Academic literature on the topic 'Germans – Czechoslovakia – History'

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Journal articles on the topic "Germans – Czechoslovakia – History"

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Melnyk, Viktor. "CZECHIAN GERMANS: THE HISTORY OF POLITICAL SELF-DESTRUCTION (1939–1945)." Politology bulletin, no. 83 (2019): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-881x.2018.83.40-50.

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Objective of the study: to classify and identify the main causes of the process of political self-destruction of the German ethnic minority in the territory of Czechoslovakia; to propose, substantiate and introduce into scientific circulation the concept of political self-destruction of the German community in the territory of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, which existed under the suzerainty of the Third Reich from March 15, 1939 to May 13, 1945. Methodology: Therefore, the journalistic and literary works of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia were analyzed, as well as legal documents and diplomatic protocols adopted following the Yalta Conference (February 4 — F ebruary 11, 1945), the Potsdam Conference (July 17 — August 2, 1945). With the help of the traditional complex of historical and legal methods (text study, comparative analysis, legal analogy), were analyzed the content and external forms of legal succession of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in relation to the First Czechoslovak Republic (October 28, 1918 — September 30, 1938) and the Second Czechoslovak Republic (September 30, 1938 — March 15, 1939). Structural and functional method allowed to isolate the main reasons for the successful cultural and socio-economic coexistence of Germans and Czechs in the territory of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia under the auspices of the Third Reich in 1939–1945. The socio-psychological approach, in turn, determined the political-political characterization of the rise of interethnic hostility of the Czechs to the Germans. The article argues that the cause of the massacres of Germans by Czech fighters (actions with clear signs of genocide) during 1945–1950 was the transfer of the so-called «guilt for Soviet occupation» by the Czech collective consciousness to the Germans. With the help of English and Soviet propaganda, a negative image of the Germans in the mass media was simultaneously formed. Results and conclusions: The history of the Czechoslovak Republic of 1918–1939 is a prime example of the confrontation between spatial and ethno-linguistic political ideologues. On the one hand, there were Sudeten and Bohemian Germans, supported by the strong movement of the Nazis. On the other hand, the concept of Central European Slavic integration, known as «Czechoslovakism». The struggle between these two ideologues often falls out of sight of contemporary political scientists (political scientists) and historians. This article does not fill the gap, but aims to demonstrate the Czech-German ethno-political conflict of the mid-twentieth century in the form of a logical sequence of events that led to the collapse of both Pan-Germanism and Czechoslovakism. The bloody war between the Slavs and the Germans in the center of Europe ended with the victory of «third power» — ideology of communism.
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Melnyk, Viktor. "CZECHIAN GERMANS: THE HISTORY OF POLITICAL SELF-DESTRUCTION (1939–1945)." Politology bulletin, no. 83 (2019): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-881x.2019.83.40-50.

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Objective of the study: to classify and identify the main causes of the process of political self-destruction of the German ethnic minority in the territory of Czechoslovakia; to propose, substantiate and introduce into scientific circulation the concept of political self-destruction of the German community in the territory of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, which existed under the suzerainty of the Third Reich from March 15, 1939 to May 13, 1945. Methodology: Therefore, the journalistic and literary works of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia were analyzed, as well as legal documents and diplomatic protocols adopted following the Yalta Conference (February 4 — F ebruary 11, 1945), the Potsdam Conference (July 17 — August 2, 1945). With the help of the traditional complex of historical and legal methods (text study, comparative analysis, legal analogy), were analyzed the content and external forms of legal succession of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in relation to the First Czechoslovak Republic (October 28, 1918 — September 30, 1938) and the Second Czechoslovak Republic (September 30, 1938 — March 15, 1939). Structural and functional method allowed to isolate the main reasons for the successful cultural and socio-economic coexistence of Germans and Czechs in the territory of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia under the auspices of the Third Reich in 1939–1945. The socio-psychological approach, in turn, determined the political-political characterization of the rise of interethnic hostility of the Czechs to the Germans. The article argues that the cause of the massacres of Germans by Czech fighters (actions with clear signs of genocide) during 1945–1950 was the transfer of the so-called «guilt for Soviet occupation» by the Czech collective consciousness to the Germans. With the help of English and Soviet propaganda, a negative image of the Germans in the mass media was simultaneously formed. Results and conclusions: The history of the Czechoslovak Republic of 1918–1939 is a prime example of the confrontation between spatial and ethno-linguistic political ideologues. On the one hand, there were Sudeten and Bohemian Germans, supported by the strong movement of the Nazis. On the other hand, the concept of Central European Slavic integration, known as «Czechoslovakism». The struggle between these two ideologues often falls out of sight of contemporary political scientists (political scientists) and historians. This article does not fill the gap, but aims to demonstrate the Czech-German ethno-political conflict of the mid-twentieth century in the form of a logical sequence of events that led to the collapse of both Pan-Germanism and Czechoslovakism. The bloody war between the Slavs and the Germans in the center of Europe ended with the victory of «third power» — ideology of communism.
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Cordell, Karl, and Stefan Wolff. "Ethnic Germans in Poland and the Czech Republic: A Comparative Evaluation*." Nationalities Papers 33, no. 2 (2005): 255–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990500088610.

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This paper seeks to analyze the nature of the German minorities in the Czech Republic and Poland. In order to achieve this goal, the relationship between Czechoslovakia/the Czech Republic and Poland with the Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Federal Republic of Germany/FRG) forms an essential intellectual backdrop to our main theme. Reference to the Deutsche Demokratische Republik (German Democratic Republic/GDR) will be made as and where appropriate. As we shall see, tensions simmered between the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (Socialist Unity Party of Germany/SED) and the Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza Zjednoczona (Polish United Workers' Party/PZPR), and in reality relations between the two sides were poor. Reference will be made to wartime German occupation policy in both Poland and the Czech lands. Due attention will also be paid to the consequent expulsion of ethnic Germans from Poland and Czechoslovakia. However, due to limitations of space these themes, that have been exhaustively dealt with elsewhere, do not form part of our main focus of study.
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Smelser, Ronald M. "The Expulsion of the Sudeten Germans: 1945-1952." Nationalities Papers 24, no. 01 (1996): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999608408428.

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For over 700 years Czechs and Germans lived together in those lands which in this century would be consolidated as Czechoslovakia. It was not always a harmonious existence, but a kind of symbiosis did develop which sustained the relationship to the point where one group was unthinkable without the other. All of that changed in the twentieth century in an age characterized by awakening, intolerant ethnic nationalism and total war. Indeed, by the end of the Thirty Years' War of this century, the long Czech-German relationship in Bohemia came to a bitter, and seemingly permanent, end through the expulsion of the Germans of Czechoslovakia.
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Levy, Daniel, and Natan Sznaider. "Memories of Universal Victimhood: The Case of Ethnic German Expellees." German Politics and Society 23, no. 2 (2005): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503005780880740.

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Images of German victims have become a ubiquitous feature of political debates and mass-mediated cultural events in recent years. This paper argues that changing representations of the Holocaust have served as a political cultural prism through which histories of German victimhood can be renegotiated. More specifically, we explore how the centrality of the Holocaust in Germany informs how the postwar expulsion of twelve million ethnic Germans has been remembered during the last sixty years. Most interpretations of the destruction of European Jewry and the expulsion of ethnic Germans from Poland and Czechoslovakia and their corresponding memory cultures treat these memories as mutually exclusive manifestations of competing perceptions of national self understanding. We suggest that memories of both the Holocaust and expulsions are entwined. The Holocaust remains a specific event but also spans a universalizing human rights discourse that conceals the magnitude of the Holocaust as a particular historical occurrence; at the same time, the expulsion stops being a particular event and is being reframed as a universal evil called "ethnic cleansing." Examining recent political and public debates about how the expulsions of ethnic Germans are politicized and remembered reveals how comparisons to other incidents of state sanctioned violence and claims of singularity shape the balance of universal and particular modes of commemoration.
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Kiepe, Jan. "Nationalism as a Heavy Mortgage: SED Cadres Actions between Demand and Reality*." Nationalities Papers 37, no. 4 (2009): 467–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990902985694.

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In May 1951, students at the District Party School of the Socialist Union Party of Germany (SED) in the southern Thuringian city of Suhl evaluated the agitation and propaganda assignments that they had recently completed. Such assignments were a regular exercise in the instruction of future cadres. From these discussions, the difficulties that traditional German nationalism posed to the SED become clear. One student cited words of a party comrade he had talked to on the question of befriending the Polish and the Czechoslovak peoples. Instead of sticking to the official ideological line that rejected chauvinist ideas, this comrade had responded: “[…] I will never make friends with the Czech people. To me they are not human beings.” This anger directed against the Czechs by a German communist may have arisen from the frequently brutal deportation of Germans from Czechoslovakia after 1945: the Czechs had not made exceptions for German anti-fascists. It could also be explained by continued anti-Slav sentiment dating from the Nazi years. The file does not elaborate how the incident was resolved. Nevertheless, it demonstrates that nationalist sentiments had survived the collapse of Nazism even with members of the SED. How did the SED counter this heavy national mortgage?
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Fulbrook, Mary. "Popular Discontent and Political Activism in the GDR." Contemporary European History 2, no. 3 (1993): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300000527.

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The German Democratic Republic was long noted for its apparent stability, efficiency and political quiescence, in contrast to the more turbulent domestic histories of neighbouring Poland and Czechoslovakia. In established narratives of East German history, the sole evidence of mass popular unrest before the autumn of 1989 was the June Uprising of 1953. After this, with a few isolated exceptions, East Germans simply kept their heads down. ‘Dissent’ was for the most part an activity associated with a few intellectuals–Harich, Havemann, Bahro–until the growth of oppositional movements associated with unofficial peace initiatives and environmentalist groups in the 1980s1. To all outward appearances, this sketch was correct. What now requires reconsideration, however, are the underlying reasons for these appearances, and the evaluation – indeed, the very characterisation – of patterns of popular political dissent in the GDR.
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Vaculínová, Marta. "From the Life of the National Museum Library in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 62, no. 3-4 (2017): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amnpsc-2017-0034.

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The aim of the paper is to show the situation of the National Museum Library (NML) in the period of 1939–1945 based on archival documents. Central changes made by the Nazis affected people as well as their work in the NML. It was not possible to continue as before – some employees had been arrested or executed by the Gestapo. Nevertheless, the number of the NML staff increased as a result of the transfer of officials from the closed Ministry of War and Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Two employees of German nationality joined the NML based on the new rules concerning the relations between Czechs and Germans in public services. The operation of the library came under the supervision of Professor Carl Wehmer, who planned a cataloguing reform, was in charge of the book collections and ensured their later evacuation. The plans for a new NML exhibition were cancelled and replaced by propagandistic exhibitions imported from Germany, such as Deutsche Größe. The Nazi ideologists planned to return the National Museum and its library to the original idea of the land museum. Also Emil Franzel, a former leading member of the German Social Democracy in Czechoslovakia, a later member of the Sudeten German Party and in 1940–1941 an official in the NML, followed the idea of a land museum in his book History of the National Museum Library (Prague 1942), the first monograph on the history of the NML.
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Keck-Szajbel, Mark. "A Cultural Shift in the 1970s." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 29, no. 1 (2015): 212–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325415572257.

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This essay explores how an international project between socialist nations unraveled transnationally. I explain the cultural shift toward taboo topics in the 1970s and argue that the shift was forced by two factors: first, the rise of a new generation of youngsters unaffected by World War II, and second the relative ease of transnational mobility. Starting in 1972, Poland, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia allowed citizens to travel more freely in a project called the “borders of friendship.” Exploring changes in the representations of World War II and what was later to be called the Holocaust in literature; in the celebration of rock music and film; and at international happenings, I argue that teenagers starting in the 1970s were raised with an increased sense of acceptance not only of their history but also their state. Critically, however, they also gained a greater sense of ideological irony: just as it became more acceptable to discuss taboo topics like Stalinization or the expulsion of Germans, so too was their understanding that deviations from strict ideology were more accepted.
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Kreisslová, Sandra, and Jana Nosková. "“Family Silver” or Artefacts (in) Memories of Forcibly Displaced Germans." Slovenský národopis / Slovak Ethnology 67, no. 2 (2019): 165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/se-2019-0009.

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Abstract The study deals with the transmission of family memory in three three-generation families of Germans forcibly displaced from Czechoslovakia, in which the oldest generation, the so-called generation of experience, actually experienced the migration movement after the end of World War II. In the study, the family is seen as a specific social framework in which the past is retrieved. Generations are characterized in a biological sequence, with only the oldest “generation of experience” defined by Karl Mannheim. The research of generational family memory focuses on the actor’s reception through an analysis and interpretation of narrative and oral-history interviews with representatives of generations while exploring the way family memory is mediated. Specifically, the authors inquire into the role the memory media play in their materialised form, i.e. artefacts that act as an impulse and source of remembrance narrative, in the process of generational transmission of memories in families. The focus here is on remembrance narratives related to the forced displacement, which thematise material artefacts, with the focus being not only on what artefacts there are in connection with the recollection of this historical process and what stories are related to them, but also the effort to uncover the meaning and the function of these artefacts during family remembrance.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Germans – Czechoslovakia – History"

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Walvoord, Kreg A. (Kreg Anthony). "Czechoslovakia's Fortifications: Their Development and Impact on Czech and German Confrontation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500554/.

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During the 1930s, the Republic of Czechoslovakia endeavored to construct a system of modern fortifications along its frontiers to protect the Republic from German and Hungarian aggression and from external Versailles revisionism. Czechoslovakia's fortifications have been greatly misrepresented through comparison with the Maginot Line. By utilizing extant German military reports, this thesis demonstrates that Czechoslovakia's fortifications were incomplete and were much weaker than the Maginot Line at the time of the Munich Crisis in 1938. The German threat of war against Czechoslovakia was very real in 1938 and Germany would have penetrated most of the fortifications and defeated Czechoslovakia quickly had a German-Czech war occurred in 1938.
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Kučerová, Lucie. "Odersko po 2. světové válce v životních příbězích jeho obyvatel." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-350690.

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This Master's diploma thesis elaborates on the history of Odry region, particularly the period after World War II, when it underwent a significant transformation. The goal od the thesis is to do a thorough micro-historical research of the postwar history of the region with respect to the transformation of the formerly German areas into the reclaimed lands of the Czech nation. It is divided into several chapters. In the first chapter I evaluate the source base to the topic; I investigate various literature related to the transfer of the Germans and the frontier settlement (its regional provenance being taken into account), archival sources and narratives - memories of displaced Germans from the presently analyzed region and several examples of the recorded oral-history interviews. In other six chapters I elucidate the situation of the Odry region in particular periods: in 1938, during World War II, and in the era of the liberation, followed by the transfer of the German population and the process of a new habitation. The last chapter then discusses the postwar Odry region as a home both lost and obtained. The paper provides insight into the postwar transformation of the Odry region in the period after the World War II perusing primarily the memories of those who were directly involved. Key words the...
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Bandžuch, Tomáš. "Německé státoprávní projekty v českých zemích na podzim 1918. (K činnosti zemských vlád Deutschböhmen a Sudetenlandu)." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-371305.

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The aim of the PhD thesis is to describe the emergence and functioning of the Deutschböhmen and Sudetenland provinces' governments proclaimed by Czech, Moravian and Silesian Germans in the autumn of 1918 and consecutively to compare their practical politics in the selected fields. The emphasize is put especially on the building of the state administration and defence mechanisms, foreign political relations as well as relations with the Czech minority inhabiting the disputed territory. The thesis should contribute to understanding the extent to which the declaration of these provinces was an immediate response to developments in Central Europe, or whether it was the result of long-term trends in Czech-German relations. One of its parts is dedicated to conceptions of a dissolution of the Czech lands, which were created in the years 1848-1918. Conclusion of this thesis is focused on the comparsion of the political activities of the both provincional governments and author tries to answer the question, how much are these policies similar and which governement better reacted to he challenges of the turning points of the autumn 1918.
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Musilová, Tereza. "Samizdatové překlady z němčiny do češtiny." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-397920.

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This thesis deals with the translations beyond official publishers during the era of Communism in Czechoslovakia from 1948 to 1989. More particularly, the thesis is focused on mapping Czech translations of German literature published in samisdat during the Communist era and on understanding a sociology of translation in the samisdat production. Taking into account the social changes and cultural politics, the author explores when, by whom, in what circumstances and for what reason were the German texts translated. Furthermore, the aim of this thesis is to determine whether the translation work in samisdat was coordinated, and if so, to find out by whom. Another aim is to find out whether there was a publishing strategy during the samisdat translations. A method of oral history is used in order to interview the contemporary witnesses. Findings based on these interviews are later grouped into a force field using Pierre Bourdieu's sociological model. The conclusion consists of findings about the process of translating German literature to Czech during the samisdat era. These data are then evaluated and analysed from several points of view.
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KUBŮ, Eliška. "Specifika výuky dějin 20. století na 2. stupni základní školy." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-156225.

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This diploma thesis deals with the teaching specificity of the history of the 20th century in upper primary schools and with methodical drafts of selected thematic units of the same period. The thesis puts emphasis on problems related to teaching on the 20th century. The work summarizes theoretical knowledge of teaching on the history of the 20th century and follows up the classification of this historical period into the General educational program for basic education. Methods and strategies suitable for teaching the history of the 20th century and the approach how to give lessons about controversial and delicate topics in history are also included in the present thesis. The methodical drafts of selected thematic units from the history of the 20th century are one part of the thesis. These drafts were worked out in respect of using various teaching styles and educational strategies. The thesis also pays attention to the utilization of didactic media in the teaching of history.
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Books on the topic "Germans – Czechoslovakia – History"

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Jonca, Karol. Dekrety prezydenta Edvarda Beneša: Niemcy w czechosłowackiej doktrynie politycznej i prawnej z lat 1920-1945. Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2005.

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Minority politics in a multinational state: The German Social Democrats in Czechoslovakia, 1918-1938. East European Monographs, 1989.

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Kučera, Jaroslav. Odsun nebo vyhnání?: Sudetští Němci v Československu, v letech 1945-1946. H&H, 1992.

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Beneš, Edvard. Odsun němců z československa a dokumenty. Společnost Edvarda Beneše, 2011.

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Beyerl, Beppo. Die Beneš-Dekrete: Zwischen tschechischer Identität und deutscher Begehrlichkeit. Promedia, 2002.

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Perzi, Niklas. Die Benes-Dekrete: Eine europäische Tragödie. NP, Niederösterreichisches Pressehaus, 2003.

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Mayer, Stefanie. "Totes Unrecht"?: Die "Beneš-Dekrete" - eine geschichtspolitische Debatte in Österreich. P. Lang, 2009.

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Nováček, Silvestr. Vystěhování Němců z Brna a odsun z jihomoravského pohraničí. Orego, 1996.

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Die nationale Politik des Bundes der Landwirte in der Ersten Tschechoslowakischen Republik: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Verständigung zwischen Tschechen und Deutschen, 1918-1929. P. Lang, 2002.

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Weisz, Franz. Die historischen Ursachen der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Südmähren 1945-1946 und die völkerrechtlichen Konsequenzen: Ein zeitgeschichtliches Forschungsprojekt. Dachverband der Südmährer in Österreich, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Germans – Czechoslovakia – History"

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Thomson, S. Harrison. "The Germans in Bohemia from Maria Theresa to 1918." In Czechoslovakia in European History. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429400391-8.

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"Czechs vs Germans; Roles Reversed." In A History of Czechoslovakia Between the Wars. I.B. Tauris, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755618590.ch-001.

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Evans, R. J. W. "Introduction." In Czechoslovakia in a Nationalist and Fascist Europe, 1918–1948. British Academy, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197263914.003.0001.

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The formation of Czechoslovakia introduced a remarkable novelty into the heart of the European continent after World War I. It was an unexpected creation and a completely new state, whereas its neighbours as successors to the Habsburg Monarchy either carried historic names and connections (Austria, Hungary, Poland), or were reincarnations of existing sovereign realms (Yugoslavia), or both (Rumania). Moreover, Czechoslovakia seemed uniquely to embody the ideals of the post-war settlement, as a polity with strongly western, democratic, and participatory elements. Yet Czechoslovakia was a historical construct, deeply rooted in earlier developments. It constitutes classic terrain for a study of the ‘nationalist and fascist Europe’ which emerged after 1918. This book deals with the history of Czechoslovakia and discusses Czech nationalism, along with the Czechs' relationship with Slovaks and Germans, Britain's policy towards Czechoslovakia, and gender and citizenship in the first Czechoslovak Republic.
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Golczewski, Frank. "Die Juden in den biihmischen Liindern. Vortriige der Tagung des Collegium Carolinum in Bad Wiessee (27, 29 Nov. 1981), München/Wien: R. Oldenbourg Verlag. 1983 (Bad Wiesseer Tagungen des Collegium Carolinum, ed. Ferdinand Seibt). Pp. 369." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 1. Liverpool University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781904113171.003.0042.

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This chapter focuses on a collection of papers from the Collegium Carolinum, which was edited by Ferdinand Seibt. The Collegium Carolinum is a serious scholarly society, mainly concerned with the study of the history of the lands that became Czechoslovakia in 1918. While the German population of those territories and the history of the First Czechoslovak Republic are its primary interests, this volume is a departure from both subjects. It deals with the history of the Jews in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia — the lands of the Bohemian crown. While some of the articles on early modern times deal with the same issues, the coverage lessens towards the end of the existence of an organized Jewry in Czechoslovakia.
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Thomson, S. Harrison. "Czech and German: Action, Reaction and Interaction." In Czechoslovakia in European History. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429400391-7.

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"Hitler’s Manipulation of Sudeten German Grievances." In A History of Czechoslovakia Between the Wars. I.B. Tauris, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755618590.ch-005.

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Pucci, Molly. "The Secret Police: History and Legacy." In Security Empire. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300242577.003.0008.

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The conclusion revisits some of the wider themes of the book, such as the diverse backgrounds and motivations of secret police agents; the entangled histories of Poland, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, and Russia; and the post-Stalinist commissions convened by local communist parties to understand the crimes of Stalinism. It details the institutional legacy of the foundational years covered in the book, which left behind secret police schools, training materials, policing methods, card catalogues, and personnel, much of which remained in place until the fall of communism. It briefly describes the histories of these institutions in the years following the death of Stalin.
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"Henlein, the SdP (Sudeten Deutsche Partei) and German Money." In A History of Czechoslovakia Between the Wars. I.B. Tauris, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755618590.ch-004.

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"The Enemy Within; Sudeten German Nationalism and the Sudeten Nazi Party." In A History of Czechoslovakia Between the Wars. I.B. Tauris, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755618590.ch-003.

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Underhill, James W., and Mariarosaria Gianninoto. "A Final Word." In Migrating Meanings. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748696949.003.0006.

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The authors end their study of the four keywords by reflecting on the consequences of recent events relating to Europe and the increasing need for us to find shared keywords in the global world. Having begun with Raymond Williams’ definition of keywords and taken on board a multilingual approach to keywords as ideological concepts, the authors review the ways the people has taken on radical forms in Britain, France and Germany, while at other times it has been heralded as the motor of history in Chinese and Czechoslovak communist rhetoric. The adoption of Western keywords such as citizen and individual proves to be just as political, the authors conclude. And Europe is no less political, whether it is a question of celebrating it as an ideal, defending it as a project, or attacking it from without or from within. The authors conclude with the hope that they have managed to move beyond national prejudice and beyond reductive stereotypes. The model their corpus-based research provides is one in which three levels of complexity must be taken into account. Each tradition is complex and changing in any linguistic or cultural exchange, and the migration of meanings between any two cultures proves equally complex. By seeking to represent the various ways Chinese authors respond to the diversity of European conceptualizations of the four keywords, the authors hope to have taken readers beyond East-West models, and Communist-Capitalist models, simplistic oppositions which break down as soon as we consider how individual authors express themselves in any given language at any given moment in history. This book is about words, and what happens when meanings migrate, but it is also about worldviews, and how we live within them, learning to express ourselves with words.
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