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Journal articles on the topic 'Germany – History, Military – 20th century'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Aydın, Abdurrahim, and Tuncay Zorlu. "Transfer of German Military Know-How and Technology to the Ottoman Military Factories at the beginning of the First World War." Belleten 79, no. 285 (2015): 739–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2015.739.

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Supply of military weapons, equipment, spare parts and ammunition had always been of a crucial importance for the Ottoman Empire. This issue came to be a part of an international diplomacy from 19th century onwards when the Ottoman governments were forced into a position to choose allies from European Powers who were in rivalry in providing military materials. Many companies from France, England and Germany competed with each other in order to have the greatest share from the military supplies market in the Ottoman Empire. Such German companies as Krupp, and Rheinische Metallwaren und Maschine

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2

Przybyło, Łukasz. "Building Military Doctrine based on History and Experience: 20th century examples from Germany, France, Israel and the US." Estonian Yearbook of Military History 9 (2019): 114–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22601/saa.2019.08.04.

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3

Fal’ko, S. A. "Activity of European Military-Instruction Missions in the Countries of South-Eastern Europe at the beginning of the XX century." Problems of World History, no. 13 (March 18, 2021): 24–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-13-2.

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This article studies one of the components of the history of modernization processes in the countries of South-Eastern Europe in the latter half of the 19th century – the early 20th century – military modernization. The purpose of research is to analyze the role of foreign military assistance in formation of military forces of Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Albania and Greece. Separate directions of military assistance provided to the countries of South-Eastern Europe in the form of military missions, training of officers in Europe, arms export and other aspects are disclosed.&#x

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Tyumentsev, Igor, and Alexander Kleitman. "Military-Technical Cooperation of the USSR and the ChSR in the 30s of the 20th Century (According to the Memoirs of Chief Designer of Artillery Weapons of the Kirov Plant I.A. Makhanov)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 26, no. 1 (2021): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.1.18.

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Introduction. Memoirs of I.A. Makhanov, who in the 1930s was the chief designer of artillery weapons at the Kirov plant, contain unique data on the development of the military-technical thought and the defense sector of the USSR industry in the pre-war period. The published fragment of memoirs, first introduced into scientific circulation, supplements and corrects the ideas formed in historiography about the military-technical cooperation of the USSR and Czechoslovakia on the eve of World War II. Methods and materials. The preparation of the source text for publication is carried out taking in

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Tyumentsev, Igor, and Alexander Kleitman. "Military-Technical Cooperation of the USSR and the CHSR in the 30s of the 20th Century (According to the Memoirs of Chief Designer of Artillery Weapons of the Kirov Plant I.A. Makhanov). Part 2." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (May 2021): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.2.16.

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Introduction. Memoirs of I.A. Makhanov, who in the 1930s was the chief designer of artillery weapons at the Kirov plant, contain unique data on the development of the military-technical thought and the defense sector of the USSR industry in the pre-war period. The published fragment of memoirs, first introduced into scientific circulation, supplements and corrects the ideas formed in historiography about the militarytechnical cooperation of the USSR and Czechoslovakia on the eve of World War II. Methods and materials. The preparation of the source text for publication is carried out taking int

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Rutkevich, Alexey M. "Oswald Spengler. Young Conservative Geopolitics." Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 65 (March 1, 2020): 51–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2020-0-4-51-90.

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Oswald Spengler belongs to the trend in the so-called “conservative revolution” which was entitled “young conservatism” (Jungkonservative) in times of Weimar Republic and was close to the political position of German business and military elites. The projects of those elites before and during the First World War and their development up to the seizer of power by the Nazis and the Second World War apply to the geopolitics, and Spengler was one of the most talented representatives and creators of those plans in world politics. His views on the world politics are determined by the Lebensphilosoph

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Borisov, A. Yu. "The Anti-Hitler Coalition: From Enmity to Military Alliance — A Formula for Success." Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 12, no. 3 (2020): 7–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2020-12-3-7-44.

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It is unfortunate to note again today that World War II did not end, it continues in the form of the war of memory. Politicians and scholars who stand as ideological successors of collaborators are trying to rewrite the history of those tragic days, to downplay the role of the Soviet Union in the victory over fascism. They try to revive certain political myths, which have been debunked long ago, that the Soviet Union and the Nazi Germany bear equal responsibility for the outbreak of World War II, that the Red Army did not liberate Eastern Europe but ‘occupied’ it. In order to combat these atte

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Kwoka, Tomasz. "Dzieje i pochodzenie zapożyczeń słownictwa z zakresu życia społecznego w Serbii i Czarnogórze do początku XX wieku." Slavia Meridionalis 10 (August 31, 2015): 185–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sm.2010.014.

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History and origin of language borrowings in social vocabulary of Serbia and Montenegro to the beginnings of 20th centuryThe article presents the main sources of language borrowings which developed the Serbian vocabulary within the scope of broadly defined social relationships and encompasses the period of time from the main sources of language borrowings till the beginnings of the 20th century. First of all the form of addressing family leaders and the most important family structures, the form of addressing of political, military and church leaders, the nomenclature of social layers’ members

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9

Fernández, Víctor M. "“What the great Alexander and the famous Julius Caesar wanted so much to see”. A commemoration of the fourth centenary of the Blue Nile Sources discovery by the Spanish Jesuit Pedro Páez Xaramillo (April 21th, 1618)." Culture & History Digital Journal 8, no. 1 (2019): 012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2019.012.

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On April 21, 1618 Pedro Páez visited the small spring where the waters of the Blue Nile rise before passing through Lake Tana. The site had been seen before by the military leader of the group of Ethio-Portuguese descendants of the Portuguese soldiers who had helped the Christian kingdom in the wars of 1541-1543, who passed the news to the missionaries shortly before 1607. In both cases the Ethiopian kings, Särsä Dengel and Susenyos, took them to the sources, showing that the local population had a clear knowledge of the river course. Páez was the first European who described all its character

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Baghirova, Irada. "Historical cataclysms of the second decade of the twentieth century and their influence on the development of scientific knowledge in Azerbaijan (1914-1917)." Scientific knowledge - autonomy, dependence, resistance 29, no. 2 (2020): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v29i2.2.

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The First World War, putting at risk the existence of many states, led to a controversial reaction from the scientific community. On the one hand, the war suspended many studies requiring a peaceful course of life and contradicted the very humanistic content of science, on the other hand, gave a powerful impetus to the development of many branches of chemistry, physics, agriculture etc. Scientists of all countries, including Germany and Russia, were called upon to actively participate not only in the implementation of military defense projects, but also in the creation of new technologies and

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Sobczyński, Eugeniusz, and Jerzy Pietruszka. "Military aeronautical charts in the past and today." Polish Cartographical Review 50, no. 1 (2018): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcr-2018-0002.

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Abstract The history of the development of military aeronautical charts began immediately before the First World War. The first charts created at that time did not differ much from topographic maps. Air planes were fairly slow back then and had a small range of action, which meant that the charts were developed at the scale of 1:200,000. When speed of aircraft increased, it soon turned out that this scale was too large. Therefore, many countries began to create charts with smaller scales: 1:300,000 and 1:500,000. The International Map of the World 1:1,000,000 (IMW) was frequently used for cont

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Kubiak, Szymon Piotr. "Gratitude. The Red Army Memorial in Szczecin: A Geographical, Topographical, and Biographical Perspective." Ikonotheka, no. 30 (May 28, 2021): 89–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2657-6015ik.30.5.

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In March 1945, the combined Polish-Soviet forces captured the German city of Stettin. On 26 April, the 65th Army of the 2nd Belorussian Front entered the city, in which the rule of the Soviet military command was soon established. Due to its unresolved status and territorial disputes, Polish politicians, self-government officials, and first settlers were forced to leave Szczecin twice. In the period of the Polish-German “race for Szczecin”, which ended with the Potsdam Conference, the only stable element having control over the lower Oder was the USSR, whose emissaries treated the conquered te

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Gradmann, Christoph, Mark Harrison, and Anne Rasmussen. "Typhoid and the Military in the Early 20th Century." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, Supplement_5 (2019): S385—S387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz672.

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Abstract Background In the decades following the discovery of the bacillus causing typhoid, in 1880, understanding of the disease formerly known as enteric fever was transformed, offering new possibilities for prevention. Gradually, measures that aimed to prevent infection from human carriers were developed, as were inoculations designed to confer immunity against typhoid and paratyphoid fevers. These were initially introduced in European armies that were regularly ravaged by typhoid, especially garrisons stationed in the colonies. This article reviews the research undertaken in the armed forc

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14

Dartmann, C. "The State and Economic Crisis in 20th Century Germany." German History 13, no. 1 (1995): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/13.1.80.

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15

Matsiuk, H. P. "Towards a typology of language situations in historical sociolinguistics. The language situation in Kholmshchyna and Pidliashshia in 1815-1915." Movoznavstvo 318, no. 3 (2021): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-318-2021-3-002.

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The article seeks to study a new period in the typological characteristics of language situations related to the functions of the Ukrainian language. The purpose of the article is to analyze the changes in the language situation and the causal interaction of social functions of languages used by the indigenous Ukrainian population on the outskirts of ethnically Ukrainian territory of Kholmshchyna and Pidliashshia in 1815–1915. In order to reach this goal, the author reveals the political factors that led to a variety of language situations, communicative practices, and assimilation processes.

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16

Wilson, P. H. "The Politics of Military Recruitment in Eighteenth-Century Germany." English Historical Review 117, no. 472 (2002): 536–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/117.472.536.

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Mudry, Albert, Robert Mlynski, and Burkhard Kramp. "History of otorhinolaryngology in Germany before 1921." HNO 69, no. 5 (2021): 338–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00106-021-01046-9.

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AbstractIn 2021, the German Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery is celebrating the 100th anniversary of its foundation. The aim of this article is to present the main inventions and progress made in Germany before 1921, the date the society was founded. Three chronological periods are discernible: the history of otorhinolaryngology (ORL) in Germany until the beginning of the 19th century, focusing mainly on the development of scattered knowledge; the birth of the sub-specialties otology, laryngology (pharyngo-laryngology and endoscopy), and rhinology in the 19th century, comb

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18

Fitch, Kate. "Rethinking Australian public relations history in the mid-20th century." Media International Australia 160, no. 1 (2016): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x16651135.

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This article investigates the development of public relations in Australia and addresses calls to reconceptualise Australian public relations history. It presents the findings from an analysis of newspaper articles and industry newsletters in the 1940s and 1950s. These findings confirm the term public relations was in common use in Australia earlier than is widely accepted and not confined to either military information campaigns during the war or the corporate sector in the post-war period, but was used by government and public institutions and had increasing prominence through industry assoc

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Grebenshchikova, Galina A. "Germany-Turkish military and political co-operation at the beginningof 20th century and position of Russia." Петербургский исторический журнал, no. 1 (2021): 260–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.51255/2311-603x_2021_1_260.

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20

Struve, Walter. "Population, Labour, and Migration in 19th- and 20th-Century Germany. Klaus J. Bade." Journal of Modern History 61, no. 2 (1989): 412–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/468273.

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21

Szulc, Tomasz. "A history of the Neisse Garrison." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 193, no. 3 (2019): 529–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5007.

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The Neisse Garrison always held a strategic position starting with its es-tablishment in the Early Middle Ages until the end of the 20th century. Its convenient location in the Sudety Foothills meant that it served de-fence functions protecting this area from both attacks from the north and the south. Over the centuries relations between the city and the military underwent numerous transformations depending on who con-trolled it. In the times of the Bishop’s Duchy and the rule of Habsburg only small troops stationed in the garrison, and the security of the whole area was provided by bulwarks.

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Sprung, Lothar. "History of modern psychology in Germany in 19th- and 20th-century thought and society." International Journal of Psychology 36, no. 6 (2001): 364–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207590143000199.

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23

Taylor, Peter K. "“Patrimonial” Bureaucracy and “Rational” Policy in Eighteenth-Century Germany: The Case of Hessian Recruitment Reforms, 1762–93." Central European History 22, no. 1 (1989): 33–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900010815.

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Until the 1950s the historical reputation of the eighteenth-century rulers of Hesse-Cassel rested primarily upon their practice of financing state and court expenses by leasing conscripted and trained military units to Europe's major powers. Over the course of the last forty years another picture has emerged which stresses that these petty German absolutists participated in a movement of “Enlightened” reform. More recent attempts to reconcile apparent enlightenment with a military and financial system based on involuntary military servitude have noted contradictory labyrinths of means, ends, t

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Kuzmin, Yuriy. "A New Interpretation of the History of the Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 or a Subjective Assessment of the Researcher?" Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 20, no. 1 (2019): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2019.20(1).109-123.

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The author of the book, O.S. Smyslov, interprets the military events in the area of the Khalkhin Gol river in 1939, defines the causes of the war, the role of commanders, military casualties and participants of military actions. The battle of Khalkhin Gol becomes the subject of much attention and study of Russian and Mongolian historians, especially the most complex and controversial issues of military and diplomatic history. Most of the research is original and contributes significantly to the interpretation of the military conflict, its geopolitical nature and its role in the world history o

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Zeidler, M. "The Military in Politics and Society in France and Germany in the Twentieth Century." German History 15, no. 1 (1997): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/15.1.150.

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Sipos, Regina, and Kerstin Franzl. "Tracing the History of DIY and Maker Culture in Germany’s Open Workshops." Digital Culture & Society 6, no. 1 (2020): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/dcs-2020-0106.

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Abstract This article presents preliminary research findings on the history of Do-It-Yourself (DIY) and maker culture in Germany. It aims to identify historical, political, economic and societal shifts that have led to the existence of approximately 1000 makerspaces of various kinds in Germany today. The article summarises the beginnings of DIY in the 20th century in West Germany and East Germany. It focuses on how infrastructures supporting DIY were created out of necessity and economic considerations, how tools and spaces were offered as public service, the influence of counterculture moveme

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Trischler, Helmuth, and Hans Weinberger. "Engineering Europe: big technologies and military systems in the making of 20th century Europe." History and Technology 21, no. 1 (2005): 49–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07341510500037503.

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Kiehnle, Arndt. "The long journey of ‘Privatautonomie’." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis 87, no. 4 (2019): 473–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-00870a09.

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SummaryIndividual autonomy was rediscovered in modernity when it came to the persecution of dissenters in Germany after the Reformatio n. Since the 18th century the ‘Privatautonomie’ of the individual has been established in German private law. Later, in the 19th century, the term autonomy gained ground in the legal terminology of French private law, also thanks to the German emigrant Foelix. In the 20th century autonomy, not least thanks to German-speaking jurists who fled from the Nazis, became a legal term also used in the private law of the USA and Great Britain.

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Dodson, Giles. "REVIEW: 'Digger' media out-manoeuvred by military." Pacific Journalism Review 18, no. 1 (2012): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v18i1.303.

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Review of: Witnesses to War: The History of Australian Conflict Reporting, by Fay Anderson and Richard Trembath. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2011, 501 pp, ISBN 978-0522856446 (pbk)Witnesses to War: The History of Australian Conflict Reporting provides a thorough-going account of the developments and, importantly, of continuities which have characterised Australian reporting of foreign wars since the 19th century. It is a welcome addition to the growing body of conflict reporting literature, in particular to that which concerns the local experience. It is clear the forces which struc

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Gosewinkel, Dieter. "Einbürgern und Ausschließen. Staatsangehörigkeit und Bürgerrecht in Deutschland während des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Germanistische Abteilung 137, no. 1 (2020): 364–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrgg-2020-0006.

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AbstractNaturalizing and excluding. Nationality and citizenship law in 19th and 20th century Germany. Nationality law in Germany came up as a legal institution of German federal states at the beginning of 19th century and underwent a process of nationalization. The principle of descent (Abstammungsprinzip), which was – before a legal reform in 2000 – hegemonic, was used to define German nationality primarily as a community of ethno-cultural descent. This restrictive use of German nationality law did not establish, however, a direct line of conceptual and political continuity between ‘ethno-cul

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Bijan, Amanj N. B. "Kurdish studies in Russia in the early 20th century." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 190 (2021): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2021-26-190-158-165.

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We consider the history of studying the history of Kurds in Russia in the early 20th century. The plans of cooperation between the Russians and Kurds against the Ottoman Empire are analyzed. We consider the socio-political and research activities of Russian politicians and scientists in the framework of solving the Kurdish issue. Research on Kurdistan, which began in the 19th century, continued and developed in Russia. Along with military and strategic studies, there were studies of Kurdish clans and Kurdish society. In addition to Russian scientists, Russian diplomats also contributed to the

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Ermolaeva, M. A. "“Russian libraries in Germany” – The essays in history." Scientific and Technical Libraries 1, no. 1 (2021): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2021-1-159-164.

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Review of the collection of works prepared by Gottfried Kratz (Gottfried Kratz. Russische Biblioteken in Deutschland. – Berlin : Peter Lang, 2020. – 231 s. (Arbeiten und Bibliographen zum Buch – und Bibliothekswesen. 17).The book in German comprises the papers by German and Russian researchers on public, academic, military and church libraries in the mid-19th century and up to present. The reviewer focuses on the works matching the profile of the “Scientific and Technical Libraries” journal. The presented works are based on vast archival materials and expand the knowledge of Russian-German lib

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Chugunov, E. V. "Military towns for military-strategic function of Western Siberian towns (Omsk and Novo-Nikolaevsk) early in the 20th century." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 23, no. 3 (2021): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2021-23-3-71-80.

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Purpose: Exploration of military towns as one of the components of military strategy of the cities of Omsk and Novo-Nikolaevsk in the 19–20th centuries.Design/methodology/approach: Archival and literary sources, buildings of the military department, quite autonomous in Siberian cities corresponding to all functional purposes.Research findings: The influence of the militarystrategic plans of the Russian Empire on the spatial development of military-strategic aspect of construction of barrack complexes in urban development.Practical implications: The research results can be applied in further st

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Ivaniuk, Oleg. "Museumification of the military historical heritage in the Dnieper Ukraine and the Crimea in the 19th and early 20th centuries." Kyiv Historical Studies, no. 2 (2018): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2018.2.8188.

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The article focuses on the beginning of the process of formation of museum collections relevant to the military past of the Dnieper Ukraine in the 19th — first decade of the 20th century. It is determined, in the research scope, that the process of creating museum exhibits, which consisted of monuments of military historical heritage, was influenced by the following: the development of archaeological research, which was stimulated by the domination of classicism, which induced interest in the ancient past, the imperial power ideologizing the historical process, the Ukrainian nobility (descenda

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Beer, André-Michael, Bernhard Uehleke, and Karl Rüdiger Wiebelitz. "The History of Inpatient Care in German Departments Focussing on Natural Healing." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/521879.

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We describe historic developments of inhouse facilities for natural healing in this paper, which were mainly located in German speaking regions. The naturopathic movement is a relabeling of the hydropathic movement in Germany, which was supported by a considerable proportion of the population in Germany during the mid 19th century. Due to the fact that hydropathic treatments were provided by nonmedical healers, discriminated as “quacks”, there was continuous hostility between hydropathy/naturopathy and medicine. However, among the many establishments providing inhouse treatment for acute and c

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Wolffram, Heather. "In the laboratory of the Ghost-Baron: parapsychology in Germany in the early 20th century." Endeavour 33, no. 4 (2009): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2009.10.001.

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Magulov, M. B. "THE PROBLEM OF STUDYING THE MILITARY HISTORY OF THE HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN." Herald of KSUCTA n a N Isanov, no. 4-2020 (December 23, 2020): 568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35803/1694-5298.2020.4.568-574.

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This article examines the historical and military-historical research of Soviet, Kazakh and Russian scientists, the history of the creation of the armed forces on the territory of Kazakhstan, their formation and development. In Soviet historiography, the development of all national republics, especially their military history, was interpreted through the prism of the history of Russia or the Russian people. For many years, materials from this period (from the beginning of the 20th century until the collapse of the USSR) were not covered in the historical literature. For ideological reasons, th

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Shishmonin, Sergey Vladimirovich. "EVOLUTION OF PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES IN THE WORLD." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 9 (2019): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2019-3-9-107-113.

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In a rapidly changing and unstable situation on the world stage, private military companies are present and developing very effectively in the military sphere. Relation to private military companies is a relatively new actors in the military sphere, is not clear. The history of formation and development of these organizations is short, but very bright. Mercenarism and prototypes of private military companies were known in ancient times. We show the evolution of private military companies from mercenaries to modern companies. In the modern sense of the term private military companies began to b

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Eigler, Friederike. "Writing in the New Germany: Cultural Memory and Family Narratives." German Politics and Society 23, no. 3 (2005): 16–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503005780979967.

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This article discusses the genre of family narratives in contemporary German literature against the backdrop of cultural memory in postunification Germany.1 Family narratives lend themselves to a critical study of memory as they enact the transmission and transformation of memories from one generation to the next. Thus, these texts serve a pivotal role as both archives for and reflections on individual and collective memories of 20th century Germany history. Since the late 1990s, i.e., almost a decade after the collapse

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Turk, Theresa. "Joseph Landsberger (1848–1933): Medical Man in a Time of Change." Journal of Medical Biography 13, no. 2 (2005): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096777200501300207.

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Joseph Landsberger was a Jewish doctor in Germany in the second half of the 19th and much of the first half of the 20th century. He was involved in the scientific advances of his time, especially in the fields of antisepsis and asepsis, bacteriology, surgical technique, public health and therapeutics.

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Krzoska, Markus, Kolja Lichy, and Konstantin Rometsch. "Jenseits von Ostmitteleuropa? Zur Aporie einer deutschen Nischenforschung." Journal of Modern European History 16, no. 1 (2018): 40–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944-2018-1-40.

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Ostmitteleuropaforschung - Beyond East Central Europe? The Aporiae of a Niche Research Interest in Germany The article discusses some crucial problems of area studies drawing on the example of East Central European studies in Germany today. Against the backdrop of persistent methodological imperatives stemming from the 19th and early 20th century, we argue that general definitions of space, time or structure are of little use even in relation to a constructed region. Instead, we call for a praxeological approach that takes into consideration specific situational entanglements and their actors.

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Török, Zsolt Győző. "North in the head: spatial reference frame and map orientation." Abstracts of the ICA 2 (October 8, 2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-2-6-2020.

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Abstract. Effective map use in the field is based on orientation in two spaces: in a physical or geographical space and in a representational, graphic space. When using a map the wayfinding process includes the identification of the user’s geographical position in the field (starting point), the identification of the target and planning the route’s connecting the two points. However, the initial direction of the user is very rarely the orientation of the map, so the problem of navigation with maps is the translation of the representational space into the user’s actual situation. In other words

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Sherba, A. N., and Yu A. Nikulin. "Obukhov Plant in 1900–1916: Features of Development of Military Production." Modern History of Russia 10, no. 3 (2020): 560–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2020.301.

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At the beginning of the 20th century, domestic military industry entered a new stage of development, due to the evolution of scientific and technological progress that led to increasing complexity of weapons and military equipment. In addition, this stage was characterized by Russia’s participation in two wars: the Russian-Japanese War and First World War. All this significantly influenced the nature of development of military production: its scale grew rapidly, and diversification intensified. One of the largest centers for Russia’s military industry was St. Petersburg, where the largest fact

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Sydorenko, Andrii. "Ukrainian Studies Direction in the Cultural and Scholarly Activity of the Ukrainian Military Emigration of the 20th-Century Interwar Period." Ukrainian Studies, no. 1(78) (May 20, 2021): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.1(78).2021.224214.

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The purpose of this article is to investigate the specifics of Ukrainian studies in the cultural and scholarly activities of the Ukrainian military emigration. Based on its archival documents and research publications, such issues are covered: the origins of cultural and scholarly activities of the Ukrainian military emigration in view of its internment in 1920–1921; the place of the Ukrainian studies direction in the activities of scientific military societies and respective museum departments; Ukrainian studies aspects concerned by the representatives of the Ukrainian military emigration in

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Antolović, Mihael. "“World domination or ruin”. Friedrich von Bernhardi and German militarism before World War I." Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 9, no. 4 (2016): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.21301/eap.v9i4.16.

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The paper analyzes the role of militarism in the political life of Germany before WWI. By pointing out the roe of militarism in the political life of Germany at the start of the 20th century, the paper puts an emphasis on the writing of Friedrich von Bernhardi titled Germany and the next war, published in 1912. Bernhardi sought to prove the inevitability of “preemptive war” and territorial annexations in order to provide for the economic and political interests of Germany as a global force. Bernhardi legitimized his opinion by calling on social-Darwinist arguments as well as the tradition of G

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Sher, S. A., T. V. Yakovleva, and V. Yu Al’bitskiy. "About history and significance of the eugenic ideas." Kazan medical journal 99, no. 5 (2018): 855–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2018-855.

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Aim. To show the short history of the origin and development of the eugenic ideas at the beginning of the 20th century. Methods. Historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods were used. Results. The article presents the results of historical and medical research that demonstrated that close by the tasks to medicine eugenics studied inherited properties, their social manifestations and historical changes. Science eugenics gained wide circulation and recognition in 1920s in USSR. The ideas became popular that achievements of the Soviet health care, its preventive direction le

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Tovsultanova, Malika Sharipovna, Rustam Alhazurovich Tovsultanov, and Lilia Nadipovna Galimova. "Army and Islamic parties in the political life of Turkey in the second half of the 20th century." Samara Journal of Science 10, no. 2 (2021): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv2021102211.

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The paper examines the confrontation between the army, which supported the inviolability of the principles of a secular state, and the supporters of the Islamic way of development. The authors provide a short course on the history of the military coups of 1960, 1971 and 1980. Based on the analysis of actions and public statements of the event participants themselves, researchers come to a conclusion that the fight against clerical tendencies played a role in the preparation of military coups no less than the fight against left radicals. The 1970s in the history of Turkey is an extremely unstab

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Babintseva, Ekaterina Alekseevna, and Lyudmila Vasilievna Ponomarenko. "Cooperation between Russia and Germany in the field of energy policy in the XX-XXI centuries." RUDN Journal of World History 13, no. 2 (2021): 238–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2021-13-2-238-250.

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The author devoted the paper to the peculiarities of bilateral cooperation between Russia and Germany in the field of maintaining a favourable environmental balance. The author notes that nature protection for a long time was not considered as a subject of interstate cooperation and did not fall into the focus of the agenda of important international summits. In connection with a number of historical reasons, at the beginning of the last century there was minimal state interest in organizing the protection of protected areas, conducting stabilization and supporting environmental measures, as w

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Kouvarou, Maria. "American Rock with a European Twist: The Institutionalization of Rock’n’Roll in France, West Germany, Greece, and Italy (20th Century)." Historia Crítica, no. 57 (July 2015): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7440/histcrit57.2015.05.

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Baev, V. G. "Otto von Bismarck and Germany Militarization (Legislative Formalization of the Military Reform in Germany in the 80s of the 19th century)." Lex Russica, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.166.9.077-087.

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The history of Germany of the second half of the 19th century and the activities of Otto von Bismarck form an integral unit, provided we bear in mind the process of Germany becoming a centralized state. The author argues that the attainment of German unity could only be achieved on the paths of war with Austria and France. This implies why military reform in Germany has been given so much attention.This study is focused on the second stage of military reform — the strengthening of the German army after the establishment of a centralized state. The author poses the question: if the “German issu

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