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Bovsunivska, Tetyana. "DMITRY CHIZHEVSKY`S CONCEPT OF ROMANTICISM AND CANONS OF THE SOVIET LITERARY CRITICISM." Polish Studies of Kyiv, no. 35 (2019): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/psk.2019.35.70-78.
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The article talks about the role of D. Chyzhevsky in redefining the paradigm of Ukrainian romanticism, since Soviet canons are still being explored in his theory and history. In particular, emphasis was placed on confronting such ideological basis as: avoiding any mysticism; refusal of psycho-intimate immersion; the imposition of revolutionary and democratic tendencies; pan-realism; the militant nature of romanticism and the genesis of its origins from German idealism. Chizhevsky proposed instead: the recognition of the heart as the center of romantic aesthetics; peculiarity and singularity of Ukrainian romantic philosophy; syncretic ideology instead of “militancy”; giving preference to the psychological and intuitive space in romanticism; nationally creative potency and oneiric and mystical poetry. Among the main features of “Ukrainian romanticism” is: 1) the identification of interest in the figure and philosophy of G. Skovoroda, that is, the historical continuity of ideas, and, therefore, the inconvenience of the emergence of romanticism; 2) the birth of Ukrainian romantic literature is connected with the development of a certain ideology that belongs to the masses and spiritualized them; 3) nationality is a cross-cutting feature of romantic literature; 4) the cult of antiquity; 5) the desire to get closer to the ideal of “complete” literature, create the relations with other literatures, etc. D. Chyzhevsky distinguished three schools of Ukrainian romanticism: Kiev, Kharkiv and Western Ukraine. Considered the representatives of the Ukrainian school of romanticism in Russia and Poland. He gave the motivation of A. Metlynsky’s work, outside the categories of reactionary and revolutionary romanticism (as well as other personalities). He emphasized the role of “History of Rus” and “Zaporozhian old days” to form a romantic historical vision, that is, the principle of historicism; and considered the most expressive of the many receptions of romanticism. Constantly stressed the tendency of romantics to God. The books of D. Chyzhevsky went to the Ukrainian reader long and hard, however, time sets its emphasis, neglecting all authority, because only the future knows what it will need for a new world.
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Loiter, Sofia. "“THE CONDUIT AND THE SHVAMBRANIA” BY LEV KASSIL: A HISTORY OF THE TEXT." Children's Readings: Studies in Children's Literature 22, no. 2 (2022): 388–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/2304-5817-2022-2-22-388-403.
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The article analyzes the structural and textual changes made by Lev Kassil in the reprinting of the story “Conduit and Shvambraniya”. The material for this study is the 1935 and 1937 editions of the story, two editions in 1957, and the last lifetime edition in 1965. An analysis of the published editions shows the formation of the story “The Conduit and Shvambrania” as a single novel, a single narrative and structural whole, which was not yet the case in the 1935 edition. The author reveals the changes made by Lev Kassil in later versions of the story and offers a classification of authorial corrections: 1) deletions of ideological and political nature; 2) deletions and changes caused by attacks of pedagogical critics; 3) corrections and changes of artistic nature. Lev Kassil was forced to respond to the ideological campaigns that were unfolding both on the national scale and in the professional literary environment (the anti-Semitic campaigns of the 1930s and 1940s, the deportation of the Volga Germans in the 1940s, discussions of “pseudo-romanticism and formalism” in criticism, etc.). Another reason for changing the text of the story was the circumstances of the writer’s family biography: the repression of his brother Iosif Kassil, who was the prototype of one of the main characters in the story — Os’ka. Nevertheless, The Conduit and Shvambrania was the only book in Kassil’s work in which a Jewish theme was expressed.
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Pylypchuk, Oleh, Oleh Strelko, and Yuliia Berdnychenko. "PREFACE." History of science and technology 11, no. 2 (December 12, 2021): 271–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2021-11-2-271-273.
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The issue of the journal opens with an article dedicated to the formation of metrology as government regulated activity in France. The article has discussed the historical process of development of metrological activity in France. It was revealed that the history of metrology is considered as an auxiliary historical and ethnographic discipline from a social and philosophical point of view as the evolution of scientific approaches to the definition of individual units of physical quantities and branches of metrology. However, in the scientific literature, the little attention is paid to the process of a development of a centralized institutional metrology system that is the organizational basis for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. The article by Irena Grebtsova and Maryna Kovalska is devoted to the of the development of the source criticism’s knowledge in the Imperial Novorossiya University which was founded in the second half of the XIX century in Odesa. Grounding on a large complex of general scientific methods, and a historical method and source criticism, the authors identified the stages of the formation of source criticism in the process of teaching historical disciplines at the university, what they based on an analysis of the teaching activities of professors and associate professors of the Faculty of History and Philology. In the article, the development of the foundations of source criticism is considered as a complex process, which in Western European and Russian science was the result of the development of the theory and practice of everyday dialogue between scientists and historical sources. This process had a great influence on the advancement of a historical education in university, which was one of the important factors in the formation of source studies as a scientific discipline. The article by Tetiana Malovichko is devoted to the study of what changes the course of the probability theory has undergone from the end of the 19th century to our time based on the analysis of The Theory of Probabilities textbook by Vasyl P. Ermakov published in 1878. The paper contains a comparative analysis of The Probability Theory textbook and modern educational literature. The birth of children after infertility treatment of married couples with the help of assisted reproductive technologies has become a reality after many years of basic research on the physiology of reproductive system, development of oocyte’s in vitro fertilization methods and cultivation of embryos at pre-implantation stages. Given the widespread use of assisted reproductive technologies in modern medical practice and the great interest of society to this problem, the aim of the study authors from the Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine was to trace the main stages and key events of assisted reproductive technologies in the world and in Ukraine, as well as to highlight the activities of outstanding scientists of domestic and world science who were at the origins of the development of this area. As a result of the work, it has been shown that despite certain ethical and social biases, the discovery of individual predecessor scientists became the basis for the efforts of Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe to ensure birth of the world's first child, whose conception occurred outside the mother's body. There are also historical facts and unique photos from our own archive, which confirm the fact of the first successful oocyte in vitro fertilization and the birth of a child after the use of assisted reproductive technologies in Ukraine. In the next article, the authors tried to consider and structure the stages of development and creation of the “Yermak”, the world's first Arctic icebreaker, and analyzed the stages of preparation and the results of its first expeditions to explore the Arctic. Systematic analysis of historical sources and biographical material allowed to separate and comprehensively consider the conditions and prehistory for the development and creation of “Yermak” icebreaker. Also, the authors gave an assessment to the role of Vice Admiral Stepan Osypovych Makarov in those events, and analyzed the role of Sergei Yulyevich Witte, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev and Pyotr Petrovich Semenov-Tian-Shansky in the preparation and implementation of the first Arctic expeditions of the “Yermak”icebreaker. The authors of the following article considered the historical aspects of construction and operation of train ferry routes. The article deals with the analysis and systematization of the data on the historical development of train ferry routes and describes the background for the construction of train ferry routes and their advantages over other combined transport types. It also deals with the basic features of the train ferries operating on the main international train ferry routes. The study is concerned with both sea routes and routes across rivers and lakes. The article shows the role of train ferry routes in the improvement of a national economy, and in the provision of the military defense. An analysis of numerous artefacts of the first third of the 20th century suggests that the production of many varieties of art-and-industrial ceramics developed in Halychyna, in particular architectural ceramic plastics, a variety of functional ceramics, decorative tiles, ceramic tiles, facing tiles, etc. The artistic features of Halychyna art ceramics, the richness of methods for decorating and shaping it, stylistic features, as well as numerous art societies, scientific and professional associations, groups, plants and factories specializing in the production of ceramics reflect the general development of this industry in the first half of the century and represent the prerequisites the emergence of the school of professional ceramics in Halychyna at the beginning of the 20th century. The purpose of the next paper is to analyze the formation and development of scientific and professional schools of art-and-industrial ceramics of Halychyna in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. During the environmental crisis, electric transport (e-transport) is becoming a matter for scientific inquiry, a subject of discussion in politics and among public figures. In the program for developing the municipal services of Ukraine, priorities are given to the development of the infrastructure of ecological transport: trolleybuses, electric buses, electric cars. The increased attention to e-transport on the part of the scientific community, politicians, and the public actualizes the study of its history, development, features of operation, etc. The aim of the next study is to highlight little-known facts of the history of production and operation of MAN trolleybuses in Ukrainian cities, as well as to introduce their technical characteristics into scientific circulation. The types, specific design solutions of the first MAN trolleybus generation and the prerequisites for their appearance in Chernivtsi have been determined. Particular attention has been paid to trolleybuses that were in operation in Germany and other Western European countries from the first half of the 1930s to the early 1950s. The paper traces the stages of operation of the MAN trolleybuses in Chernivtsi, where they worked during 1939–1944 and after the end of the Second World War, they were transferred to Kyiv. After two years of operation in the Ukrainian capital, the trolleybuses entered the routes in Dnipropetrovsk during 1947–1951. The purpose of the article by authors from the State University of Infrastructure and Technologies of Ukraine is to thoroughly analyze unpaved roads of the late 18th – early 19th century, as well as the project of the first wooden trackway as the forerunner of the Bukovyna railways. To achieve this purpose, the authors first reviewed how railways were constructed in the Austrian Empire during 1830s – 1850s. Then, in contrast with the first railway networks that emerged and developed in the Austrian Empire, the authors made an analysis of the condition and characteristics of unpaved roads in Bukovyna. In addition, the authors considered the first attempt to create a wooden trackway as a prototype and predecessor of the Bukovyna railway.
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Ziolkowski, Theodore, and René Wellek. "A History of Modern Criticism, 1750-1950. 7: German, Russian, and Eastern European Criticism, 1900-1950." World Literature Today 67, no. 1 (1993): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40149060.
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Giles, Steve, and Peter Uwe Hohendahl. "A History of German Literary Criticism, 1730-1980." Modern Language Review 86, no. 3 (July 1991): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3731135.
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Hart, Thomas R., and Rene Wellek. "A History of Modern Criticism, 1750-1950: Vol. 7, German, Russian and East European Criticism, 1900-1950." Comparative Literature 44, no. 2 (1992): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1770347.
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Corredor, Eva L. "Book Review: A History of Modern Criticism: 1750-1950, Volume 7: German, Russian, and Eastern European Criticism, 1900-1950." Philosophy and Literature 20, no. 1 (1996): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/phl.1996.0030.
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Dewalt, Robert. "Tom's Investigation: The Development of the Surveillance Theme in the Composition of The Great Gatsby." F. Scott Fitzgerald Review 14, no. 1 (November 1, 2016): 110–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.14.1.110.
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Abstract This article traces the composition history of The Great Gatsby from manuscript through galley proofs to the published novel, indicating how Fitzgerald intensified conflict between Gatsby and Tom by making Tom the investigator of a bootlegger rumored to have been a German spy during World War I. It shows the conflict to be a displaced reprise of American anti-German sentiment during the war, which provides a gloss on the billboard of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg and the tale of the brewer who built Gatsby's mansion. It cites Nick Carraway's rhetorical tendencies as evidence of the war's persistent effects and contrasts them with Fitzgerald's social criticism.
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Shepherd, David, and Rene Wellek. "A History of Modern Criticism: 1750-1950. Vol. VII: German, Russian, and Eastern European Criticism, 1900-1950." Modern Language Review 88, no. 4 (October 1993): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3734527.
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Sammons, Jeffrey L. "The Wanderer in Nineteenth-Century German Literature: Intellectual History and Cultural Criticism by Andrew Cusack." Modern Language Review 104, no. 4 (2009): 1167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mlr.2009.0048.
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Mihailova, Antoaneta, and Kalina Minkova. "RECEPTION OF THE FOREIGNNESS – MIGRANT LITERATURE AS CULTURAL TRANSFER." Ezikov Svyat volume 18 issue 2, ezs.swu.v18i2 (June 30, 2020): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.bg.v18i2.13.
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The article reviews the distinction between emigrant, immigrant and migrant literature from the perspective of the contemporary Bulgarian literary criticism. The body of emigrant literature is regarded as comprising the works of nineteenthcentury Bulgarian authors (Rakovski, Karavelov, Vazov) who wrote in Bulgarian and intended their works for the Bulgarian readership. The works from the first half of the twentieth century, written in Bulgarian by Bulgarian authors living mostly in Germany and France, are perceived as part of the Bulgarian literature from this period on the grounds of their engaging with themes recognized as characteristically Bulgarian (Elisaveta Bagryana, Pencho Slaveykov, Kiril Hristov, Svetoslav Minkov etc.). The Bulgarian intellectuals who moved to Western Europe in three immigrant waves after 1944, however, wrote in the language of the country in which they settled. This is the reason why Bulgarian literary criticism did not acknowledge their works as part of Bulgarian literature. The authors this article deals with – Ilija Trojanov, Dimitre Dinev and Tzveta Sofronieva – do not deny their Bulgarian origins. They have chosen to write in German in order to be understood by readers in their new country. The German-speaking readership regards them as mediators between Bulgarian history, traditions and culture and the German, respectively Austrian, society precisely because they have rendered Bulgarians and the Bulgarian past in a language that is easy to understand. The interest in Bulgarian authors writing in languages other than Bulgarian in Western Europe peaked in the years immediately preceding and following Bulgaria’s accession to the European Union as the Western European citizens wanted to find out more about the new country in the Union. With their established reputation as eminent artists, these authors continue to cast a bridge between the two cultures. Their works keep being translated into many different languages and have won prestigious international awards.
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Langbehn, Volker. "Ferdinand Oyono's Flüchtige Spur Tundi Ondua and Germany's Cameroon." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 128, no. 1 (January 2013): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2013.128.1.142.
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Almost anyone who reads ferdinand oyono's une vie de boy (1956) in any language will conclude that the novel focuses on French colonialism. But is it only about colonialism by the French? An analysis of the many German resonances throughout the text—as well as an engagement with the German translation of Une vie de boy—suggests that it is about much more. Oyono's Une vie de boy enables the reader to reflect on Europan colonialism more broadly beyond the role of France. The novel offers a lens onto Germany's colonial history because Cameroon was a former colonial “protectorate” of the German empire. This historical context, therefore, places Une vie de boy in both national and transnational contexts. While my reading addresses possible connections or similarities between French and German colonialism, the publication in German itself adds an important layer to the understanding of Une vie de boy in Germany. In consideration of the political activism of the novel's German publisher, Johann (Hans) Fladung (1898-1982), the publication of Oyono's novel can be read as a criticism of German historiography in the 1950s, which frequently avoided Germany's colonial history, a history that has been linked with the crimes of the Holocaust (Zimmerer).
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Mumovic, Ana M. "DAM ON THE GREAT RUSSIAN SEA (Contribution to the interpretation of the Review of the History of Serbian Literature by A. N. Pipin)." Folia linguistica et litteraria XII, no. 35 (2021): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.35.2021.6.
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The paper aims is to present and evaluate the Review the History of Serbian Literature A. N. Pipin's as a classical history of Serbian literature that became part of the national culture. The development of the history of literature among Serbs, as an independent discipline and its modest beginnings, can be found in the first decades of the 19th century, in the time of Dositej and Vuk. In its beginnings, the history of literature was a "story" about the literary past of a nation and at its core was - criticism. This main idea as an axiom is a signpost that leads from the history of literature, which has long performed the function of criticism, to the genesis of literary criticism as the youngest branch of literary science and the way it formulated and exercised its functions in conditions when literary history was in a certain measures and history of the people. The Serbs received the first History of Serbian Literature (1865) from the pen of Pavel Jozef Šafarik (1795–1861), a Protestant and German student who served in Novi Sad. The next history of Serbian literature was also written by a foreigner, the Russian Alexander Nikolaevich Pipina (1833–1904). His Review the History of Serbian Literature (1865) has not been fully translated into Serbian. When marking questions from the new Serbian literature, Pipin's approach leads to a synthesis of ideas about cultural and political and national development. Slavery replaced the idea of revival "among Orthodox Serbs who fled to Austria". From that perspective, he views the development of national literature as an important part of culture and identity. Pipin also deals with the issue of national identity and the awakening of the national consciousness of the Slavs in his extensive study "Panslavism in the Past and Present" (1878), in which "the Serbian national question is incorporated into the general critique of Russian official policy and Slavophile orientation in the Balkans during Eastern Europe crisis". In this paper, we value his competence, cultural mission, the gift of the comparator, without which there is no great literary historian, and his practical contribution to classifying Serbian literature and culture in the European context.
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M, Kavitha. "Nachinarkiniyar History and Textual Ability." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-8 (July 21, 2022): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s834.
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Tamil language and literature have flourished with speeches composed by speechwriters. Are greatly aiding researchers who think innovatively. Texts serve as a bridge between linguistic research and e-literary criticism. The texts convey how the Tamil language has changed over time, as well as the living conditions, political changes and customs of the Tamil people. This article explores the history and textual ability of Nachinarkiniyar. Nachinarkiniyar was a knowledgeable and knowledgeable man of various arts, writing semantics for songs, and also possessing the art of religious ideas, music, drama, etc., which are included in the book. He is well versed in grammar, literature, dictionary, epic and puranam in Tamil. He is well versed in astrology, medicine, architecture, and crops. Nachinarkiniyar, who has written for Tamil grammar books, is well versed in the Vedic and phylogenetic theory of Sanskrit and is a university-oriented scholar of Tamil, Sanskrit scholarship, religious knowledge, land book knowledge, life and biology. This article explores the history and textual ability of Nachinarkiniyar.
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Ingelbien, Raphaël. "Single or Return, Ladies? The Politics of Translating and Publishing Heine on Shakespeare." Comparative Critical Studies 16, no. 2-3 (October 2019): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ccs.2019.0326.
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This article contrasts two English translations of Heinrich Heine's Shakspeares Mädchen und Frauen (1838), produced by Charles Godfrey Leland (1891) and Ida Benecke (1895), which are now regularly (though randomly) quoted in Shakespeare scholarship. The comparison sheds light on different strategies involved in translating a text as an independent document or as part of a ‘Collected Works’ series. The discrepancies between publication contexts are correlated with differences between domesticating and foreignizing approaches, and with the diverging appreciations of Heine's place within Shakespeare criticism that such choices entail. The translators' gender politics are also shown to affect their renderings of Heine's text on female characters in Shakespeare, which was itself indebted to a book by Anna Jameson (1832). Finally, cultural transfer theory and histoire croisée are used to explore a ‘re-transfer’ that involved British Shakespeare critics, an atypical Jewish-German writer who drew on their work, and Heine's ‘English’ translators. The article highlights the necessary imbrication of translation studies and book history in the analysis of complex transcultural forms of textual production, of which Shakespeare criticism is paradigmatic.
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Selim, Samah. "Toward a New Literary History." International Journal of Middle East Studies 43, no. 4 (November 2011): 734–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743811000973.
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The past twenty years witnessed a dramatic transformation in Arabic literature studies in the United States. In the early 1990s, the field was still almost exclusively a satellite of area studies and largely bound by Orientalist historical and epistemological paradigms. Graduate students—even those wishing to focus entirely on modern literature—were trained to competence in the entire span of the Arabic literary tradition starting with pre-Islamic times, and secondary research languages were still rooted in the philological tradition of classical scholarship. The standard requirement was German, with Spanish as a distant second for those interested in Andalusia, but rarely French, say, or Italian or Russian. Other Middle Eastern languages were mainly conceived as primary-text languages rather than research languages. Philology, traditional literary history, and New Criticism formed the methodological boundaries of research. “Theory”—even when it purported to speak of the world outside Europe—was something that was generated by departments of English and comparative literature on the other side of campus, and crossings were rare and complicated in both the disciplinary and the institutional sense. Of course, one branch of “theory”—postcolonial studies—made its way into area studies much faster than the more eclectic offshoots of continental philosophy, for obvious reasons. From nationalism studies to subaltern studies, from Benedict Anderson to Gayatri Spivak, the wave of postcolonial critical theory that swept through U.S. academia in the 1980s and 1990s sparked an uprising in area studies at large and particularly in the literature disciplines. One of the first casualties of this uprising was the old historical paradigm itself: narratives of rise and fall, golden ages, and ages of decadence. Slowly but surely, scholars began to question the entire epistemological edifice through which Arabic literary history had been constructed by Orientalism. It was through the postcolonial theory of the 1980s that Arabic literature came to a broader rapprochement with poststructuralism: Foucault, Derrida, Ricoeur, Jameson, and White, to name a few of the major thinkers who began to transform the field in the late 1990s.
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Manuwald, Gesine. "Nero and Octavia in Baroque Opera: Their Fate in Monteverdi's Poppea and Keiser's Octavia." Ramus 34, no. 2 (2005): 152–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048671x00000990.
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The imperial history playOctavia, transmitted among the corpus of Senecan drama, has suffered from uncertainty about its date, author, literary genre and intended audience as regards its appreciation in modern criticism. Although the majority of scholars will agree nowadays that the play was not written by Seneca himself, there is still a certain degree of disagreement about its literary genre and date. Anyway, such scholarly quibbles seem not to have affected poets and composers in the early modern era: they recognised the high dramatic potential of the story of Nero and his love relationships in 62 CE along with the involvement of the historical character and writer Seneca.Indeed, this phase in imperial history was apparently quite popular in Italian and German opera of the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The earliest of a number of operatic treatments of the emperor Nero (also the first opera presenting a historical topic) and arguably the best known today is an Italian version:L'incoronazione di Poppea (The Coronation of Poppaea)to a libretto by Giovanni Francesco Busenello (1598-1659) and music attributed to Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643), first produced in Giovanni Grimani's ‘Teatro di SS Giovanni e Paolo’ in Venice during the carnival season of 1643. Among the latest operas on this subject is a German version, which is hardly known and rarely performed today:Die Römische Unruhe. Oder: Die Edelmütige Octavia. Musicalisches Schau-Spiel (The Roman Unrest. Or: The Magnanimous Octavia. Musical Play)by the librettist Barthold Feind (1678-1721) and the composer Reinhard Keiser (1674-1739), first performed in the ‘Oper am Gänsemarkt’ in Hamburg on 5 August 1705. In this period German opera was generally influenced by Italian opera, but at the same time there were attempts, particularly in Hamburg, to establish a typically German opera.
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Zajas, Paweł. "Kołakowski made by Piper." Zeitschrift für Slawistik 63, no. 4 (November 5, 2018): 591–626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2018-0040.
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Summary Since the year 1960, a range of works by Polish philosopher Leszek Kołakowski have been published by Piper-Verlag. The paper analyses some so far unknown archival data that offer some insights into the circumstances of their publication. Sections 2 and 3 show how Kołakowski’s German debut (essay collection from 1960 under the title Der Mensch ohne Alternative) may have been influenced by factors that tend to shape the literary field, such as the contemporary cultural and publishing policy and the role played by the intermediaries and translators. The argument provides new insights into the history of ideas that constituted the background of the import of Polish/ East European literature to the FRG from the 1950 s on. Next (section 4), the paper addresses the question as to why the editing conducted on Kołakowski’s work had failed to initiate a more systematic transfer of Eastern European (criticism of) Marxist philosophy to the German publishing market. Moreover (section 5), an attempt is made at a closer characterisation and problematisation of the readings of some themes of Kołakowski’s works by the editor in Piper-Verlag, Hans Rößner, a German philologist and ex-SS officer. In this context, a rhetorical question as to this sort of ideological criticism is posed. Finally, the data presented in the paper bring the following issues to the fore in terms of future research directions: (1) transfer of literature/ knowledge from Poland/ Eastern Europe during the Cold War and (2) the actual part that Eastern Europe played in the “global” conflict of ideas under the label of “1968”.
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Novoseltseva, A. V. "A novel study: history and modernity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Humanitarian Series 64, no. 2 (May 18, 2019): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/2524-2369-2019-64-2-200-208.
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There is the necessity in the contemporary science of literature for development of the intra-genre novel typology to systematize the knowledge of certain novel texts and determine the aesthetic possibilities of the modern novel. Traditionally the genre novel typology is considered in social-historical way and based on its content characteristics. Representatives of formalistic approach suppose the genre as a system of methods; they emphasize the artistic uniqueness of new novel form, which determines the specificity of the plot development and theme disclosure in a novel. G. N. Pospelov associates the interpretation of characters with the plot-composition peculiarities, M. M. Bakhtin formulates the idea of dialogue, defines the monologic and polyphonic novels. Bakhtin’s novel theory is developed by N. A. Verderevskaya, focusing on the image structure of protagonist. A. Ya. Esalnek considers the genre of a novel in close interconnection between the method and style of the author. N. S. Leites carries on the tradition of formalistic approach, and according to the type of plot formation, singles out a novel of direct and indirect reflection. N. D. Tamarchenko retraces the novel evolution through its aesthetic potential in the works of famous authors. The classifications developed in Western European literary criticism (the Anglo-American school of “neo criticism”, the German school of “interpretation”) are distinguished with dualism or variability. They focus on the structural organization, the artistic relationship between the author and narrator, author and character.
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Kastiņš, Juris Andrejs. "Gintera Grasa pēdējās atzīšanās." Aktuālās problēmas literatūras un kultūras pētniecībā: rakstu krājums, no. 25 (March 4, 2020): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/aplkp.2020.25.242.
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The article is dedicated to the Günter Grass’s (1927–2015) second posthumous book “In letzter Zeit” that came out in 2017. Heinrich Detering, a professor at the University of Göttingen and a friend of the poet, has compiled the last interviews with Grass and discussions on literature and politics. The concept of the book is based on critical analysis of Grass’s works, treating them not as comments on political events, but as expressions of the poet’s creative work, in which he was able to harmoniously merge and consolidate the fairy tale, art, and joy of imagination in one masterpiece. Detering looks at Grass’s life from the socio-political aspect, emphasising the writer’s role in the life of the country and the people. Grass’s social themes (German history, splitting of the state and reunification, refugee policy, etc.) are gradually crystallizing in the collection, not forgetting the events of German literary life and giving them a principled assessment and putting the culture of criticism as one of the most important issues. The dialogues with Grass, collected and published by Detering, is a valuable cultural and historical material both for the research of the writer’s creative work and for the evaluation of German literary processes.
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Lee, Juhan. "Criticism of Gaya History Studies in South Korea's Pedagogical Academy - Focusing on Kim Tae-shik and Lee Young-shik." Barun Academy of History 14 (March 30, 2023): 91–160. http://dx.doi.org/10.55793/jkhd.2023.14.91.
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In the 19th century, with the rise of the theory of Korea in Japan, the theory of invasion first created under the name of so-called modern history is the Imna-Japanese theory. It is a claim that Yamatowa ruled or managed the southern part of the Korean Peninsula based on Gaya in the southern part of the Korean peninsula from the 4th to the 6th century AD. It is an antihumanitarian invasion theory advocated by imperialist historians based on exaggerated, embellished, fabricated, and distorted articles in 『Nihon Shoki』 compiled in the 8th century. The ideology of Yamatowa, which sought to realize the ruling system with the emperor as the apex, is contained in the Imna Nihon Headquarters Theory, which is still adhered to by most of the academic circles of Japanese ancient history. In 1945, with the collapse of the Japanese Empire, the arguments that should have been liquidated were compiled in 『Imna Heungmansa』 in 1949 by Suematsu Yasukazu, who was active in the Japanese Government-General of Korea and Gyeongseong Imperial University.
There is no primary literature or archaeological data to prove the Imna or orthodox opinion in the academic circles of Japan and South Korea. As a result, the history of Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla, Gaya, etc., and the real history of Gojoseon and the pre-Gojoseon that gave birth to those nations were damaged, and Korean history was established as a history of identity and heteronomy. Therefore, examining the reality of Gaya history and the core logic of the theory of Imna Japan through primary literature and archaeological data is inevitably a serious task to restore the original form of Korean history.
This study approached the reality of Gayasa based on 『Samgukyusa』 and 『Samguksagi』, and analyzed the core logics of Kim Tae-shik and Lee Youngshik, who are talked about as authorities in Gaya history research, to dismantle the basis of Imna Nihonbu theory and set a new turning point in Gay history research. Its purpose is to create
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Sadowski, Witold. "A Brief History of O!" Poetics Today 43, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 103–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03335372-9471010.
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Abstract In the poetry of many nations, the interjection O! is a marker of poeticalness, a marker that contributes to the factors distinguishing poetry from colloquial speech. O! is treated not so much as an expression derived from the language in which a given poem was written (i.e., English, Italian, Polish, etc.) as a common lexeme within an international poetic language. In different countries, the interjection O! is understood in similar ways and does not require translation, even if the other parts of the poem are rendered in distinct languages. Despite the importance of the interjection in world literature, research into the semantics of O! has been limited in scope. The aim of this article is to trace the main stages of development that O! has undergone in European poetry from antiquity until the present day. The article initially discusses the semantic variants of the interjection in ancient Greek and Latin poetry. These derive from two functions of O!, functions that are described within the context of the Bakhtinian concepts of the addressee and superaddressee. Subsequently, the process in which the autonomy of this lexeme was shaped with regard to vernacular languages is considered. The examples illustrating this process have been taken from Bulgarian, English, French, German, Italian, Occitan, and Polish poetry.
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Gaižiūnas, Silvestras. "At the Origins of Modern Lithuanian Literary Studies. Phenomenon of Juozas Eretas." Pitannâ lìteraturoznavstva, no. 100 (December 27, 2019): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/pytlit2019.100.155.
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The article under studies is a critical survey of the activities of a Swiss scholar Juozas Eretas (1896–1984), one of the founders of Lithuanian Literary Studies, whose origin is closely related to the revival of the Lithuanian State (1918 р). Raised on the principles of the so-called Fribourg School, J. Eretas may be regarded as a vivid example of a catholic scientist. He emphasized the importance of the connection between research and thinking. In the 20-30s, having mastered the Lithuanian language, under the influence of the first translations of the world literary works into Lithuanian, Eretas laid the foundation of analytical criticism. He also took up the translation and, at the same time, became the founder of Lithuanian Germanic Studies, paying most of his attention to the Medieval German Literature, the heritage of mystics, the literature of “storm and drive”, particularly the works by Goethe and Schiller. In addition, Eretas made a considerable contribution to Lithuanian Theory of Literature: “Creating Philosophical Criticism in Literature” (lecture, 1922), “Philosophy and Poetry” (1924), “Methods of Literary Analysis” (1929). Eretas’ approach to German Literature was purely conceptual and rested on the idea of its universal nature (especially concerning Goethe): monographs “Young Goethe” (1932) and “Goethe Hundred Years Later” (1933). It is worth mentioning Eretas’ attitude to Goethe’s “Faust”. He interprets the main character typologically, as an eternal image of the world culture, pointing hereby to the increased attention to this image during the epoch of “storm and drive”. Eretas’ interpretation of the images of Faust and Mephistopheles, which present the idea of “dual world” that is so peculiar for Romanticism, seems very interesting and promising. Besides, Eretas was first in Lithuanian Literary Studies to refer to Goethe’s “Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship” as to the novel of upbringing. Another significant subject of Eretas’ research was the History of World Mystics (the work “From the History of Mystics”, as well as the monographs on Tauler, Eckhart and Suso).
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Vasic, Aleksandar. "Serbian musical criticism and essay writings during the XIXth and the first half of the XXth century as a subject of musicology research." Muzikologija, no. 6 (2006): 317–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/muz0606317v.
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The beginning of 2006 marked two decades since the death of Stana Djuric-Klajn, the first historian of Serbian musical literature. This is the exterior motive for presenting a summary of the state and results of up-to-date musicology research into Serbian musical criticism and essay writings during the XIXth and the first half of the XXth century, alongside the many works dedicated to this branch of national musical history, recently published. In this way the reader is given a detailed background of these studies ? mainly the authors' names, books, studies, articles, as well as the problems of this branch of Serbian musicology. The first research is associated with the early years of the XXth century, that is, to the work of bibliography. The pioneer of Serbian ethnomusicology, Vladimir R. Djordjevic composed An Essay of the Serbian Musical Bibliography until 1914, noting selected XIXth century examples of Serbian literature on music. Bibliographic research was continued by various institutions and experts during the second half of the XXth century: in Zagreb (today Republic of Croatia); the Yugoslav Institute for Lexicography, Novi Sad (Matica srpska); and Belgrade (Institute for Literature and Art, Slobodan Turlakov, Ljubica Djordjevic, Stanisa Vojinovic etc). In spite of the efforts of these institutions and individuals, a complete analytic bibliography of music in Serbian print of the last two centuries has unfortunately still not been made. The most important contributions to historical research, interpretation and validation of Serbian musical criticism and essay writings were given by Stana Djuric-Klajn, Dr Roksanda Pejovic and Dr Slobodan Turlakov. Professor Stana Djuric-Klajn was the first Serbian musicologist to work in this field of Serbian music history. She wrote a significant number of studies and articles dedicated to Serbian musical writers and published their selected readings. Prof. Klajn is the author and editor of the first and only anthology of Serbian musical essay writings. Her student Roksanda Pejovic published two books (along with numerous other factually abundant contributions), where she synthetically presented the history of Serbian criticism and essay writings from 1825 to 1941. Slobodan Turlakov, an expert in Serbian criticism between the World Wars, meritorious researcher and original interpreter, especially examined the reception of music of great European composers (W. A. Mozart, L. v. Beethoven, F. Chopin, G. Verdi, G. Puccini etc) by Serbian musical critics. Serbian musical criticism and essay writings were also the focus of attention of many other writers. The work quotes comments and additions of other musicologists, but also historians of theatre, literature and art philosophers, aestheticians, sociologists, all members of different generations, who worked or still work on the history of the Serbian musical criticism and essay writings. The closing section of the text suggests directions for future research. Firstly, it is necessary to begin integral bibliographical research of texts about music published in our press during the cited period. That is a project of capital significance for national science and culture; realization needs adequate funding, the involvement of many academic experts, and time. Work on bibliography will also enable the collection and publication of sources: books and articles by Serbian music writers who worked before 1945. A separate problem is education of scholars. To study musical literature, a musicologist needs to be knowledgeable about the history of Serbian literature, aesthetic theory, and theatre, national social, political and cultural history, and methodology of literary study. That is why facilities for postgraduate and doctorial studies in musicology are necessary at the Faculties of Philology and Philosophy.
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Dickson, Polly. "Tracing Squiggles: Laurence Sterne, E. T. A. Hoffmann, and Honoré de Balzac." Comparative Literature 72, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00104124-7909972.
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Abstract This article examines the figure of an undulating line, or “squiggle,” printed initially in Laurence Sterne’s Tristram Shandy and copied by two nineteenth-century writers: first, by the German E. T. A. Hoffmann, in a little-known fragment, and, second, more famously, by the French Honoré de Balzac as the epigraph to his novel La peau de chagrin. These three squiggles form a triangulated relationship of imitation across two centuries, three countries, and three languages. Through attention to William Hogarth’s line of beauty and Johann Caspar Lavater’s physiognomic contour lines, the article considers the history of the undulating line as a figure for reading. It suggests that, for Sterne, Hoffmann, and Balzac, the inclusion of a pictured line within text may be seen as a “reverse ekphrastic” maneuver, one that aims to reflect the movement of narrative in visual form. In this way, the “squiggle” is foregrounded as a new and concrete motif for comparative criticism on Hoffmann and Balzac, identifying a shared interest in Sterne, as well as in the relationship and entanglement of text and image.
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Lundblad, Kristina. "Body text." Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap 51, no. 1-2 (December 10, 2021): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54797/tfl.v51i1-2.1723.
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Body text: Typography and the corporeality of literature In one of his fragments, Georg Christoph Lichtenberg explains that German books printed with roman type, instead of the then default gothic type, always give him a feeling that he needs to translate them – evidence, he says, of “the degree to which our concepts are dependent on these signs”. The article elaborates on this thought. It explores the relation between literature, text (abstract and material), and typography, and argues – by means of bibliographical theory, Goethe’s mother, Jean-Luc Nancy, Roman Ingarden, and a diagnostic comparison between hand writing and digital fonts – that the longstanding, idealistic view, within literary criticism and history, of texts’ ‘content’ as independent of books’ and texts’ materiality and form, obstructs scholars’ striving for understand-ing. Text is not only representation; it is also presentation. Text has form, and the form produces meaning.
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Farkas, Márton. "Lukács in Self-Translation: The Necessity of Contingency in The Soul and the Forms." October 161 (August 2017): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/octo_a_00302.
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A series of meditations on history and criticism, György Lukács's The Soul and the Forms appeared first in Hungarian in 1910 and then in German in 1911—arguably having been translated by the author himself, as a work of mourning. Despite renewed interest in the work, English-language editions have been taken from the German translation and barely consider the Hungarian version. This essay argues that an exemplary skirmish takes place in translation between the Hungarian and the German texts, as Lukács shifts from an Epicurean-Lucretian to a Stoicist view of causality. Not unlike in the early notebooks of Marx, a materialist Lukács can be located in his first collection of essays, despite the fact that it is usually pigeonholed as part of his grand idealist phase. Farkas is particularly interested in how Lukács's self-translation washes over a Romantic concept of irony as Lukács posits the necessity of a mixture of necessity and contingency as the origin of the critic's irony, a move that undermines his own non-totalizing view of irony as a structural principle of the novel in his 1917 work The Theory of the Novel.
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Silva, Rafael Guimarães Tavares. "Benjamin e uma nova formação a partir de uma nova forma de ensino da História da Literatura / Benjamin and a New Formation Through a New Form of Teaching Literary History." Cadernos Benjaminianos 15, no. 2 (March 13, 2020): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2179-8478.15.2.183-198.
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Resumo: Buscando situar o contexto alemão do final do séc. XIX e início do séc. XX, no tocante às práticas de ensino e, mais especificamente, do ensino de literatura, o presente artigo oferece considerações sobre a forma como Walter Benjamin se posiciona nesse debate. Depois de abordar de forma mais geral a produção desse arguto pensador da cultura de seu tempo, a importância fundamental de seu texto História da literatura e ciência da literatura [Literaturgeschichte und Literaturwissenschaft], de 1931, assume o primeiro plano da argumentação e oferece o material para que se sugira a radicalidade do projeto benjaminiano. Detectando uma crise cultural profunda em sua época, o estudioso sugere que um posicionamento crítico, apto a articular o passado e o presente, por meio de um estudo envolvendo História da Literatura e Crítica Literária, seria a única forma de potencializar o estudo das Letras, de modo a converter a Literatura em órganon capaz de atuar diretamente sobre a própria História.Palavras-chave: Walter Benjamin; teoria literária; crítica literária; história literária; educação.Abstract: Seeking to situate the teaching practices and especially literary teaching practices in the German context of the end of the XIXth century and beginning of the XXth, this article offers considerations on how Walter Benjamin takes a position in this debate. After a more general approach to the intellectual production of this argute thinker of his own culture and time, the fundamental importance of his text History of literature and science of literature [Literaturgeschichte und Literaturwissenschaft], from 1931, takes the foreground of the argument and offers material to suggest the radicalness of Benjamin’s project. Detecting a deep cultural crisis in his time, he suggests that a critical position, capable of articulating the past and the present, through a study involving History of Literature and Literary Criticism, would be the only way to strengthen the study of Letters, in order to transform Literature into an organon capable of acting directly on History itself.Keywords: Walter Benjamin; literary theory; literary criticism; literary history; education.
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Misyurov, N. N. "LOGIC OF LIFE AGAINST DOGMATICS OF RATIONALITY (FIN DE SIÈCLE OF GERMAN CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY)." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy 30, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9550-2020-30-3-231-236.
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The problem of conceptual conflict of theory and practice is investigated on the example of the transformation of long-reigning rationalism under the influence of the "organic logic of life" (the basic concept of romantic philosophy). The formation of "non-classical" philosophical epistemology, an alternative to neo-Kantianism, Young Hegelianism and positivism, is considered in the context of the systemic crisis of scientific knowledge and the change of cultural paradigm at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The situation of changing the philosophical paradigm itself - the result of criticism of rationalism, as well as changes in the epistemological basis of the "science of sciences" - is described as a kind of fin de siècle (similar to the processes that took place in art and literature) in the history of German classical philosophy. The article proves that disputes (provoked by the Feirbach's criticism of Hegelian philosophy, as well as the polemics of Young Hegelians with positivists, initiated by Nietzsche and his imitators, and then continued by opponents and critics of Nietzscheanism) led to serious changes in the methodology and principles of philosophizing. Formed by these discussions a specific philosophical discourse (the struggle against dogmatism and the justification of the "philosophy of life" were the focus of attention of the Western European scientific community) was the beginning of the formation and rapid development of a new philosophical science based on "non-classical rationality". The article concludes about the continuity of development, not only repulsion, but also attraction in the relationship between the "former" and the newest philosophy: both paradigms imply the "truth of the world" and the appointment of man as an equal and equivalent objects (and subjects) of philosophical study.
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Radyshevskyi, Rostyslav, and Ivan Zymomrya. "A WORD ABOUT CREATIVE PROGRESS: MYKOLA ZYMOMRYA IS 75." Polish Studies of Kyiv, no. 37 (2021): 394–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/psk.2021.37.394-424.
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The article is dedicated to the 75-years-old jubilee of a well-known literary critic, translator, educationalist, Doctor hab. of Philological Sciences, Professor Mykola Zymomrya. The article reflects the main milestones of his life and career. Mykola Zymomrya was born in 1946 in Holatyn in Ukraine. Main directions of activity: German studies, Slavic studies, contrastive literary studies, theory of literature, translation studies. Professional career: finished secondary school in Holatyn and graduated from Uzhhorod State University (Departments of Ukrainian and German Philology). After graduating from the Faculty of Foreign Languages (1967) was a teacher of the German language and literature at the Department of German Philology; a doctorate (1969–1972) at Humboldt University of Berlin where his doctoral thesis was written on the topic “Reception of Ukrainian literature in German-speaking countries from its sources until 1917. To the history of Russian-Ukrainian-German mutual literary relations“ (1972). His doctoral dissertation on the topic „International relations and the role of translation in the creative process” was written in the Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow and was defended in 1984. Academic titles: assistant professor (1976); professor (1987). Head of the Department of German Philology (1974–1979); scientific worker at the Gorky Institute of World Literature (1980–1982); head of the Department of Foreign Languages at Uzhhorod State University (1986–1993); professor at Higher Pedagogical School in Słupsk (1993–1995); professor at Transcarpathian Institute of Postgraduate Pedagogical Education (1996–2002); professor at Baltic High School of Human Sciences in Koszalin (1997–2002); professor at Polonia University in Czestochowa (2002–2012); professor at Drohobych State Pedagogical University of Ivan Franko (since 2000), head of the Department of Theory and Practice of Translation (2003–2010), head of Germanic Languages and Translation Studies Department (since 2010). Over 1000 scientific articles have been published (1970–2021) on issues in literature studies and criticism in newspapers, periodical publications, thematic collections, monographic publications, including in Polish. Membership in associations and organisations: Member of the National Union of Journalists of Ukraine (1980), Member of the National Writers’ Union of Ukraine (2008), Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Higher School of Ukraine in Kyiv (2008), Head of the Commission for Cooperation with Polonia Scientific Societies in Ukraine, USA, European Union and Baltic Countries (2010). Prior awards: state award “Honours in Education in Ukraine” (1996), Honorary Distinction “Deserved for Koszalin Voivodeship” (1998), Award of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine “For outstanding learning achievements” (2009), award of the National Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine “K.D. Ushynski” (2011), award of the Academy of Higher School of Ukraine “Yaroslav Mudry” (2011), Honoured Scientist and Technician of Ukraine (2017).
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Gillett, Robert. "King John in the “Vormärz”: Worrying Politics and Pathos." Multicultural Shakespeare: Translation, Appropriation and Performance 19, no. 34 (June 30, 2019): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2083-8530.19.04.
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This article picks up on a tendency of recent criticism to look to Shakespeare for insights into contemporary politics, and extends it backwards to the period of German history known as the “Vormärz”―the period between 1815 and 1848. It establishes parallels between that period and the current debates about Brexit, and shows how equivalent issues are reflected in the accounts of King John given by three leading German critics of the “Vormärz” period―which also successively demonstrate the deleterious rise of German nationalism. These issues include: the weaknesses, mistakes and crimes of the powerful, and their effect both on the nation directly afflicted with them, and on others; the issue of national sovereignty and its relationship to the fellowship of nations; the struggle against arguably alien ways of thinking; the dividing line between necessary compromise and rank betrayal; the dilemma of choice; and the poisoned chalice of democratic freedom. And the parallels they establish between Shakespeare, the “Vormärz” and us are as instructive as they are unsettling.
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Deumert, Ana. "NamibianKiche Duits: The Making (and Decline) of a Neo-African Language." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 21, no. 4 (December 2009): 349–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542709990122.
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This paper provides the first overview of the history, sociolinguistics, and structures of NamibianKiche Duits(lit. “kitchen German”), which is today a dying contact variety. The analysis draws on archival records, colonial publications, and memoirs, as well as over 120 sociolinguistic interviews conducted in 2000. Early varieties of NamibianKiche Duitsemerged from 1900 under German colonial rule. The language was used primarily for inter-ethnic communication within the work context. However, speakers also “crossed” playfully intoKiche Duitsin a number of within-group speech genres (competition games, scolding, banter, etc.), thus appropriating the colonial language—alongside cultural borrowings (Truppenspieler, “traditional” dress)—for new in-group practices. These within-group uses contributed to the linguistic stabilization of the language as well as the formation of new (post-)colonial (neo-African) identities.*
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Loesberg, Jonathan. "BROWNING BELIEVING: “A DEATH IN THE DESERT” AND THE STATUS OF BELIEF." Victorian Literature and Culture 38, no. 1 (February 23, 2010): 209–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150309990404.
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Some John, we are told, possibly both the Evangelist and the beloved apostle, but, for reasons we will see, possibly only one, the other, or neither, reanimated so his dying words can be recorded by other early Christians, tries to tell those who will now live with no contact with anyone who had contact with Jesus Christ, how they may live with that absence. Although his reanimaters preserve and venerate his words, it's not clear that they actually follow them or even understand them. In the wake of the questions first German Higher Criticism and then more recent work in the 1860s had raised with regard to the historical accuracy of the New Testament, Robert Browning, tries to propose how his contemporaries might believe. At the same time, as a consequence of a definition of how to believe, Browning also suggests how to look at the beliefs of others as expressions of one's condition and situation rather than as assertions whose accuracy it is in our interests to measure: he tells us what a dramatic monologue may show us. With regard to either aim, either with his contemporaries or with his critics, he did no better than John did with the poem's auditors. At least with regard to the issue of how to believe, one watches an odd critical history as readers have become increasingly aware of how completely Browning seems to have accepted the conclusions of the Higher Criticism about the historicity of the gospels, but have refused to accept how completely this meant that his justification for belief wound up reproducing the Higher Critical position about the historical reality of Christianity, with the addition of an epistemologically daring and dangerous justification of willed belief in an object accepted as possibly fictional that gives his ostensible Christianity only the appearance of an orthodoxy it had in fact abandoned.
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Nosonovsky, Michael, Dan Shapira, and Daria Vasyutinsky-Shapira. "Not by Firkowicz’s Fault: Daniel Chwolson’s Comic Blunders in Research of Hebrew Epigraphy of the Crimea and Caucasus, and their Impact on Jewish Studies in Russia." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 73, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 633–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2020.00033.
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AbstractDaniel Chwolson (1819–1911) made a huge impact upon the research of Hebrew epigraphy from the Crimea and Caucasus. Despite that, his role in the more-than-a-century-long controversy regarding Crimean Hebrew tomb inscriptions has not been well studied. Chwolson, at first, adopted Abraham Firkowicz’s forgeries, and then quickly realized his mistake; however, he could not back up. Th e criticism by both Abraham Harkavy and German Hebraists questioned Chwolson’s scholarly qualifications and integrity. Consequently, the interference of political pressure into the academic argument resulted in the prevailing of the scholarly flawed opinion. We revisit the interpretation of these findings by Russian, Jewish, Karaite and Georgian historians in the 19th and 20th centuries. During the Soviet period, Jewish Studies in the USSR were in neglect and nobody seriously studied the whole complex of the inscriptions from the South of Russia / the Soviet Union. The remnants of the scholarly community were hypnotized by Chwolson’s authority, who was the teacher of their teachers’ teachers. At the same time, Western scholars did not have access to these materials and/or lacked the understanding of the broader context, and thus a number of erroneous Chwolson’s conclusion have entered academic literature for decades.
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Fusco, Fabiana. "Plurilingualism and Language Contact in Friuli Venezia Giulia: The State of the Research." Quaderni d'italianistica 40, no. 1 (May 5, 2020): 165–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/q.i..v40i1.34160.
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As a crossroads between Eastern and Western Europe, throughout its history Friuli Venezia Giulia has always been a strategic political and economic site and has had several rulers (German patriarchs, Venetians, etc.). Consequently, the language of the ruling classes usually differed from that of the common people. Friulian was mostly considered the language of the lower classes and restricted to non-official and familiar circumstances. This attitude still persists today towards Italian, the official language, and some people feel uncomfortable using Friulian on official and formal occasions. Friulian speakers can, however, be considered bilingual speakers of Italian and Friulian. In fact, the use of Friulian, also in official contexts has always been an outstanding cultural and social issue which has raised very strong feelings both in favour of and against it. This essay presents and discusses plurilingualism and language contact in Friuli Venezia Giulia and focuses on the relations among the Friulian language and the other historical minorities (such as the Slovene and the German idioms) and the ‘new’ minorities (the so-called immigrant languages). It also describes the important language contact phenomena between Friulian and Italian which constitute an interesting sociolinguistic reality since the two languages are not always in opposition. The aim is to present a sociolinguistic study which wants to be a useful tool for measuring and assessing the state of languages in the Friulian community. It can also provide crucial information to those who are concerned with linguistic policy and planning, by offering hints that will enable them to develop appropriate actions within this protected territory.
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Roasto, Margo. "Marksismi retseptsioon ja dogmaatilise marksismi kriitika Eesti alal aastatel 1905–16." Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal 177, no. 3/4 (June 20, 2022): 169–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2021.3-4.02.
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In Estonian historiography, the revolutionary year of 1905 has been described as a starting point for subsequent political changes in 1917 and 1918. Hence many authors have highlighted the importance of political development that led to the foundation of the first Estonian political parties in 1905. However, the ideological differentiation of Estonian political thought between the revolutionary years of 1905 and 1917 has been studied less. The aim of this article is to analyse the political debates on Marxist theory that took place in the Estonian area of the Baltic provinces from 1905 to 1916.
The leaders of the Estonian socialist movement first became acquainted with Marxist theory through German and Russian socialist literature. Since 1905, various texts by socialist authors were also available to a wider audience in Estonian. First and foremost, the works of German social democrats were published in Estonian. During 1910–14, the first volume of Karl Marx’s Capital was translated into Estonian. While it had often previously been argued that socialism benefits all oppressed people, Marxist ideology was now presented as a scientific theory that explained economic development and protected the interests of industrial workers in a class society.
The article claims that during the period from 1905 to 1916, recognised experts on Marxist ideology emerged among Estonian socialists. In addition to Marxist tactics, Estonian socialist authors discussed theoretical issues such as the material conception of history. In these discussions, the personal conflicts between Estonian socialists as well as their ideological disagreements became evident. More broadly, these discussions were shaped by earlier ideological debates among European socialists at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.
The article also argues that during the period considered, several Estonian left-wing thinkers questioned the validity of Marxism. Influenced by Bernstein’s revisionist ideas, these thinkers criticised Marxism as a one-sided and dogmatic ideology. They claimed that Marxism was just another theory with both strengths and weaknesses. However, Estonian social democrats who embraced Marxism as a scientific theory responded to such criticism and defended the materialist view of society.
The debates on Marxist theory considered here provide evidence of the ideological differentiation of Estonian left-wing political thought. From 1905 to 1916, numerous socialist texts in Estonian presented various approaches for understanding Marxist ideology. Thus, one can witness an intensified reception of Marxism in the Estonian area during that period. More specifically, these ideological debates reveal new facets of the political views of Estonian socialists who later affected the course of Estonian history as communist revolutionaries or as members of the Estonian Constituent Assembly.
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Voß, Torsten. "Ästhetisch konstruierte Traditionen?" Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur 44, no. 2 (November 8, 2019): 442–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iasl-2019-0022.
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Abstract Throughout various literary and artistic periods, artists have referred to or even converted to Catholicism as a means of conjuring a certain perception of a European tradition. In doing this, they seek to create an aesthetic of romanticism and/or an idea and concept of beauty, the artist, artwork etc. After giving a brief overview of this discursive practice in modern avant-garde movements, this article focuses on early forms of literary Catholic movements, such as the French Renouveau catholique and François-René de Chateaubriand’s Le Génie du Christianisme (The Genius of Christianity), as well as Novalis’ ‘invention’ of German romanticism in his essay Die Christenheit oder Europa (Christianity or Europe). It shows that there are a variety of parallels to be identified across these periods and places, namely, in programs, performances, rhetoric-building and group-building processes, and in cultivating an anti-bourgeois distinction, both in the texts themselves and in the positioning of the artists within the literary field. Despite accusations of being reactionary, writers and artists who elaborate a Catholic concept of art and literature aim to develop a traditionalist and anti-modern stance within (aesthetical and social) modernity.
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Luleva, Ana. "The Concept of Totalitarianism in the Bulgarian Public Discourses." Scientific knowledge - autonomy, dependence, resistance 29, no. 2 (May 30, 2020): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v29i2.16.
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The aim of this paper is to discuss the use of the concept of totalitarianism in Bulgarian public discourse since the 1980s. The main focus lies on academic and political discourses, started with Zhelyu Zhelev’s book published in 1982, "Fascism. A documentary study on the German, Italian and Spanish fascism", and developed after the fall of the Communist regime (1989). The content of the concept, dynamics and criticism of it are analyzed. It is concluded, that the disputes for and against totalitarianism divide the academic field and public memory. The proponents of the theory of totalitarianism insist on remembering the terror, the camps, deportations, suppression, and non-freedom under Communism. On the other hand, the supporters of the left are reluctant to use the term totalitarianism or relate it only to the period of Stalinism.
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de Souza, Leonardo Cruz, Antônio Lúcio Teixeira, Guilherme Nogueira M. de Oliveira, Paulo Caramelli, and Francisco Cardoso. "A critique of phrenology in Moby-Dick." Neurology 89, no. 10 (September 4, 2017): 1087–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000004335.
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Phrenology has a fascinating, although controversial, place in the history of localizationism of brain and mental functions. The 2 main proponents of phrenology were 2 German-speaking doctors, Joseph Gall (1758–1828) and Johann Spurzheim (1776–1832). According to their theory, a careful examination of skull morphology could disclose personality characters. Phrenology was initially restricted to medical circles and then diffused outside scientific societies, reaching nonscientific audiences in Europe and North America. Phrenology deeply penetrated popular culture in the 19th century and its tenets can be observed in British and American literature. Here we analyze the presence of phrenologic concepts in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, by Herman Melville (1819–1891), one of the most prominent American writers. In his masterpiece, he demonstrates that he was familiarized with Gall and Spurzheim's writings, but referred to their theory as “semi-science” and “a passing fable.” Of note, Melville's fine irony against phrenology is present in his attempt to perform a phrenologic and physiognomic examination of The Whale. Thus, Moby-Dick illustrates the diffusion of phrenology in Western culture, but may also reflect Melville's skepticism and criticism toward its main precepts.
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Lowe, J. C. B. "Aspects of Plautus' Originality in the Asinaria." Classical Quarterly 42, no. 1 (May 1992): 152–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000983880004266x.
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That the palliatae of Plautus and Terence, besides purporting to depict Greek life, were in general adaptations of Greek plays has always been known. Statements in the prologues of the Latin plays and by other ancient authors left no room for doubt about this, while allowing the possibility of some exceptions. The question of the relationship of the Latin plays to their Greek models was first seriously addressed in the nineteenth century, mainly by German scholars, under the stimulus of Romantic criticism which attached paramount importance to originality in art. Since then the question has been constantly debated, often with acrimony, and to this day very different answers to it continue to be given. Yet the question is obviously important, both for those who would measure the artistic achievement of the Latin dramatists and for those who would use the plays to document aspects of Greek or Roman life. It is not disputed that Plautus' plays contain many Roman allusions and Latin puns which cannot have been derived from any Greek model and must be attributed to the Roman adapter. What is disputed is whether this overt Romanization is merely a superficial veneer overlaid on fundamentally Greek structures or whether Plautus made more radical changes to the structure as well as the spirit of his models.
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Ismailova, Rizvan. "MUTUAL DIVISIONS OF LITERARY TRANSLATION AND THEIR FEATURES." Alatoo Academic Studies 23, no. 4 (December 30, 2023): 258–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2023.234.27.
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The article states that grammatical forms, syntactic constructions, sentence symmetry, syntactic figures, rhythmicity of poetic and prose speech, repetitions, parallelisms, etc. in the text have their own national and cultural specifics. Due to the absence or underdevelopment of fundamental works on translation studies, translation criticism, translation history and translation theory in the native language in the native language, we are not able to select and present to the general reader the best translations that clarify the qualitative characteristics, specific features and mutual differences of a true literary translation. Literary translation requires the highest level of equivalence, which can only be achieved by a creative, diligent, experienced translator, overflowing with translation skills. Indeed, in the history of literature there are poets and writers who became famous for their free translation. One of the main tasks of the translator is to provide the full content of the original, where the content of the original and the translation is identical, compatible and the correct translation is very important. Equivalence is the component that fulfills and implements this unity.
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Sizikova, T. E., and V. T. Kudryavtsev. "Scheme of Lev Vygotsky's Theory. Part 1." Cultural-Historical Psychology 19, no. 2 (July 7, 2023): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/chp.2023190202.
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<p>The relevance of referring to Lev Vygotsky's works and discovering the unknowable in them is a natural phenomenon that accompanies brilliant works of science, literature, art, etc. Discoveries are accidental and non-accidental at the same time, so they are either accepted immediately or pass the "corridor" of criticism. The history of the formation of Vygotsky's psychology is also the history of our way of understanding Vygotsky. The aim of the article is to reveal what Lev Vygotsky himself might not have highlighted. We have tried to penetrate into the logic, the scheme of his thinking. It is possible to carry out the reconstruction in different ways, as evidenced by the experience of the world "vygotskopovedeniya". In this article we argue the hypothesis about the logic of triangulation by L.S. Vygotsky. Triangulation acts as a method of analyzing the psyche with the help of "units of analysis of the whole". In our opinion, L. S. Vygotsky analyzed the psyche as a triangular dynamic network. The network structure allows to reveal new, logically substantiated connections between its elements. He constructed a logical "construct" allowing to confirm it empirically. The basis of the network is formed by trinities of mental functions and connections between trinities, when the same function is included in different trinities. A trinity is formed and in it`s development represents a synthesis of the elements forming it. Each mental function is a whole and reflects in itself a larger whole, i.e., the psyche. It is in the structure of the trinity network that this is most clearly traced. The analysis undertaken by L.S. Vygotsky undoubtedly belongs to the post-nonclassical type of scientific rationality.</p>
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Andersen, Claus Esmann. "Teorier om det tragiske: med særligt henblik på det moderne tragiske og med udblik til Blichers »Hosekræmmeren«." K&K - Kultur og Klasse 37, no. 108 (August 22, 2009): 128–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kok.v37i108.22001.
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Theories of the Tragic – with Special Reference to the Modern Tragic and with a View to »The Hosier and His Daughter« (»Hosekræmmeren«) by St. St. Blicher:The term ‘tragic’ is often used in descriptions and analyses of modern (here: post-classical) literature. Yet, only rarely is this use sound and critically based. The purpose of the present article is to introduce the reader to the theory of the tragic – with a particular focus on possible definitions of the modern tragic.In the article, three phases of theoretical history are identified: 1) a genre-based, normative-poetological phase (classic and classicism), 2) a philosophical phase (German idealism and post-idealism), and 3) a current, more pluralistic phase (crosscutting literary criticism, aesthetics, and the history of ideas). The article’s general approach to the theories is, however, systematic rather than historical. A Nietzschean and a Hegelian line are being sketched out and contrasted, the former as a metaphysically (vertical) and the latter as a historically (horizontal) oriented theory of tragedy. The third line in the theoretical history is that of psychoanalysis.At the end of the article – using the short story »The Hosier and His Daughter« (»Hosekræmmeren«) by St. St. Blicher as an example – it is shown how the different approaches are able to throw light on a modern prose text. It is suggested that, having become a problematic genre with the breakdown of classicism, tragedy lives on as a modus within other genres, such as the short story and the novel.
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Idzikowski, Kamil. "Między Kommune 1 a „niedzielną pieczenią”. Krautrock w świetle koncepcji komunizmu kwasowego." Praktyka Teoretyczna 40, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/prt.2021.2.5.
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The article examines selected phenomena of the so-called krautrock, i.e. West German rock music of the late 1960s and the 1970s. The analysis is based on Mark Fisher's concept of acid communism and the related issue of collective subjectivity. The author distinguishes two opposing tendencies in the music discussed, the first one being the fascination with the collective that goes back to the student protests of 1967–1968, and the second one being the (re)appreciation of individual perspective, which manifested itself e.g. in an increased interest in spirituality and a certain kind of social criticism performed from a distanced position. Focusing on the relationship between the individual and the group, the article analyzes a number of songs and albums that have received little or no attention from researchers up to now.
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Tarasov, Sergey. "Mircea Eliade’s cosmic Christianity: approaches to an interpretation." St. Tikhons' University Review 111 (February 29, 2024): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15382/sturi2024111.75-92.
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The article deals with the construct of cosmic Christianity in Mircea Eliade's project of the history of religion. Links are established with other concepts of the author, such as creative hermeneutics, homo religiosus, the horror of history, etc. Parallels are also drawn with German Idealism, Protestantism, traditionalism, Jungian psychoanalysis, and conservative-revolutionary thought. The criticism of A. Lenel-Lavastin and D. Dubuisson is drawn upon, arguing that the construct of cosmic Christianity can work within a national-conservative synthesis, so that the nation becomes the guarantor of the purity of church tradition. Eliade's method by which he contrasts cosmic Christianity with Judeo-Christian messianism is discussed. As part of the concept of cosmic Christianity the implicit use of the author's original concept of tradition as a virtual chain of initiations is found. Eliade's assembly is viewed through the lens of P. Berger's social constructivism. It is argued that Berger bases his theory of secularization on Eliade's working definition of religion and concept of cosmization. The metaphysical opposition of Eliade's vital immanentism to Berger's transcendentalism is stated. Immanentism is correlated with the traditional and archetypal folk re-evaluation within cosmic Christianity, transcendentalism with the radical and historical interpretation of the Gospel in Lutheran theology. Eliade's history of religion is characterized as a modernist theory, with inherent qualities of M. such as: a desire for a totalizing worldview, an interest in building a synthetic ideology on the border of archaic myth and scientific knowledge, a sense of the removal of the divine and an acceleration of the end of history. A connection is established between Eliade's theory of religion and the metaphysical framework of the "natural" in Modern science and culture. The reality of the sacred is characterized as a living self-organizing system, and its manifestation as a hierophany of the natural. The conclusion is made that the essentialism and naturalism of such metaphysics do not allow the history of religion to transcend the categories of Modern science and culture, which, according to the author of the article, was the goal of Eliade's project.
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Minsky, Amir. "Home Is Where the Heart Is: The Rise of Emotional Spaces in the German Late Enlightenment." Eighteenth-Century Life 45, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 88–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00982601-9273013.
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The emergent political arena of the late eighteenth century, and the literary one that preceded it, were claimed to be based upon a functional dichotomy between a private sphere of emotive ties and associations, and a “public sphere” of rational criticism (Habermas, 1962). This categorical distinction, however, scantily registered the emergence of a corollary affective economy in this period, which redefined social, political, and physical spaces according to their emotional content, or lack thereof. This article focuses on the rise of emotional language, its spatial configurations, and its dissemination during the late German Enlightenment in three thematic contexts: the “popular Enlightenment” (Volksaufklärung) and its emphasis on the enhancement of literacy among the lower classes to achieve emotional refinement; the visual representation of domestic emotional scenarios in the context of the Franco-German cultural exchange surrounding the French Revolution; and the emergence of “homeland” (Heimat) as an increasingly ubiquitous emotion-bound metaphor in the nationalization of space toward the century's end. These contexts reveal major shifts in the cultural dynamics of space and emotion in this period: first, the reaffirmation of emotion as a culturally viable interpretive mode, set against earlier concerted attempts to suppress or control it; second, the osmosis between private and public that enabled emotional protocols to transgress supposedly natural boundaries of class, status, and gender across society, and establish new contacts between exclusive and excluded communities; and last, the article shows how the spatial imaginary that emerged in the second half of the eighteenth century—despite its reliance on older dispositions regarding space in German culture—deployed emotional vocabularies for engendering new forms of sociability, which went on to became central determinants of Germanness in the early nineteenth century.
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Newman, Beth. "The Secular Messianism of Robert Elsmere : Race, Jewishness, and the “New Reformation”." Victorian Studies 65, no. 1 (September 2022): 93–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/victorianstudies.65.1.09.
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Abstract: This essay explores Robert Elsmere (1888) by Mary Augusta Ward (Mrs. Humphry Ward) in the context of twenty-first-century challenges to the secularization thesis. It claims that Ward’s vision of a messianic “New Reformation,” and her conception of a modern, progressive form of faith, are entangled with regressive nineteenth-century ideas about race. It argues that in its articulation of Protestant liberal theology, which is grounded in the German Higher Criticism, the novel not only endorses a racialized, anti-Judaic supersessionism that is enacted in both plot and character-structure, but also embraces a Teutonic supremacy that anticipates aspects of contemporary Christian nationalism.
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Newman, Beth. "The Secular Messianism of Robert Elsmere : Race, Jewishness, and the “New Reformation”." Victorian Studies 65, no. 1 (September 2022): 93–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/vic.2022.a901287.
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Abstract: This essay explores Robert Elsmere (1888) by Mary Augusta Ward (Mrs. Humphry Ward) in the context of twenty-first-century challenges to the secularization thesis. It claims that Ward’s vision of a messianic “New Reformation,” and her conception of a modern, progressive form of faith, are entangled with regressive nineteenth-century ideas about race. It argues that in its articulation of Protestant liberal theology, which is grounded in the German Higher Criticism, the novel not only endorses a racialized, anti-Judaic supersessionism that is enacted in both plot and character-structure, but also embraces a Teutonic supremacy that anticipates aspects of contemporary Christian nationalism.
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Zhdanov, Sergey S. "Idyll, history, rationality: city images in “Real Journey to Germany in 1835” by Nikolay Gretsch." Slovo.ru: Baltic accent 14, no. 1 (2023): 8–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2225-5346-2023-1-1.
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The article explores the images of the German cities, Lubeck and Hamburg, presented in Nikolay Gretsch’s travelogue “The real trip to Germany in 1835”. The author determines the link between the images of the two cities and the tradition of describing Germany as an idyllic place. This tradition was widespread in Russian literature at the end of the 18th century — first half of the 19th century. In Gretsch’s text, Lubeck and Hamburg are depicted as idyllic but to different degrees. The locus of Lubeck is a homogeneous, patriarchal and achronous idyll, a static space that seems to have frozen in the Middle Ages. In contrast to Lübeck, the city of Hamburg is depicted as a large, contemporary, and dynamic city — in other words, as a modern type of idyll. Moreover, its orderliness goes beyond the idyll and is defined by the rational organisation of space, which is characterised by heterogeneity. Firstly, the idyllic subloci are distinguished, where the key role belongs to the demi-natural images of the garden, the park and the promenade. Secondly, the utilitarian-rational subloci of the stock exchange, quay, and canals are described. Subloci, which are marked by both idyll and rationality, have been identified (e. g. an orphanage, an almshouse). Finally, the third spatial type identified marginal sublocations of seafarers’ establishments associated with the motives of disorderliness — drunkenness, debauchery, etc.
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Wiedebach, Hartwig. "Der ‘Berliner Antisemitismusstreit' 1879–1881. Eine Kontroverse um die Zugehörigkeit der deutschen Juden zur Nation. Ed. Karsten Krieger. Munich: Saur, 2003. 2 vols., 903 pp." AJS Review 29, no. 1 (April 2005): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009405400094.
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“The Jews are our misfortune.” This was the final conclusion of the eminent historian Heinrich von Treitschke—should it prove impossible to slow down the “flock of ambitious young men hawking trousers” who were penetrating into Germany “year and year . . . over the eastern border.” “Experience taught,” von Treitschke averred that these Polish Jews were alien to the “Germanic soul.” He had nothing against Jews, “baptized and otherwise,” such as Felix Mendelssohn, Gabriel Riesser, and others, all of them “fine specimens of the German man in the best sense of the term.” But then there were all the others, etc. These are sentences taken from Treitschke's November 1879 essay “Unsere Aussichten,” subsequently triggering the debate that has been known since Walter Boehlich's first edition of source materials as the “Berlin Anti-Semitism Dispute.”