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Abbott, Scott. "The Wanderer in 19th-Century German Literature: Intellectual History and Cultural Criticism (review)." Goethe Yearbook 17, no. 1 (2010): 406–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gyr.0.0046.
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Franek, Ladislav. "L’essence éthique du dialogue culturel." Interlitteraria 25, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 298–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2020.25.2.3.
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The ethical essence of cultural dialogue. The definition of comparative literary studies in Slovakia. Historical poetics in the works of D. Ďurišin, focused on the typological essence of literary phenomena on the basis of interrelating theoretical and developmental aspects of national literature. The differences of Slovak methodology from Western positivist models of the study of interliterariness. Parallel existence of the principles of literary history and criticism in the reception analyses of Russian, German and French literatures by older Slovak scholars. The onset of realism in Slovak literature at the end of the 19th century (S. Hurban Vajanský). The important contribution of J. Felix’s critical reflection of universalist tendencies in European and esp. modern French writing. The complexity of organically incorporating these impulses into the context of Slovak literature as a result of the provincial character of a “small” nation. The wealth of translations from contemporary world literatures and its positive impact on the work of many Slovak writers in spite of the discontinuity of research in this area after 1989. Urgent need to return to similar forms of literary-cultural reflection and self-reflection through reviving an intensive philological, linguistic, theoretical-critical and historical study at our universities.
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Franek, Ladislav. "L’essence éthique du dialogue culturel." Interlitteraria 25, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 298–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2020.25.2.3.
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The ethical essence of cultural dialogue. The definition of comparative literary studies in Slovakia. Historical poetics in the works of D. Ďurišin, focused on the typological essence of literary phenomena on the basis of interrelating theoretical and developmental aspects of national literature. The differences of Slovak methodology from Western positivist models of the study of interliterariness. Parallel existence of the principles of literary history and criticism in the reception analyses of Russian, German and French literatures by older Slovak scholars. The onset of realism in Slovak literature at the end of the 19th century (S. Hurban Vajanský). The important contribution of J. Felix’s critical reflection of universalist tendencies in European and esp. modern French writing. The complexity of organically incorporating these impulses into the context of Slovak literature as a result of the provincial character of a “small” nation. The wealth of translations from contemporary world literatures and its positive impact on the work of many Slovak writers in spite of the discontinuity of research in this area after 1989. Urgent need to return to similar forms of literary-cultural reflection and self-reflection through reviving an intensive philological, linguistic, theoretical-critical and historical study at our universities.
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Mumovic, Ana M. "DAM ON THE GREAT RUSSIAN SEA (Contribution to the interpretation of the Review of the History of Serbian Literature by A. N. Pipin)." Folia linguistica et litteraria XII, no. 35 (2021): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.35.2021.6.
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The paper aims is to present and evaluate the Review the History of Serbian Literature A. N. Pipin's as a classical history of Serbian literature that became part of the national culture. The development of the history of literature among Serbs, as an independent discipline and its modest beginnings, can be found in the first decades of the 19th century, in the time of Dositej and Vuk. In its beginnings, the history of literature was a "story" about the literary past of a nation and at its core was - criticism. This main idea as an axiom is a signpost that leads from the history of literature, which has long performed the function of criticism, to the genesis of literary criticism as the youngest branch of literary science and the way it formulated and exercised its functions in conditions when literary history was in a certain measures and history of the people. The Serbs received the first History of Serbian Literature (1865) from the pen of Pavel Jozef Šafarik (1795–1861), a Protestant and German student who served in Novi Sad. The next history of Serbian literature was also written by a foreigner, the Russian Alexander Nikolaevich Pipina (1833–1904). His Review the History of Serbian Literature (1865) has not been fully translated into Serbian. When marking questions from the new Serbian literature, Pipin's approach leads to a synthesis of ideas about cultural and political and national development. Slavery replaced the idea of revival "among Orthodox Serbs who fled to Austria". From that perspective, he views the development of national literature as an important part of culture and identity. Pipin also deals with the issue of national identity and the awakening of the national consciousness of the Slavs in his extensive study "Panslavism in the Past and Present" (1878), in which "the Serbian national question is incorporated into the general critique of Russian official policy and Slavophile orientation in the Balkans during Eastern Europe crisis". In this paper, we value his competence, cultural mission, the gift of the comparator, without which there is no great literary historian, and his practical contribution to classifying Serbian literature and culture in the European context.
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de Souza, Leonardo Cruz, Antônio Lúcio Teixeira, Guilherme Nogueira M. de Oliveira, Paulo Caramelli, and Francisco Cardoso. "A critique of phrenology in Moby-Dick." Neurology 89, no. 10 (September 4, 2017): 1087–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000004335.
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Phrenology has a fascinating, although controversial, place in the history of localizationism of brain and mental functions. The 2 main proponents of phrenology were 2 German-speaking doctors, Joseph Gall (1758–1828) and Johann Spurzheim (1776–1832). According to their theory, a careful examination of skull morphology could disclose personality characters. Phrenology was initially restricted to medical circles and then diffused outside scientific societies, reaching nonscientific audiences in Europe and North America. Phrenology deeply penetrated popular culture in the 19th century and its tenets can be observed in British and American literature. Here we analyze the presence of phrenologic concepts in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, by Herman Melville (1819–1891), one of the most prominent American writers. In his masterpiece, he demonstrates that he was familiarized with Gall and Spurzheim's writings, but referred to their theory as “semi-science” and “a passing fable.” Of note, Melville's fine irony against phrenology is present in his attempt to perform a phrenologic and physiognomic examination of The Whale. Thus, Moby-Dick illustrates the diffusion of phrenology in Western culture, but may also reflect Melville's skepticism and criticism toward its main precepts.
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Nosonovsky, Michael, Dan Shapira, and Daria Vasyutinsky-Shapira. "Not by Firkowicz’s Fault: Daniel Chwolson’s Comic Blunders in Research of Hebrew Epigraphy of the Crimea and Caucasus, and their Impact on Jewish Studies in Russia." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 73, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 633–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2020.00033.
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AbstractDaniel Chwolson (1819–1911) made a huge impact upon the research of Hebrew epigraphy from the Crimea and Caucasus. Despite that, his role in the more-than-a-century-long controversy regarding Crimean Hebrew tomb inscriptions has not been well studied. Chwolson, at first, adopted Abraham Firkowicz’s forgeries, and then quickly realized his mistake; however, he could not back up. Th e criticism by both Abraham Harkavy and German Hebraists questioned Chwolson’s scholarly qualifications and integrity. Consequently, the interference of political pressure into the academic argument resulted in the prevailing of the scholarly flawed opinion. We revisit the interpretation of these findings by Russian, Jewish, Karaite and Georgian historians in the 19th and 20th centuries. During the Soviet period, Jewish Studies in the USSR were in neglect and nobody seriously studied the whole complex of the inscriptions from the South of Russia / the Soviet Union. The remnants of the scholarly community were hypnotized by Chwolson’s authority, who was the teacher of their teachers’ teachers. At the same time, Western scholars did not have access to these materials and/or lacked the understanding of the broader context, and thus a number of erroneous Chwolson’s conclusion have entered academic literature for decades.
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BERNSTEIN, LAWRENCE F. "““Singende Seele”” or ““unsingbar””? Forkel, Ambros, and the Forces behind the Ockeghem Reception during the Late 18th and 19th Centuries." Journal of Musicology 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 3–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2006.23.1.3.
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ABSTRACT In 1868, Wilhelm Ambros lauded a number of compositions by Johannes Ockeghem, including the triple canon Prenez sur moy. Emphasizing the expressive qualities of this music, he suggested that its composer had breathed into it a ““singing soul.”” Some decades earlier, Johann Forkel also focused on Prenez sur moy, dismissing it, however, as ““unsingable.”” The present study examines the cultural and intellectual forces that gave rise to these strikingly contradictory assessments. Enlightenment historians are generally thought to have charted the flow of history according to a progressive paradigm. Late medieval music often fared poorly viewed from this perspective, drawing criticism for its failure to reflect the refinements of modern music. Initially, Forkel toed this line, but his comments about examples of 15th-century music in the Allgemeine Geschichte der Musik also reveal his capacity to strike a relativist pose regarding some of them, and even to offer unqualified praise. The changes in Forkel's position are traced to philosophical writings known to have been part of his library, and to his conviction that the music of Johann Sebastian Bach was superior to that of his own time. Taking that stand surely must have raised questions in his mind about his earlier commitment to the progressive view of history. Forkel's openness to new historiographical approaches suggests that he, of all Enlightenment writers on music, might have found value in Ockeghem's music, all the more so because he was better informed about Ockeghem's preeminent stature in his own day than anyone else at the time, and owing to his awareness of a current German tradition that regarded Ockeghem as ““the Bach of his day.”” Yet Forkel's deprecation of Ockeghem's music is among the strongest in the literature. His negative stand can be traced to his admiration for a 16th-century tract on teaching music, the Compendium musices by Adrian Petit Coclico, who demonizes Ockeghem as an icon of the scholastic approach to music. Forkel's own commitment to a humanistic orientation in music pedagogy surely led him to view Coclico as a kindred spirit.
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Roasto, Margo. "Marksismi retseptsioon ja dogmaatilise marksismi kriitika Eesti alal aastatel 1905–16." Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal 177, no. 3/4 (June 20, 2022): 169–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2021.3-4.02.
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In Estonian historiography, the revolutionary year of 1905 has been described as a starting point for subsequent political changes in 1917 and 1918. Hence many authors have highlighted the importance of political development that led to the foundation of the first Estonian political parties in 1905. However, the ideological differentiation of Estonian political thought between the revolutionary years of 1905 and 1917 has been studied less. The aim of this article is to analyse the political debates on Marxist theory that took place in the Estonian area of the Baltic provinces from 1905 to 1916.
The leaders of the Estonian socialist movement first became acquainted with Marxist theory through German and Russian socialist literature. Since 1905, various texts by socialist authors were also available to a wider audience in Estonian. First and foremost, the works of German social democrats were published in Estonian. During 1910–14, the first volume of Karl Marx’s Capital was translated into Estonian. While it had often previously been argued that socialism benefits all oppressed people, Marxist ideology was now presented as a scientific theory that explained economic development and protected the interests of industrial workers in a class society.
The article claims that during the period from 1905 to 1916, recognised experts on Marxist ideology emerged among Estonian socialists. In addition to Marxist tactics, Estonian socialist authors discussed theoretical issues such as the material conception of history. In these discussions, the personal conflicts between Estonian socialists as well as their ideological disagreements became evident. More broadly, these discussions were shaped by earlier ideological debates among European socialists at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.
The article also argues that during the period considered, several Estonian left-wing thinkers questioned the validity of Marxism. Influenced by Bernstein’s revisionist ideas, these thinkers criticised Marxism as a one-sided and dogmatic ideology. They claimed that Marxism was just another theory with both strengths and weaknesses. However, Estonian social democrats who embraced Marxism as a scientific theory responded to such criticism and defended the materialist view of society.
The debates on Marxist theory considered here provide evidence of the ideological differentiation of Estonian left-wing political thought. From 1905 to 1916, numerous socialist texts in Estonian presented various approaches for understanding Marxist ideology. Thus, one can witness an intensified reception of Marxism in the Estonian area during that period. More specifically, these ideological debates reveal new facets of the political views of Estonian socialists who later affected the course of Estonian history as communist revolutionaries or as members of the Estonian Constituent Assembly.
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Nikonova, Natalia Ye. "Vasily Zhukovsky and Friedrich Wilhelm von Schadow: Based on Materials From the Painter’s Unpublished Letters." Imagologiya i komparativistika, no. 14 (2020): 37–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/24099554/14/2.
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The article presents, for the first time, an attempt to reconstruct the context and the object of creative contacts of Vasily Zhukovsky and Friedrich Wilhelm von Schadow (1788–1862), a theorist of painting and head of the Academy of Arts in Dusseldorf. The sources for the reconstruction were the previously unpublished eight letters by the German artist written in the period from 1838 to 1846 and now stored in the Manuscript Department of the Institute of Russian Literature and materials from the creative heritage of the Russian poet and artist. The article establishes new facts about the institutional role of Zhukovsky in the Russian-German cultural ties in the 19th century. Von Schadow gave some of his paintings in the original, in copies or prints for Zhukovsky’s personal collection and for the imperial collection of the future Hermitage. The list of these paintings is, for the first time, compiled in the article. The textual material is illustrated with images from von Schadow’s works discussed in the epistolary dialogue. Von Schadow’s published manifestos on the theory and criticism of Christian religious painting, which Zhukovsky read and which influenced his artistic worldview in the 1840s, are attributed. The article presents, for the first time, the most significant fragments from von Schadow’s letters of 1838–1845 translated into Russian. The fragments fill in the gaps in the objective representation of the scale of Zhukovsky’s activities at court on compiling a collection of Russian paintings both in the institutional and ideological artistic aspects. At the same time, the communication between the German artist and the Russian poet found reflection in Zhukovsky’s creative heritage of the late period: in his criticism, works on art theory, prose, and reflections. Von Schadow, in his last letters, and Zhukovsky, in his diary entries, pay special attention to reflections on pedagogical activities and works on the theory of fine arts, as well as on their social and political activities. The parable of the prodigal son was the final touch in the creative dialogue of the poet and the artist. Zhukovsky reflected this parable in his unfinished poem about the Wandering Jew. The lines of the poem paint in words fragments from the Sacred History quite in the spirit of von Schadow’s paintings: Zhukovsky compares the Wandering Jew who ascended Calvary with the prodigal son and depicts the holistic canvas of the inner and outer space of the character through his eyes. The conclusion is made that the discovered letters from von Schadow to Zhukovsky reveal the adherence of the both to the lofty romantic idea of a synthesis of arts based on the poetics of heartfelt feelings, artistic imagination, active teaching, and religious and mystical experience. Fine arts, science and history, issues of faith and politics of the mid-19th century were a background for the concentration of the correspondents on the rethinking of substantial religious and philosophical issues on the material of eternal biblical plots on the entombment of Christ, taking Christ down from the cross, on reasonable and unreasonable maidens, and, finally, on two parables about the lost sheep and the prodigal son, which became the ultimate embodiment of the dialogue of a poet and an artist in fine arts.
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Svitlenko, Serhiy. "Ukrainian intellectual Trokhym Zinkivskyi and preservation of historical memory of Taras Shevchenko." Chornomors’ka Mynuvshyna, no. 17 (December 31, 2022): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2519-2523.2022.17.268828.
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The personality of Trochym Zinkivskyi (1861–1891) remains little known and insufficiently developed in modern Ukrainian historiography. The purpose of the article is to study the figure of Trokhym Zinkivskyi in the context of the problem of preserving the historical memory of Taras Shevchenko. Research methods are personalistic, historical-genetic and historical-systemic. Sources: published epistolaries of T. Zinkivskyi and his addressees, memories of contemporaries, biographical articles in the Ukrainian press of the beginning of the 20th century etc. The main results consist in elucidating the peculiarities of the formation of T. Zinkivskyi's worldview under the conditions of the oppression of the Southern Ukrainian lands by the Russian imperial regime, in particular in Berdyansk, Feodosia and Odesa, the establishment of his Ukrainian national-democratic views during his studies and military service in Smila, Shpola and Uman, in Kyiv and St. Petersburg. It is noted that an important factor in the development of his Ukrainian consciousness and identity was his family upbringing, which instilled love for his native language and formed Christian, religious values. A prominent role was played by the reading circle, which included Shevchenkov's «Kobzar» along with other literary works of Ukrainian and foreign writers; as well as Ukrainian folk art. V. Kravchenko, L. Smolenskyi, B. Grinchenko, M. Komarov, and a number of representatives of the Ukrainian colony in St. Petersburg were included in the closest circle of persons who significantly influenced the formation of the worldview of the Ukrainian figure. The article traces the main stages of the intellectual and public activity of the Ukrainian figure in the matter of preserving the historical memory of Kobzar. It is noted that already in the middle and second half of the 80s of the 19th century. T. Zinkivskyi began work in the field of Ukrainian literature, took care of translation activities. In St. Petersburg, he was able to begin wider work for the benefit of Ukrainianism and became an ideological leader of young Ukrainians. The powerful vital energy of the activist was organically combined with consistent and convinced actions in the name of the Ukrainian cause. In the youth group at Shevchenko's anniversary, T. Zinkivskyi read a number of essays, such as «The National Question in Russia», «Shevchenko in the Light of European Criticism», «Young Ukraine» and others. His essay «Taras Shevchenko in the Light of European Criticism», which was read in Ukrainian on the evening of February 25, 1889 in the capital of the empire, was of exceptional importance. This speech, prepared mostly on the basis of French, Austrian, German, and Polish historiographical sources, presented Kobzar as a figure of global poetic scale and destroyed the perception of the Russian metropolitan public about Ukrainians and the Ukrainian language as something provincial and inferior. Conclusions.T. Zinkivskyi became one of the brightest representatives of the «Young Ukraine» generation. The short-lived but important intellectual activity of the ideological leader of young Ukrainians, in particular, speeches at the Shevchenko anniversary, publication of abstracts, epistolaries, drew the attention of contemporaries to the figure of Taras Shevchenko, to his poetic heritage; actualized the issue of preserving the historical memory of Kobzar as a leader of the national values of Ukrainians. It has been proven that during the 1880s and early 1890s, T. Zinkivskyi's intellectual activity contributed to the progress of Ukrainian public affairs and national science, the establishment of Ukrainian national consciousness among the generation of young Ukrainians. The practical significance of the article is that the given material will be of interest to specialists in the context of studying the ethno-national history of Ukraine in the second half of the 19th century. The originality of the article lies in the understanding of insufficiently studied aspects of the activity of the Ukrainian intellectual, who stood at the origins of the idea of «Young Ukraine». Scientific novelty in updating the intellectual activity of T. Zinkivskyi in the matter of preserving Ukrainian national memory and forming national consciousness and identity.
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Pylypchuk, Oleh, Oleh Strelko, and Yuliia Berdnychenko. "PREFACE." History of science and technology 11, no. 2 (December 12, 2021): 271–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2021-11-2-271-273.
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The issue of the journal opens with an article dedicated to the formation of metrology as government regulated activity in France. The article has discussed the historical process of development of metrological activity in France. It was revealed that the history of metrology is considered as an auxiliary historical and ethnographic discipline from a social and philosophical point of view as the evolution of scientific approaches to the definition of individual units of physical quantities and branches of metrology. However, in the scientific literature, the little attention is paid to the process of a development of a centralized institutional metrology system that is the organizational basis for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. The article by Irena Grebtsova and Maryna Kovalska is devoted to the of the development of the source criticism’s knowledge in the Imperial Novorossiya University which was founded in the second half of the XIX century in Odesa. Grounding on a large complex of general scientific methods, and a historical method and source criticism, the authors identified the stages of the formation of source criticism in the process of teaching historical disciplines at the university, what they based on an analysis of the teaching activities of professors and associate professors of the Faculty of History and Philology. In the article, the development of the foundations of source criticism is considered as a complex process, which in Western European and Russian science was the result of the development of the theory and practice of everyday dialogue between scientists and historical sources. This process had a great influence on the advancement of a historical education in university, which was one of the important factors in the formation of source studies as a scientific discipline. The article by Tetiana Malovichko is devoted to the study of what changes the course of the probability theory has undergone from the end of the 19th century to our time based on the analysis of The Theory of Probabilities textbook by Vasyl P. Ermakov published in 1878. The paper contains a comparative analysis of The Probability Theory textbook and modern educational literature. The birth of children after infertility treatment of married couples with the help of assisted reproductive technologies has become a reality after many years of basic research on the physiology of reproductive system, development of oocyte’s in vitro fertilization methods and cultivation of embryos at pre-implantation stages. Given the widespread use of assisted reproductive technologies in modern medical practice and the great interest of society to this problem, the aim of the study authors from the Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine was to trace the main stages and key events of assisted reproductive technologies in the world and in Ukraine, as well as to highlight the activities of outstanding scientists of domestic and world science who were at the origins of the development of this area. As a result of the work, it has been shown that despite certain ethical and social biases, the discovery of individual predecessor scientists became the basis for the efforts of Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe to ensure birth of the world's first child, whose conception occurred outside the mother's body. There are also historical facts and unique photos from our own archive, which confirm the fact of the first successful oocyte in vitro fertilization and the birth of a child after the use of assisted reproductive technologies in Ukraine. In the next article, the authors tried to consider and structure the stages of development and creation of the “Yermak”, the world's first Arctic icebreaker, and analyzed the stages of preparation and the results of its first expeditions to explore the Arctic. Systematic analysis of historical sources and biographical material allowed to separate and comprehensively consider the conditions and prehistory for the development and creation of “Yermak” icebreaker. Also, the authors gave an assessment to the role of Vice Admiral Stepan Osypovych Makarov in those events, and analyzed the role of Sergei Yulyevich Witte, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev and Pyotr Petrovich Semenov-Tian-Shansky in the preparation and implementation of the first Arctic expeditions of the “Yermak”icebreaker. The authors of the following article considered the historical aspects of construction and operation of train ferry routes. The article deals with the analysis and systematization of the data on the historical development of train ferry routes and describes the background for the construction of train ferry routes and their advantages over other combined transport types. It also deals with the basic features of the train ferries operating on the main international train ferry routes. The study is concerned with both sea routes and routes across rivers and lakes. The article shows the role of train ferry routes in the improvement of a national economy, and in the provision of the military defense. An analysis of numerous artefacts of the first third of the 20th century suggests that the production of many varieties of art-and-industrial ceramics developed in Halychyna, in particular architectural ceramic plastics, a variety of functional ceramics, decorative tiles, ceramic tiles, facing tiles, etc. The artistic features of Halychyna art ceramics, the richness of methods for decorating and shaping it, stylistic features, as well as numerous art societies, scientific and professional associations, groups, plants and factories specializing in the production of ceramics reflect the general development of this industry in the first half of the century and represent the prerequisites the emergence of the school of professional ceramics in Halychyna at the beginning of the 20th century. The purpose of the next paper is to analyze the formation and development of scientific and professional schools of art-and-industrial ceramics of Halychyna in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. During the environmental crisis, electric transport (e-transport) is becoming a matter for scientific inquiry, a subject of discussion in politics and among public figures. In the program for developing the municipal services of Ukraine, priorities are given to the development of the infrastructure of ecological transport: trolleybuses, electric buses, electric cars. The increased attention to e-transport on the part of the scientific community, politicians, and the public actualizes the study of its history, development, features of operation, etc. The aim of the next study is to highlight little-known facts of the history of production and operation of MAN trolleybuses in Ukrainian cities, as well as to introduce their technical characteristics into scientific circulation. The types, specific design solutions of the first MAN trolleybus generation and the prerequisites for their appearance in Chernivtsi have been determined. Particular attention has been paid to trolleybuses that were in operation in Germany and other Western European countries from the first half of the 1930s to the early 1950s. The paper traces the stages of operation of the MAN trolleybuses in Chernivtsi, where they worked during 1939–1944 and after the end of the Second World War, they were transferred to Kyiv. After two years of operation in the Ukrainian capital, the trolleybuses entered the routes in Dnipropetrovsk during 1947–1951. The purpose of the article by authors from the State University of Infrastructure and Technologies of Ukraine is to thoroughly analyze unpaved roads of the late 18th – early 19th century, as well as the project of the first wooden trackway as the forerunner of the Bukovyna railways. To achieve this purpose, the authors first reviewed how railways were constructed in the Austrian Empire during 1830s – 1850s. Then, in contrast with the first railway networks that emerged and developed in the Austrian Empire, the authors made an analysis of the condition and characteristics of unpaved roads in Bukovyna. In addition, the authors considered the first attempt to create a wooden trackway as a prototype and predecessor of the Bukovyna railway.
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Stundžienė, Bronė. "Turning to the Beginning of the Lithuanian Folksong Publication." Tautosakos darbai 56 (December 20, 2018): 133–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2018.28475.
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Against certain broader context of discussing the historical reflection of relationship between pre-literate culture and writing, the author of the article pays detailed attention to the unusual transformations in folksong development that are brought about by literacy. We usually rightfully consider literacy as an unmistakable indication of cultural progress. In this regard, subsequent recording and printing of folksongs that started in later periods of literacy also merit positive evaluation. Although both modes of fixation belong to the same period of Lithuanian cultural history, however, from the middle of the 18th century until the beginning of the 19th century, printed publications of folksongs acquired immense importance. Looking from a historical distance – the present times, the author of the article reconsiders and reinterprets the sociocultural surroundings of this new mode of folklore dissemination, taking into account what aims the first folklore publishers had and whether or not they managed to achieve them. Essentially, one particular aspect in the beginning of the written Lithuanian folksong tradition is in the focus of attention – namely, how and why the state of folksong altered in the process of becoming a printed source. In the first chapter, following the historical revisions of medieval culture, the author of the article reconsiders the prehistory of folklore publication as the common European process. She takes into account the sociocultural aspects of this period: namely, creations of the “singing peasantry” – the part of the society belonging to the lower classes and engaged in agriculture, which was essentially banned from writing and ignored by the literate society. Like in the rest of Europe, in the medieval literature of the multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Lithuanian-speaking Eastern Prussia (currently, the Lithuania Minor), contemporary reflection of folk culture was almost entirely absent or obscure until the middle of the 18th century. As noted in the second chapter, the situation of folk poetry started changing in the Lithuania Minor (the early center of the Lithuanian written culture) with Philip Ruhig publishing his linguistic treatise in 1745 and including (for research purposes) three Lithuanian folksongs. Shortly after, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing reprinted two of them in one of his “Literary Letters” (1759). Subsequently, another famous figure of the German pre-Romanticism and its ideologist Johann Gottfried von Herder included as many as eight Lithuanian folksongs translated into German into his international collection “The Voices of Peoples in Songs”. Thus, the history of Lithuanian folksong publication started with altering attitude towards the so-called “third estate”; this shift is currently regarded as a sociocultural turn inspired by pre-Romanticism and clearing the way for the poetic folk creativity allegedly harboring the “national spirit”. These ideas inspired the famous theologian and pedagogue Liudvikas Rėza (Ludwig Rhesa) to edit the first book of Lithuanian folksongs. This bilingual collection (in Lithuanian and German) saw publication in Konigsberg in 1825. However, traces of the former social separation were persistent. As such, one could name the early tendency of folklore recording and publication: to indicate just the publisher (collector), leaving aside the main actors – the folk singers, although currently they stand out as representatives of the people. Folklorists would subsequently correct this situation. The author of the article goes on to discuss the losses suffered by the folk creativity under the new conditions of literacy. Comparison of the first printed folksongs with their mode of existence in the living folksong process of the 18th – beginning of the 19th century reveals clear changes in the folksong identity. The frozen printed variant loses its capacity to change, along with its former vitality granted by the oral culture; as any other product of the written culture, the printed folksong immediately becomes the past event. Besides, transition from the oral transmission to the area of written culture turns the song into some kind of literary work: therefore, the value of the songs would for a long time since be measured by literary means, and publishing of the songs as poems (leaving out the melodies) would become a common practice. The main thing is, nevertheless, that publication of folksongs in writing and their separate reading completely erase the typical folk communication of ritual culture by means of common places of folksongs – shared for many generations in the pre-literate culture. However, the emerging parallel folksong publication opens up entirely new mode of communication. Already at the very beginning of Lithuanian folksong publication, its publisher obviously acquired individual right to edit the folklore at discretion. Selection of materials for publication (including some changes and reconstructions made along the way) followed primarily the actual purposes of publication, which included presenting the folksong image that would be more readily acceptable to the contemporary readership and satisfy the community’s expectations. It is public knowledge that Rėza, the initiator of the first Lithuanian folksong book, following the nice inspiration of his pre-Romantic period (maintaining that national spirit lived in folklore) also aspired to use folksongs in order to reveal the noble and dignified picture of the ancient Lithuanian people. Part of this picture – harmonious family and correspondingly ideal relations between its members – received vivid attention in this collection. The article concludes with interpretation of a couple of folksongs discussing a case of early insignificant corrections of the motives reflecting the ritual purpose of folksongs. So far, the author leaves aside certain prominent tendencies of re-creation that already have received harsh criticism before.
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Ebanoidse, Igor А. "Karl Jaspers’ “Question of German Guilt” in the Context of the German Self-Criticism." History of Philosophy Yearbook 27 (December 28, 2022): 36–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0134-8655-2022-37-36-57.
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On the example of German philosophical thought of the first half of the 20th century, the paper examines the problem of collective guilt of the nation for the actions of its state. Particular attention is paid to the formation of the revanchist ideology that led to the domination of National Socialism. The paper also addresses the history of the criticism of the German imperial statehood, which had developed by the end of the 19th century.
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Boyko, Ihor. "LIFE PATH, SCIENTIFIC-PEDAGOGICAL AND PUBLIC ACTIVITY OF VOLODYMYR SOKURENKO (TO THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF HIS BIRTH)." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Law 72, no. 72 (June 20, 2021): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vla.2021.72.158.
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The life path, scientific-pedagogical and public activity of Volodymyr Sokurenko – a prominent Ukrainian jurist, doctor of law, professor, talented teacher of the Lviv Law School of Franko University are analyzed. It is found out that after graduating from a seven-year school in Zaporizhia, V. Sokurenko entered the Zaporizhia Aviation Technical School, where he studied two courses until 1937. 1/10/1937 he was enrolled as a cadet of the 2nd school of aircraft technicians named after All-Union Lenin Komsomol. In 1938, this school was renamed the Volga Military Aviation School, which he graduated on September 4, 1939 with the military rank of military technician of the 2nd category. As a junior aircraft technician, V. Sokurenko was sent to the military unit no. 8690 in Baku, and later to Maradnyany for further military service in the USSR Air Force. From September 4, 1939 to March 16, 1940, he was a junior aircraft technician of the 50th Fighter Regiment, 60th Air Brigade of the ZAK VO in Baku. The certificate issued by the Railway District Commissariat of Lviv on January 4, 1954 no. 3132 states that V. Sokurenko actually served in the staff of the Soviet Army from October 1937 to May 1946. The same certificate states that from 10/12/1941 to 20/09/1942 and from 12/07/1943 to 08/03/1945, he took part in the Soviet-German war, in particular in the second fighter aviation corps of the Reserve of the Supreme Command of the Soviet Army. In 1943 he joined the CPSU. He was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree and the Order of the Red Star (1943) as well as 9 medals «For Merit in Battle» during the Soviet-German war. With the start of the Soviet-German war, the Sokurenko family, like many other families, was evacuated to the town of Kamensk-Uralsky in the Sverdlovsk region, where their father worked at a metallurgical plant. After the war, the Sokurenko family moved to Lviv. In 1946, V. Sokurenko entered the Faculty of Law of the Ivan Franko Lviv State University, graduating with honors in 1950, and entered the graduate school of the Lviv State University at the Department of Theory and History of State and Law. V. Sokurenko successfully passed the candidate examinations and on December 25, 1953 in Moscow at the Institute of Law of the USSR he defended his thesis on the topic: «Socialist legal consciousness and its relationship with Soviet law». The supervisor of V. Sokurenko's candidate's thesis was N. Karieva. The Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR, by its decision of March 31, 1954, awarded V. Sokurenko the degree of Candidate of Law. In addition, it is necessary to explain the place of defense of the candidate's thesis by V. Sokurenko. As it is known, the Institute of State and Law of the USSR has its history since 1925, when, in accordance with the resolution of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of March 25, 1925, the Institute of Soviet Construction was established at the Communist Academy. In 1936, the Institute became part of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and in 1938 it was reorganized into the Institute of Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1941–1943 it was evacuated to Tashkent. In 1960-1991 it was called the Institute of State and Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In Ukraine, there is the Institute of State and Law named after V. Koretsky of the NAS of Ukraine – a leading research institution in Ukraine of legal profile, founded in 1949. It is noted that, as a graduate student, V. Sokurenko read a course on the history of political doctrines, conducted special seminars on the theory of state and law. After graduating from graduate school and defending his thesis, from October 1, 1953 he was enrolled as a senior lecturer and then associate professor at the Department of Theory and History of State and Law at the Faculty of Law of the Lviv State University named after Ivan Franko. By the decision of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR of December 18, 1957, V. Sokurenko was awarded the academic title of associate professor of the «Department of Theory and History of State and Law». V. Sokurenko took an active part in public life. During 1947-1951 he was a member of the party bureau of the party organization of LSU, worked as a chairman of the trade union committee of the university, from 1955 to 1957 he was a secretary of the party committee of the university. He delivered lectures for the population of Lviv region. Particularly, he lectured in Turka, Chervonohrad, and Yavoriv. He made reports to the party leaders, Soviet workers as well as business leaders. He led a philosophical seminar at the Faculty of Law. He was a deputy of the Lviv City Council of People's Deputies in 1955-1957 and 1975-1978. In December 1967, he defended his doctoral thesis on the topic: «Development of progressive political thought in Ukraine (until the early twentieth century)». The defense of the doctoral thesis was approved by the Higher Attestation Commission on June 14, 1968. During 1960-1990 he headed the Department of Theory and History of State and Law; in 1962-68 and 1972-77 he was the dean of the Law Faculty of the Ivan Franko Lviv State University. In connection with the criticism of the published literature, on September 10, 1977, V. Sokurenko wrote a statement requesting his dismissal from the post of Dean of the Faculty of Law due to deteriorating health. During 1955-1965 he was on research trips to Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Austria, and Bulgaria. From August 1966 to March 1967, in particular, he spent seven months in the United States, England and Canada as a UN Fellow in the Department of Human Rights. From April to May 1968, he was a member of the government delegation to the International Conference on Human Rights in Iran for one month. He spoke, in addition to Ukrainian, English, Polish and Russian. V. Sokurenko played an important role in initiating the study of an important discipline at the Faculty of Law of the Lviv University – History of Political and Legal Studies, which has been studying the history of the emergence and development of theoretical knowledge about politics, state, law, ie the process of cognition by people of the phenomena of politics, state and law at different stages of history in different nations, from early statehood and modernity. Professor V. Sokurenko actively researched the problems of the theory of state and law, the history of Ukrainian legal and political thought. He was one of the first legal scholars in the USSR to begin research on the basics of legal deontology. V. Sokurenko conducted extensive research on the development of basic requirements for the professional and legal responsibilities of a lawyer, similar to the requirements for a doctor. In further research, the scholar analyzed the legal responsibilities, prospects for the development of the basics of professional deontology. In addition, he considered medical deontology from the standpoint of a lawyer, law and morality, focusing on internal (spiritual) processes, calling them «the spirit of law.» The main direction of V. Sokurenko's research was the problems of the theory of state and law, the history of legal and political studies. The main scientific works of professor V. Sokurenko include: «The main directions in the development of progressive state and legal thought in Ukraine: 16th – 19th centuries» (1958) (Russian), «Democratic doctrines about the state and law in Ukraine in the second half of the 19th century (M. Drahomanov, S. Podolynskyi, A. Terletskyi)» (1966), «Law. Freedom. Equality» (1981, co-authored) (in Russian), «State and legal views of Ivan Franko» (1966), «Socio-political views of Taras Shevchenko (to the 170th anniversary of his birth)» (1984); «Political and legal views of Ivan Franko (to the 130th anniversary of his birth)» (1986) (in Russian) and others. V. Sokurenko died on November 22, 1994 and was buried in Holoskivskyi Cemetery in Lviv. Volodymyr Sokurenko left a bright memory in the hearts of a wide range of scholars, colleagues and grateful students. The 100th anniversary of the Scholar is a splendid opportunity to once again draw attention to the rich scientific heritage of the lawyer, which is an integral part of the golden fund of Ukrainian legal science and education. It needs to be studied, taken into account and further developed.
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Karstein, Uta. "Konkurrenzbeziehungen: Allgemeine und konfessionelle Kunstvereine im Kunstfeld des 19. Jahrhunderts." Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur 45, no. 2 (November 9, 2020): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iasl-2020-0019.
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AbstractThe article compares secular and faith-based art societies in the 19th century. Of special interest are the societies’ missions and purposes, as well as their activities and organizational structures. The main thesis is based on the work of German sociologist Georg Simmel and his conflict theory. I argue that the competition of these societies had invigorating effects on the field of art and its institutionalization in the course of the 19th century.
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Barrett, Robert J. "Conceptual Foundations of Schizophrenia: II. Disintegration and Division." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 5 (October 1998): 627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679809113114.
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Objective: This is the second of two papers that aim to identify some cultural themes and institutional processes that shaped the development of schizophrenia as a disease concept. Method: A number of domains within 19th century European history are explored for evidence of the concept of the divided or disintegrated person. These include German academic psychiatry, Mesmerism and hypnosis, neurology and neurophysiology, psychoanalysis and German Romantic literature, and its descendants within a wider European literature. Results: Representations of division or disintegration are evident in all these domains, enjoying widespread currency and penetration throughout the 19th century. Conclusions: These culturally based ideas, combined with the idea of degeneration, were important elements in the foundation of the schizophrenia concept.
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Bakalov, A. S. "ON THE FORMATION OF GERMAN REALISM." Izvestiya of the Samara Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Social, Humanitarian, Medicobiological Sciences 23, no. 77 (2021): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2413-9645-2021-23-77-81-90.
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The relevance of research. In German literary criticism, there is no unambiguous definition of the phenomenon of literary realism, however, at the empirical level, it is understood as a literary system based on a mimetic-oriented depiction of reality, often critically comprehended and subjectively colored due to the norms and ideas that are taking shape in society. Research methodology. Complex and systematic methods of literature analysis are applied. In this article, the author comes to the conclusion that the realism of the turn of the XIX - early XX centuries. retains its main principles of artistic comprehension of the world, and at the same time the signs that do not allow talking about its dissolution in the eclectic picture of the emerging modernity. The main thing remains the disclosure of "the essence of life phenomena through their individualized generalization (typification)", analysis and specific historical logic of presentation Realism at the turn of the 19th - early 20th centuries. closely associated with such phenomena as regional literature, "new business-like", historical novel. On its basis, workers' and proletarian-revolutionary literature developed in many ways. In German literature of the twentieth century. realistic tendencies intensified in the times following the historical and political catastrophes, primarily after the two world wars lost by Germany. Realism played a significant role in the literature of the Weimar Republic (the works of E.M. Remarque, L. Feuchtwanger, L. Frank and others), while in contact with modernist and avant-garde trends (for example, with "new business-like"). Realism turned out to be no less significant after 1945, having equally influenced the formation of the literatures of West and East Germany (writers of the "group of 47", Erwin Strittmatter, "socialist realism", etc.). German realism, which emerged in the middle of the 19th century, was able to demonstrate its flexibility and ability to enter into alliances with other natural artistic directions, without losing its main specificity - the desire for materiality, the authenticity of personal and collective experience, as well as symbolizing the "obvious" with the goal of approaching the "true".
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Al-Dabbagh, Abdulla. "The anti-romantic reaction in modern(ist) literary criticism." Acta Neophilologica 47, no. 1-2 (December 16, 2014): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.47.1-2.55-67.
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While the antagonism of modernism to realism has often been commented upon, its equally vehement rejection of romanticism has not been as widely discussed. Yet, if modernism compromised at times with realism or, at least, with a "naturalistic" version of realism, its total antipathy to the fundamentals of romanticism has been absolute. This was a modernist trend that covered both literature and criticism and a modernist characteristic that extended from German philosophers, French poets to British and American professors of literature. Names as diverse as Paul Valery, Charles Maurras and F.R. Leavis shared a common anti-romantic outlook. Many of the important modernist literary trends like the Anglo-American imagism, French surrealism, German expressionism and Italian futurism have been antagonistic not only to ordinary realism as a relic of the 19th century, but also, and fundamentally, to that century's romanticism. In nihilistically breaking with everything from the past, or at least the immediate past, they were by definition anti-romantics. Even writers like Bernard Shaw or Bertolt Brecht and critics like Raymond Williams or George Lukacs, who would generally be regarded as in the pro-realist camp, have, at times, exhibited, to the extent that they were afflicted with the modernist ethos, strong anti-romantic tendencies.
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Abasheva, D., V. Sigov, and R. Sharyafetdinov. "Formation and development of the Chuvash folklore studies and literary criticism of the 19th century." Rhema, no. 4, 2018 (2018): 190–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2500-2953-2018-4-190-203.
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History of literary criticism of various nations of Russia in the 19th century is many-sided and is important both for further development of literature and for the process of mutual enrichment, addition of literatures and literary studies. A special place in this context belongs to the Kazan province which has always been characterized by ethnic diversity an multinational structure and to the University of Kazan which is the acknowledged center for studying traditional ways of life, folklore and literature of the Volga region. In the formation of literary criticism and the development of literature of the Volga region in general and Chuvash literature in particular, the activities of the Chuvash writers, actors, artists, composers (I. Yurkin, G. Timofeev, M. Akimov, K. Ivanov, N. Shubossinni, M. Trubina, F. Pavlov, P. Pazukhin, etc.) and researchers (A.A. Fuchs, V.A. Sboev, S.M. Mikhailov, P. Malkhov, I.Ya. Yakovlev, N.M. Ashmarin, etc.) are of special importance.
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Shevtsov, Aleksandr. "The Philosophy of Gustav Teichmüller and His Treatise “On the Immortality of the Soul” (Dedicated to the 190th Anniversary of the Thinker’s Birth)." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 4 (April 2024): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2024-4-158-167.
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The article discusses the philosophical concept of the German thinker of the second half of the 19th century Gustav Teichmüller (1832–1888), professor at the University of Dorpat. As a result of a comprehensive study of the treatise On the Immortality of the Soul (1874) by Gustav Teichmüller, the author of this article came to the conclusion that Teichmuller’s philosophy is a variant of criticism. According to Teichmüller, the treatise was supposed to crown by itself a long philosophical tradition of writing treatises on this topic. The philosophy of Teichmüller, expanded by him in this treatise, is shown in the context of critical reading of prominent thinkers of the past, his ideological predecessors, philosophers of the century of the German Enlightenment and representatives of critical philosophy, such as Moses Mendelssohn, Immanuel Kant, Ludwig Heinrich von Jakob. The study of Teichmüller’s ideas was also carried out in the two paragraphs he added to the second edition (1878) in the context of his criticism of idealism and positivism. The final point of consideration of Teichmüller’s philosophy in this article is the demonstration of a certain translation of the ideas of German philosophy on Russian philosophical soil, as well as the creative processing and assimilation of Teichmüller’s ideas in the history of Russian philosophy of the 20th century. The author also examines the relationship of Teichmüller’s philosophical heritage to the logical and epistemological trend in the history of philosophy.
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Yasmeen Kauser and Dr. Fehmida Tabassum. "Environmental Study Of “Bahao”." MAIRAJ 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.58760/mairaj.v2i2.32.
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Ecocriticism is an important theory among the new critical theories. Its formal inception in Western literature can be seen after the eighth decade of the last century. It took a long time to establish itself and gain acceptance there. Ecocritics were able to fully explain and use it in literature only after the 1990s.The term Ecology emerged in the middle of the 19th century. The name of German Biologist Ernst Haeckel is associated with this term.Ecology studies the relationship of living organisms with the environment and the ways they cope with it. When the term Ecology was used in literary criticism, it became known as eco-criticism. In Urdu, it has been translated as environmental literary criticism.Initially, Cheryll Glotfelty is credited with promoting this theory, and she is also considered the first American Ecocritic. According to Cheryll, environmental literary criticism is the study of the relationship between environment and literature. Just as feminist studies studied literature based on gender differences and Marxist criticism examined literature from a class perspective, Ecocriticism is based on earth-centered studies. In this context, literature, culture, and environment are of fundamental importance.Environmental literary criticism is different in every way from its contemporary movements that focus on the individual and society. The biggest driver of ecocriticism is the threats to nature. This theory not only describes the relationship between literature and the environment, but also takes into account the things that humans have associated with nature.Ecocriticism applies ecological concepts to literature. It studies the system of relationships between human culture and nature that is based on equality and mutual respect rather than the dominance or monopoly of one. Ecocriticism considers the atmosphere, environment, natural landscapes, culture, lifestyle, methods, locality, and rural environment present in literature and the way they are described. The preferences of environmental literary criticism include exploring indigenous and local characteristics in literature, identifying the threats they face, and proposing solutions to them. The theory of environmental literary criticism was introduced in Urdu literature in the 21st century. The first novel written in the context of ecocriticism is "Pagal Khana" by Hijab Imtiaz Ali.
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Eike Dunkhase, Jan. "Kapital und Krone." Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur 45, no. 2 (November 9, 2020): 360–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iasl-2020-0021.
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AbstractThe article focuses on the founding of the Swabian Schiller Association (renamed German Schiller Society in 1947) within the context of other literary institutions at the end of the 19th century. It argues that the success of the owner of what is today called ‚German Literature Archive Marbach‘ can be traced back to a unique collaboration of capital, kingship, and small-town politics in the late Kingdom of Württemberg.
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Somers Heidhues, Mary. "Dissecting the Indies: The 19th Century German Doctor Franz Epp." Archipel 49, no. 1 (1995): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arch.1995.3034.
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Hübner, Klaus. "Linguistic spaces of the world between. On the „Chamissa” literature." Tekstualia 3, no. 46 (July 4, 2016): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.4209.
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German Literature, written by Authors whose First Language is different to German, has a long tradition (18th and 19th Century). In the 1960s und 1970s a new Generation of Authors entered the Stage of Literature. This Essay deals with History and Development of their kind of German Literature from its beginnings as „Gastarbeiterliteratur“ until today, outlinig several of its phases: Immigration from Turkey, Italy, Yugoslavia and other Countries into Germany 1960–1985, Literature and Changes in Europe’s Political Map 1989/90, Growing Variety of Literary Styles 1990–2005, Success and Recognition of „Chamisso-Literature“ in the last ten years (Feridun Zaimoglu, Yoko Tawada, Ilija Trojanow, Artur Becker, Ilma Rakusa, Terézia Mora, and Others), Present Situation.
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Cosma, Iulia. "Una rassegna bibliografica sui traduttori romeni dell’Inferno (1883-2015): considerazioni di tipo metodologico e deontologico." Translationes 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tran-2016-0005.
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Abstract This paper is intended as part of a larger research that aims to the realization of a monographic study dedicated to the Romanian translations of Dante's Inferno, from 19th to 21th century. It is a historical and critical approach, intended as an interdisciplinary study, to be placed at the crossing of disciplines like translation history, translation criticism, reception theory, history of literature, history of literary language, cultural history. The bibliographical selection we propose is complete with some methodological and deontological considerations of utility in the study of the history of translation.
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Kõvamees, Anneli. "Literature Defined by Language? Some Remarks on the Definition of Estonian Literature." Interlitteraria 24, no. 1 (August 13, 2019): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2019.24.1.17.
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In the era when multiculturalism is one of the key concepts and the relationship between foreign and own is shifting, the definition of national literature has been in the centre of discussions. In Estonia the issue has been raised most prominently in connection with the Estonian Russianlanguage writer Andrei Ivanov (born 1971) whose works have turned out to be difficult to classify. How to define Estonian literature? Is it a literature written in the Estonian language, literature written by Estonians, literature associated with Estonia or is it a literature written in Estonia? Especially small nations like Estonians tend to define one’s identity according to the language spoken and ethnicity, not the citizenship. There are various significant shifts in Estonian literary history, for example, when the beginning of Estonian literature is discussed, then Baltic German authors are included but when the Estonian literature made by Estonians is born in the 19th century, Baltic German literature disappears from Estonian literature, although Baltic German literature continued until the 20th century. The aspect of value plays a significant role, as what is included or excluded in the literary history is associated with ideological choices. It is only recently that the inclusion of Baltic German literature into Estonian literature is taking place. The position of Estonian Russian literature has also shifted from rejection and periphery in the spotlight and the works by Andrei Ivanov have played a crucial role in that process. Taking the Estonian Russian-language literature and Baltic German literature as examples, the article addresses the question of defining (national) literature.
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Hoff, Karin. "Der deutsch-dänische Kreis in der deutschsprachigen Literaturgeschichtsschreibung." European Journal of Scandinavian Studies 52, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ejss-2022-2010.
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Zusammenfassung Taking the example of the “Kopenhagener Kreis”, “Deutscher Kreis” or “Klopstock-Kreis”, the article examines to which extent the international network at the Danish royal court played a relevant role in German-language literary history at the middle of the 18th century. From the early 19th to the 21st century German-language literary historiography has rarely taken into account the cooperation and mutual exchange between German and Danish intellectuals and writers but instead has focused on Klopstock himself and his significance for German literature. Rather than revising the narrative, the one-sided reconstruction of this chapter of German-Danish literary history is still being upheld in contemporary descriptions. Apart from a few exceptions, global literary historiography also clearly reveals this tendency. The article advocates a reassessment of the German-Danish circle in Copenhagen in order to recognize its particular relevance as an example of productive transcultural exchange.
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Sammons, Jeffrey L. "The Wanderer in Nineteenth-Century German Literature: Intellectual History and Cultural Criticism by Andrew Cusack." Modern Language Review 104, no. 4 (2009): 1167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mlr.2009.0048.
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Sozina, Elena K. "Epoch / Period vs Generation in the Literary and Critical Consciousness of the 19th Century." Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 24, no. 3 (2022): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.3.041.
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This article analyses the functioning of the concepts of “epoch”, “period”, and “generation” in nineteenth-century literature, criticism, and literature studies. The concept of “epoch” presupposes a linear stage understanding and interpretation of history, and “period” can also be used within other concepts of historical development. The “epoch”, sometimes replaced by the “century”, and the “period” were traditionally used as measurement units of literature and culture history (cf. works of A. Bestuzhev, I. Kireevsky, V. Belinsky, etc.). One of the first periodisations of the history of Russian literature which employed these concepts was given by I. M. Born. The concept of “generation” in its meaning contains a biological, natural connotation, and therefore is not necessarily associated with the linear stage understanding of historical time. As S. N. Zenkin puts it, “a generation is time embodied in people, in their dramatic destiny”. The concept of “generation” is often used in periods of historical time which require a person to comprehend themselves and their place in history. A good example is Romanticism in the first decades of the nineteenth century. Another factor that actualises generational problems is the influence of biological and naturalistic ideas when a community motif of people doomed to be born and live with this influence “in their blood” emerges in this quite unfavorable time. This situation is considered by the author of this paper regarding the functioning of the “generation” concept in A. P. Chekhov’s works, who actively marked himself as belonging to the eighties’ “artel” (generation) in the 1880s. This concept as a subject of his characters’ argument subsequently recurs in Chekhov’s works of fiction. All the concepts mentioned are also analysed in the History of the Russian Literature of the 19th Century (1908–1911, ed. D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky), which summed up the achievements of the nineteenth-century cultural and historical school. The author emphasises how this book (History...) develops a method of working with these concepts, and this method later comes in demand with the twentieth-century humanities.
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Kogman, Tal. "Haskalah scientific knowledge in Hebrew garment." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 19, no. 1 (July 26, 2007): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.19.1.05kog.
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Scientific texts for Jewish children and youth were produced within the German-Jewish culture from the end of the 18th century and throughout the 19th century. The intention was to fill in the gap in the Judaic literature in Hebrew vis-à-vis the German-Christian literary and educational systems as part of modernization processes. Two case studies of German-Hebrew scientific translations (in natural history and astronomy) are described in an attempt to illustrate the strategies applied by the Jewish translators, which in their turn reflect the cultural constraints they faced and the creative ways they chose to deal with them, taking into account the models already available to the target system and the types of target audience the translated texts were intended for.
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Briesemeister, Dietrich. "Katalonien und Deutschland: ein Überblick über die kulturgeschichtlichen Wechselbeziehungen." Zeitschrift für Katalanistik 1 (July 1, 1988): 11–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/zfk.1988.11-35.
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In the cultural relationships between Germany and Spain, the contribution of the Catalan countries is usually covered for by the culture of the Castilian Spanish language which has long been predominant. And yet over the course of five hundred years there has been a partly very active exchange between the old Catalan cultural area and the German-speaking countries in Central Europe. The works of Ramon Llull, Arnau de Vilanova, Joan Lluís Vives, Anselm Turmeda and Ramon Sibiuda have been widely circulated here. The very useful Vocabulary for learning Catalan German and the German Catalan (1502) is a valuable testimony to the first linguistic relations. From the first years of the 19th century, scientific work on Catalan subjects – history, language and literature, cultural anthropology – took a considerable turn. Lullian studies have been the subject of special dedication and continue to be so to this day. It was not until the end of the last century that interest in modern Catalan literature grew (translations by Jacint Verdaguer or Víctor Balaguer). In German Romantic literature, Montserrat plays a surprising role. From the Renaissance onwards, German literature and music (Richard Wagner) garner a great deal of attraction. Since the last years of the twentieth century, modern Catalan literature has increasingly been considered. The Catalan Weeks in Berlin and Karlsruhe have, in recent years, managed to draw public attention to Catalan culture.
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Walker, Pierre A. "“What do you think of the opera?”: Don Giovanni in Chapter 17 of The American." Henry James Review 45, no. 1 (January 2024): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hjr.2024.a918114.
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Abstract: James scholarship sees chapter 17 of The American , which takes place at a performance of Mozart’s opera Don Giovanni , as particularly significant. However, a fundamental error about Don Giovanni has led to erroneous conclusions. The error is that Don Giovanni as performed during the 19th century was different from this opera as performed recently. Nevertheless, even the most historically informed criticism on chapter 17 has fallen prey to incorrect assumptions due to not taking into consideration the opera’s performance history. Considering the chapter in light of this performance history leads to a re-interpretation of the characterization of Christopher Newman and of Urbain de Bellegarde.
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Shaytanov, I. O. "History of Russian translations of fiction in 1800–1825." Voprosy literatury, no. 6 (December 8, 2023): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2023-6-174-179.
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The research is presented in the form close to a fundamentally annotated bibliography demonstrating how European literary experience was advanced in the first quarter of the 19th c. in Russia at the time when contemporary Russian literature was being shaped. Six parts are devoted successively to French, German, English, Italian, Spanish, and classical literatures. The major aspects of research are outlined in an extensive foreword (E. Dmitrieva, M. Koreneva). Highlights include: Comparative analysis of the international contacts of Russian literature; a new interest in the novel, the genre that manifested a new literary taste; publishing and the audience in Russia compared to other European cultures; the birth of literary criticism on the margins of rhetoric; the evolution of a literary taste where gallomania was being substituted by anglo- and germanophilia; the change in the forms of contacts from imitation to stylization in accordance with the formula suggested by Konstantin Batyushkov ‘The stranger’s treasure is mine.’
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Korolkova, Angelika. "Linguistic Representation of V.G. Belinsky’s Value Priorities (Based on Aphoristics)." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 3 (55) (January 26, 2022): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2021-55-3-53-63.
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The article deals with the aphoristic heritage of V.G. Belinsky.
V.G. Belinsky’s name and his concept of «real art» are objectively considered nowadays within the history of literature of the 19th century. In his numerous works Belinsky developed the theoretical foundations of Russian realism proposed the principle of a new «real» aesthetics; in fact, he created a program
of contemporary art. In the corpus of Russian aphoristics, V.G. Belinsky’s sayings occupy a special place showing in synchrony a person’s ideological attitudes in the first half of the 19th century.
Belinsky’s sayings about criticism are widely known in Russian literature, but his aphorisms are not only about art, they are about the theory and history of literature, language, although it undoubtedly forms the ideological basis of the conceptual picture of the world, but also about love, family, friendship, the value
of human life, etc. V.G. Belinsky’s aphoristics, representing his linguistic picture of the world, also reflects his conceptual picture of the world. Belinsky’s aphorisms are
connected with the historical context of the epoch. They reflect it in synchrony, which suggests that extralinguistics seriously determined his value priorities. Belinsky, being one of the representatives of the Russian democratic intelligentsia of the first half of the 19th century, became an exponent of the moral
values of the Russian democratic society of his era. Belinsky’s aphorisms represent his value paradigm based on the life-affirming concepts of man (citizen), society, Motherland, the Russian language, love, and life.
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Facius, Michael. "Transcultural Philology in 19th-century Japan: The Case of Shigeno Yasutsugu (1827-1910)." Philological Encounters 3, no. 1-2 (April 23, 2018): 3–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519197-12340037.
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Abstract The article explores the role of transcultural encounters for the development of the thought and philology of Shigeno Yasutsugu, an eminent Japanese scholar of history and Chinese learning in 19th-century Japan. It argues that a close look at the impact of Shigeno’s encounters with Western diplomats, Chinese scholar-officials and a German historian illuminates the richness in the biography of a scholar whom the literature has valued predominantly for his role in the introduction of “modern” Western historiography. Through an analysis of the multilayered foundations of his scholarly practice, the article aims to demonstrate the use of a transcultural paradigm in engaging the complexity of the history of knowledge in a period of Western imperialism.
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Ajouri, Philip, and Christa Jansohn. "Shakespeare-Ausgaben der Deutschen Shakespeare-Gesellschaft: 1867 bis zur Jahrhundertwende." Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur 45, no. 2 (November 9, 2020): 386–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iasl-2020-0023.
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AbstractThe article discusses the various German Shakespeare editions produced by the Deutsche Shakespeare-Gesellschaft (German Shakespeare Society) between its foundation in April 1864 and the end of the 19th century. The society’s eclectic editorial output ranged from a critical edition in 12 volumes (1867–1871), through multi-volume editions for the theatre and for German families (1870–1878), to a cheap one-volume edition (1891). All these editions were based on the Shakespeare translations of August Wilhelm Schlegel and Ludwig Tieck and his circle (Dorothea Tieck and Wolf Heinrich Friedrich Karl Graf von Baudissin), published by the Reimer Publishing House in Leipzig. The editors corrected, revised, expurgated, or even replaced these versions with their own new translations in order to meet the various needs and requirements of their consumers.
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Majer-Bobetko, Sanja. "Between music and ideologies: Croatian music criticism from the beginning to World War II." Muzyka 63, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36744/m.344.
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As the Croatian lands were exposed to often aggressive Austrian, Hungarian, and Italian politics until WWI and in some regions even later, so Croatian music criticism was written in the Croatian, German and Italian languages. To the best of our knowledge, the history of Croatian music criticism began in 1826 in the literary and entertainment journal Luna, and was written by an anonymous author in the German language.A forum for Croatian language music criticism was opened in Novine Horvatzke, i.e. in its literary supplement Danica horvatska, slavonska i dalmatinska in 1835, which officially started to promote the Croatian National Revival, setting in motion the process of constituting the Croatian nation in the modern sense of the word. However, those articles cannot be considered musical criticism, at least not in the modern sense of the word, as they never went beyond the level of mere journalistic reports. The first music criticism in the Croatian language in the true sense of the word is generally considered a very comprehensive text by a poet Stanko Vraz (1810-51) about a performance of the first Croatian national opera Ljubav i zloba (Love and malice) by Vatroslav Lisinski (1819-54) from 1846. In terms of its criteria for judgement, that criticism proved to become a model for the majority of 19th-century and later Croatian music criticism. Two judgement criteria are clearly expressed within it: national and artistic.Regardless of whether we are dealing with 1) ideological-utilitarian criticism, which was directed towards promoting the national ideology (Franjo Ksaver Kuhač, 1834-1911; Antun Dobronić, 1878-1955), 2) impressionist criticism based on the critic’s subjective approach to particular work (Antun Gustav Matoš, 1873-1914; Milutin Cihlar Nehajev, 1880-1931; Nikola Polić, 1890-1960), or 3) Marxist criticism (Pavao Markovac, 1903-41), we may observe the above mentioned two basic criteria. Only at the end of the period under consideration the composer Milo Cipra (1906-85) focused his interest on immanent artistic values, shunning any ideological utilitarianism, and insisting on the highest artistic criteria.
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Mikhailova, Maria, and Sofya Kudritskaya. "Mire’s Interpretation of the Tragic and Paradoxical World of Oscar Wilde." Literatūra 63, no. 2 (November 22, 2021): 70–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/litera.2021.63.2.5.
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This article analyzes the reception of the figure of O. Wilde, the 19th-century English writer, and his works in the prose and criticism of Alexandra Mikhailovna Moiseeva (1874-1913), who entered the history of Russian literature of the Silver Age by the name of “Mire”. The study focuses mainly on her story Black Panther (1909), in which the author provides an original perspective on the tragic love episode in Wilde’s life. Attention is also paid to the thematic similarities between the works of Wilde and Mire in terms of genre, plot and literary image, as well as Mire’s interpretation of Wilde’s works in her critical reviews.
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Moon, Francis C. "Franz Reuleaux: Contributions to 19th century kinematics and theory of machines." Applied Mechanics Reviews 56, no. 2 (March 1, 2003): 261–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1523427.
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This review surveys late 19th century kinematics and the theory of machines as seen through the contributions of the German engineering scientist, Franz Reuleaux (1829–1905), often called the “Father of Kinematics.” Extremely famous in his time and one of the first honorary members of ASME, Reuleaux was largely forgotten in much of modern mechanics literature in English until the recent rediscovery of some of his work. In addition to his contributions to kinematics, we review Reuleaux’s ideas about design synthesis, optimization and aesthetics in design, and in engineering education, as well as his early contributions to biomechanics. A unique aspect of this review has been the use of Reuleaux’s kinematic models at Cornell University and in the Deutsches Museum, in Munich, as a tool to rediscover lost engineering and kinematic knowledge of 19th century history of machines. This review article cites 108 references.
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Дударев, В. С. "Germany in the life of Russian writers and poets of the first half of the 19th century." Диалог со временем, no. 76(76) (August 17, 2021): 206–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2021.76.76.002.
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Помимо плодотворного взаимодействия в решении политических вопросов Россию и Германию в первой половине XIX в. связывали тесные культурные связи, в выстраивании которых ключевую роль играла литература. Германия являлась в определенном смысле фильтром, через который Россия знакомилась с европейской литературой. Образы немецкого мира, находившие отражение в русской литературе, возникали не в последнюю очередь благодаря личному опыту общения российских писателей с Германией и немцами. Вследствие этого Германия нередко приобретала свое особенное значение в их жизни и творчестве, чему и посвящена настоящая статья. In addition to fruitful interaction in solving political issues in the first half of the 19th century, Russia and Germany were linked by close cultural ties, in the building of which literature played a key role. Germany was a kind of filter through which Russia got acquainted with European literature. Images of the German world, reflected in the Russian literature, arose not least due to the personal experience of Russian writers with Germany and the Germans. In this regard, Germany often acquired its special significance in the life and work of Russian writers. This will be discussed in this article.
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Lamm, Mariya A. "The development of Belarusian literature in a multicultural context." Slavic Almanac, no. 1-2 (2020): 501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2020.1-2.6.04.
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Sinkova L. D. Between text and discourse: Russian literature of the XX-XXI century: history, comparative studies and criticism (lit. - crit. articles, conversations). - Minsk: Parkus plus, 2013. - 296 P. The main characteristics of the Belarusian literature development in the contest of 20th-21th century are demonstrated throughout the review. The key patterns of the poetics progression in Belarusian literature are revealed, alongside with the most noticeable algorithms of the national aesthetics establishment and the specifics of mythopoetic perception. Meaningful characteristics of Belarusian literature during Soviet period are examined particularly, especially the literature about Second World War. The national aspects of literary comprehension of the experience of German-fascist occupation in Belarusian literature during Soviet period are revealed. The important characteristic of the modern Belarusian literature after the Chernobyl disaster that has started in 1986, is emphasized upon.
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Jenner, Bryan. "‘Articulatory settings’." Historiographia Linguistica 28, no. 1-2 (September 7, 2001): 121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.28.1.09jen.
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Summary The term ‘articulatory setting’ first appeared in English phonetic literature in a much-cited article by Beatrice Honikman (1964). The link between this term and a set of synonyms used by a range of 19th century European scholars was amply demonstrated by Laver (1978). By examining a few of the many sources available, this article seeks to show, as Laver’s article did not, that the phenomenon that Honikman discusses has been almost continuously present in German phonetic literature from Sievers (1876) onward, and that British scholars in the 20th century failed to take account of this. As a result, the concept was entirely absent from British phonetic literature from about 1909 until 1964. Against this background the article also seeks to establish possible direct sources for Honikman’s ideas.
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Gotzmann, Andreas. "Ambiguous Visions of the Past: The Perception of History in Nineteenth-Century German Jewry." European Journal of Jewish Studies 1, no. 2 (2007): 365–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187247107783876194.
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AbstractThis article not only provides a characterisation of the concept and meaning of historical thought—as a new concept—created by 19th century German Jewry. It also elaborates on the general nature of the newly developed historical approaches, showing the deeply ambivalent character of this major discourse on Jewish identity in modern times that included a general concept of self-perception that would soon overpower and characterize even religion. Although an amazingly unified perception of Jewish history can be found throughout the century, it remained janus-faced in many respects. Such ambivalences were the outcome of a modern historical approach and of 'minority history'. Its aim was to establish Jewish history within the wider frame of a national and evolutionary world history, at the same time defining it as a distinct and decisive one, central not only to Jewish identity, but to all of mankind through its purpose of upholding the quest for excellence, uniqueness, and power.
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Waisse, Silvia, and Gheorghe Jurj. "A clinical history of Zincum metallicum: homeopathic pathogenetic trials and case reports." Homeopathy 106, no. 02 (May 2017): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.homp.2017.01.004.
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In the present study, we investigated the experimental basis for the indications of homeopathic drug Zincum metallicum. The current body of knowledge about Zinc met has a core composed of pathogenetic and clinical data collected in the 19th century surrounded by layers of clinical observations reported over time. In the description, we prioritized poorly known sources, especially the ones that were never translated from the original German. We also performed quantitative and statistical analysis of repertory data. Through a literature survey and a call to practicing homeopathic doctors from many countries, we were able to put together a relevant case-series that represents homeopathic indications of Zinc.
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Zeman, Mirna. "Life histories/itineraries of things in german and world literature." Umjetnost riječi 66, no. 2 (2022): 177–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22210/ur.2022.066.2/03.
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Throughout the history of literature, and German literature in particular, there have been repeated accounts of “life cycles” or “life histories” of things: efforts to narrate the trajectories of artefacts in socioeconomic cycles, which in toto elude observation and remain imperceptible. In some cases, accounts are written in first person singular simulating an autobiographical perspective of things. The paper proposes to call this formation the autocyclography of things. Historically, literary tradition of the autocyclography of things goes back as far as the Antiquity. The paper outlines the theoretical framework and contextualises examples from German literature in a broader framework of world literature (British it-narratives and Soviet literatura fakta). Special emphasis is given to Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen’s autocyclography of a toilet paper. The paper also discusses examples of autocyclography of things in 18th- and 19th- century German Literature: a coin, a wig, a fly, a book, a coach, a toothpick, a joke and a stomach. This corpus still awaits more detailed scholarly attention. Keywords: poetics of things, autobiography of things, autocyclography of things, it-narratives/novels of circulation
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Lukas, Katarzyna. "Translatorska biografia Heinricha Nitschmanna: niemiecki polonofil w czasach germanizacji i antypolskiej propagandy." Experimental Translation, no. 47 (2024): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/16891864pc.23.014.18845.
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The article attempts to reconstruct the translator biography of Heinrich Nitschmann (1826– 1905) and explain the role he played in Polish-German literary contacts. Nitschmann made German readers familiar with Polish literature firstly through his translations of Polish poetry, and secondly through his popular compendium “History of Polish Literature,” aimed at the German Bildungsbürgertum. Although his translations are not outstanding in quality, they suited the literary tastes of the era and contributed to shaping the German discourse on Poland in the second half of the 19th century. The article traces Nitschmann’s linguistic biography and topobiography, characterizes and situates his translation work against the background of his other activities as a writer, publicist and composer; it attempts to reconstruct his aesthetics and worldview, his translation poetics and self-awareness as a translator. Nitschmann’s modus operandi in his network of literary contacts is shown, exemplified by his relationships with the Danzig publisher Karl Theodor Bertling and with the Lemberg-based Germanist Albert Zipper.
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Svyatoslavsky, Alexey V. "The Сategory of Nationality of Literature as a Subject of Comprehension in the History of Russian Criticism of the 19th Century." Two centuries of the Russian classics 6, no. 2 (2024): 164–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2686-7494-2024-6-2-164-183.
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The article examines the history of the formation of the concept of “nationality” as an aesthetic category in Russian criticism of the 19th century. The research attempts to identify certain constants in understanding nationality as an ethnic-social concept and aesthetic category in fiction and to trace its transformations in changing historical conditions concerning certain ideological discourses and cultural paradigms. The works of V. G. Belinsky, A. S. Khomyakov, N. A. Dobrolyubov, I. V. Kireevsky, N. A. Berdyaev, N. K. Mikhailovsky, the correspondence of P. A. Vyazemsky and articles by A. S. Pushkin demonstrates some examples of understanding nationality. Despite the variety of approaches to the interpretation of nationality in later times, the most adequate remains the thoughts contained in the works of Belinsky and the Slavophiles.
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Jaspert, Nikolas. "Die deutschsprachige Mittelalterforschung und Katalonien: Geschichte, Schwerpunkte, Erträge." Zeitschrift für Katalanistik 17 (July 1, 2004): 155–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/zfk.2004.155-226.
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The article presents a report on German medieval research on Catalonia in four steps: first, the different levels of contacts between Catalonia and Germany in medieval times – i.e. diplomatic, economic, and cultural contacts – are described. The second part of the article gives an overview of the German-speaking medievalists who have dedicated their research to the Catalan medieval history between the mid-19th century and the present. The third part of the contribution intends to systematically describe the areas of research most popular among the German scholars of Catalonian medieval history, naming at the same time some subjects that remained less well studied. Finally, the more recent contributions are evaluated according to the traditions they pursue, and the innovations that they introduce. An extensive bibliography completes the article.
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Etibarlı, S. A., and N. V. Najafbayli. "CHIARI MALFORMATION. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INFORMATION ABOUT DISEASE AND HISTORY OF DISCOVERY." National Journal of Neurology 2, no. 22 (July 21, 2023): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.61788/njn.v2i22.01.
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Chiari malformation is a congenital anomaly of the hindbrain and is characterized by descent of the cerebellar tonsils into the foramen magnum with compression of the medulla oblongata and the development of specific neurological symptoms. The whole concept of these malformations arose towards the end of the 19th century from the original descriptions by the German pathologist, Professor Hans Chiari (1851–1916), of changes in the cerebellum resulting from cerebral hydrocephalus. He also classified Arnold-Chiari malformations into 4 types. The aim of this study was reviewing of the literature and discussion of the anatomical forms, classification and history of the discovery of Chiari malformation.
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Helgason, Jon. "Why ABC Matters: Lexicography and Literary History." Culture Unbound 2, no. 4 (November 4, 2010): 515–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.10230515.
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The purpose of this article is twofold. First, I wish to discuss the origins of The Swedish Academy Dictionary against the backdrop of the social and cultural history of lexicography in 18th and 19th century Europe. Second, to consider material aspects of lexicography – the dictionary as interface – in light of German media scientist Friedrich Kittler’s “media materialism”. Ultimately, both purposes intend to describe how letters and writing have been constructed and arranged through-out the course of history. In Kittler’s view, “the intimization of literature”, that took place during second half of the 18th century, brought about a fundamental change in the way language and text were perceived. However, parallel to this development an institutionalization and disciplining of language and literature took place. The rise of modern society, the nation state, print capitalism and modern science in 18th century Europe necessitated (and were furthered by) a disciplining of language and literature. This era was for these reasons a golden age for lexicographers and scholars whose work focused on the vernacular. In this article the rise of the alphabetically ordered dictionary and the corresponding downfall of the topical dictionary that occurred around 1700 is regarded as a technological threshold. This development is interesting not only within the field of history of lexicography, but arguably also, since information and thought are connected to the basic principles of mediality, this development has bearings on the epistemo-logical revolution of the 18th century witnessed in, among other things, Enlightenment thought and literature.