Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Germanic Weights and measures'

The aim of this thesis is to lay the ground for further work on interpreting Coleridge’s Logic and its relation to the rest of his philosophy, particularly the system of speculative metaphysics and theology presented in Coleridge’s Opus Maximum fragments. I do this by exploring the connections between Coleridge’s conceptions of the a priori, the cognitive faculties (or capacities), and the nature of logical theory. Part 1 seeks to place Coleridge’s views on logic in their broader historical and intellectual context, showing why Coleridge considered the investigation of the faculties, and the analysis of our cognitive operations and contents, to be fundamental to logical theory, and arguing that this position is a product of Coleridge’s critical engagement with the early modern logic of ideas and faculties. Part 2 gives a preliminary account of Coleridge’s interpretation of two key Kantian terms, ‘a priori’ and ‘transcendental’, exploring the analogies Coleridge uses to elucidate the nature of the a priori and the purpose of transcendental claims. Part 3 expands on this account, considering how Coleridge’s conceptions of the a priori and the transcendental inform his claims, especially in Logic, on the human mental faculties and their contribution to sensory experience and cognition; it focuses on Coleridge’s views on ‘the obvious threefold division’ of our cognitive capacities into sense, understanding, and reason, his descriptions of the formal (a priori) and material (a posteriori) elements of cognition, and his functional theory of the constitution of our faculties. Part 4 discusses the relations between Coleridge’s theory of the cognitive capacities and his conception of the a priori, focusing on Coleridge’s claims concerning the origins of a priori forms and contents in our cognitive capacities, and the transcendental method of inquiry which he contends is able to prove such claims.

Height, skinfold, and circumference measurements were obtained from 29 normal weight and 17 overweight (>110% of desirable weight for height) healthy pregnant women every four weeks during their second trimester of pregnancy. The mean weight gain and food intake values were not significantly different for both groups. Measurements increased at a greater rate for the normal weight gravidas than for the overweight gravidas in almost every case. For both groups, increases in fat stores were greater in the central sites than in the peripheral sites. No clear relationship between age, prepregnant weight, and weight gain during the second trimester with the birthweight of the baby was found. The infant birthweights of both groups were at an optimal level ( >2500 grams) except for one (born to the mother 151% of her desirable weight for height). The similarity in results for the two groups is greatly due to there not being a large enough difference in prepregnant weights between the two groups. Nevertheless, the results do lend support to a 20 to 30 pound weight gain for an optimal outcome of pregnancy for healthy pregnant women with a wide range of prepregnancy weights. Those women 150% or more of their desirable weight for height may need to gain on the lower end of the spectrum due to their excess endogenous reserves and to possible harm to the fetus with large gains.
Master of Science

Relationships among glucose tolerance, plasma insulin, and plasma glucagon were examined in chicks developed through selection for high (HW) and low (LW) body weight, and in F, crosses (HL) between HW males and LW females. At 21, 42, 63, and 84 days of age, chicks from each population were intubated with glucose (2 g/kg body weight) following a 24-hr fast. Blood was collected at 20-minute intervals up to 100 minutes postadministration. At all ages, the LW chicks were better able to metabolize glucose than their HW counterparts, while the HLs exhibited intermediate responses. Impaired glucose tolerance in the HWs and HLs was not associated with insulin insufficiency; the HWs and HLs, in comparison to the LWs, were hyperinsulinemic at 42 and 63 days of age and plasma insulin levels did not differ among populations at 21 or 84 days of age. Plasma glucagon responses to glucose administration were inconsistent, but plasma glucagon levels were consistently higher in the HWs and HLs than in the LWs. It was concluded that excessive fat deposition in chickens selected for rapid growth is associated with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance.
Master of Science

Orientador: Athanase Billis
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: A capacidade de prever os tumores órgão-confinados e a recorrência bioquímica pós-prostatectomia radical é o objetivo principal dos nomogramas pré-terapêuticos. A aferição da extensão tumoral do carcinoma em biópsias transretais aumenta o valor preditivo desses nomogramas. Os objetivos deste trabalho são avaliar características anatomoclínicas dos pacientes submetidos à prostatectomia radical entre 1997 e 2008 no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, associando os aspectos morfológicos encontrados nas biópsias transretais com a extensão tumoral final, a situação das margens cirúrgicas, o estádio patológico e a recorrência bioquímica. Nas biópsias, a extensão tumoral foi avaliada através das seguintes formas: 1- Número e percentagem de fragmentos comprometidos por carcinoma; 2- Extensão total e percentual de carcinoma em milímetros de todos os fragmentos e 3- Maior extensão e maior percentual de carcinoma em um único fragmento. A presença de invasão perineural, de formações glomeruloides e de micronódulos colágenos nas biópsias foram associadas a diferentes variáveis clinicopatológicas. Foram incluídas no estudo todas as prostatectomias radicais submetidas inteiramente a exame histológico e estadiadas segundo os critérios da AJCC, 7ª edição. A extensão tumoral nas prostatectomias radicais foi avaliada através do sistema de contagem de pontos. Os valores de PSA ?0,2ng/mL foram considerados como marcadores bioquímicos de progressão tumoral. Para a associação entre variáveis contínuas foi utilizado o teste de Spearman. Para a comparação entre os diferentes métodos de extensão tumoral e o estádio patológico final >T2 e a situação das margens cirúrgicas foi utilizada regressão logística binária. O tempo de sobrevida livre de doença foi estudado usando o produto limite de Kaplan-Meier. Para avaliar o risco de recorrência bioquímica, foram realizadas análises uni e multivariadas, baseadas no modelo de Cox. Foram considerados significantes os valores de p?0,05. Todos os métodos de avaliação da extensão tumoral foram capazes de prever estádio patológico final >T2 e o comprometimento das margens cirúrgicas. Com a exceção da maior extensão e do maior percentual de carcinoma num único fragmento, todos os métodos estiveram associados a um maior risco de recorrência bioquímica. Somente a percentagem de fragmentos com carcinoma (%NFC), a maior extensão tumoral num único fragmento (MFC), o comprimento total da neoplasia em milímetros (ETC) e o percentual de carcinoma em todos os fragmentos (%ETC) mostraram diferença significativa no tempo de recorrência bioquímica pós-prostatectomia radical (Kaplan-Meier). O percentual do comprimento total de carcinoma (%ETC) apresentou maior valor preditivo que as demais aferições em relação ao estádio patológico final >pT2 e à recorrência bioquímica. O número de fragmentos comprometidos por carcinoma apresentou a melhor capacidade preditiva na avaliação do comprometimento das margens cirúrgicas. Em análise multivariada, o modelo que combinou PSA pré-operatório, graduação histológica de Gleason e %ETC mostrou maior capacidade preditiva de estádio patológico >pT2 e risco de recorrência bioquímica. Os micronódulos colágenos, as formações glomeruloides e a infiltração perineural foram achados infrequentes nas biópsias (13,7%, 11,9% e 20,8%, respectivamente). Não houve associação entre a presença de micronódulos colágenos com qualquer variável clínica, patológica ou recorrência tumoral. As formações glomeruloides estiveram diretamente relacionadas com a idade dos pacientes e com a graduação histológica de Gleason, tanto nas biópsias como nas prostatectomias radicais. A invasão perineural esteve diretamente relacionada à doença extraprostática (estádio patológico >T2). Não houve associação entre invasão perineural e recorrência bioquímica pós-cirurgia. Para o anatomopatologista em sua rotina diária é menos morosa e mais prática a simples aferição do número de fragmentos com carcinoma (NFC) e o percentual em relação ao total de fragmentos da amostra (%NFC). Essas aferições, associadas ao PSA pré-operatório e à graduação histológica de Gleason, constituem um modelo preditivo significante do estádio patológico final >T2
Abstract: The focus of pre therapeutic nomograms is to preview organ-confined prostate cancer and biochemical recurrence. Measuring cancer extent on needle prostatic biopsies enhance the predictive value of nomograms. The objectives of this study were evaluate clinical and pathological characteristics of patients submitted to radical prostatectomy at University of Campinas from 1997 to 2008, correlating the morphological aspects on prostate needle biopsy with final tumoral extent, positive surgical margins, pathological stage and biochemical recurrence. Tumor extent was evaluated on needle biopsies as: 1- Number and percentage of cores with carcinoma; 2- Total length and percentage of cancer in mm in all cores; and, 3- The greatest length and percentage of cancer in a single core. Perineural invasion, collagenous micronodules and glomeruloid structures were also observed and correlated to different clinical and pathological variables. All surgical specimens were whole-mount processed and totally embedded. The pathological stage was defined by AJCC, 7th edition. Tumoral extent was evaluated by a semiquantitative point-count method. Biochemical progression was defined as PSA ?0.2ng/mL. Logistic regression was used to relate the variables to pathological stage>T2 and surgical margins. Spearman test was used to associate continuous variables. Time to biochemical (PSA) progression-free outcome was studied using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit analysis; the comparison between the groups was done using the log-rank test. For the risk of recurrence, univariate and multivariate analyses were based on Cox model. Two-sided P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All measurements significantly predicted stage >pT2 and positive surgical margins. With the exception of the greatest length and percentage of cancer in a single core, all other methods were associated with a higher risk for biochemical recurrence. Only percentage of cores with carcinoma, greatest length of tumor in a single core and length and percentage of cancer in all cores significantly showed different time for PSA recurrence (Kaplan-Meier). Percentage of length of carcinoma in all cores was significantly and consistently stronger than other measures in all comparisons and combined to preoperative PSA and Gleason grade in multivariate analysis gained prediction for pathologic stage >T2 and was independent for risk of biochemical recurrence. The number of cores with carcinoma was stronger than other measures to predict positive surgical margins. Collagenous micronodules, glomeruloid structures and perineural invasion were infrequent findings on needle biopsies (13,7%, 11,9% e 20,8%, respectively). Collagenous micronodules were not related to any clinical or pathological variable, as well as tumoral recurrence. Glomeruloid structures were related to age and Gleason grade on needle biopsies and radical prostatectomies. Perineural invasion were directly associated to pathological stage >T2 (extraprostatic disease). There was no association between biochemical recurrence and perineural invasion, even in patients with organ-confined cancer. Percentage of total length of carcinoma in mm in all cores was statistically the strongest predictor of stage >pT2 and biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy, however, number and percentage of biopsy cores with cancer (the easiest way to measure tumor extent) are also statistically significant predictors and may be the favorite choice for the great majority of practical pathologists. Combined with preoperative PSA and Gleason grade on biopsy may improve the predictive value for stage >pT2
Doutorado
Anatomia Patologica
Doutor em Ciências Médicas

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Essa investigação procurou explorar a dinâmica das redes e relações familiares envolvendo os juízes almotacés na Câmara Municipal de Rio Pardo no período de 1811 a 1830. Demarcado pelos juízes almotacés, homens da elite municipal e regional, e pelas suas famílias, procura examinar a atuação e as estratégias desses indivíduos no universo da câmara e da almotaçaria, disciplinando e normatizando as atividades comerciais, as condições de higiene da vila, regulando o dia a dia da população. A partir disso, busca-se assinalar a afirmação social, econômica e política desses indivíduos na Vila de Rio Pardo, tecendo redes e relações no centro do poder da administração municipal, sobre as quais convergiam também os interesses familiares e a formação de alianças matrimoniais com o intuito de ampliar o status social de determinados grupos familiares. Para finalizar, procuramos explorar um pouco das rivalidades e intrigas entre os "homens bons" da Vila de Rio Pardo numa disputa pelo poder e status político-social em uma das mais antigas e tradicionais vilas da Capitania/Província do Rio Grande de São Pedro.
This investigation seeks to explore the dynamics of the family relations and networks involving weights and measures inspectors in the Rio Pardo City Council, from 1811 to 1830. Demarcated by the weights and measures inspectors, elite regional and municipal citizens, and by the families, the paper seeks to examine the work and strategies of these individuals in the universe of the city council and the Office of Weights and Measures, disciplining and standardizing the commercial activities, the sanitation conditions of the village, the social, economic and political affirmation of these individuals is characterized in the Rio Pardo Village, weaving networks and relations in the heart of the municipal administration’s power, which also attracted family interests and gave origin to matrimonial alliances with the clear intention to broaden the social status of specific family groups. To finalize the paper, we tried to explore a little about the competitions and backstage bickerings between the “good men” in the Rio Pardo Village, fighting for power and political status in one of the oldest and most traditional villages of Captaincy/Province of Rio Grande do São Pedro.

Total weaning weight records of 29,832 Angus and 15,765 Hereford calves born during 1953 through 1983 in Virginia were used to evaluate phenotypic and genetic trends for adjusted weaning weight (AWWT), weaning weight ratio (WWR) and deviation of AWWT from the mean AWWT of the contemporaries (DEVN). Two approaches, namely the regression techniques and maximum likelihood (ML) procedure were taken to estimate the above trends. The estimates of annual phenotypic trend for AWWT in the Angus and Hereford breeds were .96 and .82 kg/yr, respectively. The sire and dam genetic trends obtained from both approaches for the traits of interest were positive and significant; however, the estimates from the regression analyses were slightly higher than those- from the ML procedure. The estimates of one-half of the sire genetic trends obtained from ML procedure for WWR and DEVN were .40 ± .04 ratio units/yr and .72 ± .07 kg/yr in the Angus breed and the corresponding values for the Hereford breed were .25 ± .06 ratio units/yr and .45 ± .12 kg/yr. The estimates of one-half of the darn trends for the corresponding traits were .32 ± .02 ratio units/yr and .55 ± .04 kg/yr for Angus and .21 ± .03 ratio units/yr and .30 ± .07 kg/yr for Herefords. The application of adjustment factors (to eliminate the bias due to non-random mating and culling levels) to estimates of sire genetic trends in the regression analyses produced estimates more similar to the estimates obtained from the ML procedure. The average annual genetic trends over the study period from the ML procedure for AWWT were 1.27 kg/yr for Angus and .75 kg/yr for Herefords.
Ph. D.

Acompanha: Ensino de grandezas e medidas: uma proposta de sequência didática com materiais manipuláveis
O objetivo deste estudo é analisar como o uso de Materiais Manipuláveis pode contribuir para o processo de aprendizagem dos conceitos de Grandezas e Medidas para alunos do 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental. Partiu-se do pressuposto de que a aprendizagem constitui um processo de construção de significado dos objetos e, essa compreensão depende das experiências de vida de cada sujeito sendo entendido como conhecimentos prévios dos alunos. Nessa perspectiva, foi elaborada e aplicada uma sequência didática, a partir do tema Grandezas e Medidas. Do ponto de vista metodológico, o estudo inseriu-se numa pesquisa qualitativa, de natureza interpretativa, envolvendo alunos do 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental de um colégio público estadual da cidade de Ortigueira - PR. A pesquisa orientou-se pela seguinte questão: Quais as contribuições que o uso de Materiais Manipuláveis poderá trazer para a aprendizagem de Grandezas e Medidas no 6º Ano do Ensino Fundamental? Os dados utilizados neste trabalho foram coletados durante todo o desenvolvimento da sequência didática, com o uso dos seguintes instrumentos: aplicação da avaliação diagnóstica, observação, fotografias, registros escritos e relatos orais. Os resultados indicam que as atividades dos módulos da sequência didática, contribuíram para o avanço progressivo dos conhecimentos dos alunos, demonstrando que é possível, efetivar um trabalho diferenciado e contextualizado, centrado na formação para a cidadania. Vale lembrar que a implementação dessa proposta requer esforço coletivo e concretização do compromisso inerente à ação pedagógica - a prática da pesquisa, da reflexão e da formação permanente. Com o propósito de compartilhar saberes docentes com outros profissionais da área, como produto final desse trabalho, foi elaborado um caderno pedagógico, contendo uma sequência didática com um conjunto de atividades didáticas que viabilizem a utilização de Materiais Manipuláveis como ferramenta pedagógica nas séries finais do Ensino Fundamental, intitulado: “Ensino de Grandezas e Medidas: uma proposta de sequência didática com materiais manipuláveis”.
The objective of this study is to analyze how the use of Manipulable Materials can contribute to the process of learning the concepts of Greatness and Measures for students of the 6th year of Elementary School. It was assumed that learning is a process of constructing meaning of objects and that understanding depends on the life experiences of each subject being understood as prior knowledge of the students. From this perspective, a didactic sequence was elaborated and applied, based on the theme Grandezas e Media. From the methodological point of view, the study was inserted in a qualitative research, of an interpretative nature, involving students of the 6th grade of Elementary School of a state public college in the city of Ortigueira - PR. The research was guided by the following question: What contributions could the use of Manipulable Materials bring to the learning of Greatness and Measures in the 6th Year of Elementary Education? The data used in this work were collected throughout the development of the didactic sequence, using the following instruments: application of diagnostic evaluation, observation, photographs, written records and oral reports. The results indicate that the activities of the modules of the didactic sequence contributed to the progressive advancement of the students' knowledge, demonstrating that it is possible to carry out a differentiated and contextualized work centered on the formation of citizenship. It is worth remembering that the implementation of this proposal requires collective effort and concretization of the commitment inherent in pedagogical action - the practice of research, reflection and permanent formation. With the purpose of sharing teacher knowledge with other professionals of the area, as a final product of this work, a pedagogical book was elaborated, containing a didactic sequence with a set of didactic activities that enabled the use of Manipulable Materials as pedagogical tool in the final series of Teaching Fundamental, titled: "Teaching of Greatness and Measures: a proposal for a didactic sequence with manipulable materials".

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The wounds measurement is an important factor in the evaluation healing because it provides parameters that indicate the progress of wound healing. The objective is to compare the area measured of venous ulcers through AutoCAD® and Image Tool software. The assessment of wound measurement methods is constituted as a gap in the knowledge produced by Brazilian nursing and as one of the fundamental aspects of the wounds evaluation. It is an evaluative analysis of reproducibility tests with a quantitative approach. The study included patients with venous ulcers treated at an outpatient clinic during the data collection period (March-July 2015), higher the age of 18 years with cognitive and verbal skills preserved, which had ulcers covering one side of the lower limb (n=21). For the data collection procedure, nurses that participated of the Skin Injury Study Group were contributors of research, being called evaluators. Each patient had his ulcer photographed by the researcher and by an evaluator with Cam Fujufilm Finepix S 14 Mega pixels. The photographs were transferred to the personal researcher's notebook, both the evaluator and the researcher carried out the measurements of the two photographs, with the two softwares. For the analysis of data mean and standard error, Wilcoxon test, intraclass correlation coefficient and concordance correlation coefficient were used, in addition to Bland and Altman procedure. The ethical precepts were based on Resolution No. 466/2012. 21 individuals participated in the study, who presented a total of 36 venous ulcers (72 photos). The average age of participants was 60.9, the majority of subjects were male, had one venous ulcer, with 3,0 years median time of existence of injury. The size of the ulcers had great amplitude. There was difference between the measurements of the researcher and the evaluators in AutoCAD® software, with no difference in the Image tool. However, the values of the correlation coefficients were strong in both cases. There was no significant difference between the measurements in both softwares, there is strong intraclass correlation and agreement between both, which seem to be more accurate in measuring wounds with an area> 10 cm². Measurements in AutoCAD and Image Tool softwares feature intraclass correlation and strong concordance, so they are reproducible. Still they appears to be more accurate when used to measure wound area> 10 cm². Therefore, the use of both is suitable for the measurement of venous ulcers with an area> 10 cm².
A mensuração de feridas é um dado importante no processo de avaliação da cicatrização porque fornece parâmetros que indicam a evolução da cicatrização da ferida. O objetivo é comparar a mensuração de área de úlceras venosas por meio dos softwares AutoCAD® e Image Tool. A avaliação de métodos de mensuração de feridas constitui-se como uma lacuna no conhecimento produzido pela enfermagem brasileira e como um dos aspectos fundamentais da avaliação de feridas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de avaliação de reprodutibilidade de testes, com abordagem quantitativa. Participaram do estudo os pacientes portadores de úlceras venosas, atendidos em um ambulatório no período de coleta de dados (março a julho de 2015), com idade superior a 18 anos, com capacidade cognitiva e verbal preservadas, que possuíam úlceras cobrindo uma face do membro inferior (n=21). Para o procedimento de coleta de dados, os enfermeiros participantes do Grupo de Estudos de Lesões de Pele foram colaboradores da pesquisa, sendo denominados de avaliadores. Cada paciente teve sua úlcera fotografada pelo pesquisador e por um avaliador com Câmera Fujufilm Finepix S 14 Mega pixels. As fotografias foram transferidas para o notebook pessoal do pesquisador, tanto o avaliador quanto o pesquisador realizaram as mensurações das duas fotografias, com os dois softwares. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizados média e erro padrão, teste de Wilcoxon, Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse e Coeficiente de Correlação de Concordância, além do procedimento de Bland e Altman. Os preceitos éticos foram baseados na Resolução nº 466/2012. Participaram do estudo 21 indivíduos, que apresentaram, no total, 36 úlceras venosas (72 fotografias). A idade média dos participantes foi de 60,9, a maioria dos indivíduos era do sexo masculino, apresentava uma úlcera venosa, com tempo mediano de existência da lesão de 3,0 anos. Os tamanhos das úlceras apresentaram grande amplitude. Observou-se diferença entre as mensurações da pesquisadora e dos avaliadores no software AutoCAD®, sem diferença no Image tool. Apesar disso, os valores dos coeficientes de correlação foram fortes em ambos os casos. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre as mensurações nos dois softwares, existe forte correlação intraclasse e de concordância entre os ambos, os quais parecem ser mais precisos na mensuração de feridas com área > 10 cm². As mensurações nos softwares AutoCAD® e Image Tool apresentam correlação intraclasse e concordância fortes, ou seja, são reprodutíveis. Ainda, parecem ser mais precisos quando utilizados para mensurar feridas com área > 10 cm². Portanto, o uso de ambos é indicado para a mensuração de úlceras venosas com área > 10 cm².

Introdução: há vários relatos na literatura que referem o aumento progressivo da obesidade em mulheres de nível sócio-econômico baixo das áreas urbanas. Os fatores que podem estar relacionados à transição nutricional nesse estrato da sociedade ainda são muito controversos. Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a freqüência de obesidade, e fatores associados em mulheres numa área de exclusão social da cidade de São Paulo. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal, entre o período de junho de 2002 a abril de 2004, em 116 mulheres moradoras de favelas na periferia e região metropolitana de São Paulo. O desfecho antropométrico primário foi o índice de massa corpórea (IMC). As mulheres foram categorizadas em três estratos de índice de massa corpórea [IMC] (= 25.0 kg/m2; 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2; and = 30.0 kg/m2). Os grupos foram comparados entre si, quanto às características referentes às variáveis de provável exclusão social, hábitos de vida e clínico laboratoriais (medidas antropométricas e fatores de risco cardiovasculares). O modelo logístico usado analisou as variáveis independentes associadas ao sobrepeso e obesidade. Resultados: a freqüência de obesidade nessa amostra (28.4%), foi maior que a observada em outros estudos brasileiros. Após o ajuste multivariado, comparadas às mulheres magras (IMC < 25 kg/m2), as que possuíam história de três ou mais partos foram mais sobrepeso (Razão de chance [RC], 3.4; 95% Intervalo de confiança [95% IC], 1.2-9.6) e obesas (razão de chance [RC], 5,3; 95% Intervalo de confiança [95% IC], 1,6-17,5). Mulheres brancas comparadas com o grupo de referência (magras e negras) foram mais obesas. (RC, 9.9; 95% IC, 1.5-64.6). Comparadas às magras, mulheres obesas apresentaram maiores níveis de dislipidemia por HDL-colesterol baixo (RC, 10; IC 95%, 2.5-50) e hipertrigliceridemia (RC, 8.4; IC95%, 1.5-48). Nessas mulheres de baixo nível sócio-econômico, paridade e raça foram os mais importantes fatores associados à obesidade. Mulheres com cor da pele branca foram claramente mais obesas que as de cor negra e parda.
To evaluate the prevalence and associated risk factors for obesity in low-income women living in a metropolitan area of the city of São Paulo. Methods: Cross-sectional study (116 women) living in slums. Women were categorized in three body-mass index strata [BMI] (=25.0 kg/m 2 ; 25 to 29.9 kg/m2; and = 30.0 kg/m2). Groups were compared regarding variables of social inequalities and clinical assessment: anthropometric measurements and cardiovascular risk factors. A logistic model was used to analyze the independent variables associated with overweight and obesity. Results: Frequency of obesity of 28.4% was higher than in other Brazilian samples. After multivariate adjustment, compared to lean, women with three or more childbearing were more overweight (Odds Ratio [OR], 3.4; 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI], 1.2-9.6) and obese (Odds Ratio [OR], 5,3; 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI], 1,6-17,5). White women compared to reference group (lean and African American women) were also more obese. (OR, 9.9; 95% CI, 1.5-64.6). Compared to lean, obese women had lower HDL-cholesterol levels (OR, 10; 95% CI, 2.5-50) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 8.4; 95% CI, 1.5-48). In these low-income women, parity and race were the most important factors associated to obesity. White women were clearly more obese than mullato and African American women.

Uncertain Weights and Measures is a novel set in 1920s Moscow, where the principal character curates a collection of elite human brains, one of which is Lenin’s. It is from an unspecified later perspective that Tatiana L-- narrates the years 1920 – 1930, years in which she lived in Moscow and eventually became the director of the historic Pantheon of Brains. This museum, otherwise known as the Institut Mozga, housed the collections of the first neuroscientists, Drs Bechterev, Burdenko and Vogt and was open to the public between 1928 and 1930. While some of the characters, such as the doctors, are based on historical figures, others, such as Tatiana and her husband Alexandr P--, are my inventions. Tatiana, and the museum itself, embodies one of the central paradoxes of the early Soviet regime. She believes that history determines human development and that a new type of human being will be born out of the ideals of the Revolution; yet, she also believes that individual genius exists. It is a conflict between Marxist determinism and Romantic individualism. For Tatiana, this conflict manifests in two ways: in love and in work. The novel is her attempt to reconcile these contradictions in herself and in her memories of 1920s Russia. Primary concerns are the intersections of neuroscience and propaganda; memory and history; love, emigration and melancholy. The central theme is that totalizing systems like Communism, rationalism and positivism fail us by denying irrational elements of the human spirit.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
政治學研究所
93
For various reasons, many types of weights and measures administration in Taiwan were contracted out in the late 1980’s. This study explores the process and accountability mechanism of the contracting-out of National Measurement Laboratory（NML）project. While the contractor enjoys personnel and organizational flexibility and maintains high level of professional operation, his status as the only contractor available in Taiwan makes the accountability mechanism challenged. The implementation details carefully examined. The research suggests that the current monitoring mechanism be reviewed and amended and the communication environment be enhanced. The study also suggests that, following the foreign practices, an independent agency should be established in place of the current contractor.

碩士
長庚大學
企業管理研究所
95
Under current environment, the single attribute decision method can’t match the reality any more. When facing multiple criteria decision making (MCDM), the importance of each attribute varies. That makes the matter of how to appraise each attribute become more important. The different degrees of significance change the consequences of selection. That makes the set up of the weight become very important when we facing MCDM. Therefore, this research will categorize and illustrate the present decision weight by reviewing documents. In normal decision weight, the most frequent question about attribute is too many hypotheses. For example, it has to match independence, additive…and so on. Based on facing the problems of over hypothesis, some scholars suggested to measure weight by Fuzzy Measures. After the experiments of this research, we found out that if we calculate weight by fuzzy measures tends to have a phenomenon of Positive Leniency. Therefore, this research based on Fuzzy Measures to develop decision weight by fuzzy numbers to improve the phenomenon of Positive Leniency. The biggest difference between these two methods lies in that ZFM uses the concept of distance to show the difference of importance among each attribute and get triangular fuzzy number of each attribute by the distance and use different α-cut value to obtain different fuzzy numbers. After the Choquet integration, we can have project evaluation. After confirm the research method, we can compare to project evaluation by AHP, FM and ZFM. This research will divided products into 3 categories: Functional, Hedonic and Hybrid. Pick two products from each category to proceed the project evaluation. Products we choose are: shampoo, printer, KTV store, cinema, note book and jeans. There are 3 methods:AHP, FM and ZFM. Based on these 3 methods, this research uses 4 principals to compare to each other: data base, difficulty of calculation, Hit ratio of alternative priority and positive leniency. We found out that in the aspect of data base. When the attribute number and , HP needs the biggest data base among FM and ZFM. When attribute number n become bigger, then AHP needs more data base. In the aspect of difficulty of calculation, AHP has more difficult calculation procedure while ZFM and FM haven’t. In the aspect of Hit ratio of alternative priority, each one is: AHP－58.20%、FM－57.87%及ZFM－66.85%, Therefore, in the method of this: ZFM AHP FM. In the aspect of positive leniency, none of FM or ZFM can completely decide examiner toward to the phenomenon of positive leniency but ZFM can make this question become better. Therefore, no matter in the aspect of data base, difficulty of calculation or Hit ratio of alternative priority, ZFM is better than AHP. We hope that as the development of ZFM goes, we can make right decisions when the decision maker faces a situation of multi-attribute problems.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
資訊工程系
103
Fuzzy interpolative reasoning is a very important research topic for sparse fuzzy rule-based systems. In this thesis, we propose two new fuzzy interpolative reasoning methods for sparse fuzzy rule-based systems based on polygonal fuzzy sets and the ranking values of polygonal fuzzy sets. In the first method of our thesis, we propose a new fuzzy interpolative reasoning method for sparse fuzzy rule-based systems based on ranking values of polygonal fuzzy sets and automatically generated weights of fuzzy rules. The experimental results show that the proposed method can overcome the drawbacks of the existing fuzzy interpolative reasoning methods for fuzzy interpolative reasoning in sparse fuzzy rule-based systems. In the second method of our thesis, we propose a new adaptive fuzzy interpolation method based on ranking values of polygonal fuzzy sets and similarity measures between polygonal fuzzy sets. The proposed adaptive fuzzy interpolation method performs fuzzy interpolative reasoning using multiple fuzzy rules with multiple antecedent variables and solves the contradictions after the fuzzy interpolative reasoning processes based on similarity measures between polygonal fuzzy sets. The experimental results show that the proposed adaptive fuzzy interpolation method outperforms the existing methods for fuzzy interpolative reasoning in sparse fuzzy rule-based systems.