To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Germany (West) – History – Sources.
Journal articles on the topic 'Germany (West) – History – Sources'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Germany (West) – History – Sources.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Bauerkämper, Arnd. "Not Dusk, but Dawn: The Cultural Turn and German Social History After 1990." East Central Europe 34-35, no. 1-2 (2008): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-0340350102003.
Full textAbstract:
This article focuses on the evolution of social history in pre- 1989 West Germany and the GDR and, on the basis of this overview, identifies new, innovative historiographical trends on (re-)writing social history in unified Germany. It is argued that, for many decades, West German historiography had been characterized by sharp debates between the more established advocates of investigations into social structures and processes, on the one hand, and the grass-roots historians of everyday life, on the other. Since the early 1990s, however, this antagonism has considerably receded in favour of synthetic perspectives. At the same time, interest in the history of East European states and regions has considerably increased. This article highlights these new analytical trends in recent German historiography by taking as example studies of the social history of the GDR. In the unified Germany, the history of the GDR has received particular attention. Access to new sources has also enabled historians to link the histories of Eastern and Western Europe, either by employing comparative perspectives or investigating cross-border entanglements.
2
Schmokel, Wolfe W., and Adam Jones. "German Sources for West African History, 1599-1669." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 19, no. 3 (1985): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/484539.
Full text
3
LAW, ROBIN. "German Sources for West African History 1599–1669." African Affairs 85, no. 338 (January 1986): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097756.
Full text
4
Pasquini, Dario. "Longing for Purity: Fascism and Nazism in the Italian and German Satirical Press (1943/1945–1963)." European History Quarterly 50, no. 3 (July 2020): 464–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691420932251.
Full textAbstract:
This article compares Italian and German memory cultures of Fascism and Nazism using an analysis of Italian and West- and East-German satirical magazines published from 1943 to 1963. In the early post-war period, as a consequence of the anti-Fascist and anti-Nazi policies in Italy and in Germany that had been put into effect by the Allied occupation authorities, a significant part of the Italian and German public felt anxiety regarding the Fascist and the Nazi past and feared these past regimes as potential sources of contamination. But many, both in Italy and Germany, also reacted by denying that their country needed any sort of ‘purification’. This article’s main argument is that the interaction between these two conflicting positions exercised different effects in the three contexts considered. In Italy, especially during the years after 1948, the satirical press produced images that either rendered Fascism banal or praised it, representing it as a phenomenon which was an ‘internal’ and at least partly positive product of Italian society. I define this process as a sweetening ‘internalization’ of Fascism. In East Germany, by contrast, Nazism was represented through images linking the crimes committed in the Nazi concentration camps, depicted as a sort of ‘absolute evil’, with the leadership of the FRG, considered ‘external’ to ‘true’ German society. I define this process as a ‘demonizing’ externalization of Nazism, by which I mean a tendency to represent Nazism as a ‘monstrous’ phenomenon. In the West German satirical press, on the other hand, Nazism was not only ‘externalized’ by comparing it to the East German Communist dictatorship, but also ‘internalized’ by implying that it was a negative product of German society in general and by calling for public reflection on responsibility for the Nazi crimes, including West Germany as the Nazi regime’s successor. The demonization of the regime also played a crucial role in this self-critical ‘internalization’ of Nazism.
5
Hagemann, Karen. "Occupation, Mobilization, and Politics: The Anti-Napoleonic Wars in Prussian Experience, Memory, and Historiography." Central European History 39, no. 4 (December 2006): 580–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906000197.
Full textAbstract:
In the “Year of Prussia” 2001, celebrated in Germany because of the three-hundredth anniversary of Prussia's becoming a kingdom in 1701, the editor of the culture section of Die Welt, Eckhart Fuhr, remarked in a review of recent publications, “The discourse (on Prussia) has long since lost all of its (former) severity, obstinacy, and passion. The Germans today,” he declared, “are perfectly comfortable with the ambiguity of the Prussian legacy.” His colleague, the historian and Die Zeit journalist Volker Ulrich, agreed. He observed that the discussion about Prussia lacked a critical edge and regretted that no “truly sharp anti-Prussian book” had appeared among the many new publications. Gavriel D. Rosenfeld reached the same conclusion in his article, “‘A Mastered Past?’ The West-German Historiography on Prussia after 1945,” published in 2004 in the journal German History. He interpreted as a sign of “normalization” the fact that—unlike thirty years ago—Prussia is no longer the source of sharply formulated historical debates.
6
Gross, Stephen G. "Reimagining Energy and Growth: Decoupling and the Rise of a New Energy Paradigm in West Germany, 1973–1986." Central European History 50, no. 4 (December 2017): 514–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938917001017.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis article traces the rise of new ideas about energy and growth in West Germany between 1973 and 1986. It shows how new economic expertise emerged in response to the oil shocks, and looks at how West Germany could, paradoxically, sustain growth in a world of seemingly exhausted and insecure energy sources. These experts reconceptualized the economy to imagine a future where “decoupling”—reducing energy consumption while expanding Gross Domestic Production—was possible. They found support in the Social Democratic Party, which, in using their ideas to overcome an internal rift precipitated by the rise of the Green movement in the 1970s, helped make these new ideas mainstream. Investigating this new energy paradigm helps us understand why Germany began to diverge from other large, industrialized states in the 1980s, as it increasingly focused on energy conservation rather than on expanding its energy supply.
7
Podobied, Olena. "THE DISPLACED PERSONS ERA IN THE PERCEPTION OF THE CHILD AND THE SCIENTIST." Intermarum history policy culture, no. 8 (December 30, 2020): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.112012.
Full textAbstract:
Review: Larissa Zaleska Onyshkevych. Bombs, Borders, and Two Right Shoes. World War II Through the Eyes of a Refugee Child. Lviv: Litopys publ., 2018. 258 p. It is proved that the book of memoirs by Larysa Zaleska Onyshkevych is a valuable source on the history of Displaced Persons and refugees from Ukraine in post war West Germany. We can learn from its pages how refugee children lived, what they felt, what they dreamed about, what they were afraid of during the DP era, what factors influenced the formation of their worldview and civic position.
8
Sneeringer, Julia. "“Assembly Line of Joys”: Touring Hamburg's Red Light District, 1949–1966." Central European History 42, no. 1 (March 2009): 65–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000893890900003x.
Full textAbstract:
Hamburg, as any tourist guide will tell you, occupies a unique position within Germany. Now, every city can make this claim, so what constitutes Hamburg's uniqueness? Natives would say it is the harbor (Germany's largest) and the water that flows through the metropolis that claims more bridges than Venice. But ask an outsider, German or not, and he or she will likely say the Reeperbahn, Hamburg's notorious red-light district, known also to music fans as the incubator of The Beatles. Historically speaking, the harbor has been this Hanseatic city's source of trade and prosperity, as well as a major transit point for overseas travelers; the nearby Reeperbahn has long been a magnet for those seeking pleasure and distraction from the cares of life. In the 1950s and 1960s—the years of West Germany's “Economic Miracle” (Wirtschaftswunder)—Hamburg saw greater numbers of visitors than ever before. These guests included Germans from west and east (before the Berlin Wall was erected in 1961); international tourists, particularly from neighboring countries; British NATO troops stationed in the northern Federal Republic; and seamen from around the world. Some chose Hamburg specifically as their destination, others passed through on their way to someplace else.
9
Pugh, Emily. "From “National Style” to “Rationalized Construction”." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 74, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2015.74.1.87.
Full textAbstract:
From “National Style” to “Rationalized Construction”: Mass-Produced Housing, Style, and Architectural Discourse in the East German Journal Deutsche Architektur, 1956–1964 examines architectural critique of housing and style as it unfolded in the East German journal Deutsche Architektur (German architecture) from the late 1950s to the mid-1960s. Through an analysis of articles published in the journal as well as primary source documents, Emily Pugh investigates the reception of newly built housing developments in East Germany by a group of influential socialist architects, historians, and critics who were then writing for Deutsche Architektur. Pugh highlights individual architects’ attempts to subvert or resist the control of state and party authorities and considers how these individuals’ efforts might have influenced the development of the East German building economy. She also argues that these architects’ understanding of architectural modernism differed from that of their counterparts in the Cold War West, having been influenced by political and economic circumstances specific to East Germany.
10
Jones, Adam. "Semper Aliquid Veteris: Printed Sources for the History of the Ivory and Gold Coasts, 1500–1750." Journal of African History 27, no. 2 (July 1986): 215–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700036653.
Full textAbstract:
Since completing my Ph.D. under John Fage in 1979 I have been working on critical editions of German, Dutch and French sources for the seventeenth-century history of West Africa. Many of these have been used uncritically, especially in the last twenty years. In my view it is wrong to cite such sources at all until one has at least attempted to establish the relationship between them. If one compares the whole corpus, one discovers a host of plagiarisms and other forms of interborrowing. At least half the Europeans who wrote about West Africa between 1500 and 1750 are known to have read the works of other authors. Using two chronological lists of publications which described the Ivory and Gold Coasts in this period, I seek to show that only a few can be regarded as purely ‘primary’ sources – mostly the ones which are least often cited.
11
Raudsepp, Anu. "Erakirjad infoallikana Eesti ja Lääne vahel stalinismist sulani (1946–1959) [Abstract: Private letters between Estonia and the West as an information source from Stalinism to the start of the post-Stalin thaw, 1946–1959]." Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal, no. 4 (September 9, 2019): 255–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2018.4.01.
Full textAbstract:
Private letters between Estonia and the West as an information source from Stalinism to the start of the post-Stalin thaw, 1946–1959
After the Second World War, the Iron Curtain isolated Estonia from the rest of the world for a long time, separating many Estonian families from one another. Up to 80,000 Estonians fled from Estonia to the West due to the Second World War. Information on Estonia and the West was distorted by way of propaganda and censorship until the end of the Soviet occupation. The situation was at its most complicated during the Stalinist years, when information and the movement of information were controlled particularly stringently.
The only possible communication channel between Estonia and the West for private individuals during the era of totalitarianism was the exchange of letters, and even this was exceedingly restricted and controlled. The unique correspondence between Kusta Mannermaa (1888–1959) and his nephew Väino Veemees (1919–1987) and a friend named Jaakko Valkonen (1891–1968), who was a schoolteacher in Finland, inspired the writing of this article. Nearly 80 letters from the years 1946–1959 have been examined. The primary aim of this study is to identify how opportunities for relaying information between Estonia and the West were already sought and found during the post-war decades regardless of censorship, and what the important themes were. Thematically speaking, three main themes are focused on: the establishment, disruption and restoration of written contacts between Estonian war refugees and Estonia; Estonian expatriate literature in Kusta Mannermaa’s private letters, and his cultural contacts with the Estophile Finnish schoolteacher Jaakko Valkonen in 1946–1959.
During the post-war years, expatriate newspapers, including especially the Eesti Teataja [Estonian Gazette] in Sweden (starting from 1944) and the Eesti Rada [Estonian Path] in Germany (starting from 1945), obtained information on the Estonian homeland primarily from newspapers in Soviet Estonia (Rahva Hääl [the People’s Voice], Sirp ja Vasar [the Sickle and Hammer], and others) and from radio broadcasts, in isolated cases also from released German prisoners of war and Estonians who had escaped from Estonia, and very rarely from private letters. Unlike previously held viewpoints, it can be assumed that contacts between Estonians in the Estonian homeland and expatriate Estonians were already altogether closer starting in the latter half of the 1940s. Kusta Mannermaa’s correspondence helps to bring more clarity to this question. First of all at the end of 1945, he revived his correspondence with the Estophile Finnish schoolteacher Jaakko Valkonen. Contacts between Finnish and Estonian private individuals had been prohibited since the summer of 1940 in connection with the annexation of Estonia by the Soviet Union. The occupying German authorities permitted the exchange of letters for only a short period of time in the spring of 1942. When communication by way of letters was allowed between Estonians in the Estonian homeland and expatriate Estonians in connection with the repatriation policy, Väino Veemees also wrote from Bonn to his relatives in Estonia. Namely, the greater portion of Estonians who had reached the West from Estonia (up to 40,000) were located in the occupation zones administered by the Western Allies in Germany after the war. More than 30,000 of them were living in the so-called displaced persons (DP) camps that had been established by the Allied military authorities or the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA).
The postal system had ceased to operate in Germany at the end of the war until the American military administration allowed country-wide postal deliveries to resume there at the end of October, 1945.
Prior to the mass deportation of 1949, the sending of letters from the Estonian homeland to the West was banned, and correspondence between Estonians in the Estonian homeland and expatriate Estonians was cut off. Letters from Finland reached Estonia at least until the end of 1949. Contact between Estonians living on either side of the Iron Curtain was interrupted for a lengthy period of time. According to numerous sources, correspondence already started being revived in 1954–1955. The turning point came after the 20th CPSU Congress in 1956, when Stalin’s personality cult was denounced.
Correspondence with relatives or kindred spirits living in the West was emotionally necessary on the one hand, but politically dangerous on the other. Yet by using self-censorship, it was nevertheless possible to maintain correspondence even in the Stalinist period by concealing important information written between the lines. Family ties gave strength to the soul at the most difficult time for Estonia during the post-war Stalinist repressions, and later on as well. For this reason, regardless of the obstructions of the Soviet regime, people tried to maintain contact with relatives and friends living in the Estonian homeland and those in the West, and to know about one another’s fate.
The importance of the written word in spiritual and intellectual selfpreservation has to be stressed. On a spiritual level, it is very difficult to live in isolation in the cultural space of Europe without knowing about cultural life in the rest of the world. Yet it was even more important for Estonians who remained in their homeland to know that the fostering of Estonian culture and language was continuing in the free world. Every fragment of information on culture from the free world, especially books, was important for intellectual and spiritual resistance and self-preservation. It was not allowed to send books to or out of Estonia in the latter half of the 1940s. Mainly literature, including Estonian expatriate literature and newer Finnish literature, as well as original Estonian literature and literatuure translated into Estonian published in those years in Soviet Estonia, was discussed in Mannermaa’s correspondence with the West in those years. It turns out from the current study that information on Estonian expatriate literature, for instance, already reached Estonia ten years earlier than has hitherto been believed, by 1947 at the latest. How widely this information was known in cultural circles, however, is another question.
The exchange of books with the West was allowed from the mid-1950s. A number of sources refer to the circumstance that the period from the end of 1955 to 1958 was a better time in the postal connection between Estonia and the West compared to the subsequent years. The authorities had not yet managed to update the censorship regulations in the new liberalised conditions. Together with the revival of correspondence under liberalised conditions, the sending of books also began again for the first time in over ten years starting from the mid-1950s. Thus Mannermaa sent Estonian classics to his relatives abroad starting in 1956, for instance new editions of the works of Juhan Liiv and F. R. Kreutzwald. Jaakko Valkonen sent him Finnish literature, for instance books by Mika Waltari, which were immensely popular at that time. In 1958 at the latest, but most likely already a few years earlier, Estonian expatriate literature also reached Estonian cultural figures in the Estonian homeland. Thereat numerous sources allude to exceptionally more liberal conditions from 1955 to the start of 1958 compared to later times. In some cases, expatriate Estonians who had gained citizenship in foreign countries were even able to use this liberalisation of conditions in those years to achieve the release of their relatives from Estonia to the West.
12
Verlaan, Tim. "The Neues Kreuzberger Zentrum: Urban Planners, Property Developers and Fractious Left Politics in West Berlin, 1963–1974*." German History 38, no. 1 (December 9, 2019): 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghz104.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract During the early 1960s, elected officials and urban planners designated large swathes of West Berlin as redevelopment areas, most notably the district of Kreuzberg SO36. With the help of private developers, an underexamined group of stakeholders in urban planning, local residents were to be rehoused in spacious apartment blocks equipped with modern facilities. The construction history of the Neues Kreuzberger Zentrum housing complex is a classic yet understudied example of how public and private actors attempted to work together in the field of postwar urban planning. Soon after the plan was publicly announced, the public consensus on urban redevelopment altered. Criticism came from young professionals in the field of architecture and planning as well as neighbourhood action groups, who were eventually followed by public officials. This article investigates how and why the mood changed inside and outside the field of West German architecture and urban planning. Current historiography tends to neglect the role of private entrepreneurs in urban redevelopment efforts. By examining the politics leading up to the construction of the Neues Kreuzberger Zentrum, this article sheds a fresh light on the modus operandi of the West German welfare state on the local level and how it responded to bottom-up demands for democratization and transparency. The interaction between local authorities, commercial interests and the public is innovatively brought together into a single analytical framework by consulting a wide array of primary sources, most prominently articles by West Berlin’s alternative and mainstream press, architecture and planning journals and minutes from official meetings.
13
Readman, Kristina Spohr. "Conflict and Cooperation in Intra-Alliance Nuclear Politics: Western Europe, the United States, and the Genesis of NATO's Dual-Track Decision, 1977–1979." Journal of Cold War Studies 13, no. 2 (April 2011): 39–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00137.
Full textAbstract:
On the basis of recently released archival sources from several member-states of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), this article revisits the making of NATO's landmark 1979 dual-track decision. The article examines the intersecting processes of personal, bureaucratic, national, and alliance high politics in the broader Cold War context of increasingly adversarial East-West relations. The discussion sheds new light on how NATO tried to augment its deterrent capability via the deployment of long-range theater nuclear missiles and why ultimately an arms control proposal to the Soviet Union was included as an equal strand. The 1979 decision owed most to West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt's political thought and initiative. Intra-alliance decision-making, marked by transatlantic conflict and cooperation, benefitted from the creativity and agency of West German, British, and Norwegian officials. Contrary to popular impressions, the United States did not truly lead the process.
14
Gatejel, Luminita. "On display in East and West." Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 8, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 156–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-03-2015-0011.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show how state socialist countries used soft power to improve their image in the West and advocate “the socialist way of life” in the context of the Cold War. Design/methodology/approach – The author argues from a cultural history perspective that underlines transfers and entanglements among the two camps during the Cold War. The study is based on primary and secondary sources such as automotive periodicals and archival material from the German Bundesarchiv. Findings – International fairs turned in the late 1950s into a new “battlefield” of the Cold War. The Soviet Union and its allies were celebrating at these meetings, important medial victories, laying the grounds for a state socialist consumer society. For the first time, Western audiences were realizing that irrespective of certain stylistic differences, consumer goods and particularly cars were not that different on the other side of the Iron Curtain. However, ideological bias and manufacturing flaws prevented them from being fully acknowledged by the Western side. Originality/value – Cold War research mainly focused on bipolar confrontation and the high-level decision-making process. This study is part of a recent trend in historiography to reassess the history of the Cold War, focusing on the multi-layered interactions between the two camps. It also shows that consumption and material well-being were important topics for understanding the dynamics and the flow of ideas through the Iron Curtain.
15
Raphael, Lutz. "Knowledge, Skills, Craft? The Skilled Worker in West German Industry and the Resilience of Vocational Training, 1970–2000." German History 37, no. 3 (June 13, 2019): 359–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghz036.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The spread of computer technology in West German industry during the 1980s and 1990s dramatically changed the demand for skilled and unskilled work in manufacturing. As a result the knowledge used in production was redefined and reformers pushed for radical reform in vocational and general education. In these decades a corporate agreement across trade unions, associations of employers and state bureaucracy brought about a series of adaptive reforms of existing apprenticeships and the creation of new apprenticeships in new branches. This survival of the dual system is analysed as part of the strategies of modernizing West German manufacturing industries. Both employers and trade unions defended the central role of skilled workers in the new system of flexible quality production that developed during this period of rapid technological change. Data from the Socio-Economic Panel and from other sources enable analysis of the social effects of this economically successful strategy. They show the large-scale use of skilled workers in industrial production and their opportunities for upward mobility and additional qualifications. At the same time unskilled workers, and unskilled migrant workers in particular, experienced greater risks of unemployment and increased job uncertainty.
16
Jenkins, Paul. "The Earliest Generation of Missionary Photographers in West Africa and the Portrayal of Indigenous People and Culture." History in Africa 20 (1993): 89–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171967.
Full textAbstract:
That photographs have been neglected in the study of African history has become, in recent years, a well-established truism. To take one point of entry into the literature which has set out to correct this deficiency: a Seminar held in SOAS in 1988 on “Photographs as Sources for African History” amply confirmed this point (Roberts 1988). The papers and discussions indicated the scope—and the problems—of some of the well-known and less well-known, holdings in this field. They also showed, however, that a number of scholars had already devoted considerable thought to the implications of historic photographic holdings for the pursuit of historical and anthropological studies not only in colonial history but also in African historyper se. A similar point of entry for the German-speaking world is provided by the literature accompanying an important exhibition which toured a number of West German museums in 1989. “Der geraubte Schatten” concerned itself with the history of photography in the whole non-European world (Theye 1989; Ueber die Wichtigkeit 1990; see especially the essays by Wagner and Corbey for reflections on missionary photography).
17
Sinka, Margit. "When the Son Is Older than the Father: Dominik Graf's 'Denk ich an Deutschland' Television Film." German Politics and Society 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 56–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2008.260204.
Full textAbstract:
Dominik Graf's Wispern im Berg der Dinge (A Whispering in the Mountain of Things) was the second film televised in the twelve-part Denk ich an Deutschland-documentary series launched on the eve of Germany's eighth Day of Unity (October 1998). Though Graf does not refer directly to Heinrich Heine, he clearly takes Heine's mode of thinking about Germany seriously—that is, he resolutely focuses on ruptures, which characterize Heine and his writings, and on the tensions provoked by the interplay of opposites evident in Heine's poem Nachtgedanken (1843), the source of the Denk ich an Deutschland-phrase. In Graf's documentary, Heine's ruptures turn into ruptures between his father's excessively silent war generation and his own unanchored post 1968 generation. The tensions, on the other hand, are evoked by the filmic medium—in particular, between verbal and iconic images. Thinking about film when he thinks about Germany, Graf examines his deceased father's many roles in the West German films of the 1950s and 1960s—roles that had turned him into the representative of the damaged war generation. Faulting the purely verbal in a medium intended to give concrete, visual form to reality, Graf attempts to harness the powers of both verbal and iconic images in the service of identity formation, yet grants the edge to the iconic, as well as to the fictional rather than the factual.
18
Maderspacher, Alois. "The National Archives of Cameroon in Yaoundé and Buea." History in Africa 36 (2009): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2010.0009.
Full textAbstract:
Even in learned journals on African and imperial history, few references have been made to the records contained in the archives in Cameroon, West Africa. Kamerun was a German colony (Schutzgebiet) from 1884-1916/19. In 1911, the Germans took over New Cameroon (Neu Kamerun), 295,000 km2 of land of French Equatorial Africa, ceded during the second Morocco Crisis. After World War I this transaction was reversed and the German colony was separated into French and British League of Nations Mandates in 1919. These mandates were transformed into United Nations Trusteeships in 1946. Finally, French Cameroun became independent in 1960, and after a plebiscite in 1961, one part of the British Cameroons joined Nigeria and the other part reunited with the formerly French part, now the independent Federal Republic of Cameroon.Due to the involvement of three colonial powers in Cameroon, the national archives in Yaoundé and Buea are an excellent source for the colonial history of West Africa, allowing for a simultaneous analysis of German, French, and British files. Whereas the colonial files in the European archives mainly give us the point of view of high politics, the archives in Cameroon offer a different dimension. The files reveal the intricacies of the colonial system on the ground, and the problems with which the colonial administrator had to cope in the bush: How did one introduce European legal tender in a territory never touched by Europeans before? How did one cope with the colonial rivals, who were couching at the frontiers to take over the territory? How did one attempt to win peoples' hearts and minds day in and day out? What happened when the new colonial power took over a territory with an already developed administration from another colonial power, as it took place in Cameroon in 1911 and 1916/19? The national archives of Cameroon contain potential answers to these questions. Hence this paper will focus on the sources that are available for the colonial period in these archives.
19
von der Goltz, Anna. "Other ’68ers in West Berlin: Christian Democratic Students and the Cold War City." Central European History 50, no. 1 (March 2017): 86–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938917000024.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractMany of the most iconic moments of Germany's “1968” took place in the walled confines of West Berlin, the emblematic Cold War city often referred to as the “capital of the revolt.” Most accounts portray the events in West Berlin as having been characterized by confrontations between the leftist student movement, on the one hand, and a conservative press and generally hostile, older, urban population, on the other. This article rethinks and refines existing historiographical narratives of the 1968 student movement in West Berlin, as well as of West Berlin's place in the student movement. It examines the actions and experiences of student activists in West Berlin, who rarely feature in the familiar narrative—namely, Christian Democratic activists, particularly those from the Association of Christian Democratic Students (RCDS). Using oral history interviews, memoirs, and a wide array of archival sources from German and US archives, the article sheds light on the background of some of the most important conservative players and discusses the manifold ways in which they engaged with the goals of the revolutionary left in the city. The analysis pays special attention to the effects that German division and life in West Berlin had on Christian Democratic activists, to the sources of their anti-Communism, and to their views about the US-led war in Vietnam, a major Cold War conflict that carried special resonance in the divided city. The article concludes that there were important (yet shifting and often porous) dividing lines in West Berlin's “1968” other than those that separated politicized students from an older and more conservative city leadership and population, a conclusion that calls for a modification of the familiar storyline that simply pits Rudi Dutschke and others on the left against the city's “establishment.” The article suggests that this has repercussions for interpretations of the student movement that center on generation. It argues, in short, that Christian Democratic students—activists who were, in effect, other ’68ers—helped to shape and were, in turn, shaped by the events that took place in West Berlin in 1968.
20
Maier, D. J. E. "German Sources for West African History 1599–1669. By Adam Jones. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1983. (Studien zur Kulturkunde, 66.) Pp. x + 417. DM 76." Journal of African History 26, no. 2-3 (March 1985): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700037130.
Full text
21
Boterbloem, Kees. "Russia and Europe: The Koenraad van Klenk Embassy to Moscow (1675-76)." Journal of Early Modern History 14, no. 3 (2010): 187–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006510x497997.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn this article based on Russian, Dutch, German, English, and Latin sources, Kees Boterbloem shows how the Dutch Embassy led by Koenraad van Klenk that visited Muscovy in 1675 and 1676 unfolded to the satisfaction of both the Russian hosts and their Dutch guests. This was in large measure the result of van Klenk’s expert knowledge about Muscovy and his sober assessment of the foreign policy priorities of Tsars Aleksei and Fyodor as well as his own country’s government. Meanwhile, the evidence regarding the embassy and its historical context are testimony to of a sudden intensified Muscovite interest in Europe and European interest in Muscovy. It suggests that Muscovy was no longer an “Orientalized” or “barbaric” outsider and had entered the Concert of Europe a generation before historians propose that Peter the Great “opened Russia’s window to the West.”
22
Russett, Bruce Martin. "Extended Deterrence with Nuclear Weapons: How Necessary, How Acceptable?" Review of Politics 50, no. 2 (1988): 282–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500015680.
Full textAbstract:
Most policy and normative problems with nuclear weaponry arise in the context of extended deterrence; that is, deterrence of attacks on friends or allies of a nuclear power. This article reviews the history and contradictions of post-World War II Western extended deterrent strategy, considers the sources of differences and similarities in the perspectives of the American and West German Catholic bishops on these matters, presents a logical schema of types of deterrent situations, discusses some systematic historical evidence that suggests the utility of nuclear weapons for many of these situations is often exaggerated, and, after reviewing alternative strategies, suggests a role for a very limited “countercombatant” nuclear strategy.
23
Manoilo, Andrey, Elena Ponomareva, and Philipp Trunov. "Creation of Armed Forces in NATO Member States: Promising Models of Germany and Norway." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 26, no. 1 (March 2021): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.1.7.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. One of the key tendencies of modern international development is the growing importance of the “factor of power”. In this context, the initiated long process of the potential growth of the armed forces of the countries participating in NATO, which is of particular importance in the growth of new unconventional threats (one of the triggers of the Alliance transformation including through the strengthening of national units has become a global pandemic) is important from scientific and practical points of view. Methods and materials. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the theory of building armed forces. The basic sources for the analysis are official documents of military departments, as well as materials from related information centers, which reveal the parameters of the prospective appearance of the armed forces of the countries under study. NATO’s statistical and summit reports also occupy a special place. Analysis. The goal of the article is the research of the armed forces building processes in Germany and Norway for the future until the mid-2030s. These case countries can show the tendencies of military development of NATO European member states in the whole taking into account the differences between Germany and Norway in terms of the geographical location, the population as the main human resource of the armed forces, as well as the transformation of leadership and dynamics of relations between the “historical West” and the Russian Federation, which allows us to characterize the overall trends in the military and political development of European NATO member states. Results. It is proved that the growth of military potential is based on two main groups of reasons. The first is due to the strategic deterioration of relations between the West and Russia since the mid-2010s. The second is that the armed forces of the European member States of NATO have reached the “bottom” position in terms of almost all quantitative parameters. The continuing trend of decreasing numerical indicators (people and technology) threatens to reduce the role of the state on the world stage. Therefore, it is natural to see Germany’s desire to become a “framework nation” in the recruitment of NATO rotation groups in Europe, as well as in the deployment of peacebuilding and peacekeeping missions outside the area of responsibility of the Alliance, which inevitably leads to a large-scale increase in the number of armed forces and the cost of their modernization. In the case of Norway the transformation of the armed forces occurs in the conditions of refusal to increase included human resources and enhance the value of the military presence of NATO partners (primarily the US) first of all in the process of reorganizing the national system of territorial defense. In both cases, there are still tendencies to transform the role of the US in Europe and to consolidate the confrontation with the Russian Federation.
24
Bozo, Frédéric. "“I Feel More Comfortable with You”: France, the Soviet Union, and German Reunification." Journal of Cold War Studies 17, no. 3 (July 2015): 116–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00563.
Full textAbstract:
This article explores the interactions between French and Soviet leaders at the end of the Cold War when they were confronted by German reunification. This important dimension of the events of 1989–1990 has been largely neglected up to now. Although allegations of Franco-Soviet collusion against German reunification have long been widespread, the evidence presented here from declassified French, Soviet, and West German sources shows that the two countries in fact failed to cooperate to shape the modalities and outcome of these processes despite the close relationship that by then prevailed between French President François Mitterrand and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Although for decades Paris and Moscow had shared the objective of avoiding a disruptive settlement of the German question, and although both leaders were initially deeply troubled by the pace of events, they did not agree about the fundamental issue of German self-determination and did not share an understanding of the international conditions required for German reunification. Even more critically, they had different visions of the transformation of the European security system that should accompany it.
25
Hair, P. E. H. "Adam Jones: German sources for West African history 1599–1699. (Studien zur Kulturkunde, 66.) xii417 pp. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag GmbH, 1983. DM 76." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 48, no. 2 (June 1985): 415–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00034182.
Full text
26
Varani, Nicoletta, and Enrico Bernardini. "Migrants inside and outside Africa. Motivations, Paths and Routes." Geopolitical, Social Security and Freedom Journal 1, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 80–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gssfj-2018-0005.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The phenomenon of migration has always existed during the history of man since the beginning of time, just think of the history of the diaspora of the Jewish people until the great migrations of the nineteenth century which involved several European peoples, including Italians, Germans, Poles, and non-Europeans, such as the Japanese, heading to North or South America. This article, using official sources provided by IOM, UNHCR and other accredited international statistical sources, aims to offer a critical reflection about the motivations, routes and paths of migrants outside and inside Africa, showing that only a small part of them reach Europe. In fact, the first attractive centre for internal migration is Côte d’Ivoire, one of the countries, together with Nigeria, which is the driving force behind the sparsely populated economy of West Africa, rich in agricultural raw materials (starting with cocoa and coffee). Finally, particular attention is given to the Italian case because is the geographical area most affected by the landings of migrants. In fact, hostility towards migrants in Italy at the end of last year was on the increase: one Italian in two said he considered immigrants a danger and was afraid of it.
27
Gugnin, Oleksandr, and Julia Lisnevskaya. "Richard Sorge: Leading the Intelligence Network in Japan (1933-1941)." Grani 24, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172135.
Full textAbstract:
The public of the West learned about the activities of the outstanding Soviet intelligence agent Richard Sorge immediately after the end of the Second World War, thanks to the assessments of his activities in American sources. In the USSR, he became widely known only in 1964 thanks to Nikita Khrushchev. The article shows that the combination of personal and professional qualities of Sorge, ideological motivation allowed him to achieve outstanding results in intelligence activities. It is noted that under his leadership, illegal residencies in China, and then in Japan, received unique intelligence information, which helped the leadership and military command of the USSR to make informed political and military-strategic decisions. Richard Sorge was one of the most prominent intelligence officers in the history of the intelligence services. The authors describe facts that characterize the daily work of an intelligence officer: how he headed residencies in extremely difficult countries for work, successfully managed agent networks, personally conducted recruiting work, collected important intelligence information, analyzed it and prepared reports to Moscow. The organization of networks led by Sorge has been studied by many foreign intelligence services and has consistently been highly rated. In publications dedicated to Sorge, two approaches to creating his image are clearly traced, which is noted by the authors of the article. The first approach presents him as the archetype of a movie hero, agent and super spy, receiving classified information in alcoves and restaurants. It is designed for the general reader and first appeared in the West. Another image, partially ideologized and propagandistic, spread in the USSR and East Germany. He presented Richard as a knight of the revolution without fear or reproach. In this article, the authors made an attempt to create a real and objective assessment of his activities, in particular in Japan. The authors of the article, using Western and new Russian sources, have chosen the method of historical psychology in order to represent the way of thinking of this outstanding person and connect it with his actions in leading the group entrusted to him.
28
Lam, LS, BL Basnett, MA Haltuch, J. Cope, K. Andrews, KM Nichols, GC Longo, JF Samhouri, and SL Hamilton. "Geographic variability in lingcod Ophiodon elongatus life history and demography along the US West Coast: oceanographic drivers and management implications." Marine Ecology Progress Series 670 (July 22, 2021): 203–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13750.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding the environmental and anthropogenic drivers of spatial patterns in life history variation for exploited fish populations is important when making management decisions and designating stock boundaries. These considerations are especially germane for stocks that are overfished or recently rebuilt, such as lingcod Ophiodon elongatus, a commercially and recreationally valuable species of groundfish along the West Coast of North America. Between 2015 and 2017, we collected 2189 lingcod from 24 port locations, spanning 28° of latitude from southeast Alaska (60°N) to southern California (32°N), to investigate latitudinal patterns in size- and age-structure, growth, timing of maturity, condition, and mortality, as well as to identify biologically relevant population breakpoints along the coast. We found strong latitudinal patterns in these life history and demographic traits consistent with Bergmann’s rule: lingcod from colder, northern waters were larger-at-age, lived longer, matured at larger sizes, and had lower natural mortality rates than lingcod from warmer, southern waters. Female lingcod were larger-at-age, lived longer, and matured at larger sizes compared to males within each examined region. In addition, we found evidence for strong associations between lingcod life history traits and the oceanographic variables of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a. Cluster analysis using life history traits indicated that central Oregon is a biologically relevant breakpoint for lingcod along the US West Coast. This breakpoint based on life history traits, in conjunction with a recently identified population genetic breakpoint between central and northern California, highlights the need for future lingcod stock assessments to consider multiple sources of information to best inform management of this trans-boundary stock.
29
Baitsar, Andriy. "Ethnic maps of Ukrainian lands in works of West-European scientists of XIX century." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 52 (June 27, 2018): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2018.52.10037.
Full textAbstract:
The study examined the development of ideas of the limits of the Ukrainian people settling in connection with the compilation of ethnographical maps of Austrian and Russian monarchies since the 20s of XIX century. The views of researchers who have studied this question in different periods are analyzed. For the first time, the Ukrainian ethnic territory was reflected in printed form in 1477 in Bologna edition of C. Ptolemy’s “Geography”. The map was prepared by the chalcography method with a minor reworking of N. German. Since then this map was included to all of 57 editions of this “Geography” until 1730. Changes in the boundaries of the settling of the Ukrainian nation were tracked based on a detailed study and analysis of cartographic sources, summarizing the results of ethnographic, historical and geographical research of Ukrainian ethnic territory. Regular censuses of the population were introduced in the early XIX century in many European countries and ethnographic research connected with the Ukrainian national revival was significantly intensified. It created the objective preconditions for the beginning of ethnic mapping in the 1820s. It was possible to map the composition of the population in detail, individually by settlements and to determine the absolute and relative part of a separate nationality in a certain territory. Basic cartographic works reflected the ethnic Ukrainian territory were chronologically depicted. A description of many ethnic maps was made. The history of the ethnographic mapping of the territory of the settling of Ukrainians was chronologically analyzed based on the processing a significant number of maps and literature sources. Key words: ethnographic research, map, Ukrainian lands, ethnos.
30
Celka, Zbigniew. "Relics of cultivation in the vascular flora of medieval West Slavic settlements and castles." Biodiversity: Research and Conservation 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 1–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10119-011-0011-0.
Full textAbstract:
Relics of cultivation in the vascular flora of medieval West Slavic settlements and castlesThis monograph presents results of research on relics of cultivation and the present vascular flora of sites of medieval fortified settlements and castles in Central Europe. Special attention was paid to 109 West Slavic sites located in Poland, northeastern Germany, and the Czech Republic. For comparison, floristic data were collected also at 21 sites of medieval settlements and castles of Baltic tribes, East Slavs, and Teutonic knights. Results of this study confirm the hypothesis that remnants of medieval fortified settlements and castles are valuable habitat islands in the agricultural landscape, and are refuges of the plants that have accompanied West Slavs since the Middle Ages. At the 109 West Slavic archaeological sites, 876 vascular plant species were recorded. The present flora of the study sites is highly specific, clearly distinct from the surrounding natural environment, as shown by results of analyses of taxonomic composition, geographical-historical and synecological groups, indices of anthropogenic changes of the flora, and degrees of hemeroby (i.e. human influence) at the studied habitats. The sites of fortified settlements and castles are centres of concentration and sources of dispersal of alien species. Aliens account for nearly 21% of the vascular flora of the study sites. Among them, a major role is played by archaeophytes (101 species). Some archaeological sites are characterized by a high contribution of so-called species of old deciduous forests (98 species). Despite many features in common, floras of archaeological sites vary significantly, depending on their geographical location, size, typology, and chronology of their origin. Historical sites occupied in the past by West Slavs differ in the current vascular flora from the sites occupied in the Middle Ages by East Slavs or Baltic tribes and from Teutonic castles. West Slavic archaeological sites are primarily refuges for 22 relics of cultivation. Considering the time of cultivation, 3 groups of relics were distinguished: (i) relics of medieval cultivation (plants cultivated till the late 15thcentury); (ii) relics of cultivation in the modern era (introduced into cultivation in the 16thcentury or later), and (iii) relics of medieval-modern cultivation. These species play a special role in research on the history of the flora of Central Europe and thus also of the world flora. Thus the best-preserved sites of medieval West Slavic settlements and castles should be protected as our both cultural and natural heritage. This work is a key contribution to geobotanical research on transformation of the vegetation associated with human activity. Considering the problem of relics of cultivation it corresponds also to basic ethnobotanical issues.
31
Steensma, David P. "“Congo” Red." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 125, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2001-125-0250-cr.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Context.—Congo red is the essential histologic stain for demonstrating the presence of amyloidosis in fixed tissues. To the best of my knowledge, nothing has been written about why the stain is named “Congo.” Objective.—To understand the etymology and history of the Congo red histologic stain. Design.—Primary sources were consulted extensively, including 19th-century corporate documents, newspapers, legal briefs, patents, memoirs, and scientific papers. Setting.—Sources were obtained from multiple university libraries and German corporate archives. Results.—To Europeans in 1885, the word Congo evoked exotic images of far-off central Africa known as The Dark Continent. The African Congo was also a political flashpoint during the Age of Colonialism. “Congo” red was introduced in Berlin in 1885 as the first of the economically lucrative direct textile dyes. A patent on Congo red was filed by the AGFA Corporation of Berlin 3 weeks after the conclusion of the well-publicized Berlin West Africa Conference. During these important diplomatic talks, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck presided over a discussion of free trade issues in the Congo River basin. A challenge to AGFA's Congo red patent led to a precedent-setting decision in intellectual property law. Conclusions.—The Congo red stain was named “Congo” for marketing purposes by a German textile dyestuff company in 1885, reflecting geopolitical current events of that time.
32
Stelzl-Marx, Barbara. "Death to Spies! Austrian Informants for Western Intelligence Services and Soviet Capital Punishment during the Occupation of Austria." Journal of Cold War Studies 14, no. 4 (October 2012): 167–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00279.
Full textAbstract:
Using recently declassified sources from Russian archives, this article discusses the status of the Soviet-controlled eastern zone of Austria during the postwar occupation (1945–1955) as a principal spying ground in Central Europe. The Western occupation powers hired many Austrians to gather information on the deployments of the Soviet Army and the Soviet authorities' exploitation of the “German assets” they had seized at war's end. The Austrians' principal incentive to spy was financial; they were well paid by their Western handlers. Austrian women had love affairs with Soviet soldiers and officers and then served as double agents for the West until the Soviet counterintelligence services caught up with them. From 1947 onward, some 500 Austrians disappeared after being detained by Soviet state security personnel and accused of spying. More than 100 of these Austrians were sentenced to death by Soviet Military Tribunal No. 28990 in Baden from 1950 until Iosif Stalin's death in March 1953, and they were then executed in Moscow. In retrospect the mismatch between the actions of these Austrian “spies” and the penalties meted out to them is striking. The Soviet penal system was exported to occupied areas during the Cold War in intelligence “games” against the West, with tragic consequences for “Stalin's last victims.”
33
Stefanowska, Lidia. "Pisarz poza ojczyzną: sylwetka Jurija Szewelowa." Studia Ucrainica Varsoviensia 5, no. 5 (May 8, 2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.9129.
Full textAbstract:
In the second half of the 1940s, Ukrainian literature outside of Soviet Ukraine experienced an unusually intensive period of development in the Displaced Person’s camps in western Germany and Austria. Thrown together from various regions of Ukraine, writers managed to develop an amazing literary activity. A key role in this period was played by one of the most important Ukrainian émigré scholar, literary critic and essayist – Yuryii Shevelov (born on 17 December 1908 in Kharkiv, died 12 April 2002 in New York.) Having emigrated to Germany in 1944, he taught at the Ukrainian Free University in Münich (1946–9) and obtained a doctorate there (1949). He was also a vice-president of the MUR literary association (1945–8) and edited a monthly journal Arka. Shevelov is the author of some 500 articles, reviews, and books on Slavic philology and linguistics and the history of literature. He was one of the organizers of émigré literary life in Germany after the Second World War. In the postwar period Yurii Shevelov (pseud: Yu. Sherekh) has been the most infl uential literary critic within the Ukrainian émigré community in the West. In his articles in the journal Arka (1947–8) he formulated the principles of a ‘national-organic style’ and stimulated a lively discussion that continued for some time. Another émigré critic, Volodymyr Derzhavyn, produced articles that combined the Neoclassicist and modernist approaches. They both began a discussion that contributed to a revival of postwar Ukrainian literature. The principal intellectual discord between them was an understanding of what “national” means and what kind of tradition should serve as a “source of revival” for Ukrainian culture in exile. His numerous articles in the fi eld of literature and literary criticism were collected in Ne dlia ditei (Not for Children, 1964), Druha cherha: literatura, teatr, ideolohiï (The Second Round: Literature, Theater, Ideologies, 1978), and Tretia storozha (The Third Watch, 1991). Most of these essays were reprinted in Kharkiv in 1998 in a two-volume edition Porohy i zaporizhzhia (The Rapids and zaporizhzhia).
34
Kulesha, Nadiia. "«Ukrainische Korrespondenz» (Vienna, 1917—1918) about the Ukrainian revolution: sources of information and specifics of content." Proceedings of Research and Scientific Institute for Periodicals, no. 10(28) (January 2020): 146–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37222/2524-0331-2020-10(28)-10.
Full textAbstract:
The article studies the problems of covering the revolutionary developments of 1917―1918s in Ukraine in the Ukrainian influential German-language magazine «Ukrainische Korrespondenz». Established and issued by the Main Ukrainian Rada, it actively reacted to the revolutionary transformations in the Russian Empire in 1917. It primarily covered processes of state changes in the Great (Russian-controlled) Ukraine, specifically the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917―1921s. «Ukrainische Korrespondenz» aimed to familiarize readers with these developments. Its editors used as sources information of the Ukrainian, Russian, the digest of the West European press, as well as own analytical materials. At first, it had to use borrowed informations, because the Ukrainian Press Bureau was established in Vienna only in August 1917. At that time the editors of the magazine were able to use materials of its own correspondents. In reporting the Ukrainian Revolution the editorial office preferred materials received from the Russian officials and the party press, which it considered objective. On the contrary, the materials from the Polish press were considered as unreliable, biased, and even fabricated. Most analytical materials regarding the solution of the Ukrainian cause, the editors drew from the German press. The latter was most interested in a positive outcome of the Ukrainian nationstate aspirations. A minor segment among the foreign press publications as a source in coverage of the issue of the Ukrainian Revolution was the French press. This could be explained by that the concept of «Ukraine» was a taboo in France at that time. The growing interest to the Ukrainian question in France happened only with the beginning of the revolutionary events in Russia. News has been received with a considerable delay, its own analytical materials on this topic mainly belonged to V. Kalynovych. The information about the course of developments in Ukraine, changes in social and political life of the country coexisted with a justification of historical background necessary for these changes. Publications on the Ukrainian question relating to the revolutionary events in the Russian Empire and in the Russian Ukraine were gleaned by the German press authorship. The Austrian and German statesmen, political figures, as well as scholars focused on historical aspects of the Ukrainian history and predicted decisions for the development of the Ukrainian state. Materials of the Russian press, reprinted on the pages of the magazine, focused exclusively on clarifying a flow of developments. The bulk of publications of «Die Ukraine» covered issues of the Ukrainian question on the territory of the Eastern Galicia. They illuminated the revolutionary changes in the Great Ukraine, and considered it as a catalyst for positive nation-state decisions in the Western Ukraine. Keywords: Ukrainian, «Ukrainische Korrespondenz», Germanspeaking, Russian, Polish, French press, information, revolutionary events, Ukrainian statehood, Ukrainian question.
35
Botsman, Andriy, and Olga Dmytruk. "Trans-germanic peculiarities of preterite-present verbs." Actual issues of Ukrainian linguistics: theory and practice, no. 40 (2020): 140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apultp.2020.40.140-155.
Full textAbstract:
This article contains systematic and detailed analysis of morphological and semantic parameters of Germanic preterite-present verbs, dividing them into major and minor subgroups. The development of both preterite-present subgroups and their steady transformation into the modal verbs is a specific feature of all Germanic languages. Since the modal verbs of the Modern Germanic languages are morphologically defective, it is commonly assumed that preterite-present verbs of the old Germanic languages lost some of their morphological features in the process of turning into modal verbs. The semantic aspects of this process are rather obscure. All Germanic languages were losing some preterite-present verbs in the process of transformation from the Gothic language, which had fourteen preterite-present verbs. In OE there were twelve preterite-present verbs. Six of them survived in NE. The morphological description focuses on the finite and non-finite forms of the preterite-present verbs, which belong to the minor subgroup. The detailed description helps to see the origin and development of the minor subgroup in the new light. The description encompasses the data of classical Indo-European languages and Old Germanic languages. The authors emphasize the expediency of turning to the theory of preterite/strong verb origin, the verbs in question may be regarded as inter-group, hybrid units. In order to gain insight into the origin of the Germanic languages it is necessary to look into the history of the Gothic and West Germanic and North Germanic languages. The authors find it useful to compare common and different phenomena, highlighting individual specific processes taking place in the process of development of the Germanic languages. These languages are analyzed on different stages of their development, but inline with the view that the languages co-operated and coexisted in the same area. The data given in the article are used to analyze the problem implementing comparative grammar tools. The authors were particularly careful to take all grammatical forms into consideration while working with the lexical units from the ancient sources. Some additional information was taken from Greek, Latin and Sanskrit to produce reliable and consistent comparison of the German language with the rest of Indo-European languages.
36
Rosenberg, Tiit, and Priit Pirsko. "Ajaloolane ja arhiivinduse professor Aadu Must - 65 [Historian and professor of Archival Studies Aadu Must - 65]." Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal, no. 2 (September 8, 2016): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2016.2.01.
Full textAbstract:
Aadu Must, an Estonian politician and the University of Tartu’s first Professor of Archival Studies, turned 65 on 25 March. When he went to study history at Tartu State University in 1973, Must initially proceeded along the paths of settlement history under the supervision of Professor Herbert Ligi. Over the years, the range of topics that he has dealt with has grown a great deal, encompassing family and local neighbourhood history, the colonial policy of the tsarist empire and Soviet repressions, the Estonian diaspora and Baltic German compatriots, and much more. After completing his basic university education, Must became Professor Ligi’s assistant at the university, a lecturer at the Department of General History, and later senior lecturer (1976–87). The history of the factory and town of Sindi, located in the vicinity of his home in Pärnu County, emerged at the centre of his attention, culminating in the completion of a monograph on this subject in 1985. At the end of the 1980’s, Must actively set about having his say in the ensuing political struggle, participating first in the Estonian Popular Front. He also worked for six months in Stockholm in 1991, setting up the Republic of Estonia’s information bureau there, which developed into Estonia’s embassy when the country’s independence was restored. Upon his return from Stockholm, he continued his usual work as a university lecturer while also continuing to participate in politics as time permitted, this time as a member of the Estonian Royalist Party. Since 1996, Must has been active primarily as a leading member of Estonia’s Centre Party, serving as a member of its council and board of directors, and as head of the party’s Tartu section. Must has also served as chairman of Tartu’s municipal council in 2002–07, 2009–11 and 2013–15. The intervening time periods have also included work in the Estonian Parliament, where he has served primarily on the cultural commission. At the same time, he has consistently continued his work at the university, where he built up and headed the Chair of Archival Science (1993–2014) and also served as head of the University of Tartu History Department in the interval 2004–06. In the 1990’s he completed a monograph of Estonian family names, which was issued on CD-ROM as an electronic publication (Corpus Nominum Gentilium Estonicorum). Aadu Must subsequently wrote out his broad knowledge and experiences of the study of family and local neighbourhood history in systematised form, publishing in the year Sources for the Family History of Estonians, a book providing instruction on historical sources. A new, updated edition of this book with a somewhat more popular and less academic approach (Handbook for the Researcher of Family History) was published in 2014. In the 1990’s, Must also began researching the repressive policies of the Soviet regime. Of his students, Aigi Rahi-Tamm defended her doctoral degree in 2004 (Post-Second World War Mass Repressions in Estonia: Sources and State of Research), Lea Leppik defended her dissertation in 2006 (Social Mobility of Employees of the University of Tartu in 1802–1918), and Indrek Paavle defended his doctoral dissertation in 2009 (Sovietisation of Local Administration in Estonia 1940–1950). Aadu Must is without a doubt the prime expert on Estonia’s archives and on archives concerning Estonians. As a historian and professor of archival studies, he has always been concerned by the condition of archives and access to historical sources. As a politician, he has time and again stressed the importance of the archive as an attribute of state. Must was one of the persons who drafted Estonia’s Archives Act. The gathering of material related to Estica in both the east and the west, however, has become his biggest project. This undertaking that has expanded from its initial form as the history of the fate of repressed Estonians to the current more general research of the diaspora of Estonians and persons from Estonia in the former Russian and Soviet empires has taken him to archives in St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Pskov, Tomsk, Omsk, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Vladivostok, Kazakhstan and elsewhere in Russia. All of this has placed an extensive base of sources at his disposal for planning and carrying out large-scale research projects. In recent years, many substantial studies have started emerging from Must’s pen on the history of Estonian settlers and settlements, Estonians who made careers in Russia, and Baltic German compatriots who shaped the Russian Empire’s colonial policy. Starting up the Kleio periodical for historians in 1988 is also part of the enumeration of A. Must’s accomplishments. Ten years later, Kleio restored itself as the successor of the Ajalooline Ajakiri (Estonian Historical Journal) that was first started up in 1922. Must was also part of the group that relaunched the Akadeemiline Ajalooselts (Academic Historical Society), which had been shut down in 1940.
37
Hamrin-Dahl, Tina. "The philosophy of nature as a springboard into social realism: about Ibsen's Emperor and Galilean and a post-secular interpretation of the drama by Hilda Hellwig." Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 24 (January 1, 2012): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67411.
Full textAbstract:
Friedrich von Schelling was a significant cultural influence when Henrik Ibsen lived in Germany in the 1850s. However, because of Schelling’s Naturphilosophie, which stood out as irreconcilable with the scientific philosophy of the positivists, Schelling came to be more and more neglected after the mid-nineteenth century. His pronounced idealism, belief in God, and metaphysical comments were branded ‘old-fashioned’ soon after his death. Today, Schelling is mentioned in contexts where ideas about ‘mindfulness’ are of importance. In 1979 a clinic for Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) was founded and although originally articulated as an element of Buddhism, it is pointed out by committed practitioners that there is nothing inherently religious about mindfulness. It is however about integrating the healing aspects of Buddhist meditation practices with the concept of psychological awareness and healing. To a high degree in Western countries, psychotherapists have adapted and developed mindfulness techniques. When it comes to metaphysics, Schelling’s influence on the religious ideas that were accepted by Ibsen was never acknowledged. This text will throw some light upon Schelling as a source of inspiration for Ibsen and his milieu. Is it so, that Schelling’s ideas not until our ‘post-secular’ epoch have come into their own? Ibsen producers and actors are familiar with ‘New World Mindfulness’ and the history of mindfulness in the West.
38
Imeri, Enur. "Islam als Problem: Celal Nuri und Ahmed Hilmis (Filibeli) spätosmanischer Materialismusstreit." Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques 74, no. 1 (November 18, 2020): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asia-2020-0035.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe so-called Materialismusstreit evolved in the second half of the 19th century as a new genre of popular literature and was carried out as a public debate mainly by German popularisers. In the Ottoman context, however, the reception of the Materialismusstreit demonstrates how a universalised perception of the West had already become the main frame of reference among secularly educated Ottoman intelligentsia in the course of late Ottoman modernity. This fact not only constitutively shaped their modern discourse on Islam. Moreover, it brought about at the same time fundamental semantic shifts in concepts holding a prominent role within the Islamicate epistemological tradition. Consequently, the entanglement between this abovementioned frame of reference and concepts inherited from a traditional knowledge order resulted in a conceptual rupture with the traditional epistemologies. In an attempt to exemplify the argument, this paper builds on a less-known dispute on materialism between Celal Nuri and Ahmed Hilmi (Filibeli), and shows the transformation in their usage of epistemic concepts such as ʿilm, fenn, and dīn, as well as their reception of the Orientalist Islam discourse. Prior to the analysis of two core primary sources, the first part of this paper elaborates on the theoretical and methodological modalities of making fruitful the intellectual output of late Ottoman modernity for a globally entangled intellectual history.
39
Leaman, J. "Industrial Relations in West Germany." German History 6, no. 3 (July 1, 1988): 328–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/6.3.328a.
Full text
40
Dmitriev, T. A. "Max Weber: Milestones of an Intellectual Biography." Sociology of Power 32, no. 4 (December 2020): 8–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2074-0492-2020-4-8-44.
Full textAbstract:
The article reviews current historical research on the life and work of Max Weber. The completion of the Max Weber Gesamtausgabe (Collected Works) by the Mohr Siebeck publishing house not only made it possible to put a new textual basis behind the systematization of Weber’s legacy — which is key for a general theoretical grounding and self-explanation of sociology — but also elevated historical and biographical studies devoted to Weber. This has been achieved by introducing many new sources and clarifying old ones. The article is based on an analysis of Weber’s most recent intellectual biography published in 2019. It was written by Gangolf Hübinger, a German academic and a member of the MWG editorial staff since 2004. Hübinger’s book presents Weber’s life as a convergence of some concentric circles that revolve around several major themes. Among them are social and cultural features of “organized modernity” as the turning point era in the history of the West; the formative years of Weber as an individual and a scholar; the intellectualization of modernity and its consequences; Weber’s invention of a new academic discipline, political sociology; the intellectual networks with which Weber was involved as a scholar and politician. An important advantage of this new biography is that it provides a detailed description of the current study of Weber’s theoretical legacy and the prospects for the development of a “Weberian paradigm” in today’s social science and humanities.
41
Anderson, Ben. "Three Germanies: West Germany, East Germany and the Berlin Republic." European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire 19, no. 4 (August 2012): 637–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2012.702067.
Full text
42
Kilger, Christoph. "The Slavs Yesterday and Today - Different Perspectives on Slavic Ethnicity in German Archaeology." Current Swedish Archaeology 6, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.1998.08.
Full textAbstract:
This article deals with the numerous images of the Slavic tribes between the Elbe and the Oder in archaeological interpretations. The position taken by East German archaeologists was to integrate the Slavs explicitly into the theoretical constructions of historical-materialism; in the ideological struggle between East and West the Slavs, as victims of medieval feudal developments politically supported the picture of a common socialist identity and history. In contrast West German archaeologists on the basis of rigid source criticism placed the Slavs behind the scenes of the historical stage.
43
Dabbert, Stephan, and Jürgen Oberhofer. "Organic viticulture in West Germany." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 5, no. 3 (September 1990): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300003404.
Full textAbstract:
We present results from a survey of organic grape operations in the three most important grape-producing areas in West Germany. Data on expenses for fertilizers, pesticides, machinery and buildings, on labor requirements, on the quantity and quality of yields, and on marketing channels and price premiums are compared to data on conventional grape operations from statistical sources. Based on these data, multi-period linear programming models were constructed to assess the economic implications of a transition to organic grape growing for different types of operations. Model results indicate that the grape production quota implemented in West Germany in 1989-90 favors organic methods. However, with direct marketing of wine, the effect of the quota depends on the effect that the expected rise in the price of conventional wine has on the price of organic wine. Premium prices for organically produced wine currently can be achieved only by farms that sell their wine directly to the consumer, which means that direct marketing is necessary for a profitable organic grape operation under current market conditions.
44
Stern, Fritz. ":Germany: The Long Road West." American Historical Review 113, no. 5 (December 2008): 1605–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.113.5.1605.
Full text
45
Glees, A. "The Green Movement in West Germany." German History 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/3.1.97.
Full text
46
Herzog, Dagmar. "Sexual Morality in 1960s West Germany." German History 23, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0266355405gh346oa.
Full text
47
Zuhaidi, Nurshuhadah, and Hakim Zainal. "Sejarah Perkembangan Tatabahasa Arab di Dunia Barat oleh Orientalis Pada Kurun 16M-19M." ‘Abqari Journal 25, no. 1 (September 27, 2021): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/abqari.vol24no2.361.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract
The clash of Islamic civilization and the Western world has led to the transfer of Islamic sciences by Western orientalists. The sciences have been translated by orientalists into various languages such as Spanish, Latin, Italian and German. Among the sciences that have been translated is the knowledge of Arabic grammar. This knowledge of Arabic grammar is not only translated but also processed and adapted to the society in the Western world by seven orientalists of Arabic grammar. Accordingly, this writing aims to describe the history of the development of Arabic grammar in the Western world by seven orientalists in the period 16M-19M. The methodology of this study is qualitative which focuses on the framework of historical research methodology that is through the process of heuristics, criticism, interpretation and synthesis of sources. The results of the study found that the emergence of the discipline of Arabic grammar in the West began in the 16th century and was developed by seven orientalists in stages through their work.
Keywords: History of Arabic grammar, orientalists, Arabic grammarians, nahw al-cArabiy.
Abstrak
Pertembungan tamadun Islam dan dunia Barat telah membawa kepada perpindahan ilmu-ilmu Islam oleh orientalis. Ilmu-ilmu telah diterjemahkan oleh orientalis ke dalam pelbagai bahasa seperti Sepanyol, Latin, Itali dan Jerman. Antara ilmu-ilmu yang telah diterjemahkan ialah ilmu tatabahasa Arab. Ilmu tatabahasa Arab ini bukan hanya diterjemahkan malah turut diolah dan disesuaikan dengan masyarakat di dunia Barat oleh tujuh orang orientalis tatabahasa Arab. Sehubungan itu, penulisan ini bertujuan untuk menghuraikan sejarah perkembangan tatabahasa Arab di dunia Barat oleh tujuh orang orientalis pada kurun 16M-19M. Metodologi kajian ini bercirikan kualitatif yang berfokus kepada kerangka metodologi penyelidikan sejarah iaitu melalui proses heuristik, kritik, tafsiran dan sintesis sumber. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa kemunculan disiplin ilmu tatabahasa Arab di Barat telah bermula pada kurun ke-16M dan dikembangkan oleh tujuh orang orientalis secara berperingkat menerusi karya mereka.
Kata kunci: sejarah tatabahasa Arab, orientalis, sarjana tatabahasa Arab, nahw al-cArabiy
48
Nicholls, A. J. "Germany: The Long Road West, 1933-1990." English Historical Review CXXIV, no. 507 (April 1, 2009): 494–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cep014.
Full text
49
Chappel, James. "OldVolk:Aging in 1950s Germany, East and West." Journal of Modern History 90, no. 4 (December 2018): 792–833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/700298.
Full text
50
Zimmermann, H. "Fiscal Equalization between States in West Germany." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 7, no. 4 (December 1989): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c070385.
Full textAbstract:
Almost from the beginning of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, a sophisticated horizontal equalization mechanism with strong equalizing effects has existed between its states ( Länder). Its historical and social background is shown briefly, and the equalization procedure, which compares the revenue potential of each state with a rough measure of its fiscal need, is described in detail. The far-reaching equalization of state revenues that results is evaluated under distributional objectives and above all on allocative grounds: There are few incentives for states to care for their own tax base, particularly because states have no tax-rate authority which would enable them to vary their revenues from own sources.