Relevant bibliographies by topics / German Reformed Church

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'German Reformed Church'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "German Reformed Church"

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Henke, Manfred. "Toleration and Repression: German States, the Law and the ‘Sects’ in the Long Nineteenth Century." Studies in Church History 56 (May 15, 2020): 338–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/stc.2019.19.

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At the beginning of the period, the Prussian General Law Code did not provide for equal rights for members of ‘churches’ and those of ‘sects’. However, the French Revolution decreed the separation of church and state and the principle of equal rights for all citizens. Between the Congress of Vienna (1815) and the revolution of 1848, Prussian monarchs pressed for the church union of Lutheran and Reformed and advocated the piety of the Evangelical Revival. The Old Lutherans felt obliged to leave the united church, thus eventually forming a ‘sect’ favoured by the king. Rationalists, who objected to biblicism and orthodoxy, were encouraged to leave, too. As Baptists, Catholic Apostolics and Methodists arrived from Britain and America, the number of ‘sects’ increased. New ways of curtailing their influence were devised, especially in Prussia and Saxony.
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Burchill, Christopher J. "On the Consolation of a Christian Scholar: Zacharias Ursinus (1534–83) and the Reformation in Heidelberg." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 37, no. 4 (October 1986): 565–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002204690002203x.

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It is perhaps the most fitting comment on a Christian scholar to note that, whereas his work has been of importance to the Church down the years, the details of his life have passed into obscurity. This remark is particularly appropriate in looking at the figure of Zacharius Ursinus, the main author of the Heidelberg Catechism and one of the founding fathers of the German reformed tradition. Most previous analysis has been focused on his growing sympathy with the teaching of Calvin in the period prior to his open adoption of the reformed cause following the death of Melanchthon. The effort to explain the background to the break-up of the Philippist party in the 1560s has yet deflected attention from a proper consideration of Ursinus' own views. Even the most recent account by Derk Visser, where some new insights have been provided on the basis of the published correspondence, is mostly concerned with this problem of his early development. Yet any serious attempt to place his writing in its historical context must concentrate on the situation in Heidelberg, which was the setting for the bulk of his work both as a reformer and pedagogue. In seeking to fill this gap, it is the purpose of the present paper to rediscover something of the man's character and the nature of his religious conviction, rather than to take up the now established debate about the relation of his theology to that of the other leading reformers. Such a study should furnish a useful basis for a more balanced assessment of his own contribution to the broader history of the Church.
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Łukańko, Bernard. "Tajemnica duszpasterska. Analiza na przykładzie rozwiązań odnoszących się do Kościoła Ewangelicko-Reformowanego w RP." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Seria Prawnicza. Prawo 29 (2020): 350–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/znurprawo.2020.29.24.

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The study presents and analyses solutions in common law relating to the protection of pastoral secrecy, and more precisely the secrecy of pastoral conversation in the Evangelical Reformed Church in the Republic of Poland, which stems from the Swiss branch of Reformation and which has a tradition of 450 years in Poland. The analysis covers the institution of pastoral secrecy as compared to the institution of the seal of confession which is clearly protected under the provision of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Code of Civil Procedure, the Code of Administrative Procedure, the Tax Ordinance Act and the Supreme Audit Office Act. Furthermore, the study features a presentation of internal regulations of the Evangelical Reformed Church concerning pastoral secrecy and an analysis of the case law of Polish and German courts applicable to the protection of that type of secrecy.
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Hiebsch, Sabine. "The Coming of Age of the Lutheran Congregation in Early Modern Amsterdam." Journal of Early Modern Christianity 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jemc-2016-0001.

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AbstractContrary to most of the German Lands of the Empire, Lutherans in the Low Countries were a religious minority. In order to establish a congregation in the nascent Dutch republic the Amsterdam Lutherans had to manoeuver between a non-Lutheran authority, the public Reformed Church with the most rights and the highest visibility and other religious minorities. This article describes the influencing factors that helped the Lutherans in this ongoing dynamic and vulnerable process of negotiation. It shows how experiences made by the first generations of Dutch Lutherans in Antwerp were important for the choice to start as a house church. It further explores the international connections of the Amsterdam Lutherans, especially with Scandinavia, that eventually made it possible for them to own two big, publicly visible churches, while still being a religious minority.
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Yarnell, Malcolm B. "Toward Radical New Testament Discipleship." Perichoresis 15, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 91–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/perc-2017-0024.

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Abstract Radical New Testament disciples may benefit from placing the 16th century South German Anabaptist theologian Pilgram Marpeck in conversation with the 20th century Swiss Reformed theologian Karl Barth. Marpeck and Barth will enrich ecumenical Christfollowers within both the Reformed and the Free Church traditions even as they remain confessional. Our particular effort is to construct a soteriology grounded in discipleship through correlating the coinherent work of the Word with the Spirit in revelation, through placing human agency within a divinely granted response to the gracious sovereignty of God, and through providing a holistic doctrine of individual and communal life in union with Christ.
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Hartman, Bert Jan. "Het optreden van ds. Fredrik Slomp tijdens de crisisjaren en de opkomst van het fascisme." DNK : Documentatieblad voor de Nederlandse kerkgeschiedenis na 1800 44, no. 94 (June 1, 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/dnk2021.94.001.janh.

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Abstract The focus of this article is on the actions of Reverend Frits Slomp, vicar of the Reformed Church in Heemse, during the economic depression of the 1930s, and his response to the rise of national socialism as a new political movement. During the depression many labourers in Heemse and Hardenberg lost their jobs. Reverend Slomp put a great deal of personal effort into helping these men and into trying to solve their social-economic problems. When in 1933 the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) came into power in Germany and the National Socialist Party (NSB) was gaining ground in the Netherlands, Reverend Slomp warned about the dangers of National Socialism.
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Schwarz, Karl. "Academic Relations Between Debrecen and Vienna: Exemplified By Eduard Böhl and Sándor Venetianer." Perichoresis 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/perc-2021-0007.

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Abstract The study seeks to investigate the relationship between Theological Faculty of Debrecen Reformed College and the Protestant Theological Faculty at University of Vienna. The counter-movements against modern, or so-called liberal theology brought Eduard Böhl from Vienna and Ferenc Balogh into a shared theological camp. The former followed the German-Dutch confessionalist Pietist of Reformed faith the letter became the leading figure of New-Orthodoxy movement of Debrecen. Both professors were keen on educating and training students with a view to respect and love the traditional doctrines, faith expressions of the church. Their endeavoured to put their students into significant jobs where influence could be exerted. This paper shows light on how Böhl sought to manage a former student, Sándor Venetianer’s carreer so as to continue the kind of theology that the famous professor of dogmatics also promoted.
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Kloes, Andrew. "Reading John Wesley through Seventeenth-Century Continental European Reformed Theologians." Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 94, no. 2 (September 2018): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/bjrl.94.2.3.

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This article analyses the theological development of the eighteenth-century Church of England priest Augustus Montague Toplady through two manuscript collections. The first of these is a copy of John Wesley’s Explanatory Notes upon the New Testament that Toplady heavily annotated during his time as a university student in 1758. This book is held in the Methodist Archives and Research Centre at the John Rylands Library. Toplady’s handwritten notes total approximately 6,000 words and provide additional information regarding the development of his views of John Wesley and Methodism, ones which he would not put into print until 1769. Toplady’s notes demonstrate how he was significantly influenced by the works of certain Dutch, German and Swiss Reformed theologians. The second is a collection of Toplady’s papers held by Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. Together, these sources enable Toplady’s own theology and his controversies with Methodists to be viewed from a new perspective. Moreover, these sources provide new insights into Toplady’s conceptualisation of ‘Calvinism’ and changes in the broader Anglican Reformed tradition during the eighteenth century.
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Harmati, Béla László. "European Influences: Local Solutions The Pulpit Altar as a Means of Expression." Periodica Polytechnica Architecture 48, no. 1 (July 10, 2017): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppar.11183.

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In the Evangelical-Lutheran Church, the use of pulpit altars has never been obligatory or exclusive. However, the importance of the cult centre in the increasingly uniform internal space as a principle of interior design brought this form into life; one that is exclusively characteristic of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church. In Hungary, pulpit altars were built from the time of the Edict of Tolerance (1781) until the end of the 19th century. In their form, they were mostly to local specifications and options, which played an important role over and above the strong Western European influences. In the evolution of the typology, it is not only the interaction between the Catholic and Reformed elements that can be pinpointed but also the national differences so characteristic within the Evangelical-Lutheran Church.The Slovak, German and Hungarian speaking Lutheran communities, with their diversified and unique relationships, had enriched the forms used in church furnishing in Hungary; this can best be seen in the pulpit altars constructed in the same period.
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Ward, W. R. "German Pietism, 1670–1750." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 44, no. 3 (July 1993): 476–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900014196.

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German Pietism and cognate movements in the Reformed world, especially in the Netherlands, the Rhineland, Switzerland and Hungary, continue to be one of the most strenuously contested and assiduously worked fields not only of modern church history, but of the history of religious belief and practice not ecclesiastically orientated. Their bibliography is augmented by some 300 contributions a year by scholars from Finland to the United States, though the bulk of the work is German, and much of the rest is presented in German. A brief survey (which must necessarily exclude the literature relating to Austria and Salzburg) can do no more than sample what has been happening in this area since the Second. World War, and suggest its connexions with the older work, some of which remains of first class significance. Fortunately the journal Pietismus und Neuzeit (now published at Gottingen by Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht) has since its inception in 1974 carried not only papers of high quality, but a bibliography of the year's work. This was the achievement, until his untimely death in 1990, of Klaus Deppermann, and aimed strenuously to be complete. His successors have been daunted by the magnitude of this task, and do not promise to compass all the non-German literature; but no doubt will trace most of what is really important.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "German Reformed Church"

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Barbre, Brian. "Protestant reform and the "German Christians"." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1996. http://www.tren.com.

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Lüdicke, Martina. "Kirchenzucht und Alltagsleben : Untersuchungen in der reformierten hessischen Gemeinde Deisel 1781 - 1914 /." Kassel : Verein für Hessische Geschichte und Landeskunde, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/369544528.pdf.

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Mergenthaler, Gabriele. "Die mittelalterliche Baugeschichte des Benediktiner- und Zisterzienserklosters Disibodenberg : zwischen Tradition und Reform /." Bad Kreuznach : Kreisverwaltung, 2003. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0708/2006502311.html.

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Kohle, Maria. "Das Paderborner Gesangbuch 1609 : das älteste erhaltene katholische Gesangbuch Westfalens und sein gottesdienstlicher Gebrauch im Dienst der Katholischen Reform /." Paderborn : Bonifatius, 2004. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy054/2005377827.html.

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Beck, Willi M. Th. "Wachsende Kirche : auf der Suche nach Zugangswegen für den Gemeindeaufbau in der evangelischen Landeskirche von Württemberg : ein empirisch-theologischer Diskussionsbeitrag zur Debatte um die Kirche von Morgen." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/8676.

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Vor dem Hintergrund gegenwärtiger Reformprozesse, sowohl in der Evangelischen Landeskirche Württembergs, als auch in der Evangelischen Kirche Deutschlands, reflektiert und kommentiert die vorliegende Arbeit das Reformbemühen der letzten Jahre und stellt es in den Kontext empirischer Forschung. So versucht die Studie explorativ pragmatisch Zugangswege zu den bisher nicht erreichten Menschen zu eruieren, die bei der Entwicklung einer zukünftigen Sozialgestalt von Kirche mitbedacht werden könnten. Mittels eines mehrstufigen Zufallsauswahlverfahrens wurden die Befragungspersonen ermittelt und 628 standardisierte Interviews durchgeführt. Dabei stehen zunächst die religiösen Einstellungen zur christlich-abendländischen Kultur- und Werteorientierung, zur kirchlichen Arbeit als solche und zum christlichen Glauben im Forschungsinteresse, dann die Erfahrungen mit Gottesdienst, Kirche und Leben, Erwartungen, Bedürfnisse und Interessenlagen und schließlich der Stellenwert von Gebet und Bibel als Bausteine christlich-spiritueller Lebenspraxis. Ausgehend vom Gottesdienst, als Zentralort gemeindlichen Lebens, will die Forschung die Chancen gottesdienstkultureller Ausdifferenzierung ergründen und nimmt unter anderem alternative Gottesdienstformen in den Blick. Ehrenamtlicher Mitarbeit in der Kirche, gemeindlicher Kleingruppenarbeit und religiöse Erwachsenenbildungsangebote sind von potenzieller Bedeutung und wollen ebenso als Zugangswege kirchlicher Zukunftsentwicklung bedacht sein, wie der Stellenwert gemeindlicher Seelsorge- und Lebensberatung in Umbruchsituationen, oder die Einrichtung einer landeskirchlichen Gemeindegründungsbewegung in bisher unerreichten soziokulturellen Umgebungen. Die vielfältigen Erkenntnisse und potenziellen Möglichkeiten zukünftiger Kirche sind nicht zu trennen von einer missionstheologischen und ekklesiologischen Positionierung, die in der Herausbildung von kulturrelevanter, multioptionaler Gemeinde, als Gemeinschaft von Brüdern und Schwestern, das Zentralgeschehen nachhaltiger Gemeinde- und Kirchenentwicklung erkennt. Damit ist die Studie als Diskussionsbeitrag in den Entscheidungsprozessen aktueller Reformdebatte platziert.
Against the background of current reform processes in the Evangelische Landeskirche von Würrtemberg (protestant national church of Baden-Württemberg as) well as the Evangelische Kirche von Deutschland (protestant national church of Germany), this paper reflects and comments on the reformation efforts of the past years and places them into the context of empirical research. The aim of this survey is to investigate in an explorative manner various forms of pragmatic access to people hitherto unreached, who could be factored into the church's future social form. The participants were selected using a multilevel random selection process and 628 standardised interviews were subsequently carried out. To begin with, this research focuses on the interviewee's religious stance on christian-occidental culture and values,on the work of the church in general and on christian faith, then on their personal experience with services, church and life, their expectations, needs and interests, and lastly the significance of prayer and the bible as integral parts of a spiritual Christian life. Based on the service as the centre of a congregation's community life, this survey wants to fathom the chances of service differentiation and takes a look at alternative forms of service among other things. Volunteer work in the church, work in small groups as well as religious education programmes for adults are of potential importance and need to be taken into consideration as possible access paths to the future development of the church as well as the value of pastoral care and life coaching in situations of radical change or the start-up of a national movement to establish new congregations in hitherto unreached sociocultural environments. The manifold findings and potential possibilities of our church in the future cannot be separated from our position with regard to missiology and ecclesiology, which identifies the central development of congregation and church as the formation of culturally relevant, multioptional congregations, as the community of brothers and sisters. This survey thus contributes to the current discussion of reform and the associated decision-making process.
Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology
D. Th. (Missiology)
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Burri, Mathias. "Auf dem Weg zu einer missionalen theologischen Ausbildung im deutschsprachigen Europa :|beine missionswissenschaftlich-empirische Untersuchung über theologische Ausbildung und Mission unter Leitern von evangelikalen Ausbildunsprogrammen." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18216.

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Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen theologischer Ausbildung und missionarischer Herausforderung im deutschsprachigen Europa. Dabei steht die Forschungsfrage im Zentrum, was der sich verändernde Kontext und die damit verbundene missionarische Herausforderung der Kirche für eine Reform der theologischen Ausbildung bedeuten. Zu dieser Fragestellung werden aus ökumenischer und evangelikaler Perspektive Stimmen laut, welche eine Reform hin zu einer missionalen theologischen Ausbildung fordern, welche somit in Wesen und Funktion von der Missio Dei her zu verstehen sei. Die vorliegende Untersuchung geht der Frage nach, was eine solche Forderung bedeuten könnte und welche grundsätzlichen Implikationen sich für die theologische Ausbildung ergeben. In einem ersten Teil werden ökumenische, evangelische und evangelikale Impulse zur Reform der theologischen Ausbildung und dem Zusammenhang der missionarischen Herausforderung dargestellt, theoretische Sensibilität und Kernkategorien für die empirische Untersuchung entwickelt. Im Hauptteil der Forschungsarbeit wird die obige Fragestellung mittels einer qualitativ-empirischen Untersuchung unter Leitern von evangelikalen theologischen Ausbildungstätten im deutschsprachigen Europa untersucht. Mit halbstandardisierten Experten-Interviews werden nach Grounded Theory und mittels Typologienbildung vier Handlungsmuster als mögliche Reaktionen theologischer Ausbildungsverantwortlicher dargestellt. Abschließend werden die Ergebnisse der empirischen Untersuchung unter Einbezug der Literatur evaluiert und eine missionswissenschaftliche Auswertung hinsichtlich der Theologie, der Lerntheorie und der Kompetenzorientierung einer missionalen theologischen Ausbildung vorgenommen. Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit leistet somit einen dreifachen Beitrag. Erstens stellt sie ökumenische, evangelische und evangelikale Beiträge und empirisch erarbeitete Handlungsmuster zum Thema Reform theologischer Ausbildung im Hinblick auf die missionarische Herausforderung dar. Zweitens bietet sie aus missionswissenschaftlicher Perspektive einen Diskussionbeitrag zu einer möglichen Reform theologischer Ausbildung. Drittens werden konkrete Impulse zu Theologie, Lerntheorie und Kompetenzorientierung einer missionalen theologischen Ausbildung für den deutschsprachigen Kontext erarbeitet
This dissertation examines the relationship between theological education and missionary challenges in German-speaking Europe. The central research question is what the changing context and related missionary challenges of the church signify for a reform of theological training. Voices from an ecumenical and evangelical perspective are demanding a reform of theological education towards a missional approach, an approach defined in its identity as well as its function from the Missio Dei. The following study pursues the question as to what such demands entail and what implications follow for theological education in general. The first part presents the ecumenical, evangelical and evangelic impulse towards a reform of theological education and a link with missionary challenges; theoretic sensibilities and key categories are developed for the empirical examination. The main section of the study examines the abovementioned question through a qualitative-empirical study of the leadership of evangelical theological educational establishments in German-speaking Europe. With the help of half-standardised interviews of experts, four action samples were presented as possible reactions, according to grounded theory and by means of typology development. Finally, the results of the empirical examination were evaluated in the light of the literature and a missional-empirical evaluation was made regarding the theology, the learning theory and the competence orientation of a missional-theological education. This dissertation thus makes a threefold contribution. Firstly, it constitutes ecumenical, evangelical and evangelic contributions and an empirically developed plan of action on the theme of the reform of theological education in light of missionary challenges. Secondly, it offers a contribution from a missional- empirical perspective to the discussion of a possible reform of theological education. Thirdly, it develops a concrete impetus towards the theology, learning theory and competence orientation of a missional theological education in the German-speaking context
Practical Theology
D. Th. (Missiology)
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Books on the topic "German Reformed Church"

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Charles, Farrell. German Reformed Church in New York City, 1758-1805. Largo, Fl. (PO Box 1678, Largo, 34649-1678): C. Farrell, 1995.

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Weiser, Frederick Sheely. St. Peter's Lutheran Church ... 1767-1854, Glade Reformed Church ... 1769-1836, Mount Zion Lutheran and Reformed Church ... 1798-1834. Westminster, Md: Historical Society of Carroll County, 1998.

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Manning, Barbara. Genealogical abstracts from newspapers of the German Reformed Church, 1830-1839. Bowie, Md: Heritage Books, 1992.

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Manning, Barbara. Genealogical abstracts from newspapers of the German Reformed Church, 1840-1843. Bowie, Md: Heritage Books, 1995.

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Sudhoff, Karl. Predigten 1920. Zürich: Theologischer Verlag, 2005.

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Weiser, Frederick Sheely. German Reformed Church, Baltimore, Baltimore County, Maryland: Now First and St. Stephen's Church, United Church of Christ, 1768-1802. Westminster, Md: Historical Society of Carroll County, 2000.

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Weiser, Frederick Sheely. Records of Christ Reformed Church also known as the German Reformed Church, (a congregation of the United Church of Christ), Middletown, Frederick County, Maryland, 1770-1840. Manchester, Md: Noodle-Doosey Press, 1986.

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Weiser, Frederick Sheely. Records of Christ Reformed Church, also known as the German Reformed Church, a congregation of the United Church of Christ, Middletown, Frederick County, Maryland, 1770-1840. 2nd ed. Westminster, Md: Historical Society of Carroll County, 1989.

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Miller, Ruff Paul. Jacobs Lutheran and Reformed Church, German Township, Fayette County: History and parish records. [Greensburg, PA (Baltzer Meyer Pike, RR 11, Box 211, Greensburg 15601-9711): Baltzer Meyer Historical Society, 1998.

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A, Dellock Jean, Schuylkill Roots (Research team), First Reformed Church (Pottsville, Pa.), and Trinity Reformed Church (Pottsville, Pa.), eds. Combined records of First Reformed Church at Pottsville, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania & Trinity Reformed Church now Trinity UCC Church at Pottsville, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania. Apollo, PA: Closson Press, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "German Reformed Church"

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Hotchin, Julie. "Women’s Reading and Monastic Reform in Twelfth-Century Germany: The Library of the Nuns of Lippoldsberg." In Medieval Church Studies, 139–89. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.mcs-eb.3.3548.

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Ziemann, Benjamin, and Chris Dols. "Catholic Church Reform and Organizations Research in the Netherlands and Germany, 1945–1980." In Engineering Society, 293–312. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137284501_15.

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Hertz, Frederick. "Calvin and the Reformed Church." In The Development of the German Public Mind, 417–25. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429283277-45.

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"The Dynamics of the Reformed Reformation: German Reformed Church Orders in the 16th Century." In Calvinism and the Making of the European Mind, 67–75. BRILL, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004280052_005.

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Christman, Robert. "The Impact of the Executions in the German-Speaking Lands of the Holy Roman Empire." In The Dynamics of the Early Reformation in their Reformed Augustinian Context. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463728621_ch09.

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This chapter argues that the executions of Vos and van den Esschen impacted the German-speaking lands more broadly. The first half addresses the dissemination of news of the burnings via published eyewitness accounts, as well as evidence from personal letters, revealing networks of correspondence that paralleled print as a means of diffusion. The second half of the chapter is devoted to a case study of Ingolstadt, a university city in southern Germany where booksellers and intellectuals employed the executions to demonstrate the corruption of the church. At the same time, opponents of Luther’s reform utilized them to condemn aspects of Reformation theology. The case reveals how news of the burnings worked its way into the fabric of the Reformation debates there.
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Henderson, Frances M. "The Borthwick Sisters." In The History of Scottish Theology, Volume II, 314–28. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0022.

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Jane Laurie Borthwick (1813–97), and her sister Sarah Borthwick Findlater (1823–1907), take their place alongside the Englishwomen Catherine Winkworth and Frances Cox as the foremost translators into English of German hymnody. Their volume, Hymns from the Land of Luther (1853, rev. 1884), introduced into Scottish churches the popular theology of Lutheran and Moravian Pietists. Previously, the Reformed distrust of ‘human words’ had limited congregational singing in Scotland to Psalms and Paraphrases; while an Established Church with a heavy investment in social conformity had resisted the Pietist stress on individualist faith. However, with the Disruption and the founding of the Free Church, a space was opened for this profoundly experiential theology of an intimate relationship with Jesus. The Borthwick sisters were instrumental in popularizing in Scotland an evangelical vocabulary of suffering, guilt, desire, and ecstatic consummation, in which there was a natural association between the Christian virtues and the feminine.
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Janse van Rensburg, Nelis. "The Dutch Reformed Church (DRC) approach to diaconal work: History is always a long story." In Religion and State - Development Cooperation: A German-South African dialogue on historical and current challenges, 87–94. African Sun Media, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/9781991201034/10.

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Strasburg, James D. "Reviving the Heartland." In God's Marshall Plan, 132–55. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197516447.003.0006.

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This chapter documents the mission of American ecumenist Stewart Winfield Herman, Jr., in occupied Germany and surveys the American ecumenical effort to spiritually remake the defeated nation in America’s image. It argues that Herman and other leading American ecumenists sought to reform the German churches along American and ecumenical lines in order to establish a new Christian order across the Atlantic. It also shows that the occupation ultimately yielded a spiritual quagmire within the German Protestant church and the transatlantic ecumenical movement, one shaped by fierce historical divisions and animosities. A deep-seated suspicion toward American spiritual activism and imperialism likewise inspired fierce German opposition to American spiritual reforms. Nonetheless, American Protestants still drew inspiration from the occupation to launch much broader spiritual interventions across the entire European continent.
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9

Kloes, Andrew. "Conclusion." In The German Awakening, 223–26. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190936860.003.0008.

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This chapter concludes the book by discussing how the Awakening movement may be conceptualized in five ways. The Awakening was orthodox. It was a response against certain doctrinal and theological developments that had appeared within the Protestant churches during the religious Enlightenment. The Awakening was pietistic. It sought to reform the Protestant churches of Germany through the spiritual revival of their constituent members. The Awakening was ecumenical. Lutherans and the German Reformed worked together with like-minded Catholics, who shared their conviction that the basic Christian message had become corrupted, forgotten, or ignored in many places in Germany. The Awakening was international. Awakened Protestants in Germany and evangelicals in Britain exercised influence upon each other through the exchange of models for new religious initiatives and works of academic theology. The Awakening was modern. The Enlightenment brought new civic freedoms to Germany, which enabled awakened Protestants to pursue their religious goals.
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10

Chung-Kim, Esther. "Johannes Bugenhagen." In Economics of Faith, 52–80. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197537732.003.0003.

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Johannes Bugenhagen’s church orders revealed the lasting imprint of religious values on the poverty policies of many German cities. Originally from Pomerania (the coastal region of present-day Poland and Germany), Bugenhagen crafted legislation that included practical measures for poor relief. As a Wittenberg pastor, professor, and organizer of church reform, Bugenhagen became the diplomat for translating Lutheran ideals into practical laws that would reorganize or create new institutions of poor relief in north German cities, as well as in Scandinavia. In his negotiations with city councils and political rulers, he highlighted an emerging need to support poor pastors who, as married clergy, now had families to support. His experience of creating laws for diverse circumstances led him to delineate flexible policies with an adaptable understanding of the deserving poor.
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