Dialogues." Colloquia 43 (December 20, 2019): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/col.2019.28640.
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Alfonsas Nyka-Niliūnas (1919–2015), the celebrated Lithuanian poet of the 20th century, was also one of the most prominent literary critics. For more than two decades, he had been an active literary critic, publishing his texts in Lithuanian émigré literary and culture magazines. In addition to his studies on the history and criticism of Lithuanian literature, articles on Western and Lithuanian classics, Nyka-Niliūnas wrote literary reviews. In the field of Lithuanian émigré literature and criticism, he validated a certain type of critical review which emphasized novelty, originality and evaluation of the book in question.Nyka-Niliūnas wrote his first reviews in a monthly pedagogical journal, Tremtinių mokykla [School of Exiles], published in a German DP camp. The reviews published in the journal, and later in the cultural magazine, Aidai [Echoes], stood out for their completeness, coherent structure, and strict and straightforward evaluation that allowed seeing a particular book in a broader context. A number of Nyka-Niliūnas’s reviews of this period sparked controversy and encouraged literary dialogue.In the US, Nyka-Niliūnas continued to publish literary reviews in Aidai and literary magazine, Literatūros lankai [The Pages of Literature]. In the reviews written during this period, he debated with a group of critics who held a different opinion, established the criteria for evaluating the literature, and highlighted the objectives and the importance of a literary review. Nyka-Niliūnas’s reviews can be characterized not only by author’s suggestive argumentation and fiery style, but also by his poetic metaphors.
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Nosonovsky, Michael, Dan Shapira, and Daria Vasyutinsky-Shapira. "Not by Firkowicz’s Fault: Daniel Chwolson’s Comic Blunders in Research of Hebrew Epigraphy of the Crimea and Caucasus, and their Impact on Jewish Studies in Russia." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 73, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 633–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2020.00033.
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AbstractDaniel Chwolson (1819–1911) made a huge impact upon the research of Hebrew epigraphy from the Crimea and Caucasus. Despite that, his role in the more-than-a-century-long controversy regarding Crimean Hebrew tomb inscriptions has not been well studied. Chwolson, at first, adopted Abraham Firkowicz’s forgeries, and then quickly realized his mistake; however, he could not back up. Th e criticism by both Abraham Harkavy and German Hebraists questioned Chwolson’s scholarly qualifications and integrity. Consequently, the interference of political pressure into the academic argument resulted in the prevailing of the scholarly flawed opinion. We revisit the interpretation of these findings by Russian, Jewish, Karaite and Georgian historians in the 19th and 20th centuries. During the Soviet period, Jewish Studies in the USSR were in neglect and nobody seriously studied the whole complex of the inscriptions from the South of Russia / the Soviet Union. The remnants of the scholarly community were hypnotized by Chwolson’s authority, who was the teacher of their teachers’ teachers. At the same time, Western scholars did not have access to these materials and/or lacked the understanding of the broader context, and thus a number of erroneous Chwolson’s conclusion have entered academic literature for decades.
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Roasto, Margo. "Marksismi retseptsioon ja dogmaatilise marksismi kriitika Eesti alal aastatel 1905–16." Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal 177, no. 3/4 (June 20, 2022): 169–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2021.3-4.02.
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In Estonian historiography, the revolutionary year of 1905 has been described as a starting point for subsequent political changes in 1917 and 1918. Hence many authors have highlighted the importance of political development that led to the foundation of the first Estonian political parties in 1905. However, the ideological differentiation of Estonian political thought between the revolutionary years of 1905 and 1917 has been studied less. The aim of this article is to analyse the political debates on Marxist theory that took place in the Estonian area of the Baltic provinces from 1905 to 1916.
The leaders of the Estonian socialist movement first became acquainted with Marxist theory through German and Russian socialist literature. Since 1905, various texts by socialist authors were also available to a wider audience in Estonian. First and foremost, the works of German social democrats were published in Estonian. During 1910–14, the first volume of Karl Marx’s Capital was translated into Estonian. While it had often previously been argued that socialism benefits all oppressed people, Marxist ideology was now presented as a scientific theory that explained economic development and protected the interests of industrial workers in a class society.
The article claims that during the period from 1905 to 1916, recognised experts on Marxist ideology emerged among Estonian socialists. In addition to Marxist tactics, Estonian socialist authors discussed theoretical issues such as the material conception of history. In these discussions, the personal conflicts between Estonian socialists as well as their ideological disagreements became evident. More broadly, these discussions were shaped by earlier ideological debates among European socialists at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.
The article also argues that during the period considered, several Estonian left-wing thinkers questioned the validity of Marxism. Influenced by Bernstein’s revisionist ideas, these thinkers criticised Marxism as a one-sided and dogmatic ideology. They claimed that Marxism was just another theory with both strengths and weaknesses. However, Estonian social democrats who embraced Marxism as a scientific theory responded to such criticism and defended the materialist view of society.
The debates on Marxist theory considered here provide evidence of the ideological differentiation of Estonian left-wing political thought. From 1905 to 1916, numerous socialist texts in Estonian presented various approaches for understanding Marxist ideology. Thus, one can witness an intensified reception of Marxism in the Estonian area during that period. More specifically, these ideological debates reveal new facets of the political views of Estonian socialists who later affected the course of Estonian history as communist revolutionaries or as members of the Estonian Constituent Assembly.
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Liashenko, Olena. "The rhetoric of war on the pages of the magazine “Vitchyzna” in the 1940s." Synopsis: Text Context Media 30, no. 2 (2024): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-259x.2024.2.3.
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The subject of the study is the military rhetoric on the pages of the “Vitchyzna” magazine of the 1940s. The author processed two issues of the magazines “Soviet Literature” and “Ukrainian Literature” from 1941, researched and analyzed the content of each periodical according to chronology. The novelty lies in the use of a different toolkit for the analysis of Soviet periodicals, in particular, the less-studied magazine “Vitchyzna” and the determination of its leading role both in publishing and in the literary and artistic space of the 40s of the 20th century. The goal is to analyze the magazine’s system-typological features with the help of the historical context; to determine the specifics of military rhetoric at all its structural levels. The main methods of the study were comparative and systematic-typological, which were used to identify and interpret rhetorical features in the structure of texts and the literary and artistic context of the “Vitchyzna” magazine of the pre-war and war periods. The scholar traced the history of the creation and development of the magazine in the 1940s, which during the studied period had three titles: “Soviet Literature”, “Ukrainian Literature”, “Vitchyzna”. The researcher focused on the constant changes in the editorial staff, chief editors (I. Kulyk, I. Le, I. Stebun and Yu. Yanovsky) and their influence on the magazine’s rhetoric. Having singled out the most important structural and semantic features of both individual artistic texts and various headings (Poetry, Prose, Criticism, Literary and Artistic Chronicle, Bibliography) that unite these texts, she offered to consider the selected material through the prism of war rhetoric. The results of the research confirmed that war narratives were an integral part of Soviet society both before and during World War II. To reproduce a complete picture of the narratives of the Soviet government, the scholar in the study turns to 1939, which marks the beginning of the full-scale German invasion of Poland (September 1) and the “Winter” Soviet-Finnish War (November 30). Literary characters in poetry and prose from the content of magazines are characterized by excessive heroism and pathos. The system of figurative and poetic expression of the authors of the texts is diversified by rhetorical devices: metaphor, alliteration, anaphora, hyperbolization, juxtaposition of enemies / fighters of the Red Army, humor, identification with the audience (use of the pronoun “we”), appeal to authority. All works are designed for the Soviet reader of the time and are written according to the appropriate Soviet methods.
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Pylypchuk, Oleh, Oleh Strelko, and Yuliia Berdnychenko. "PREFACE." History of science and technology 11, no. 2 (December 12, 2021): 271–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2021-11-2-271-273.
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The issue of the journal opens with an article dedicated to the formation of metrology as government regulated activity in France. The article has discussed the historical process of development of metrological activity in France. It was revealed that the history of metrology is considered as an auxiliary historical and ethnographic discipline from a social and philosophical point of view as the evolution of scientific approaches to the definition of individual units of physical quantities and branches of metrology. However, in the scientific literature, the little attention is paid to the process of a development of a centralized institutional metrology system that is the organizational basis for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. The article by Irena Grebtsova and Maryna Kovalska is devoted to the of the development of the source criticism’s knowledge in the Imperial Novorossiya University which was founded in the second half of the XIX century in Odesa. Grounding on a large complex of general scientific methods, and a historical method and source criticism, the authors identified the stages of the formation of source criticism in the process of teaching historical disciplines at the university, what they based on an analysis of the teaching activities of professors and associate professors of the Faculty of History and Philology. In the article, the development of the foundations of source criticism is considered as a complex process, which in Western European and Russian science was the result of the development of the theory and practice of everyday dialogue between scientists and historical sources. This process had a great influence on the advancement of a historical education in university, which was one of the important factors in the formation of source studies as a scientific discipline. The article by Tetiana Malovichko is devoted to the study of what changes the course of the probability theory has undergone from the end of the 19th century to our time based on the analysis of The Theory of Probabilities textbook by Vasyl P. Ermakov published in 1878. The paper contains a comparative analysis of The Probability Theory textbook and modern educational literature. The birth of children after infertility treatment of married couples with the help of assisted reproductive technologies has become a reality after many years of basic research on the physiology of reproductive system, development of oocyte’s in vitro fertilization methods and cultivation of embryos at pre-implantation stages. Given the widespread use of assisted reproductive technologies in modern medical practice and the great interest of society to this problem, the aim of the study authors from the Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine was to trace the main stages and key events of assisted reproductive technologies in the world and in Ukraine, as well as to highlight the activities of outstanding scientists of domestic and world science who were at the origins of the development of this area. As a result of the work, it has been shown that despite certain ethical and social biases, the discovery of individual predecessor scientists became the basis for the efforts of Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe to ensure birth of the world's first child, whose conception occurred outside the mother's body. There are also historical facts and unique photos from our own archive, which confirm the fact of the first successful oocyte in vitro fertilization and the birth of a child after the use of assisted reproductive technologies in Ukraine. In the next article, the authors tried to consider and structure the stages of development and creation of the “Yermak”, the world's first Arctic icebreaker, and analyzed the stages of preparation and the results of its first expeditions to explore the Arctic. Systematic analysis of historical sources and biographical material allowed to separate and comprehensively consider the conditions and prehistory for the development and creation of “Yermak” icebreaker. Also, the authors gave an assessment to the role of Vice Admiral Stepan Osypovych Makarov in those events, and analyzed the role of Sergei Yulyevich Witte, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev and Pyotr Petrovich Semenov-Tian-Shansky in the preparation and implementation of the first Arctic expeditions of the “Yermak”icebreaker. The authors of the following article considered the historical aspects of construction and operation of train ferry routes. The article deals with the analysis and systematization of the data on the historical development of train ferry routes and describes the background for the construction of train ferry routes and their advantages over other combined transport types. It also deals with the basic features of the train ferries operating on the main international train ferry routes. The study is concerned with both sea routes and routes across rivers and lakes. The article shows the role of train ferry routes in the improvement of a national economy, and in the provision of the military defense. An analysis of numerous artefacts of the first third of the 20th century suggests that the production of many varieties of art-and-industrial ceramics developed in Halychyna, in particular architectural ceramic plastics, a variety of functional ceramics, decorative tiles, ceramic tiles, facing tiles, etc. The artistic features of Halychyna art ceramics, the richness of methods for decorating and shaping it, stylistic features, as well as numerous art societies, scientific and professional associations, groups, plants and factories specializing in the production of ceramics reflect the general development of this industry in the first half of the century and represent the prerequisites the emergence of the school of professional ceramics in Halychyna at the beginning of the 20th century. The purpose of the next paper is to analyze the formation and development of scientific and professional schools of art-and-industrial ceramics of Halychyna in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. During the environmental crisis, electric transport (e-transport) is becoming a matter for scientific inquiry, a subject of discussion in politics and among public figures. In the program for developing the municipal services of Ukraine, priorities are given to the development of the infrastructure of ecological transport: trolleybuses, electric buses, electric cars. The increased attention to e-transport on the part of the scientific community, politicians, and the public actualizes the study of its history, development, features of operation, etc. The aim of the next study is to highlight little-known facts of the history of production and operation of MAN trolleybuses in Ukrainian cities, as well as to introduce their technical characteristics into scientific circulation. The types, specific design solutions of the first MAN trolleybus generation and the prerequisites for their appearance in Chernivtsi have been determined. Particular attention has been paid to trolleybuses that were in operation in Germany and other Western European countries from the first half of the 1930s to the early 1950s. The paper traces the stages of operation of the MAN trolleybuses in Chernivtsi, where they worked during 1939–1944 and after the end of the Second World War, they were transferred to Kyiv. After two years of operation in the Ukrainian capital, the trolleybuses entered the routes in Dnipropetrovsk during 1947–1951. The purpose of the article by authors from the State University of Infrastructure and Technologies of Ukraine is to thoroughly analyze unpaved roads of the late 18th – early 19th century, as well as the project of the first wooden trackway as the forerunner of the Bukovyna railways. To achieve this purpose, the authors first reviewed how railways were constructed in the Austrian Empire during 1830s – 1850s. Then, in contrast with the first railway networks that emerged and developed in the Austrian Empire, the authors made an analysis of the condition and characteristics of unpaved roads in Bukovyna. In addition, the authors considered the first attempt to create a wooden trackway as a prototype and predecessor of the Bukovyna railway.
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Svitlenko, Serhiy. "Ukrainian intellectual Trokhym Zinkivskyi and preservation of historical memory of Taras Shevchenko." Chornomors’ka Mynuvshyna, no. 17 (December 31, 2022): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2519-2523.2022.17.268828.
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The personality of Trochym Zinkivskyi (1861–1891) remains little known and insufficiently developed in modern Ukrainian historiography. The purpose of the article is to study the figure of Trokhym Zinkivskyi in the context of the problem of preserving the historical memory of Taras Shevchenko. Research methods are personalistic, historical-genetic and historical-systemic. Sources: published epistolaries of T. Zinkivskyi and his addressees, memories of contemporaries, biographical articles in the Ukrainian press of the beginning of the 20th century etc. The main results consist in elucidating the peculiarities of the formation of T. Zinkivskyi's worldview under the conditions of the oppression of the Southern Ukrainian lands by the Russian imperial regime, in particular in Berdyansk, Feodosia and Odesa, the establishment of his Ukrainian national-democratic views during his studies and military service in Smila, Shpola and Uman, in Kyiv and St. Petersburg. It is noted that an important factor in the development of his Ukrainian consciousness and identity was his family upbringing, which instilled love for his native language and formed Christian, religious values. A prominent role was played by the reading circle, which included Shevchenkov's «Kobzar» along with other literary works of Ukrainian and foreign writers; as well as Ukrainian folk art. V. Kravchenko, L. Smolenskyi, B. Grinchenko, M. Komarov, and a number of representatives of the Ukrainian colony in St. Petersburg were included in the closest circle of persons who significantly influenced the formation of the worldview of the Ukrainian figure. The article traces the main stages of the intellectual and public activity of the Ukrainian figure in the matter of preserving the historical memory of Kobzar. It is noted that already in the middle and second half of the 80s of the 19th century. T. Zinkivskyi began work in the field of Ukrainian literature, took care of translation activities. In St. Petersburg, he was able to begin wider work for the benefit of Ukrainianism and became an ideological leader of young Ukrainians. The powerful vital energy of the activist was organically combined with consistent and convinced actions in the name of the Ukrainian cause. In the youth group at Shevchenko's anniversary, T. Zinkivskyi read a number of essays, such as «The National Question in Russia», «Shevchenko in the Light of European Criticism», «Young Ukraine» and others. His essay «Taras Shevchenko in the Light of European Criticism», which was read in Ukrainian on the evening of February 25, 1889 in the capital of the empire, was of exceptional importance. This speech, prepared mostly on the basis of French, Austrian, German, and Polish historiographical sources, presented Kobzar as a figure of global poetic scale and destroyed the perception of the Russian metropolitan public about Ukrainians and the Ukrainian language as something provincial and inferior. Conclusions.T. Zinkivskyi became one of the brightest representatives of the «Young Ukraine» generation. The short-lived but important intellectual activity of the ideological leader of young Ukrainians, in particular, speeches at the Shevchenko anniversary, publication of abstracts, epistolaries, drew the attention of contemporaries to the figure of Taras Shevchenko, to his poetic heritage; actualized the issue of preserving the historical memory of Kobzar as a leader of the national values of Ukrainians. It has been proven that during the 1880s and early 1890s, T. Zinkivskyi's intellectual activity contributed to the progress of Ukrainian public affairs and national science, the establishment of Ukrainian national consciousness among the generation of young Ukrainians. The practical significance of the article is that the given material will be of interest to specialists in the context of studying the ethno-national history of Ukraine in the second half of the 19th century. The originality of the article lies in the understanding of insufficiently studied aspects of the activity of the Ukrainian intellectual, who stood at the origins of the idea of «Young Ukraine». Scientific novelty in updating the intellectual activity of T. Zinkivskyi in the matter of preserving Ukrainian national memory and forming national consciousness and identity.
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Ebanoidse, Igor А. "Karl Jaspers’ “Question of German Guilt” in the Context of the German Self-Criticism." History of Philosophy Yearbook 27 (December 28, 2022): 36–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0134-8655-2022-37-36-57.
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On the example of German philosophical thought of the first half of the 20th century, the paper examines the problem of collective guilt of the nation for the actions of its state. Particular attention is paid to the formation of the revanchist ideology that led to the domination of National Socialism. The paper also addresses the history of the criticism of the German imperial statehood, which had developed by the end of the 19th century.
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Alheit, Peter, and Bettina Dausien. "A brief history of biographical research in Germany." Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa (Auto)biográfica 3, no. 9 (December 20, 2018): 749–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31892/rbpab2525-426x.2018.v3.n9.p749-764.
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The contribution gives a brief historical insight in the beginning and the drastic change of biographical thinking particularly in the educational sphere. Biography is a theme addressed by German educational sciences ever since its historical beginnings in the late 18th century. The discovery of the autonomous, educated, middle-class subject is rooted in that interest in biography, which also shaped the process of “biographisation” of the lower social strata a century later. Even post-modern and post-structural criticism of the ‘subject’ towards the end of the 20th century has a lasting influence on educational science. Understanding the historical background and the consequences of this threefold change of ideas in the concept of “biography” in the German tradition is the aim of this article.
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Kudryavtseva, Tamara V., and Alla A. Strelnikova. "On the Monograph by E.A. Zachevskij “The Man who Lied while telling the Truth. Life and Work of Wolfgang Koeppen” (St. Petersburg, Kriega, 2019. 752 p.)." Studia Litterarum 5, no. 4 (2020): 518–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2500-4247-2020-5-4-518-527.
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E.A. Zachevsky’s book is the first study about the Western German author Wolfgang Koeppen (1906–1996). For the first time in the national and international literary studies, the monograph offers a detailed survey of the writer’s life and work as well as defines his place and role in the 20th century German literature. The author analyzes philosophic views as well as the properties of his fictional world and highlights the key moments of his peculiar poetic manner. The book touches upon the main issues of the German literary process and integrates Koeppen’s work into this process which allows us to read the volume as a mini-history of 20th century German literature.
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Zhang, Jie, and Wenxin Lin. "Historical facts of literature and personality in research – about the compilation of the book “History of Russian and Soviet literary criticism of the XX century”." Neophilology, no. 24 (2020): 755–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2020-6-24-755-764.
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Russian literature is an important part of world literature and is studied all over the world. In comparison with the history of literature, the history of literary criticism is more an interaction between the objectivity of literary facts and the personality of the compiler of this history. This work presents a description of the personality in research using the example of the book “History of Russian and Soviet literary criticism of the XX century” written by Chinese scientist Zhang Jie, the main task of which is to provide a theoretical basis and methods of criticism for analyzing the mechanism of reproducing the meanings of literary texts and images. We analyze the functions of literary criticism and explain the interaction and harmony of objective historical facts of literature and the compiler’s personality in the study. We define three currents of Russian and Soviet literary criticism of the 20th century: religious and cultural criticism, real literary criticism, and aesthetic criticism. We prove that history reflects not only the objectivity of factors, but also its compiler’s personality, which is an indicator. We explain the need to coordinate the objectivity of historical facts and the subjectivity of the compiler, and we present a value-based reflection of a scientific linguistic personality in the Chinese ethnoculture.
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Shevtsov, Aleksandr. "The Philosophy of Gustav Teichmüller and His Treatise “On the Immortality of the Soul” (Dedicated to the 190th Anniversary of the Thinker’s Birth)." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 4 (April 2024): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2024-4-158-167.
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The article discusses the philosophical concept of the German thinker of the second half of the 19th century Gustav Teichmüller (1832–1888), professor at the University of Dorpat. As a result of a comprehensive study of the treatise On the Immortality of the Soul (1874) by Gustav Teichmüller, the author of this article came to the conclusion that Teichmuller’s philosophy is a variant of criticism. According to Teichmüller, the treatise was supposed to crown by itself a long philosophical tradition of writing treatises on this topic. The philosophy of Teichmüller, expanded by him in this treatise, is shown in the context of critical reading of prominent thinkers of the past, his ideological predecessors, philosophers of the century of the German Enlightenment and representatives of critical philosophy, such as Moses Mendelssohn, Immanuel Kant, Ludwig Heinrich von Jakob. The study of Teichmüller’s ideas was also carried out in the two paragraphs he added to the second edition (1878) in the context of his criticism of idealism and positivism. The final point of consideration of Teichmüller’s philosophy in this article is the demonstration of a certain translation of the ideas of German philosophy on Russian philosophical soil, as well as the creative processing and assimilation of Teichmüller’s ideas in the history of Russian philosophy of the 20th century. The author also examines the relationship of Teichmüller’s philosophical heritage to the logical and epistemological trend in the history of philosophy.
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Skrziepietz, Andreas. "Medical student Bertolt Brecht (1898–1956)." Journal of Medical Biography 17, no. 3 (August 2009): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jmb.2009.009020.
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Summary Bertolt Brecht was one of the most important dramatists of the 20th century. At the start of his career he studied literature but switched from the humanities to medicine. This paper discusses reasons for this switch, the influence of his medical experiences on his poetic work and why he eventually abandoned his medical career. His political development towards Marxism is described and a short sketch of his theory of theatre is given. He is considered the most important German-speaking dramatist of the 20th century.
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Sammons, Jeffrey L. "The Wanderer in Nineteenth-Century German Literature: Intellectual History and Cultural Criticism by Andrew Cusack." Modern Language Review 104, no. 4 (2009): 1167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mlr.2009.0048.
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Abbott, Scott. "The Wanderer in 19th-Century German Literature: Intellectual History and Cultural Criticism (review)." Goethe Yearbook 17, no. 1 (2010): 406–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gyr.0.0046.
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Kõvamees, Anneli. "Literature Defined by Language? Some Remarks on the Definition of Estonian Literature." Interlitteraria 24, no. 1 (August 13, 2019): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2019.24.1.17.
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In the era when multiculturalism is one of the key concepts and the relationship between foreign and own is shifting, the definition of national literature has been in the centre of discussions. In Estonia the issue has been raised most prominently in connection with the Estonian Russianlanguage writer Andrei Ivanov (born 1971) whose works have turned out to be difficult to classify. How to define Estonian literature? Is it a literature written in the Estonian language, literature written by Estonians, literature associated with Estonia or is it a literature written in Estonia? Especially small nations like Estonians tend to define one’s identity according to the language spoken and ethnicity, not the citizenship. There are various significant shifts in Estonian literary history, for example, when the beginning of Estonian literature is discussed, then Baltic German authors are included but when the Estonian literature made by Estonians is born in the 19th century, Baltic German literature disappears from Estonian literature, although Baltic German literature continued until the 20th century. The aspect of value plays a significant role, as what is included or excluded in the literary history is associated with ideological choices. It is only recently that the inclusion of Baltic German literature into Estonian literature is taking place. The position of Estonian Russian literature has also shifted from rejection and periphery in the spotlight and the works by Andrei Ivanov have played a crucial role in that process. Taking the Estonian Russian-language literature and Baltic German literature as examples, the article addresses the question of defining (national) literature.
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Kızıler Emer, Funda, and Esma Şen. "Thematic comparasion Hermann Hesse’s novel names Beneath The Wheel (Unterm Rad) and Michael Haneke’s film names The White Ribbon (Das Weiße Band) Hermann Hesse’nin Çarklar Arasında (Unterm Rad) adlı romanı ile Michael Haneke’nin Beyaz Bant (Das Weiße Band) adlı filminin tematik açıdan karşılaştırılması." Journal of Human Sciences 16, no. 2 (May 7, 2019): 543–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v16i2.5733.
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Hermann Hesse, one of the most renowned and well-known Nobel laureates in German literature, is the first years of the 20th century, described in his novel, Beneath The Wheel (Unterm Rad, 1906). The film The White Ribbon. A German Children's Story. (Das Weiße Band. Eine deutsche Kindergeschichte, 2009) of Michael Haneke, one of the world-renowned screenwriters and directors of contemporary German cinema, covers the years of World War I 1913-1914.The main point of criticism in both works is the criticism of education and ideological education policies that dominated the period. In the two works of which one is a novel and the other is a film, we choose them as a thematic aspect, cover the period between 1900 and 1914. In other words, in the first quarter of the 20th century, the criticism of education in Germany and all over Europe is criticized. In this study, we will compare the two German works with each other on the basis of this ‘common subject’. We will limit the comparative analysis of the education problem in selected works to the first quarter of the 20th century based on the time periods described in the works. Within the scope of our study, we will present a critique of the ideological education concept that dominated this period Germany and at the same time laid the foundations of World War I.In the analysis of these two works, which we compare in the common theme axis, we will use the comparative literature method. In the study, we will use an eclectic method in which we will harmonize the methods of text analysis (werkimmanent) and non-text extern (werk extern) in a balanced way.Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetAlman edebiyatının Nobel ödüllü ve dünya çapında tanınmış çok yönlü yazarlarından biri olan Hermann Hesse’nin Çarklar Arasında (Unterm Rad, 1906) adlı romanında anlatılan zaman dilimi 20. yüzyılın ilk yıllarıdır. Çağdaş Alman sinemasının ödüllü ve dünya çapından ün salmış senarist ve yönetmenlerinden biri olan Michael Haneke’nin Beyaz Bant. Bir Alman Çocuk Öyküsü. (Das Weisse Band. Eine deutsche Kindergeschichte, 2009) adlı sinema filmi ise I. Dünya Savaşı’nın patlak verdiği yılları 1913-1914 kapsar.Her iki eserde de temel eleştiri noktası, döneme egemen olan eğitim anlayışı ve ideolojik eğitim politikalarına yöneliktir. Çalışma konusu olarak seçtiğimiz biri roman, diğeri film türünde olan iki eser de tematik açıdan, 1900 ila 1914 yılları arasındaki dönemi kapsar. Yani eserlerde 20. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Almanya’da ve tüm Avrupa genelinde egemen olan eğitim anlayışının eleştirisi yapılır. Biz de bu çalışmada, her iki Almanca eseri, saptadığımız bu ‘ortak konu’ ekseninde birbiriyle karşılaştıracağız. Seçtiğimiz eserlerdeki eğitim sorunsalının karşılaştırmalı analizini, eserlerde anlatılan zaman dilimlerini temel alarak yalnızca 20. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğine sınırlandıracağız. Çalışmamız kapsamında, bu dönem Almanya’sına egemen olan ve aynı zamanda I. Dünya Savaşı’nın temellerini atan ideolojik eğitim anlayışının eleştirisini sunacağız.Ortak tema ekseninde karşılaştıracağımız bu iki eserin analizinde temel olarak karşılaştırmalı edebiyat bilimi yöntemini kullanacağız. Çalışmada, ayrıca metiniçi (werkimmanent) ve metindışı (werkextern) metin inceleme yöntemlerini dengeli biçimde harmanlayacağımız eklektik bir yöntemden yararlanılacaktır.
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Cai, Cecily. "Doktor Faustus and its Variations on Lateness." arcadia 57, no. 2 (November 1, 2022): 282–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arcadia-2022-9053.
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Abstract Thomas Mann’s novel Doktor Faustus, first published 1947, tells the story of a fictional German musician, Adrian Leverkühn, paralleled with the rise and fall of Germany in the first half of the 20th century. In fact, the idea of Doktor Faustus predated Mann’s exile, and it had been already conceived as a work of lateness – a Faust, a Parsifal in prose. In the process of creating variations on lateness, Mann referred to the musical models of Beethoven, Wagner, Mahler, Schoenberg, and the music criticism of Theodor W. Adorno. As a product of Mann’s exile in Southern California, Doktor Faustus connects the concept of lateness with his experience of exile through music, as Edward Said would later point out in his reflections on “late style.” By engaging with pre-existing compositions and criticism, I will present Doktor Faustus as a novelistic rendering of musical lateness that not only engages with compositions such as Wagner’s Parsifal and Mahler’s Ninth Symphony but also sheds new light on the interpretation of lateness as an artistic and – above all – human experience.
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Bakalov, A. S. "ON THE FORMATION OF GERMAN REALISM." Izvestiya of the Samara Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Social, Humanitarian, Medicobiological Sciences 23, no. 77 (2021): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2413-9645-2021-23-77-81-90.
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The relevance of research. In German literary criticism, there is no unambiguous definition of the phenomenon of literary realism, however, at the empirical level, it is understood as a literary system based on a mimetic-oriented depiction of reality, often critically comprehended and subjectively colored due to the norms and ideas that are taking shape in society. Research methodology. Complex and systematic methods of literature analysis are applied. In this article, the author comes to the conclusion that the realism of the turn of the XIX - early XX centuries. retains its main principles of artistic comprehension of the world, and at the same time the signs that do not allow talking about its dissolution in the eclectic picture of the emerging modernity. The main thing remains the disclosure of "the essence of life phenomena through their individualized generalization (typification)", analysis and specific historical logic of presentation Realism at the turn of the 19th - early 20th centuries. closely associated with such phenomena as regional literature, "new business-like", historical novel. On its basis, workers' and proletarian-revolutionary literature developed in many ways. In German literature of the twentieth century. realistic tendencies intensified in the times following the historical and political catastrophes, primarily after the two world wars lost by Germany. Realism played a significant role in the literature of the Weimar Republic (the works of E.M. Remarque, L. Feuchtwanger, L. Frank and others), while in contact with modernist and avant-garde trends (for example, with "new business-like"). Realism turned out to be no less significant after 1945, having equally influenced the formation of the literatures of West and East Germany (writers of the "group of 47", Erwin Strittmatter, "socialist realism", etc.). German realism, which emerged in the middle of the 19th century, was able to demonstrate its flexibility and ability to enter into alliances with other natural artistic directions, without losing its main specificity - the desire for materiality, the authenticity of personal and collective experience, as well as symbolizing the "obvious" with the goal of approaching the "true".
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Liu, Miaowen, and Natalia Z. Koltsova. "Perception of works of V. Shklovsky in China." RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 24, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 462–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2019-24-3-462-476.
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The article is devoted to studying the long-term dissemination and perception of Viktor Shklovsky's works and ideas in China from the 1930s to 2010s, while providing a brief overview of the scientific articles of Chinese Russianists, who played a key role in studying the heritage of Shklovsky conceptual apparatus in Chinese literary criticism. Particular attention is paid to the category of estrangement, firmly included in Chinese literary studies and widely used in the analysis of works of Chinese literature and cinema, have been considered such concepts of Russian formalism as literary character, reception, since the early 80s of the 20th century adopted by the science of China. The article emphasizes that the history of the perception of the theoretical views of V. Shklovsky in China includes several stages, while a true study of his works, like Russian formalism in general, begins only in the 1980s of the 20th century. The artworks of Shklovsky in China began to pay attention only to the XXI century.
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Gilfanova, Gulnara Tavkilevna, Alfiia Revanerovna Valeeva, and Elena Alexandrovna Nikulina. "The German Novel of the 1960-70s: Artistic Conception of History." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 26 (February 21, 2020): 554–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.26.02.62.
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In the German-language literature of the 1960-70s, novelistic prose emerged, which not only narrated about the German identity but also appealed to international solidarity and the formation of historical worldview. The German novel of the second half of the 20th century, associated with the original artistic conception of the history of a yet divided Germany, was given new meaning in the works of such writers as Johannes Bobrowski, Erwin Strittmatter, Franz Fühmann, and Jurek Becker. Bobrowski’s artistic style laid the foundation for a generation of writers following his original creative legacy. Thus, the goal of the study is to consider the perception and rethinking of Bobrowski’s artistic experience by the writers. This manifested in their interpretation of the “multicultural” writer’s creative method, reliving their childhood years, and introducing the reader to the history of their homeland using new literary devices.
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Brannigan, John, Marcela Santos Brigida, Thayane Verçosa, and Gabriela Ribeiro Nunes. "Thinking in Archipelagic Terms: An Interview with John Brannigan." Palimpsesto - Revista do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras da UERJ 20, no. 35 (May 13, 2021): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/palimpsesto.2021.59645.
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John Brannigan is Professor at the School of English, Drama and Film at University College Dublin. He has research interests in the twentieth-century literatures of Ireland, England, Scotland, and Wales, with a particular focus on the relationships between literature and social and cultural identities. His first book, New Historicism and Cultural Materialism (1998), was a study of the leading historicist methodologies in late twentieth-century literary criticism. He has since published two books on the postwar history of English literature (2002, 2003), leading book-length studies of working-class authors Brendan Behan (2002) and Pat Barker (2005), and the first book to investigate twentieth-century Irish literature and culture using critical race theories, Race in Modern Irish Literature and Culture (2009). His most recent book, Archipelagic Modernism: Literature in the Irish and British Isles, 1890-1970 (2014), explores new ways of understanding the relationship between literature, place and environment in 20th-century Irish and British writing. He was editor of the international peer-reviewed journal, Irish University Review, from 2010 to 2016.
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Spahić, Elmir. "The Ethics of the Anti-War Letter and Poetics of Testimony in Tvrtko Kulenović’s History of Illness (1994)." Context: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55425/23036966.2022.9.1.115.
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Tvrtko Kulenović’s History of Illness (1994) belongs to the anti-war letter and poetics of testimony genres from late 20th-century Bosniak and Bosnian-Herzegovian literature. Although a novel, History of Illness depicts the evils of the 1992–1995 war, in which Sarajevo was besieged by the Yugoslav People’s Army and the Army of Republika Srpska. Kulenović writes from the position of victim, and advocates the idea of ethical engagement during the writing process, in which the narrative and existential selves merge. This paper uses the methodological bases of ethical literary criticism to prove the ethical dimension of the literary text.
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Romanovska, Alina. "Regional Identity and Multiculturalism: the Baltic Germans of Latgale in the Early 20th Century Latvian Literature." Respectus Philologicus 40, no. 45 (October 11, 2021): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2021.40.45.93.
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In the studies of Latvian culture and history, there is a number of investigations dedicated to the influence of Baltic German culture on Latvian culture. Hence the Latgale region was not given due attention in this regard. The role of the Baltic Germans in this region is peculiar due to its specific history, and it is important to study how the Baltic German culture influences the multicultural identity of Latgale. A project of the Latvian Science Council The Baltic Germans of Latgale in the context of socio-ethnic relations from the 17th until the beginning of the 20th century (2020–2021) is devoted to this topic. One of the tasks of the project is the analysis of the image of the Baltic Germans in fiction. In the framework of the research, the works written in the Latvian literary language, the action of which is set in Latgale, are analysed. The focus is on fictional works about Latgale written by two authors – Antons Austriņš (1884–1934) and Ādolfs Ers (1885–1945) – in the first and second decades of the 20th century. The said writers are the first currently distinguished authors narrating in the Latvian literary language, who describe Latgale in a number of their works. Compared to other nationalities (Poles, Russians, Jews), the Baltic Germans are mentioned minimally in their works; moreover, it is a commonplace that in some cases protagonist’s belonging to German descent is not mentioned, which can only be inferred. Although the Baltic Germans belong to the Latgale past, their culture is imperceptibly and harmoniously apparent in Latgale, i.e. it is evident in the castles (castle ruins) and manors as well as in the use of Germanisms by the Baltic Germans, it has determined the location of the Latgale cities and influenced the worldview.
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Leontyeva, Varvara. "On the History of Studying Modal Verbs in the German Language." Nizhny Novgorod Linguistics University Bulletin, no. 51 (September 30, 2020): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47388/2072-3490/lunn2020-51-3-64-76.
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The article is an overview and a summary of the study of modal verbs in the German language in Russian and foreign linguistics, from Antiquity to the present day, in line with the holistic study of modality in world linguistics. Using the methods of generalization and systematization, the author analyzes monographs and articles by Russian and foreign experts in the field of the history of the German language, functional grammar, and morphology. While a considerable number of works by foreign and Russian linguists in the 20th century are devoted to the issues of semantics of preterite-present and modal verbs in specific historical periods of the development of the German language, there are still many open questions in this area. Throughout almost the entire 20th century, Germanists viewed modal verbs mainly as a means of expressing internal modality, i.e., the attitude of the speaker to the action being performed. However, in the late 20th and early 21st century, they began to actively study the subjective use of modal verbs. Much modern literature on the subject is devoted to the study of German modal verbs in the function of subjective (epistemic) modality. This article focuses on etymological, semantic, grammatical, and functional features of modal verbs in modern German and discusses a number of controversial issues, such as the question of whether modal verbs are a closed or open cluster of vocabulary, that is, whether it is possible, at the present stage of language history, to include other linguistic units into the category of modal units, it these other units answer certain semantic or grammatical criteria. It is also open to discussion whether there is a one-to-one corre-spondence between a modal verb and the type of modal relations that is expressed with the help of this verb in speech, and vice versa. The author highlights such significant aspects as grammaticalization of modal verbs, correlation of modal verbs with various types of modal relations, primary and secondary meanings of modal verbs, characteristics of the preterito-presentia, compatibility of modal verbs, and syntactic features of their usage. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that it gives a more comprehensive understanding of functions and pragmatics of modal verbs as a special lexical cluster in speech.
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Mustafayeva, Nailya B. "Stanza form of mukhammas in Azerbaijan lyrics in 20th century." Neophilology, no. 21 (2020): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2020-6-21-76-84.
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In Azerbaijan literature of the early 20th century mukhammas were created, they were distinguished by the search for new forms and the problematic range. For example, Sabir began mukhammas with beit (couplets) of tarji, repeated it at the end of each stanza. Many other poets repeated a similar technique afterwards. There are other features of the mukhammas of the specified period; the topic in general covered lyric and poetic, patriotic, social and political, philosophical, and religious issues. The patriotic mukhammas included a description of the nature beauties, the motherland defenders courage, the impulses of those who strove for the progress of the country, for its freedom. The number of satirical mukhammas increased. Takhmis (imitations) were written on classical poems, including Fuzuli’s ghazals. At the early 20th century in Azerbaijan, as well as in other places of the Russian Empire, political activity grew among the population. The famous poet Mahammad Hadi wrote in his mukhammas about the need to achieve freedom. After all, only free people can achieve true progress and prosperity. In Soviet times, a number of poets continued to write their poems in the classical style. Poets such as V. Abbaszade Hammal, M.S. Ordubadi, A. Nazmi, Mikayil Rafili, Ali Nazim, Suleiman Rustam, Mikayil Mushfig praised their native land in their mukhammas, at the same time they did not forget to note the role of the Communist Party in the prosperity of the country. A lot of poems were devoted to international events, criticism of the imperialist forces. During World War II, Aliaga Vahid in his mukhammas predicted German fascism an inevitable defeat, expressed admiration for the heroism of Soviet soldiers. In the second half and at the end of the 20th century, the number of mukhammas on religious themes is growing in Azerbaijan poetry. A number of poets have moved from writing poetry in the classical nazm style to the mukhammas genre.
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Levit, Georgy S., and Uwe Hossfeld. "Biology and panpsychism: German evolutionists and a philosopher Theodor Ziehen (1862–1950)." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies 36, no. 2 (2020): 240–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu17.2020.203.
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Theodor Ziehen was a prominent German psychiatrist and psychologist and a marginal philosopher of the first half of the 20th century who developed an exotic subjective-idealistic theory based on quasi-empirical psychological arguments. Although Ziehen was seen by contemporaries (most prominently by Vladimir Lenin) as a representative of the same philosophical current (empirio-criticism) as Mach and Avenarius, he never achieved their prominence in the history of philosophy. At the same time, Ziehen’s philosophy became influential in German biology, first of all, due to his direct and very strong impact on Bernhard Rensch. Rensch, in his turn, was the most significant figure on the international scene of what is known as the Modern Evolutionary Synthesis in biology. Rensch was not the only biologist influenced by Ziehen’s ideas. Ziehen had some communication with the “German Darwin” Ernst Haeckel and played a prominent role in the concept of the founder of biological systematics Willi Hennig. How to explain Ziehen’s prominent place in the history of evolutionary biology, despite his obscurity in the history of philosophy? Our hypothesis is that Ziehen became a visible figure in evolutionary theory because of the monistic bias in German biology. Ziehen’s epistemology appeared to be compatible with evolutionary monism and was developed by a practicing psychiatrist therefore obtaining a character of a quasi-experimental doctrine.
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Colak, Yasar, and Serdar Sinan Gulec. "Schlomo Dov Goitein’s “Political” Symbiosis in the Secrets of Simon Ben Yohai: A Qur’anic Reappraisal for a Jewish Apocalyptic Source on the Reflecting of an Early Islamic Background." Bussecon Review of Social Sciences (2687-2285) 4, no. 1 (February 27, 2022): 01–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36096/brss.v4i1.314.
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This paper examines the concept of symbiosis in Islamic history as developed by Schlomo Dov Goitein, the 20th-century Jewish German scholar in the area of Jewish and Arabic studies, and discusses its application to the identity sourcing of Prophet Muhammad in particular. The aim of the study is to review the historical outline briefly on the background and formation of “symbiosis” preceding and in the aftermath of Goitein’s conceptualization and context, following a qualitative research approach with an intertextual criticism to his references and discussing their possible philological aspects in his mindset. The study found that, while the Islamic historical sources presented the relations between Jews and Muslims in the Madina period of Islam as negative, in Goitein’s works, the Jewish perception of early Islamic history is positively grounded on a mid-eight century Jewish messianic-apocalyptical text, namely, The Secrets of Rabbi Simon ben Yohai as traditionally understood in Judaism for describing Ishmaelites as the savior of Jews from Christian oppression. This finding seems to be in explicit contradistinction to the concept of innovative “creative symbiosis” with subversion of historical experience.
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Legeżyńska, Anna. "Translatologia z perspektywy końca (wieku)." Przestrzenie Teorii, no. 1 (February 15, 2007): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pt.2002.1.8.
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When summing up the history of translatology in the second half of the 20th century, the author points to undoubtful achievements of this discipline as well as disputable questions and tasks for the future. She proves that the postmodern conceptions of the exhaustion of literature (Lyotard) are not reflected in studies of translation. Just the opposite, this field has been developing dynamically, although its autonomy is still questioned. The chance of translatology is its interdisciplinary character, relation with methodology of linguistic studies, using the theory of interpretation and the theory of intertextuality. Some of the questions which are disputed are: equivalentisation, non-translatability, opposition of archaisation and modernisation. In the sphere of postulates is the synthesis of Polish knowledge on translation, Formation of proper criticism of translation and codification of terminology. All these motifs of considerations are supported by references to the most important conceptions and trends of the 20th century translatology.
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Amanan, Amanan. "Sejarah Asal-Usul Penamaan dan Perkembangan Kawasan “Okura” di Pekanbaru pada Abad ke-20." Warisan: Journal of History and Cultural Heritage 4, no. 3 (December 24, 2023): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34007/warisan.v4i3.1983.
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This research explores the History, Origin, and Development of the Okura Area, which originated from Okura Estate (plantation) in Pekanbaru in the 20th Century. The study employs a historical method, relying on toponymic analysis. The method includes heuristic, criticism, interpretation, and historiography steps. the techniques for collection the data are archival study, literature review, and interview. Okura Estate is one of the relatively large rubber plantations established by Baron K. Okura during the Dutch Colonial period. The existence of Okura Estate in Pekanbaru during the Dutch colonial period (in the 20th century) reflects life on plantations during that time, the role of the Japanese in the region, the involvement of external labor and the local community, and how these elements intertwined in the past, contributing to the cultural heritage in the Okura area that persists to this day. The research reveals the complexity behind historical, toponymic, environmental, and cultural aspects to uncover the evolution of Okura Estate over time.
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Kozhukharov, Roman R. "“Miriskusniki” and the genesis of acmeistic searches (about the review of one exhibition)." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education 2, no. 2 (March 2024): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.2.2-24.094.
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The article presents the experience of comprehension V. Narbut’s publication “Mir Iskusstva” (“The World of Art”) in the St. Petersburg newspaper “Theater and Sport”. The article, dedicated to the exhibition of the same name, is written in the genre of art criticism, unique for the poet’s creative biography, and is perceived as a capacious manifestation of the author’s artistic preferences. The significance of comprehension this publication is due to its chronological correlation not only with the beginning of the poet’s creative path, but also with key events in the history of Russian literature at the beginning of the 20th century.
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De Santis, Marcelo Domingos. "A bibliographic review of the history of Dexiinae (Diptera, Tachinidae) taxonomy in the Neotropical Region with bibliographic notes on Dominik Bilimek and Fritz Plaumann." Arquivos de Zoologia 53, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/2176-7793/2022.53.04.
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The knowledge of Dexiinae and Tachinidae diversity in the Neotropical Region, in contrast to other regions, e.g., the Palaearctic Region, is in a poor condition. The history of these taxa has gradually increased since the 18th Century from the works of European and North American authors such as Johan C. Fabricius, Christian R.W. Wiedemann, Jean B. Robineau-Desvoidy, Pierre J.-M. Macquart, Jacques M.F. Bigot, Francis Walker, Victor von Röeder, Ermanno Giglio-Tos, Friedrich M. Brauer and Julius E. Bergenstamm, Frederik M. van der Wulp, Charles H. Curran, John M. Aldrich, Charles H.T. Townsend, Henry J. Reinhard and William R. Thompson. It was only in the first half of the 20th Century that scientists born or established in South America began to enter tachinidology. Dipterists like Jean Brèthes and Everardo E. Blanchard from Argentina, Rául E. Cortés Peña from Chile and José H. Guimarães from Brazil, are the most memorable names for, not only to Neotropical Dexiinae, but, indeed for the whole family. Herein, a brief chronological review of tachinidology, with emphasis on Dexiinae and based on a literature review, is given. The history is divided into four periods: the pre-Linnaean period of the 16th and 17th Centuries, the 18th Century, the 19th Century and the first half of the 20th Century. After the first half of 20th Century, the emphasis is focused on European and North American dipterists with an overview of their contributions on Dexiinae taxonomy. Later, with presence of the South American dipterists, the emphasis is directed to them. Then a few notes are given on the Czech Dominik Bilimek, a poorly known collector from the 19th Century and Fritz Plaumann, a well-known German immigrant who collected in Brazil during the earlier 20th Century. Finally, some notes and perspectives about the 21st Century dexiinidology from the Neotropics is briefly discussed.
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Jenner, Bryan. "‘Articulatory settings’." Historiographia Linguistica 28, no. 1-2 (September 7, 2001): 121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.28.1.09jen.
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Summary The term ‘articulatory setting’ first appeared in English phonetic literature in a much-cited article by Beatrice Honikman (1964). The link between this term and a set of synonyms used by a range of 19th century European scholars was amply demonstrated by Laver (1978). By examining a few of the many sources available, this article seeks to show, as Laver’s article did not, that the phenomenon that Honikman discusses has been almost continuously present in German phonetic literature from Sievers (1876) onward, and that British scholars in the 20th century failed to take account of this. As a result, the concept was entirely absent from British phonetic literature from about 1909 until 1964. Against this background the article also seeks to establish possible direct sources for Honikman’s ideas.
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Eigler, Friederike. "Writing in the New Germany: Cultural Memory and Family Narratives." German Politics and Society 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 16–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503005780979967.
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This article discusses the genre of family narratives in contemporary German literature against the backdrop of cultural memory in postunification Germany.1 Family narratives lend themselves to a critical study of memory as they enact the transmission and transformation of memories from one generation to the next. Thus, these texts serve a pivotal role as both archives for and reflections on individual and collective memories of 20th century Germany history. Since the late 1990s, i.e., almost a decade after the collapse
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Homberg, Mauricio, and Jens Ivo Engels. "Corruption Debates in the First Portuguese Republic 1910-1926." Revista Portuguesa de História 53 (September 27, 2022): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/0870-4147_53_4.
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This paper deals with corruption debates as a political factor in the First Portuguese Republic. Criticism of corruption is a hitherto hardly considered aspect for understanding the instability of the Republic. Criticism of corruption as a critique of parliamentarism existed in almost all European countries in the first third of the 20th century. This essay offers a systematic examination of corruption debates in Portugal and aims to emphasise the international commonalities. Similar to the rest of Europe, these criticisms contributed to the bad image and destabilisation of the parliamentary system. The essay mainly uses political newspapers and pamphlets as sources. After an assessment of the relevant research literature and a very short section on anticorruption in the late monarchy, we will concentrate on three groups of critics: monarchical Catholic voices, radical republican commentaries, and anarchist left-wing contributions. The aim is to reconstruct patterns of argumentation of the aforementioned political directions that were typical throughout the republican period. We will also take up the alleged connection between cultural backwardness and corruption in the Portuguese self-description. In the last section, we will shortly focus on the (almost non-existent) defence strategies of the ruling Republicans.
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Костригин, А. А. "HISTORICAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL IDEAS OF A.P. NECHAEV. PART 1: HISTORY OF LITERATURE, LITERARY CRITICISM, HISTORICAL PSYCHOLOGY." Институт психологии Российской академии наук. Социальная и экономическая психология, no. 1(21) (April 12, 2021): 252–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.38098/ipran.sep.2021.21.1.010.
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Статья посвящена Александру Петровичу Нечаеву (1870-1948), выдающемуся отечественному психологу и педагогу первой половины XX в. В данной работе А.П. Нечаев показан как историк психологии. Рассматриваются историко-психологические работы и взгляды ученого по трем направлениям: анализ историко-литературных работ, в которых освещаются идеи, связанные с исторической психологией; анализ работ, освещавших состояние психологии на рубеже XIX-XX вв. и об отдельных персоналиях современной Нечаеву психологии; анализ специальных историко-психологических и историко-философских работ. В первой части представляются историко-литературные и литературно-критические работы: «Об отношении Крылова к науке» (1895) и «Поэзия А.Н. Майкова. Критический очерк» (1898). Отечественный психолог анализирует взгляды И.А. Крылова на ученых и научную деятельность, выраженных в художественных метафорах и отражавших общественные и народные представления о науке. Рассматривая творчество Майкова, Нечаев показывает, что поэзия может выполнять психологические задачи: с одной стороны, она влияет на эмоциональное состояние читателя и на развитие его личности, с другой - выражает внутренние особенности самого поэта, и необходима ему для удовлетворения собственных потребностей и стремлений. Несмотря на то, что напрямую эти работы не касаются проблематики истории психологии, они показывают интерес Нечаева к историко-научным исследованиям, а также могут быть отнесены к области исторической психологии, поскольку в них представлено изучение образов ученого и поэта и их психологические качества, характерные для XIX в., через художественное творчество и литературу. The article is dedicated to Aleksander Petrovich Nechaev (1870-1948), an outstanding Russian psychologist and teacher of the first half of the 20th century. In this work, Nechaev is presented as a historian of psychology. The historical-psychological views and works of the scientist in three directions are considered: analysis of historical and literary works in which ideas related to historical psychology are presented; analysis of works covering the state of psychology at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries and dedicated to Nechaev’s contemporaries in psychology; analysis of special historical-psychological and historical-philosophical works. The first part presents the historical-literary and literary-critical works of Nechaev: «On Krylov's attitude to science» (1895) and «Poetry of A.N. Maikov. A critical sketch» (1898). The Russian psychologist analyzes the views of I.A. Krylov on scientists and scientific activities, expressed in artistic metaphors and reflecting public and popular ideas about science. Considering the work of Maikov, Nechaev shows that poetry can perform psychological tasks: on the one hand, it affects the emotional state of the reader and the development of his personality, on the other hand, it expresses the inner characteristics of the poet himself, poetry is necessary for him to satisfy his own needs and intentions. Even though these works do not directly relate to the problems of history of psychology, they show the interest of Nechaev to historical-scientific research, and can also be attributed to the field of historical psychology: through artistic creativity and literature, the author studies the images of a scientist and a poet and their psychological traits specific to the 19th century.
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Kastiņš, Juris Andrejs. "Hanss Magnuss Encensbergers – literāro vinješu meistars." Aktuālās problēmas literatūras un kultūras pētniecībā: rakstu krājums, no. 26/1 (March 1, 2021): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/aplkp.2021.26-1.261.
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The article “Hans Magnus Enzensberger – Master of Literary Vignettes” is dedicated to the latest book of the outstanding German poet and publicist “Masters of Survival: 99 Literary Vignettes of the 20th Century”, published on the occasion of the author’s 90th anniversary. It presents 99 literary portraits in the characteristic style of Enzensberger – from critical attitude to admirable praise. The article first describes the vignette as a special genre of literature (miniature literature), its meaning, and history. Several examples from the history of German and Austrian literature are mentioned: Stefan Zweig, Robert Walser, Franz Kafka, Robert Musil. All objects in Enzensberger’s literary vignettes are “masters of survival” – they are writers and poets between the First and Second World Wars. The article qualifies the critical performance of Marko Martin, Helmut Böttiger, Christian Metz, and Alexander Cammann in evaluating Enzensberger’s work. The style of Enzensberger is also characterised. It surprises the reader by bringing the personal, subjective aspect closer to various intimate facts from the lives of writers and poets. The most significant attention is paid to the representatives of German literature – Gottfried Benn, Gerhart Hauptmann, Johannes R. Becher, and others.
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Lang, Cuo. "Identity, Emotions, and Death: Interpreting Letter from an Woman from the Perspective of Biographical Criticism." International Journal of Education and Humanities 15, no. 1 (July 7, 2024): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/kvrmqa06.
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Stephen Zweig's Letter from an Woman focuses on a long letter sent by a woman to unfold the story plot. Death is the prominent theme of the work, and highlighting the psychological activities of the characters is the author's realistic writing style. This work is set against the backdrop of the Nazi regime in 20th century Europe, and through imaginative reconstruction, it shapes the author's identity embodiment, emotional projection, and the world of yesterday; Completed the dialectical relationship between the author and oneself, with the group, with history and the era, between reality and illusion. This plays a role in rediscovering the author's subjectivity in biographical literature, providing valuable examples for its further development in the process of transformation.
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Siqueira Castanheira, José Cláudio. "Introduction to the Sociology of Music Technologies: An Ontological Review." methaodos revista de ciencias sociales 10, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17502/mrcs.v10i2.574.
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Adorno’s work, in particular the texts dealing with the relationship between music and social behaviors or structures, has been the target of criticism, especially in the second half of the 20th century, being considered by many to be generalist, dogmatic or even elitist. This work proposes the analysis of musical technologies not only as a set of compositional techniques, as Adorno does, but, in fact, as material conditions for the realization of a certain type of sound/music. The colonialist character of these technologies is also analyzed. Based on a review of some key concepts in Adornian theory, a dialogue is sought with more contemporary authors from the sociology of music.
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Kovács, Gábor. "THE MYTH OF THE WICKED CITY IN THE CULTURAL CRITICISM OF O. SPENGLER / NUODĖMINGO MIESTO MITAS O. SPENGLERIO KULTŪROS KRITIKOJE." CREATIVITY STUDIES 4, no. 1 (June 28, 2011): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20290187.2011.577175.
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O. Spengler was one of the leading protagonists of cultural criticism in the 20th century. His oeuvre had been rooted in the German intellectual climate of the pre-war period and war years. The German tradition based on an ambivalent relation to modernity, after the German defeat suffered at the end of the First World War, emerged as the movement of ‘conservative revolution’. This new kind of conservatism, on the one hand, enthusiastically greeted technological advancement, while, on the other hand, rejected social and political modernization. The opposition of the city and the country-side was a central theme of this way of thought. Spengler in his ‘morphology of world history’ gave an outstanding place to this opposition. Our paper offers a reconstruction, in this respect, of the theory of Spengler. Santrauka O. Spengleris buvo vienas iš svarbiausių XX a. kultūros kritikos atstovų. Jo kūryba buvo įšaknyta vokiečių ikikarinio laikotarpio ir karo metų intelektualinėje atmosferoje. Vokiškoji tradicija, pagrįsta ambivalentišku santykiu su modernybe, po skaudaus vokiečių pralaimėjimo Pirmajame pasauliniame kare, iškilo kaip ,,konservatyviosios revoliucijos“ judėjimas. Naujas konservatizmo tipas, viena vertus, entuziastingai sveikino technologinį progresą, kita vertus, atmetė socialinę ir politinę modernizaciją. Priešprieša tarp miesto ir kaimo buvo pagrindinė diskusijų tema. Šiose diskusijose Spengleris su savo „pasaulio istorijos morfologija” užėmė iškilią vietą. Šiame straipsnyje pristatoma Spenglerio teorijos rekonstrukcija.
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Manurung, Cici Christina. "Peran Zending dalam Pelayanan Kesehatan di Tarutung, 1900-1942." MUKADIMAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sejarah, dan Ilmu-ilmu Sosial 6, no. 2 (August 26, 2022): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/mkd.v6i2.5597.
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This article aims to explain how the history of the development of health facilities in Tarutung in the 20th century. Tarutung in the past was used as the center of the Christianization movement by zendings from various countries. One of the zending organizations that plays a big role in health services in Tarutung is a German zending organization called Rheinische Missionsgesellscaft (RMG). This article uses a historical research method with four stages in its writing, namely: heuristics (collection of sources), verification (source criticism), interpretation, and historiography (writing). The results showed that zending plays a big role in improving the health and hygiene of the Batak people in Tarutung. The zendings also introduced modern methods of medicine that replaced traditional medicine by the Batak datu. In addition, zending also played a role in establishing various health facilities in Tarutung such as: hospitals, auxiliary hospitals, polyclinics, and nursing and midwifery schools.
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Babunych, Yulia. "Ukrainian art studies of the 20th century: ways of development and main problems of research." Bulletin of Lviv National Academy of Arts, no. 51 (October 10, 2023): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37131/2524-0943-2023-51-1.
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It has been investigated that Ukrainian art history in its historical development has followed a path characteristic of European artistic thought. The tasks faced by Ukrainian art history at the beginning of the 20th century are considered. During 1905–1917, art history in Ukraine acquired signs of structure, the directions of research were quite clearly defined. Based on the analysis of art studies of the 1920s, it was determined that they are characterized by a combination of clear retrospective vision, methodically correct handling of iconographic sources. The fact that the problem of national peculiarities of Ukrainian art history, its origins, driving factors, and priorities is of fundamental importance has been revealed. The article states that the Soviet totalitarian regime initiated a new stage of the «state» approach to the development of national inversions of science, literature and, in particular, art history. It was found out that specific conclusions regarding the national style were removed from many works of domestic art researchers by censorship. The need to organize and harmonize with the national historical concept of chronology and periodization of Ukrainian art history remains an equally urgent task. In this regard, the publication is supplemented with tables with a chronology of cultural events and publications of art-historical publications. It was found that Ukrainian art history actively developed in the context of the general national revival. With the beginning of totalitarian repressions and the liquidation of literary and artistic associations in the Ukrainian SSR (1932), the development process moved to western Ukrainian lands, primarily to Lviv. It was noted that in the post-war period, after well-known socio-political and socio-cultural changes, art history, art criticism, as well as artistic creativity throughout the territory of Ukraine, were united under one ideological slogan of socialist realism. It is emphasized that an important role in this difficult period was played by Ukrainian figures of culture, science and art of the diaspora. It is revealed that Ukrainian art history of the second half of the 20th century developed in difficult socio-political and cultural conditions. It has been found that the second half of the 20th century, marked by the repeated "revival" of the socialist realist method, nevertheless proved the continuity of the development of the national concept in the field of art history. A new stage logically began during the years of independent Ukraine. It is highlighted that the national concept of the historical development of Ukrainian culture and art has become the leading one in the domestic humanitarian field. It is important that the revival of Ukrainian art criticism has begun.
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Gu, Qiushi. "Trauma, Haunting, and Representation: Rereading and the Translation Examination of Kokoro." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 15, no. 1 (December 31, 2023): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1501.29.
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The Japanese novel, Kokoro (1914), offers a profound insight into early 20th-century Japanese society encompassing history, politics, and literature. Although this novel has been extensively explored in literary and translation studies, the convergence remains underexplored. This study advocates integrating literary criticism with translation practice for a more faithful representation of narratives. Applying trauma/PTSD studies theory, it meticulously analyzes Kokoro, particularly examining the English and Chinese renditions of the pivotal term “談判 (danpan; negotiation)”. The methodology involves constructing a trilingual database, incorporating the Japanese source text and seven translations in English and Chinese. By scrutinizing specific passages, the study delves into trauma-related responses and behaviors, revealing their impact on long-lasting changes in personality and relationships. Emphasis is placed on the translation of key terms, preserving cultural and linguistic nuances. This innovative approach advances both literary criticism and translation theory, emphasizing psychological elements for a nuanced portrayal of characters’ states of mind. The study underscores the significance of trauma narratives in comprehending personal and historical traumas, asserting that translators of trauma literature must blend theoretical knowledge with social responsibility. They serve as “secondary witnesses,” entrusted with accurately transmitting traumatic stories between languages, fostering empathy, and preventing the repetition of tragedies in history. This approach provides an innovative interpretation of Kokoro and its translations, bridging the realms of literary criticism and translation studies.
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Mihailova, Antoaneta, and Kalina Minkova. "RECEPTION OF THE FOREIGNNESS – MIGRANT LITERATURE AS CULTURAL TRANSFER." Ezikov Svyat volume 18 issue 2, ezs.swu.v18i2 (June 30, 2020): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.bg.v18i2.13.
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The article reviews the distinction between emigrant, immigrant and migrant literature from the perspective of the contemporary Bulgarian literary criticism. The body of emigrant literature is regarded as comprising the works of nineteenthcentury Bulgarian authors (Rakovski, Karavelov, Vazov) who wrote in Bulgarian and intended their works for the Bulgarian readership. The works from the first half of the twentieth century, written in Bulgarian by Bulgarian authors living mostly in Germany and France, are perceived as part of the Bulgarian literature from this period on the grounds of their engaging with themes recognized as characteristically Bulgarian (Elisaveta Bagryana, Pencho Slaveykov, Kiril Hristov, Svetoslav Minkov etc.). The Bulgarian intellectuals who moved to Western Europe in three immigrant waves after 1944, however, wrote in the language of the country in which they settled. This is the reason why Bulgarian literary criticism did not acknowledge their works as part of Bulgarian literature. The authors this article deals with – Ilija Trojanov, Dimitre Dinev and Tzveta Sofronieva – do not deny their Bulgarian origins. They have chosen to write in German in order to be understood by readers in their new country. The German-speaking readership regards them as mediators between Bulgarian history, traditions and culture and the German, respectively Austrian, society precisely because they have rendered Bulgarians and the Bulgarian past in a language that is easy to understand. The interest in Bulgarian authors writing in languages other than Bulgarian in Western Europe peaked in the years immediately preceding and following Bulgaria’s accession to the European Union as the Western European citizens wanted to find out more about the new country in the Union. With their established reputation as eminent artists, these authors continue to cast a bridge between the two cultures. Their works keep being translated into many different languages and have won prestigious international awards.
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Farrukh, Gul, and Awais Ahmad Durrani. "Creating the Monster: Adolf Hitler's Foundational Influence on the Nazi Party." Winter 2023 4, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55737/qjssh.978456442.
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This study examines Adolf Hitler's complex life and rise to power, a German politician and tyrant who changed 20th-century history. Hitler's rise from a failed artist in Austria in 1889 to a global political power is methodically analyzed, revealing his early military duty, political ambitions, and ideological development. The literature explains Hitler's use of democratic routes to construct an authoritarian dictatorship through careful historical analysis and scholarly research. It also examines Hitler's racism and anti-Semitism, propaganda, and Weimar Germany's complicated socio-political context, which helped him rise. This research work illuminates Hitler's rise within European history, revealing the complex influences that shaped nations and millions.
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Wahl, Hans-Werner, and Günter Krampen. "Geropsychology and Psychology in the German- Speaking and Anglo-American Research Community." Zeitschrift für Gerontopsychologie & -psychiatrie 16, no. 1 (March 2003): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//1011-6877.16.1.29.
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Summary: This paper is aimed to add to the understanding of the recent history of geropsychology by use of an underutilized tool, i.e., bibliometrical analysis. First, we employ an “external perspective” by focusing the development of geropsychology against the background of psychology as a whole as well as other selected psychology subfields. Second, from an “internal perspective,” we were interested in how major subfields of geropsychology have developed. In both of these issues, we compare the Anglo-American to the German-speaking research community. Third and finally, we explore the relative contribution of geropsychology work coming from German-speaking countries to the international literature. Regarding the external perspective, the major finding is that geropsychology has become a well-established subfield of psychology over the last quarter of the 20th century both in the Anglo-America and German-speaking research community. In particular, geropsychology has become a very prominent part of developmental psychology in German-speaking countries. From an “internal perspective,” research on cognitive functioning was the most frequent and consistent contributor to the geropsychology literature in both regions. Different between regions was the diverging interest in research on life experiences and coping (which was much higher in German-speaking countries). Finally, recent geropsychology research from German-speaking countries has contributed - in relative terms - more to the international literature than the psychology literature as a whole has done.
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Kirillova, Natalia B. "Metamorphoses of Russian Mass Culture." Observatory of Culture 16, no. 5 (December 4, 2019): 536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2019-16-5-536-541.
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The article is a review of the monograph “Russian Mass Culture: From Baroque to Post-Modernism” by Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of the Russian State University for the Humanities, Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences I.V. Kondakov. The book, which consists of seven chapters, is devoted to the history of the emergence and development of mass culture in Russia from ancient times to the beginning of the 20th century. Studying its origins dating back to antiquity, the author proves that Russian mass culture received an “impulse of independence” in the 17th century, as the culture was becoming personified, which means a personal principle was coming forward in it. It was during that period, associated with the emergence of Russian Baroque, that two paradigms appeared — Pre-Renaissance and Pre-Enlightenment, which led to the subsequent juxtaposition of “mass” and “elite” cultures in Russia first before Peter the Great and then after his period. The author gives an interesting assessment to the period of the Russian Enlightenment of the 18th century, when there happened a demarcation of the noble culture into liberal-democratic and conservative directions. Moreover, the former contributes to “massification”, and the latter – to “individualization” of Russian culture. The crisis of the classical paradigm in the 19th century, including the “literature-centrism” and “critical-centrism” of Russian culture, ultimately led to the formation of new artistic movements, new genres and styles, that is, to the modernization of Russian culture at the turn of the 19th—20th centuries. In this regard, the Silver Age turned out to be an “exquisite and ephemeral construction of the Russian Renaissance” in paradoxical forms of symbolism and modernism.The review reflected the structural and substantive aspects of I.V. Kondakov’s monograph, the features of his theoretical analysis, the specifics of style and language. The article evaluates the publication, reveals its uniqueness and scientific significance for modern humanitarian science, including history and cultural studies, literary criticism and philosophy, art criticism and aesthetics.
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Aspisova, O. S. "ALL THIS GOETHE: CULT AND ANTICULT." Human Being: Image and Essence. Humanitarian Aspects, no. 3 (2020): 144–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/chel/2020.03.09.
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The article examines the almost religious worship of Goethe as an unattainable universal genius and classical author, analyzing both the «Goethe cult» and the «anti-cult» in the German culture before the first half of the 20th century. The Goethe cult, that had started shortly after his death, largely contributed to the development of modern literary studies as a new science in Europe. The anniversary years invariably intensified the cult. Resistance to this cult became especially noticeable after WWI when, for the first time, a real «anti-cult» unfolded. It is documented, for example, in a series of articles by comedian C. Sternheim (1878-1942), where Goethe appears as the symbol for «Kulturphilister», in the «Steppenwolf» by H. Hesse, essays by Ortega y Gasset. The «standard education» turned Goethe into a «blank sign», referring to the national-patriotic cult of the «classics». Both the cult of Goethe and his anti-cult turned out to be very productive not only for literature and journalism, but also for literary criticism.
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Kachorovskaya, A. E. "On the Reception of the Myth of Prometheus in Austrian Literature of 19th-20th Centuries." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 3 (March 30, 2020): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-3-221-235.
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This article focuses its attention on the motive of resistance characteristic of Austrian literature of the 19th - 20th centuries, which is considered from the point of view of the historical and literary relationship with the myth of Prometheus. The history of the issue is reviewed. A selective analysis of the versions of the Promethean myth in the Austrian historical and literary context of the 19th-20th centuries, which is part of the pan-European literary and philosophical heritage, is given. The stylistic and genre originality of Austrian interpretations of the myth of Prometheus is proved on the basis of a study of a number of works. The artistic reception of the image of Prometheus in the poem by Z. Lipiner "Liberated Prometheus", little studied in Russian literary criticism is considered in the article. Attention is paid to the version of the Promethean myth in the literature of Austrian Art Nouveau (on the example of F. Kafka's little prose). The issue of conflicting trends in the development of Austrian literature of the 20th century, affecting the interaction of the motive of resistance with the Promethean myth, is investigated by the example of M. Gruber's essay. The correlation of the Austrian versions of the motive of resistance with the myth of Prometheus is proved. The results of the study confirm the significance of the Promethean myth in the Austrian reception of the 19th-20th centuries, which has more pronounced features of drama and theatricality in relation to the European context.
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Nadergulov, Minlegali Kh. "BASHKIR LITERARY STUDIES: THE PAST, THE PRESENT, AND THE FUTURE." Proceedings of the UFRC RAS. Series: History. Philology. Culture 1, no. 1 (March 2024): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31833/sifk/2024.1.1.012.
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The article discusses the history and achievements of the Department of Literary Criticism, as well as the efforts to establish the science of Bashkir literature. The first attempts at analyzing the works of Bashkir authors were made at the beginning of the 20th century. The formation of the discipline of Bashkir literary criticism is closely linked to the development of the Institute of History, Language, and Literature, which was formerly known as the Society for Studying Bashkiria in 1922 and the Institute for National Culture in 1932. During the pre-war period, staff members of the department focused on works by prominent Soviet authors such as A.Tagirov, D. Yulty, and T. Yanabi. Preparations were also underway for the publication of M.Gafuri complete works and a single-volume collection of poetry by poet G.Salam. Large-scale study of the theory and history of Bashkir literature began in the 50s and 60s of the last century, when such qualified specialists as G.Z. Ramazanov, G.B. Khusainov, M.F. Gainullin and others began to work in the department. The achievements of the department’s staff are reflected in the following works: “The history of Bashkir Soviet literature. Essays” (1968, in Bashkir. spring.) and “the history of Bashkir Soviet literature “ (1977). Notable works in the study of the history and theory of national literature include A.I. Kharisov «Literary Heritage of the Bashkir People. XVIII–XIX Centuries» (1965), K.A. Akhmedyanov’s «Theory of Literature» (1971), and A.H. Vakhitov’s «Genre and Style in Bashkir Prose» (1982). S.G. Safuanov’s work on «Interethnic Relations in Bashkir Literature» (1979) and A.H. Vildanov and G.S. Kunafin’s book on «Bashkir Enlightenment Democrats of the XIX Century» (1981) are also notable. In the 1970s and ‘80s , as archaeological research began to become more systematic, the department under the guidance of Professor G.B. Khusainov began writing a multivolume history of national literature, resulting in the publication of 6 volumes of «History of Bashkir Literature» in Bashkir between 1990 and 1996. In recent years, the department staff, led by M.Kh. Nadergulov, has prepared and published «History of Bashkir Literature», in 3 volumes, in Russian. The 7th volume in the Bashkir series, dedicated to the literature of the post-Sov iet era, 3 volumes of «Anthology of Bashkir Literature», and more than 20 monographs on the theory and history of Bashkir literature. The scientific team of F.S. Fazylova and F.B. Yunusova has also prepared and published a complete work by the national poet of Bashkortostan, M. Karim, in 11 volumes.