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Journal articles on the topic 'Germany European Union countries France European Union countries'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Gajos, Edyta, Sylwia Małażewska, and Konrad Prandecki. "EMISSION EFFICIENCY OF EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 6 (2018): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7732.

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The aim of the study was to compare the total greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union countries and their emission efficiency. Emission efficiency was calculated as the ratio of emission volume and value to gross value added generated by the economy of a given country (size of the economy). The necessary statistical data was obtained from Eurostat. It was found that in 2015 most of greenhouse gases were emitted by: Germany, United Kingdom, Poland, France and Italy. At the same time, France and the United Kingdom were characterized by one of the best emission efficiency in the European U

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Solaz, Anne, Marika Jalovaara, Michaela Kreyenfeld, Silvia Meggiolaro, Dimitri Mortelmans, and Inge Pasteels. "Unemployment and separation: Evidence from five European countries." Journal of Family Research 32, no. 1 (2020): 145–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-368.

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Since the 1970s, several European countries have experienced high union dissolution risk as well as high unemployment rates. The extent to which adverse economic conditions are associated with union instability is still unknown. This study explores the relationship between both individual and aggregate unemployment and union dissolution risk in five European countries before the recent economic crisis. Using rich longitudinal data from Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, and Italy, the empirical analysis, based on discrete-time event history models, shows that male unemployment consistently inc

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Pizło, Wojciech. "INCOME OF FRUIT FARMS IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 3 (2018): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1506.

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From the mid-19th century to the 20th century in Central and Eastern Europe, apple, pear and cherry orchards were founded on the exemplar of fruit orchards in highly developed countries. The assessment of the economic farms situation, including farms with permanent crops (orchards) in the EU countries is monitoring by FADN. In the FADN classification, horticultural crops are fruit trees. In the FADN classification, horticultural crops are all fruit trees. The purpose of this article is to diagnose and assess the income situation of European fruit growing. The diagnosis has been conducted on th

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Pedram, Mehdi. "Optimum Monetary Policy in European Monetary Union." Business and Economic Research 7, no. 1 (2017): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v7i1.10746.

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The euro has been introduced to a region that contains many discrepancies and differences. While there are many countries with different business cycles, exerting a single monetary policy which favors all the countries is impossible. I will show that in a simple open macro model by using “weighted mean mechanism”, monetary authorities can exert a common monetary policy to synchronize business cycles and to diminish loss functions in the member states. As we can see by using optimal monetary policy, the business cycles become much more stable and even in 2009 we do not see any recession for Ger

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Lamfalussy, Alexandre. "Challenges ahead for the European Union." Competitio 4, no. 2 (2005): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21845/comp/2005/2/1.

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It is a mild understatement that nowadays the EU is navigating in rough waters. Close to half of the member countries of the Euro area are in breach of their fiscal stability commitment – and some of them very substantially. Quite a few heads of government publicly criticise the ECB’s monetary policy. Germany and France are determined to water down the Bolkenstein directive on the implementation of a genuine single market for services (which amount to about two-thirds of the EU’s GDP), to which, incidentally, no major objections had been raised by the governments of the member states during th

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Parzonko, Andrzej, and Piotr Bórawski. "Competitiveness of Polish dairy farms in the European Union." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 4 (2020): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/254/2019-agricecon.

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This article analyses the competitiveness of dairy farms in Poland in relation to selected EU countries. The competitive advantage of dairy farms was evaluated and compared based on remuneration for family labour. Two variants of the above indicator were calculated: (1) Remuneration for family labour (FL1) as the relationship between farm net income and the farmer’s unpaid labour input, and (2) Remuneration for family labour (FL2) as the relationship between farm net income minus the opportunity costs of own land and capital to the farmer’s unpaid labour input. The calculations were performed

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Rehman, Scheherazade. "The Future of the European Union." Global Economy Journal 15, no. 2 (2015): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2015-0028.

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The European Union (EU) currently comprised of 28 countries is heralded as the single most ambitious voluntary supra-national economic, trade and monetary arrangement in recent modern history. The initial impetus of this arrangement began in 1951 with The Coal and Steel Union amongst Germany, France, Belgium, Luxemburg, Netherlands, and Italy and it continues to evolve today. The most ambitious part of this arrangement is the economic and monetary union (EMU) of 19 EU members countries called the Eurozone. This grand experiment has recently faced its biggest stress test with a double dip reces

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Novak, Ivan. "Comparative analysis of innovation performance of European Union countries." Notitia 6, no. 1 (2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32676/n.6.1.1.

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This paper aims to examine the innovation performance of 28 European Union countries. Hypothesis of the paper states there is a significant difference of innovation performance between the old and the new EU members. Furthermore, the role of SMEs regarding innovation capacity may not be the same across EU. Using K-means clustering results indicated Germany, Ireland, France, Luxemburg and Austria as the most innovative countries and Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia as the least innovative countries. Czech Republic, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Italy, Lithuan

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Monsalve, Laura, Jose Gallego, and Jose Manuel Aguilar. "Estudio analítico-comparado sobre las políticas educativas en educación para la salud en la Unión Europea." Psychology, Society, & Education 5, no. 2 (2017): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/psye.v5i2.503.

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Resumen: Este trabajo trata sobre un estudio comparado de las Políticas Educativas en material de Educación para la salud en los países de la Unión Europea con la finalidad de ver cómo se concretan en España. La Unión Europea en su legislación afirma que si se quiere avanzar como sociedad del conocimiento y competir eficazmente en una economía globalizada, para Europa es vital contar con una educación y formación de alta calidad. En la Unión Europea, la política educativa es competencia de cada país, pero entre todos fijan objetivos comunes y comparten las mejores prácticas. Por ello es motivo

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Jabłońska, Liliana, Lidia Gunerka, and Tadeusz Filipiak. "THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS IN SELECTED EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 2 (2017): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.1162.

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The objective of the study was to compare the productivity of horticultural farms in Poland and selected EU countries with the highest horticultural production, ie France, Spain, Netherlands, Germany and Italy. The general characteristics of horticultural farms, the productivity of the basic factors of horticultural production and the production profitability have been analized. It has been shown that Polish horticultural farms are characterized by several or even a dozen times lower level of productivity of land, capital and labor than in other EU countries.

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Petrović, Marko D., Gordana Radović, and Aleksandra Terzić. "An Overview of Agritourism Development in Serbia and European Union Countries." International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 4, no. 2 (2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.2015040101.

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The paper presents the status and potential development of agritourism in Serbia and in some countries of the European Union. The authors have analyzed the villages where the agritourism is the most developed, providing an overview of the number of registered agritourism units and the number of beds in four tourist clusters (91 municipalities) in Serbia. At the European Union level, the authors represented the LEADER program, which aims to connect rural economy and development activities in rural areas in the EU Member States. The paper also deals with the basic data and characteristics of agr

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Kuzmin, Sergey B. "Risk of Environmental Management in Countries of European Union." Issues of Risk Analysis 18, no. 3 (2021): 46–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32686/1812-5220-2021-18-3-46-63.

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An assessment of the risk of environmental management for the countries of the European Union was carried out on the basis of two main criteria — natural hazard and protection from natural disasters. Natural hazard consists of natural processes of various origins — lithospheric, hydrospheric, atmospheric and biospheric, which are considered dangerous within the entire state according to official data, as well as protection from natural disasters and disasters at the state level. The last criterion is calculated on the basis of a number of socio-economic and environmental indicators for the EU

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Robbers, Gerhard. "Diversity of State-Religion Relations and European Union Unity." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 7, no. 34 (2004): 304–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00005391.

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There is no single system of state-religion relations within Europe which is equal to another. Each one is distinct. Many countries know a number of different systems within themselves, as does the United Kingdom, Germany or France. The presence of history is strongest perhaps in this field of life. Tradition and truth, emotion and identity flourish in this field. Future law on religion in Europe is best built on strong regional structures. This paper reports on three aspects of state-religion relations in Europe: What is the situation in Germany? What does the United Kingdom look like from th

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Biletska, O. A. "Features of Scientific Research Financing in the European Union." Business Inform 7, no. 522 (2021): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-7-37-43.

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The article is aimed at identifying the scope and features of financial provision for scientific research in the founding countries of the EU – Germany, France and Italy, as well as in new countries – the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia. Methodological basis of researches constituted the publications of scholars on this issue, analytical methods, the Eurostat data, and developed scientific approaches. According to the substantiated criteria, the analysis of research costs in terms of total expenses, costs by sector and per person is carried out. The identified features are grouped by comm

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Terán-Yépez, Eduardo, and Andrea Guerrero-Mora. "International Insertion Quality: the European Union (EU-27) Case." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 5, no. 1 (2019): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v5i1.p141-152.

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.This research has a double aim. On the one hand, to introduce the International Insertion Quality (IIQ) construct. On the other hand, to present a classification of the European Union (EU-27) countries to establish which of them have a better IIQ. For this purpose, first, the IIQ construct is presented. Second, the evolution of the exports technological intensity degree of the EU-27 countries between the periods 2001-2003 and 2015-2017 is analyzed. Then, the evolution of the exports' diversification degree, both, by products and by destination markets in the same periods, is studied. This all

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Valdemaras, Makutenas, Miceikiene Astrida, Svetlanska Tatiana, Turcekova Natalia, and Sauciunas Tadas. "The impact of biofuels production development in the European Union." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 64, No. 4 (2018): 170–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/285/2016-agricecon.

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The article analyses the effects of the development of biofuel production in the EU (European Union) countries. For this purpose, the authors develop and adapt methodology to determine biofuel production effects considering resource prices, the areas of distribution and employment in the EU. Twenty-seven EU member states are selected for empirical research. Over 98% of production is devoted to first-generation biofuels; therefore, second- and third-generation biofuels are not analysed. The empirical study is carried out by analysing the dynamics of quantitative indicators, and we assess change

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Falcon, Julie, and Dominique Joye. "More Gender Equality, More Homogamy? A Cohort Comparison in Six European Countries." Swiss Journal of Sociology 43, no. 3 (2017): 453–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjs-2017-0024.

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Abstract We study whether educational homogamy has increased following the rise of women’s educational attainment and of egalitarian couples in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. From the analysis of data from the European Union and Swiss Labour Force Surveys over a 15-year period (1999–2013), we observe that educational homogamy did not increase across cohorts, although we find substantial differences in the degree of homogamy according to couple arrangements.

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Pumpure, Elizabete, Elina Ozola, and Ronalds Mačuks. "Costs of medical manipulations and funding of medical staff across the Europe." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 1 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20164629.

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The Clinical University hospitals in European Union, including those from new European countries, are providing medical services according to high quality standards; however there are significant differences in medical service payment from the government. There are also differences in the amount of the payment for in- and outpatient services. According to World Bank’s assessment several of new European Union members are ranked as high-income countries alongside to old European member countries, but the payment gap of medical services between these countries is very relevant. Health insurance c

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Gylka, K. "Prospects for European Integration of the Republic of Moldova and the Constitutional Component." Scientific Research and Development. Economics of the Firm 10, no. 2 (2021): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2306-627x-2021-10-2-84-89.

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The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 28 European countries. The population is 508 million people, 24 official and working languages and about 150 regional and minority languages. The origins of the European Union come from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), consisting of six states in 1951 - Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. These countries came together to put an end to the wars that devastated the European continent, and they agreed to share control over the natural resources needed f

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Čeryová, Dominika, Tatiana Bullová, Natália Turčeková, Izabela Adamičková, Danka Moravčíková, and Peter Bielik. "Assessment of the Renewable Energy Sector Performance Using Selected Indicators in European Union Countries." Resources 9, no. 9 (2020): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9090102.

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Renewable energy is the key pillar and plays an important role in the energy systems of European Union member states and in mitigating climate change. It is supporting the transition towards a greener, resource-efficient and more competitive, low-carbon European Union economy. Above-average, average and below-average values of monitored indicators in member states of the European Union in 2009–2016 were ascertained by using principal component analysis. Monitored indicators of the renewable energy sector included electricity generation, electricity capacity, investments of public financial ins

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Rožňák, Petr. "Free Cross-Border Movement, Lucifer’s Effect and National Security of the Visegrad Countries." Security Dimensions 32, no. 32 (2019): 37–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0983.

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Since 2015, the migration crisis continues with varying intensity, and international security crisis as well as debt, institutional, and personnel crises are worsening, not only in the Eurozone. Probably war, economic and climate immigrants will continue to move into the Schengen area, showing how helpless the European Union is. Angela Merkel said there was no upper limit for the number of people admitted to escape political persecution. Germany leaves the Dublin system inconsistently, runs counter to European cohesion and stops differentiating between immigrants and refugees. Migration is sha

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EISING, RAINER, and NICOLAS JABKO. "Moving Targets." Comparative Political Studies 34, no. 7 (2001): 742–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414001034007002.

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After 10 years of controversial negotiations, in 1996 the European Union finally took action to liberalize the electricity supply industry. Given the intensity of bilateral contacts between France and Germany, the reform has often been presented as a straightforward intergovernmental deal. This article argues that the French-German deal was only the tip of the iceberg. Perceptions of national interests evolved considerably in both countries. The most important cause for these changes was at the European Union (EU) level, not at the national level. The institutional dynamics of EU negotiations

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POKATAIEVA, Olha V., Lesia A. SAVCHENKO, Oleksandr M. BUKHANEVYCH, Anton O. MONAIENKO, and Olga P. GETMANETS. "Instruments of Financial Legal Policy in the Countries of the European Union." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 11, no. 4 (2020): 1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v11.4(50).28.

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For the purpose of a more detailed analysis of the features of administrative regulation of fiscal policy, it is necessary to consider examples of fiscal regulation of business processes in individual foreign countries, as well as features of fiscal policy in the EU. For several decades in a row, the G7 countries – Great Britain, Italy, Germany, Canada, the USA, France, and Japan - determine world economic policy. Despite the periodic global economic crises, they are among the first to overcome their consequences and maintain a leading position in the global business environment. This happens

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Gumus, Yasin Kerem. "What explains differences in countries’ migration policies?" International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478) 4, no. 1 (2015): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v4i1.30.

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The aim of this paper is to analyse the reasons for differences in national migration policies. European societies are struggling with the problem of how to best include the immigrants in their social structures. Although national migration policies in Europe have developed some common elements in recent years the contents and structure of national programmes vary widely in terms of their scope, goals, target groups and the institutional actors involved. The main question of the paper is “What explains the different migration policies of countries?” To answer the question, after mentioning the

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Danilovskaia, Anna. "Criminal law protection of competition in the European Union, Germany, Great Britain and France." Юридические исследования, no. 6 (June 2020): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2020.6.33294.

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The object of this research is competition policy and criminal law policy with regards to protection of competition in Europe that are similar to the Russian approach of countering infringement on fair competition. Legislation on competition is dynamically developing in all countries, which causes corresponding changes in their criminal law policy. For improving the effectiveness of cartel detection, many countries endorsed leniency policy for cartels, as well as make amendments to their laws due to proliferation of unfair competition, particularly on the Internet, as well irregularities in te

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Ćwiek, Malgorzata Teresa, and Paweł Ulman. "Income and Poverty in Households in Selected European Countries." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica 6, no. 345 (2019): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.345.01.

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Incomes of population and poverty are key elements of the EU cohesion policy which aims at reducing disparities between the levels of development of individual regions. The traditionally appropriate study to evaluate the convergence of the Member States is the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU‑SILC). However, this is not the only source of information on income distribution and social inclusion in the European Union. In this article, the basis for calculations are the results of the fourth European Quality of Life Surveys (EQLS), whose purpose is to measure both obj

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Lifintsev, D. S., T. P. Blyznyuk, and M. O. Kokhan. "Prospects for Cross-Cultural Business Cooperation in the Context of Ukraine’s European Integration." Business Inform 5, no. 520 (2021): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-5-371-377.

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The research is aimed at studying and analyzing the attitude of the Ukrainian generation Z to potential cooperation with partners from the countries of the European Union. The article identifies and analyzes the priority of choosing specific countries for cooperation, as well as the motives of such a choice. To verify the hypotheses formulated in the course of research, empirical data collection was carried out by conducting an online survey using the survio.com. 403 respondents took part in the survey: 97 boys (24.1%) and 306 girls (75.9%). The respondents were students of Kyiv National Econo

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Schanda, Balázs. "Church and State In the New Member Countries of the European Union." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 8, no. 37 (2005): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00006244.

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In May 2004 eight former communist Central and Eastern European countries joined the European Union. Written constitutions in the region now contain guarantees on freedom of religion together with fundamental statements on Church-State relations. Since the fall of communism a net of bilateral agreements has been negotiated with the Holy See. Of the established members of the EU only Austria, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain had concordats whilst France and Luxembourg were partly bound by such treaties. Amongst the new member states only the predominantly Orthodox Cyorus has no contractual re

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Deighton, Anne. "The Last Piece of the Jigsaw: Britain and the Creation of the Western European Union, 1954." Contemporary European History 7, no. 2 (1998): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300004860.

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By 1955, the formation of a Cold War bloc in Western Europe was complete. The Western European Union (WEU), a redesigned Brussels Treaty Organisation (BTO) within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), with West Germany and Italy as members, was created. The 1954 Paris Agreements that established WEU also enabled West Germany to become a virtually sovereign actor, and a member of NATO. The Agreements were effected on the rubble of an acrimonious four-year international debate over a proposed European Defence Community (EDC). This would have created a European army for France, the Benel

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Kiss, Lívia Benita. "Examination of Agricultural Income Inequality in the European Union." Business Ethics and Leadership 4, no. 3 (2020): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/10.21272/bel.4(3).36-45.2020.

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The significant roles of agriculture in the economic development of a country are determinative. It has already made a substantial contribution to the economic prosperity of advanced countries. Its role in the economic development of less developed countries is of vital importance. The share of the population working in agriculture is declining as countries develop. While less than 5% of the population does in rich countries work in agriculture, more than two-thirds of the people in poor countries. It is predominantly the huge productivity increase that makes this reduction in labor possible.

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Hrubinko, A. "The Role of Great Britain in the Military-technical Cooperation of the Countries of European Union." Problems of World History, no. 7 (March 14, 2019): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2019-7-7.

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In the article the Great Britain’s contribution to the development of military-technical cooperation between the countries of the European Union is analyzed. It was found that the British leadership conducted ambiguous policies on military-technical cooperation (MTC) of the European integration. The desire to win the priority in the European MTC was combined with the provision of British companies the benefits of cooperation with American partners. British military-industrial complex became a rival of the military-industrial complex of the states of continental Europe. The position of Great Br

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Daniłowska, Alina. "CHANGES IN EUROPEAN UNION FARM STRUCTURE AND THEIR MULTIDIMENSIONAL IMPLICATIONS." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 17, no. 4 (2018): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2018.17.4.49.

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The aim of the paper was to identify the tendencies in the farm structure in EU-28 countries from 2008 till 2016 and point out their implications. The analyses revealed that during the examined period the very impressive decrease in total farm number was observed. The changes of farm number and of farm structure by size class (in UAA) were very differentiated between countries. The increase in the share of the biggest farms in farm number and especially in utilised agricultural area indicates advanced process of agricultural land concentration in many EU countries. The highest concentration wa

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Berbel, Julio, M. Mar Borrego-Marin, Alfonso Exposito, Giacomo Giannoccaro, Nazaret M. Montilla-Lopez, and Catarina Roseta-Palma. "Analysis of irrigation water tariffs and taxes in Europe." Water Policy 21, no. 4 (2019): 806–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.197.

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Abstract Water taxation in European Union (EU) countries is adapted to local conditions and institutional trajectories and contains a variety of taxes and tariffs to finance water services and induce a higher use efficiency. After having clarified certain concepts, this work offers an overview of water taxes and tariffs charged for agricultural water use in several European Union member states, both in water-abundant areas and in water-scarce regions. Mediterranean countries, such as France, Portugal, Italy and Spain, have implemented different tax systems on agricultural water abstractions to

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Khakhalkina, E. V., K. P. Andreev, and A. V. Munko. "New Face of European Union: Right-Wing Populism in the EU-Countries." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 6 (2020): 99–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-6-75-99-132.

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The European Union undergoes several qualitative transformations. Today it faces major demographic changes, the distance between the EU and national states is growing because of Brexit and high rates of immigration to Europe. The configuration of mainstream parties is also transforming in an unpredictable way. All these processes bring the phenomenon of right-wing populism to the forefront of political life of the European Union. This phenomenon was an answer both to internal andexternal challenges. The aim of the article is to identify the components of right-wing populism using the examples

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Gwoździewicz, Sylwia. "THE MINORS IN PENAL SYSTEMS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3758.

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In foreign jurisdictions, various models of responsibility for juvenile offenses are adopted. In many countries, like Poland, entirely separate regulations in this field are adopted (England and Wales, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Spain, Ireland, Germany, Scotland, Switzerland, Sweden). In other countries like (Slovakia, Belarus, Estonia, Greece to 2003, the Netherlands, Lithuania, Russia, Slovenia, Ukraine), there are specific rules of responsibility of minors included in criminal codes and codes of criminal proceedings. Different solutions in this regard are partly due to the di

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Fritzsche, F. R., B. Oelrich, M. Dietel, K. Jung, and G. Kristiansen. "European and US publications in the 50 highest ranking pathology journals from 2000 to 2006." Journal of Clinical Pathology 61, no. 4 (2007): 474–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2007.051656.

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Aims:To analyse the contributions of the 15 primary member states of the European Union and selected non-European countries to pathological research between 2000 and 2006.Methods:Pathological journals were screened using ISI Web of Knowledge database. The number of publications and related impact factors were determined for each country. Relevant socioeconomic indicators were related to the scientific output. Subsequently, results were compared to publications in 10 of the leading biomedical journals.Results:The research output remained generally stable. In Europe, the UK, Germany, France, Ita

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Terin, Mustafa, and Fahri Yavuz. "Türkiye Peynir Sektörünün Uluslararası Rekabetçiliğinin Avrupa Birliği Ülkeleriyle Karşılaştırılmalı Analizi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, no. 9 (2018): 1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i9.1243-1250.2023.

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Cheese, in addition to being a rich foodstuff regarding protein and calcium, has an important place in international trade. Cheese export consists 40.3% of the world’s dairy products exports. European Union countries such as Germany, Netherland, France, Italy and Denmark, in addition to the USA, New Zealand and Australia have an important market share in international cheese trade. Germany, Netherland, France, Italy and Denmark export 54.8% of the world and 71.8% of European Union total cheese export in 2016. Turkey is in 25th place in the world ranking with exports value of $150 million in 20

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Misztal, Anna, Magdalena Kowalska, Anita Fajczak-Kowalska, and Otakar Strunecky. "Energy Efficiency and Decarbonization in the Context of Macroeconomic Stabilization." Energies 14, no. 16 (2021): 5197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165197.

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Decarbonization is an activity aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit climate change and global warming. Ensuring macroeconomic stabilization is the basis for ecological action. The question is whether macroeconomic stabilization helps companies, institutions and countries act for decarbonization. This article presents research on the impact of components of macroeconomic stabilization on decarbonization and energy efficiency in the largest greenhouse gas emitters in the European Union from 1990 to 2020. We focus on the following countries, France, Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain

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Szymanowski, Wacław. "European Pork Chains : the Role of Stakeholders in Diversification of Quality Management Systems." Olsztyn Economic Journal 8, no. 1 (2013): 13–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.3197.

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The paper presents the results of the diagnose concerning the characteristics of pork chains in 6 European Union countries: France, Greece, Spain, The Netherlands, Germany and Hungary. The aim of the paper is to present the differences and fragmentary character of the chains in the pork sector in Europe and diversification of demand for pork products in rapidly developing European markets. Determination of presence of differences in the quality management systems in 6 chosen European countries, i.e. France, Greece, Spain, The Netherlands, Germany and Hungary is the main hypothesis of the paper

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Boinon, J. P., J. C. Kroll, D. Lepicier, A. Leseigneur, and J. B. Viallon. "Enforcement of the 2003 CAP reform in 5 countries of the West European Union: Consequences on land rent and land market." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 4 (2008): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/860-agricecon.

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This paper analyses the enforcement of the 2003 CAP reform in 5 countries of the West European Union: France, Germany, Italy, Spain and United Kingdom. The reform gives multiple possibilities of adaptation at a national or regional level. Two standard strategies are foreseen: that of the States which mobilized to the maximum the innovations that the reform allowed, and that of the States which have chosen the option of a minimal application, to limit the effects of reorientation of the productions (maximum sectors remain coupled) or of the redistribution of the payments (historical references)

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Christner, Ron. "An Evaluation Of The Prospects For The Euro Currency In 2012-2013." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 11, no. 9 (2012): 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v11i9.7188.

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The 2008 global Financial Crisis and the subsequent relative collapse of the financial and economic markets, including the government bond markets, in Greece, Ireland, and Portugal as well as economic weakness in other Western European economies have called into question the viability, going forward, of the Euro Currency. The so called PIIGS countries of Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, and Spain are thought to be financially vulnerable because of high levels of government spending and resulting deficit levels and inefficient labor markets and tax collection policies among other factors. Thos

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Zamora, Bernarda, Martina Garau, François Maignen, Phill O'Neill, and Jorge Mestre-Ferrandiz. "OP138 Access To Orphan Drugs In The United Kingdom And Other European Countries." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, S1 (2017): 64–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317001969.

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INTRODUCTION:Under the Orphan Regulation, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) intended to incentivize the research and development of new treatments for rare and life-threatening conditions. Marketing authorisation of orphan medicinal products (OMPs) by the EMA is only the first step, as medicines are made available to patients when reimbursement or Health Technology Assessment (HTA) decisions are implemented by national health systems. We analyzed the availability and access to OMPs in the United Kingdom (UK), France, Germany, Italy and Spain. We compared the availability, which is the possib

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Marginson, Paul. "EWC agreements under review: arrangements in companies based in four countries compared." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 5, no. 3 (1999): 256–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425899900500302.

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The provisions of the agreements establishing European Works Councils may facilitate or constrain their subsequent development as effective mechanisms of employee interest representation at a transnational level. Using information on 386 voluntary, Article 13 EWC agreements, the article investigates three issues: the extent to which there is provision for a trade union role; how far there are formal provisions equipping employee representatives to exercise their functions; and whether agreements put in place practices which will enable the employee side to sustain independent activity, and lia

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Enríquez-Fernández, Silvia, and Carlos del Castillo-Rodríguez. "Healthcare risk management during the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic in the European Union: The guaranteed access to medicines." International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine 32, no. 2 (2021): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jrs-200076.

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BACKGROUND: The disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread escalating the situation to an international pandemic. The absence of a vaccine or an efficient treatment with enough scientific evidence against the virus has generated a healthcare crisis of great magnitude. The precautionary principle justifies the selection of the recommended medicines, whose demand has increased dramatically. METHODS: we carried out an analysis of the healthcare risk management and the main measures taken by the state healthcare authorities to a possible shortage of medicines in the most

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Thomas, Adrien. "The transnational circulation of the ‘organizing model’ and its reception in Germany and France." European Journal of Industrial Relations 22, no. 4 (2016): 317–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680116646209.

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Approaches to union ‘renewal’ or ‘revitalization’ developed in the USA have influenced debates in other countries on responses to the loss of membership. The ‘organizing model’ was first disseminated to other Anglophone countries (Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom) but was subsequently discussed and adopted in a number of continental European countries. This article analyses the transnational circulation of the organizing approach, focusing on its reception in Germany and France and examining the actors and channels of circulation, before exploring the extent to wh

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Sarkar, Jayita. "U.S. Policy to Curb West European Nuclear Exports, 1974–1978." Journal of Cold War Studies 21, no. 2 (2019): 110–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00877.

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After India's detonation of a nuclear explosive in 1974 publicly demonstrated the proliferation risks from nuclear assistance, the U.S. government increased its efforts to control nuclear exports worldwide. In doing so, U.S. policymakers faced challenges from two major West European allies, France and West Germany, both of which pursued their commercial interests through nuclear exports to countries such as Pakistan, Brazil, Iran, and India, among others. Despite multilateral efforts including the formation of the Nuclear Suppliers Group and bilateral negotiations with the supplier governments

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BHATIA, SANDEEP KAUR, and Amandeep Kaur. "Trends and Patterns of Indiaâ€™s Trade with Six EU Countries." Journal of Global Economy 11, no. 1 (2015): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v11i1.347.

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India and European Union trade relations go back to 1960s. Both sides started their bilateral trade relations after their first summit which, was held in 2000 and after that India-EU has gone through various rounds of summits and negotiations for improving the bilateral trade ties. As a result, Free Trade Agreement was agreed upon between them in 2007 but it is still not fully implemented. EU is Indiaâ€™s largest trading partner which has accounted 14.8 percent in its total trade in 2011. The study has taken up six nations of EU namely Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands and UK as Â Â

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Florczak, Tomasz. "The Growing Importance of the Financial Sector in the Founding Countries of the European Union." Finanse i Prawo Finansowe 2, no. 26 (2020): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2391-6478.2.26.03.

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The economies of the 21st century countries operate on the principle of connected vessels. A significant element of changes in economies is the growth of the financial sector. The process of financial sector growth is often referred as financialization. The significant impact of this sector on economic development was shown during the financial crisis of 2008. Financialization is more visible in highly developed countries. Undoubtedly the founding countries of the European Union belong to highly developed countries. It is possible that the financialization is higher in bigger countries like Fr

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Wood, Luke B. "German Hegemony? The Federal Republic of Germany in Post Cold War European Affairs." German Politics and Society 37, no. 4 (2019): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2019.370408.

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Germany’s increased power capabilities in foreign affairs since reunification have prompted scholars to argue that the country should be viewed as a regional hegemonic power, exercising significant influence not only over smaller countries in Eastern and Southern Europe, but also over the institutions of the European Union. After providing a critical assessment of the literature on hegemony in Europe, this article outlines three main trends in the scholarship on German power in European affairs. First, scholars tend to exaggerate Berlin’s power capabilities relative to other major European sta

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Özdeşer, Hüseyin. "Analysis of the Economic Impacts of the Euro, the Efficiency of the Euro in the Optimum Currency Area, and the Place of the Euro in Global Economics." European Review 28, no. 2 (2020): 258–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798719000449.

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The introduction of the euro has led to three dominant currencies in the financial markets, namely the euro, dollar and yen. The use of the euro as the single currency is a key element for economic and political unification in the EU (European Union). While some of the criteria for achieving monetary integration between the European Monetary Union (EMU) member countries in the euro area have been satisfied, some problems still remain. As the euro is not the currency of a single country like the dollar, the dollar still retains its dominant position in the international markets. After the Brexi

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