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Journal articles on the topic 'Germplasm resources conservation'
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Afolayan, G., S. P. Deshpande, S. E. Aladele, A. O. Kolawole, I. Angarawai, D. J. Nwosu, C. Michael, E. T. Blay, and E. Y. Danquah. "Genetic diversity assessment of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) accessions using single nucleotide polymorphism markers." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 17, no. 5 (July 10, 2019): 412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262119000212.
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AbstractSorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an important resource to the national economy and it is essential to assess the genetic diversity in existing sorghum germplasm for better conservation, utilization and crop improvement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of genetic diversity within and among sorghum germplasms collected from diverse institutes in Nigeria and Mali using Single Nucleotide Polymorphic markers. Genetic diversity among the germplasm was low with an average polymorphism information content value of 0.24. Analysis of Molecular Variation revealed 6% variation among germplasm and 94% within germplasms. Dendrogram revealed three groups of clustering which indicate variations within the germplasms. Private alleles identified in the sorghum accessions from National Center for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Ibadan, Nigeria and International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Kano, Nigeria shows their prospect for sorghum improvement and discovery of new agronomic traits. The presence of private alleles and genetic variation within the germplasms indicates that the accessions are valuable resources for future breeding programs.
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Yadav, Bishnu, Daurik Lal Pandit, Dhurba Banjade, Dipesh Kumar Mehata, Susmita Bhattarai, Sujan Bhandari, Netra Prasad Ghimire, Puja Yadav, and Prava Paudel. "Insights into the germplasm conservation and utilization: Implications for sustainable agriculture and future crop improvement." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 9, no. 1 (March 25, 2024): 180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2024.0901026.
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Plant genetic resources are critical for maintaining global biodiversity and ensuring food security. However, these resources face threats from factors such as habitat loss and climate change, with approximately 22% of plant species estimated to be at risk of extinction. To address this issue, both natural and biotechnological methods are being developed to preserve plant genetic resources, with germplasm being a key component. Germplasm contains the complete genetic information of a plant and can be stored for extended periods and replicated as required. The objective of this study is to emphasize the importance of preserving germplasm of endangered or near-extinct plant species through in situ and ex situ conservation methods. In situ conservation involves conserving species in their natural environment, while ex situ conservation includes using gene-seed banks and tissue culture to store genetic resources. These methods are crucial for maintaining genetic diversity and preventing the loss of valuable plant resources. The study highlights the various ex situ conservation methods, including cryopreservation, pollen and DNA banks, farmer's fields, botanic gardens, genetic reserves, and slow-growing cultures, which are essential for preserving germplasm. Gene banks worldwide currently hold over 7.4 million accessions of crop genetic resources, demonstrating the value of germplasm conservation efforts. Additionally, understanding the phenotypic and genetic characterization of related species is crucial for identifying endangered or vulnerable species that can diversify into new varieties or subspecies. In conclusion, prioritizing germplasm conservation efforts is crucial for meeting future demands while preserving endangered or vulnerable species. This will ensure that plant genetic resources remain available for future generations and that agricultural innovation can effectively address global food security challenges.
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Priyanka, Veerala, Rahul Kumar, Inderpreet Dhaliwal, and Prashant Kaushik. "Germplasm Conservation: Instrumental in Agricultural Biodiversity—A Review." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 6743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126743.
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Germplasm is a valuable natural resource that provides knowledge about the genetic composition of a species and is crucial for conserving plant diversity. Germplasm protection strategies not only involve rescuing plant species threatened with extinction, but also help preserve all essential plants, on which rests the survival of all organisms. The successful use of genetic resources necessitates their diligent collection, storage, analysis, documentation, and exchange. Slow growth cultures, cryopreservation, pollen and DNA banks, botanical gardens, genetic reserves, and farmers’ fields are a few germplasm conservation techniques being employed. However, the adoption of in-vitro techniques with any chance of genetic instability could lead to the destruction of the entire substance, but the improved understanding of basic regeneration biology would, in turn, undoubtedly increase the capacity to regenerate new plants, thus expanding selection possibilities. Germplasm conservation seeks to conserve endangered and vulnerable plant species worldwide for future proliferation and development; it is also the bedrock of agricultural production.
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Xuan, Lingyan, Xiujie Xi, Zixian Xu, Huijun Xie, Yunguo Zhu, Zhou Cheng, and Shan Li. "Genetic differences and variation in polysaccharide antioxidant activity found in germplasm resources for Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi L.)." Botany 98, no. 11 (November 2020): 651–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2019-0182.
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Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) is an ancient plant with high nutritional and medicinal value. In this study, using 11 Chinese germplasm resources for Job’s tears, we examined genetic differences among the germplasms and differences in the in vitro antioxidant activities of coixan, and sought to identify inter-relationships between these two variables. We found that the intraspecific conservation of DNA sequences was high, with ITS regions and cpDNA trnL-F and trnH-psbA non-coding sequences showing no sequence variation, whereas the GBSSI gene showed a certain degree of variation among the different germplasms. EST-SSR analysis also revealed a relatively low level of genetic diversity among the germplasms. Coixan was shown to be an efficient antioxidant, and among the germplasms examined, the LNYX, FJPC, and AHBZ had the highest antioxidant activities. However, none of the four in vitro antioxidant activity indices we assessed were significantly correlated with the geographical origin of the germplasm (latitude and longitude); however, one of them was significantly associated with genetic diversity. Although the factors affecting the antioxidant activity of coixan are complex, the role of heredity should not be ignored. Our findings have implications for the scientific evaluation, identification, and sustainable utilization of the germplasm resources for Job’s tears.
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Srivastava, M. K. "Germplasm Conservation as a Key for Food Security." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VIII (August 15, 2021): 462–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37396.
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Security of any country as well as the whole world can be ensure through the conservation of germplasm since they are genetic resources that can be used to prolong a population of an organism. Plant genetic resources (PGR) are the foundation of agriculture as well as food and nutritional security. The ICAR-NBPGR is key institution at national level for management of PGR in India under Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi. India being rich in both flora and fauna germplasm diversity also have challenge of protecting its natural heritage. At the same time, we also have mutually beneficial strategies for germplasm exchange with other countries. The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) activities include PGR exploration, collection, exchange, characteri- zation, evaluation, conservation and documentation. It also perform the responsibility to carry out quarantine of all imported PGR. NBPGR collects and acquires germplasm from various sources, conserves it in the Genebank, characterizes and evaluates it for different traits and provides ready material for breeders to develop varieties for farmers. At present, the National Genebank conserves more than 0.45 million accessions. NBPGR is responsible for identifying trait-specific pre-adapted climate resilient genotypes, promising material with disease resistance and quality traits which the breeders use for various crop improvement programmes. The prime focus area of research of NBPGR at present is is on characterization of ex situ conserved germplasm and detailed evaluation of prioritized crops for enhanced utilization. identification of novel genes and alleles for enhanced utilization of PGR; identification and deployment of germplasm/landraces.
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Campbell, K. W., and B. Fraleigh. "The Canadian Plant Germplasm System." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-003.
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The present system of formal plant germplasm conservation in Canada began in 1970 with the appointment of the first Plant Gene Resources Officer. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), which has the main mandate for plant germplasm conservation, operates a seed genebank in Ottawa, which stores and documents accessions of value to Canada, and a clonal genebank in Smithfield, which concentrates on the preservation of tree and small fruits. A new multi-nodal system initiated under the Green Plan has added five new centres to the plant germplasm network. Located at AAFC research centres, plant breeders are responsible for rejuvenating and documenting important germplasm. Universities, companies and nongovernmental organizations contribute to germplasm conservation by increasing the genetic diversity available in the form of cultivars and operating plant and seed repositories. Key words: Germplasm conservation, genebank
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Gorshkov, V. M., L. S. Samarina, R. V. Kulyan, V. I. Malyarovskaya, A. V. Ryndin, R. S. Rakhmangulov, and Y. L. Orlov. "Challenges of in vitro conservation of Сitrus germplasm resources." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 23, no. 1 (February 26, 2019): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj19.457.
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The main problems of establishment a slow growth in vitro collection of citrus and other tree crops cultivars are high degree of fungal contamination of bud explants and low growth potential of shoots. In this regard, the aim of current research is to assess the efficiency of decontamination procedure and the possibility of tissue culture initiation and slow growth conservation of valuable lemon cultivars. The best results of surface sterilization were obtained using immersion solutions of 0.3 % Veltolen – 25 minutes or 10 % Domestos – 25–30 minutes. In these treatments, 27.7–33.0 % of aseptic explants were obtained, respectively. However, after the third subculture, the yield of aseptic viable explants decreased till 10 % as a result of secondary contamination by endophytic fungi. The addition of biocide (“Gavrish”) in a nutrient medium at a concentration of 1 ml/l helped to increase the yield of aseptic viable explants till 50 %. However, after the third subculture the photosynthetic activity and the pigments content as well as growth rate decreased. Plants dropped yellowish leaves and eventually died. Thus, 37.35 % of plantlets survived after 8 months of conservation, and only 14.6 % survived after 10 months. Even after the third month of conservation significant decrease in the viability index and the coefficient of photosynthetic activity occurred in plants. Chlorophyll a in leaves decreased from 1.59 to 1.14 mg/g during 12 months in vitro conservation. The similar tendency observed on clorophyll b and carotenoids content. The experiments were carried out for 5 years using different lemon cultivars and other citrus varieties and cultivars. Thus, micropropagation and slow growth in vitro conservation of valuable lemon cultivars are still problematic and requires new technical solutions due to the low growth potential of plantlets raised from the mature buds that is consistent with the data of other researchers.
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Zhang, Shuangmeng, Zisheng Xu, Lifei Luo, Shuxin Gu, Zhen Hu, Shiming Wan, and Zexia Gao. "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Coilia nasus Revealed by 2b-RAD Sequencing." Biology 12, no. 4 (April 14, 2023): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12040600.
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Coilia nasus is a threatened migratory species in the Yangtze River Basin. To reveal the genetic diversity of natural and farmed populations of C. nasus and the status of germplasm resources in the Yangtze River, the genetic diversity and structure of two wild populations (Yezhi Lake: YZ; Poyang Lake: PY) and two farmed populations (Zhenjiang: ZJ; Wuhan: WH) of C. nasus were analyzed using 44,718 SNPs obtained via 2b-RAD sequencing. The results indicate that both the wild and farmed populations had low genetic diversity, and germplasm resources have undergone varying degrees of degradation. Population genetic structure analyses indicated that the four populations may have come from two ancestral groups. Different amounts of gene flow were identified among WH, ZJ, and PY populations, but gene flow among YZ and other populations was low. It is speculated that the river–lake isolation of Yezhi Lake is the main cause of this phenomenon. In conclusion, this study revealed that genetic diversity reduction and germplasm resource degradation had occurred in both wild and farmed C. nasus, suggesting that conservation of its resources is of great urgency. This study provides a theoretical basis for the conservation and rational exploitation of germplasm resources for C. nasus.
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Merrick, Laura C. "CONSERVING AND USING CROP GENETIC RESOURCE COLLECTIONS: THE CONTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC SECTOR PLANT BREEDERS, GENETICISTS, & CURATORS." HortScience 28, no. 5 (May 1993): 471e—471. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.471e.
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The number and status of germplasm collections associated with plant breeding and applied genetics programs at U.S. public sector institutions [i.e., at both state (SAES) and federal (USDA ARS) agricultural experiment stations] was assessed from a resource conservation perspective via a questionnaire sent to over 1300 people who have been involved with the use or conservation of crop genetic resources in research, preservation, administration, or advisory capacities. The latter so-called working collections typically emphasize use rather than conservation of germplasm, while in turn preservation is one of the primary functions of genebank collections such as those managed by USDA's National Plant Germplasm System. A major objective of the project was to assess the vulnerability of germplasm in working collections to being discarded or left in limbo when breeding programs are discontinued. An evaluation was made of “who is breeding or conserving what crops and where” in order to determine patterns of investment in genetic improvement of major vs. minor crops, as well as in federal- vs. state-based activities. Such differences may be relevant when devising plans to improve germplasm conservation and use. Specific examples of breeding and conservation activity relating to vegetable crops will be compared to that of other types of crop commodities.
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Harvey, Bryan L., and Brad Fraleigh. "Impacts on Canadian agriculture of the Convention on Biological Diversity." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-005.
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Canada was among the first nations to sign and ratify the Convention on Biological Diversity. With strong support from the federal government, the Canadian delegation played a key role in its negotiation. The Convention has three major elements: (1) the conservation of biodiversity; (2) the sustainable use of biodiversity; and (3) the equitable sharing of benefits derived from the use of biodiversity. Canada has developed a draft strategy to meet our obligations as a signatory nation. This strategy was developed with input from various levels of government and from a wide range of individuals and organizations. The benefits to agriculture are increased resources for the conservation of biodiversity, which is vital to this industry, and continued access to germplasm. The costs are the funds necessary to conserve, an obligation to share knowledge and benefits from genetic resources and greater regulation of germplasm exchange. Key words: Biodiversity, conservation, germplasm, convention, genetic resources
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Matassino, D., and B. M. Moioli. "GENETIC IMPROVEMENT AND GERMPLASM CONSERVATION FOR QUALITY." Animal Genetic Resources Information 17 (April 1996): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900004648.
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SUMMARYBiological diversity is the main measure of genetic evolution; it links to the state of genetic polymorphism as influenced by envirornmental changes and modulates the speed of transferring genetic information. The authors concentrate in this note on the importance of the contribution of indigenous animal genetic resources when addressing the complex and economically most important problem of the intrinsic quality of products of animal origin, with special reference to regional/local specificity.
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Wang, S., Z. Jiang, H. Huang, Z. Zhang, and J. Ke. "CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION OF GERMPLASM RESOURCES OF THE GENUS ACTINIDIA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 610 (June 2003): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2003.610.48.
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Wang, Y. K., D. K. Li, C. L. Sui, A. L. Zhao, and X. M. Du. "CONSERVATION, CHARACTERIZATION, EVALUATION AND UTILIZATION OF CHINESE JUJUBE GERMPLASM RESOURCES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 840 (August 2009): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.840.29.
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Nguyen, Duc Bach, Van Hai Tong, Van Hung Nguyen, and Huu Ton Phan. "Collection, conservation, exploitation and development of rice genetic resource of Vietnam." Journal of Vietnamese Environment 6, no. 3 (November 5, 2014): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.13141/jve.vol6.no3.pp239-243.
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Genetic resources are important for the development of every country and for humanity. Collection, conservation and reasonable utilization of genetic resource is required mission. Understanding the importance of genetic resource, especially rice germplasm, since 2001, Center for conservation and development of crop genetic resources (CCD-CGR) of Hanoi University of Agriculture (Vietnam National University of Agriculture) has been collected, conserved and evaluated rice germplasm from different provinces of Vietnam for breeding programs. So far, 1090 accessions of local rice of Vietnam have been collected. Evaluation of agronomic properties and screening of some important genes using DNA molecular markers have revealed that Vietnamese rice germplasm has high level diversity and containing important genes for quality and resistance for disease and pests. These genetic resources are potential materials for national breeding programs. Based on the collected germplasm, 3 new glutinous rice varieties have been successfully created with high yield and good quality. In addition, the degradation of local rice varieties is also a matter of concern. So far, 4 specialty rice varieties Deo Dang, Ble chau, Pu de and Khau dao have been successfully restored for the north provinces of Vietnam. The main results of this study are germplasms for rice breeding programs and new improved varieties that bring economic benefits to farmers and the country.
Nguồn gene là tài nguyên sống còn của mỗi quốc gia và của toàn nhân loại. Vì vậy thu thập, bảo tồn, đánh giá và khai thác hợp lý nguồn tài nguyên này có ý nghĩa rất lớn. Nhận thức được tầm quan trọng của nguồn gen nhất là nguồn gen cây lúa, ngay từ đầu những năm 2000, Trung tâm bảo tồn và phát triển nguồn gene cây trồng thuộc Trường Đại học nông nghiệp, nay là Học Viện nông nghiệp Việt Nam đã tiến hành thu thập, lưu giữ, đánh giá và khai thác nguồn gene lúa. Kết quả đã thu thập, lưu giữ được 1090 mẫu giống lúa địa phương Việt Nam. Đánh giá đặc điểm nông sinh học và phát hiện một số gene quy định các tính trạng chất lượng và kháng sâu bệnh bằng chỉ thị phân tử DNA. Đây là nguồn gene quan trọng cho chọn tạo giống. Dựa vào nguồn gene thu thập được, cho đến nay, Trung tâm bảo tồn và phát triển nguồn gene cây trồng đã lai và chọn tạo được thành công 03 giống lúa nếp chất lượng cao. Ngoài ra, thoái hóa giống cũng là vấn đề đang được quan tâm. Cho đến nay 4 giống lúa đặc sản Đèo đàng, Ble châu, Pu đe và Khẩu dao đã được phục tráng và đưa vào sản xuất. Kết quả của những nghiên cứu này là ngân hàng các giống lúa làm nguồn gene để chọn tạo giống mới đem lại lợi ích kinh tế cho người nông dân và đất nước.
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Ebert, Andreas W., and Johannes M. M. Engels. "Plant Biodiversity and Genetic Resources Matter!" Plants 9, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121706.
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Plant biodiversity is the foundation of our present-day food supply (including functional food and medicine) and offers humankind multiple other benefits in terms of ecosystem functions and resilience to climate change, as well as other perturbations. This Special Issue on ‘Plant Biodiversity and Genetic Resources’ comprises 32 papers covering a wide array of aspects from the definition and identification of hotspots of wild and domesticated plant biodiversity to the specifics of conservation of genetic resources of crop genepools, including breeding and research materials, landraces and crop wild relatives which collectively are the pillars of modern plant breeding, as well as of localized breeding efforts by farmers and farming communities. The integration of genomics and phenomics into germplasm and genebank management enhances the value of crop germplasm conserved ex situ, and is likely to increase its utilization in plant breeding, but presents major challenges for data management and the sharing of this information with potential users. Furthermore, also a better integration of in situ and ex situ conservation efforts will contribute to a more effective conservation and certainly to a more sustainable and efficient utilization. Other aspects such as policy, access and benefit-sharing that directly impact the use of plant biodiversity and genetic resources, as well as balanced nutrition and enhanced resilience of production systems that depend on their increased use, are also being treated. The editorial concludes with six key messages on plant biodiversity, genetic erosion, genetic resources and plant breeding, agricultural diversification, conservation of agrobiodiversity, and the evolving role and importance of genebanks.
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Delgado Bermejo, Juan Vicente, María Amparo Martínez Martínez, Guadalupe Rodríguez Galván, Angélika Stemmer, Francisco Javier Navas González, and María Esperanza Camacho Vallejo. "Organization and Management of Conservation Programs and Research in Domestic Animal Genetic Resources." Diversity 11, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11120235.
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Creating national committees for domestic animal genetic resources within genetic resource national commissions is recommended to organize in situ and ex situ conservation initiatives. In situ conservation is a high priority because it retains traditional zootechnical contexts and locations to ensure the long-term survival of breeds. In situ actions can be based on subsidies, technical support, structure creation, or trademark definition. Provisional or permanent relocation of breeds may prevent immediate extinction when catastrophes, epizootics, or social conflicts compromise in situ conservation. Ex situ in vivo (animal preservation in rescue or quarantine centers) and in vitro methods (germplasm, tissues/cells, DNA/genes storage) are also potential options. Alert systems must detect emergencies and summon the national committee to implement appropriate procedures. Ex situ coordinated centers must be prepared to permanently or provisionally receive extremely endangered collections. National germplasm banks must maintain sufficient samples of national breeds (duplicated) in their collections to restore extinct populations at levels that guarantee the survival of biodiversity. A conservation management survey, describing national and international governmental and non-governmental structures, was developed. Conservation research initiatives for international domestic animal genetic resources from consortia centralize the efforts of studies on molecular, genomic or geo-evolutionary breed characterization, breed distinction, and functional gene identification. Several consortia also consider ex situ conservation relying on socioeconomic or cultural aspects. The CONBIAND network (Conservation for the Biodiversity of Local Domestic Animals for Sustainable Rural Development) exemplifies conservation efficiency maximization in a low-funding setting, integrating several Latin American consortia with international cooperation where limited human, material, and economic resources are available.
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Hui, Chao Mao, Ni Liang, Xiong Yi Yang, and Fang Chen. "The Characteristics of Bamboo Germplasm Resources and its Conservation from Yunnan, China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 1098–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.1098.
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The germplasm resources of bamboos is very rich in Yunnan. Though the reaserch of bamboo diversity conservation is just beginning today, the insitu conservation, developing nature reserve, and exsitu conservation, setting up bamboos garden, have got a great achievement. The period of bamboo flowering is longer and the fruitification rate is lower, so the Collestion of seeds is difficulty. The flowering, fruitting of some bamboos and its seeds collectiong, storage and utilization are introduced in this paper.
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Nguyen Xuan, Viet, Anh Pham Thi Viet, Hoa Nguyen Thi Quynh, Mai Le Thi Tuyet, Huyen Vu Thi Bich, and Thuy Le Thi. "Study on chromosome number and karyotype in the north taro germplasm preserved at the Plant Resources Center - Vietnamese Academy of Agricultural Sciences." Journal of Science Natural Science 66, no. 4F (November 2021): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1059.2021-0077.
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Chomosome number and karyotypes of the North taro germplasm collections maintained at The Plant Resources Center were studied for the database of taro germplasms and to assess genetic diversity in taro (Colocasia esculenta Schott) in Vietnam. The results showed that, most of the 250 accessions of collections discovered are diploid (2n = 2x = 28), accounting for 77,2%, only 22,8% of the germplasm collections are triploid (2n = 3x = 42). The frequency of distribution of diploid and triploid taros between the natural geographic sub-region of the Northwest mountainous and the Northeastern mountainous and midland sub-region is similar. The northern taro germplasm is being conserved is cytogenetic diversity expressed in both chromosome sets (diploid and triploid) and 5 different karyotypes. Three of the five karyotypes (diploid karyotype 11 m + 3 sm, 10 m + 3 sm + 1st, and triploid karyotype, 10 m + 4 sm) were detected in the study were not still reported in taro of Vietnam, therefore added data on the diversity of karyotypes in the taro species of our country. The detailed analysis of chromosomes obtained in this study has provided cytogenetic data, contributing to enriching the taro germplasm database, which is meaningful in conservation and evolutionary research, and planning of breeding programs for new cultivar production of this crop to grow in different agroclimatic environments.
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Valecillos, C., Y. Aranguren, and G. Fermin. "NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION: GUAVA AND OTHER MYRTACEAE GERMPLASM EX SITU CONSERVATION IN MÉRIDA, VENEZUELA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 849 (January 2010): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2010.849.10.
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Milosevic, Mirjana, Mirjana Miloradov, Sasa Dragin, and Milan Stegic. "The importance and implication of genetic resources in agriculture." Genetika 42, no. 3 (2010): 585–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1003585m.
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The maintenance and preservation of biodiversity is going through the processes of conservation and restoration of disturbed ecosystems and habitats, as well as the preservation and recovery of species. Genetic diversity means the variety and total number of genes contained in plant and animal species and microorganisms. Genetic diversity is the basic unit of diversity, which is responsible for differences between individuals, populations and species. Genetic diversity is very important for the preservation of biodiversity and can be saved in several ways. Part of the germplasm is maintained through breeding programs as they evaluate germplasm stored and used as a source of needed diversity. The Convention on Biological Diversity is one of the most important international agreements to protect nature and conserve genetic resources. International treaties governing the use of genetic resources for food and agriculture are a way to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of plant resources for food and agriculture, and to regulate the rights of farmers.
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Hamid, MA. "Duck Genetic Resources, Their Improvement And Conservation In Bangladesh: A Review." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 17, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v17i2.45292.
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The present article addresses the scenario of duck genetic resources, their production and reproduction performances, their improvement and conservation in Bangladesh. The duck, among other poultry species available in the country, are used for meat and egg production. The duck germplasm available in the country are indigenous/native, improved native, exotic and their crosses. The native duck population is comprised of Indigenous Non-descript, Deshi White, Deshi Black, Nageshwari, Sylhet Mete etc. The improved native such as, BLRI-1 and BLRI-2 are developed by Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute. The exotic duck such as, Khaki Campbell, Indian Runner, Jending, Muscovy, White Pekin, Cherry Valley, Thailand Black etc. are also used at farms level. The crossbred of different ducks are used in the country at different farming systems. Improvement and conservation of native duck are ongoing both in-situ and ex-situ in vivo by DLS, BLRI, BAU and also by others. The present study provided baseline information on duck germplasm of Bangladesh which could be useful for future genetic characterization, improvement and conservation.
SAARC J. Agri., 17(2): 31-42 (2019)
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Butac, Madalina, Mihai Botu, Madalina Militaru, Craisor Mazilu, Ion Dutu, and Silvia Nicolae. "Plum Germplasm Resources and Breeding in Romania." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 73, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2019-0034.
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Abstract In Romania, work on identification, conservation and evaluation of fruit genetic resources activities was initiated in 1970 in order to limit the loss of biodiversity. There are rich sources of germplasm located in two research centres: RIFG Pitesti with 642 accessions and UCv-SCDP Vâlcea with 361 accessions, representing wild species, local populations, named cultivars, breeder’s selections and rootstocks. Observations were made according to the IBPGR Prunus descriptors updated by the ECP/GR Prunus Working Group. The following genetic resources from the Piteşti and Vâlcea collections were used in a breeding programme in the development of several plum cultivars: ‘Grase de Becs’, ‘Carpatin’, ‘Ialomiža’, ‘Kirke’, ‘Wilhelmina Späth’ (for resistance / tolerance to Plum pox virus); ‘Vinete romāneşti’, ‘Tuleu timpuriu’, ‘Anna Späth’ (for late blooming), ‘Tuleu gras’, ‘Vâlcean’ (for fruit quality), ‘Stanley’, ‘Pescăruş’, ‘Centenar’ (for productivity), and ‘Diana’ (for self-fertility). The plum rootstock breeding programme used the following genotypes as sources of genes: ‘Rosior văratec’, ‘Brompton’, ‘Renclod Verde’, ‘Pixy’, ‘Saint Julien A’, ‘Albe mici’, ‘Scolduş’, ‘Porumbar’, etc. Breeding using the germplasm in these collections resulted in the release of 40 cultivars and 11 generative and vegetative rootstocks.
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Camadro, E. L., and P. Rimieri. "Ex situ PLANT GERMPLASM CONSERVATION REVISED AT THE LIGHT OF MECHANISMS AND METHODS OF GENETICS." Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics 32, Issue 1 (July 2021): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35407/bag.2021.32.01.02.
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Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture are ex situ conserved in germplasm banks as samples (accessions) of natural or naturalized populations, either as the originally sampled propagules (mainly seeds) or their multiplications. The premises underlying ex situ conservation are that (a) it is the safest and cheapest alternative for germplasm preservation for future generations and (b) accessions are representative of the genetic diversity encountered in nature. In the past decades, ideas, alternatives and considerations have been put forward on the topic, and protocols have been devised for plant germplasm sampling, conservation and multiplication. However, limitations in the management efficiency of germplasm banks have been pointed out by international organizations. In our opinion, germplasm banks in general need to revise their functioning and management at the light of principles and methods of Genetics. To that end, it is necessary to consider the reproductive biology of higher plants -whose genetic consequences at both the individual plant and the population levels are not always either fully understood or taken into account in devising the protocols-, the genetic structures of wild and cultivated populations, and the course of the genetic material in the populations. In this paper, we discuss the three topics and provide an example of a national forage breeding program, from germplasm bank accessions as the germplasm of origin to the obtainment of commercial cultivars. Finally, we present a proposal as a base for discussion among curators, researchers and breeders. Key words: accessions, breeding, genetic resources, germplasm banks, population genetics
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Camadro, E. L., and P. Rimieri. "Ex situ PLANT GERMPLASM CONSERVATION REVISED AT THE LIGHT OF MECHANISMS AND METHODS OF GENETICS." Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics 32, Issue 1 (July 2021): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35407/bag.2020.32.01.02.
Full textAbstract:
Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture are ex situ conserved in germplasm banks as samples (accessions) of natural or naturalized populations, either as the originally sampled propagules (mainly seeds) or their multiplications. The premises underlying ex situ conservation are that (a) it is the safest and cheapest alternative for germplasm preservation for future generations and (b) accessions are representative of the genetic diversity encountered in nature. In the past decades, ideas, alternatives and considerations have been put forward on the topic, and protocols have been devised for plant germplasm sampling, conservation and multiplication. However, limitations in the management efficiency of germplasm banks have been pointed out by international organizations. In our opinion, germplasm banks in general need to revise their functioning and management at the light of principles and methods of Genetics. To that end, it is necessary to consider the reproductive biology of higher plants -whose genetic consequences at both the individual plant and the population levels are not always either fully understood or taken into account in devising the protocols-, the genetic structures of wild and cultivated populations, and the course of the genetic material in the populations. In this paper, we discuss the three topics and provide an example of a national forage breeding program, from germplasm bank accessions as the germplasm of origin to the obtainment of commercial cultivars. Finally, we present a proposal as a base for discussion among curators, researchers and breeders. Key words: accessions, breeding, genetic resources, germplasm banks, population genetics
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Carena, M. "Maize population hybrids: Successful genetic resources for breeding programs and potential alternatives to single-cross hybrids." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 55, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.55.2007.1.4.
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Conservation of maize ( Zea mays L.) genetic resources has been the emphasis of national and international institutions for the benefit of mankind. However, limited resources have been devoted to their adequate exploitation, making genetic resources less useful to the public and private scientific community. As a consequence, public maize breeders have exploited a limited number of heterotic combinations for cultivar development and basic molecular studies while genetic effects are different for different hybrids. Extensive testing of maize population hybrids is a successful approach to choose and improve germplasm sources with high mean performance, useful genetic variability, and excellent combining ability. There is a need to keep applied breeding programs strong in order to link efforts in germplasm conservation with its improvement and utilization.
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Machado, Luciana C., Vanessa C. Oliveira, Mariana D. Paraventi, Rafaela N. R. Cardoso, Daniele S. Martins, and Carlos E. Ambrósio. "Maintenance of Brazilian Biodiversity by germplasm bank." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 36, no. 1 (January 2016): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2016000100010.
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Abstract: Currently the importance of using alternative strategies for biodiversity conservation is emphasized and since the establishment of germplasm bank is an alternative to the conservation of endangered species. This is a technique of great importance for the maintenance of Brazilian fauna. Since the early70'sthere was a growing concern about the need to preserve essential genetic resources for food and agriculture, mainly for conservation of genetic material from farm animals. Thus was created the Brasilia Zoo, in July 2010, the first Germplasm Bank of Wild Animals in Latin America, as an alternative strategy for the conservation of threatened or endangered species, using both gametes and somatic cells and stem cells. Then we argue to create new banks or research networks among different regions with aimed to tissue preservation.
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Kostaman, Tatan, and S. Sopiyana. "Development and Conservation of Gonadal Primordial Germ Cells for Preservation of Local Chicken in Indonesia." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 26, no. 3 (February 6, 2017): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v26i3.1394.
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One of the <em>ex situ</em> conservation techniques for poultry that recently developed was to collect primordial germ cell (PGC) or gonadal primordial germ cell (gPGC) that isolated from embryo development. Primordial germ cells (PGC) are embryonic cells that migrate to the gonads and form the precursors of gametes. The unique nature and accessibility of PGC during the early development provides an opportunity to manipulate the poultry germplasm, for example by forming germline chimeras. There are some stages that must be done through isolation and collection of PGC from its resources i.e. blastoderm, embryonic circulation blood and gonad. PGC collection originating from the gonads is one of existing PGC resources and technologies. gonadal PGC have advantages compared with other sources, namely (1) A large number of gonadal PGC can be taken from an embryo; and (2) A collection of gonadal PGC can be used in developing management systems of local avian germplasm conservation. This review is intended to describe the usefulness of isolation and collection technology of gonadal PGC as the local poultry germplasm conservation in Indonesia.
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Williams, K. A., and D. E. Williams. "Evolving Political Issues Affecting International Exchange of Arachis Genetic Resources." Peanut Science 28, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-28-2-15.
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Abstract While plant genetic resources continue to be essential for world food security, the exchange of these resources between countries has become increasingly encumbered during recent years. The free and open access to genetic resources that previously was considered the “common heritage of mankind” has been fundamentally changed by international multilateral agreements that recognize national sovereignty over genetic resources. Since the entry into force of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1993, many countries have implemented laws regulating access to their genetic resources. The development of legislation in several countries comprising the primary areas of origin and diversity of Arachis makes issues associated with germplasm exchange particularly relevant to investigators working with peanut. This paper describes some recent USDA experiences with obtaining access in Latin American countries harboring peanut genetic resources. Also discussed are implications and prospects for future international germplasm exchange, including aspects of collaborative research and benefit sharing with germplasm donor countries. Within this new political climate, the establishment of mutually beneficial precedents for accessing foreign genetic resources will be crucial for ensuring the continued exchange, conservation, and use of Arachis germplasm in the future.
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Xiaoshan, Kang, Pan Borong, Duan Shimin, Shi Wei, and Zhang Yongzhi. "The reproductive biology of Calligonum L. in relation to ex situ conservation in a botanical garden." Archives of Biological Sciences 63, no. 3 (2011): 799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1103799x.
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In this study, we observed the flowering phenology, breeding system, pollination and seed germination of four species of Calligonum (C. calliphysa, C. rubicundum, C. densum and C. ebinuricum) in the Turpan Eremophytes Botanic Garden, China. Our results showed that the species had overlapping flowering phenologies and were pollinated by similar pollination agents. Their breeding systems were self-compatible, and with signs of outbreeding, but not of hybridization with each other; the main isolation mechanism was post-zygotic isolation and they also had high seed germination rates. Therefore, they are suited to ex situ conservation in the Turpan Eremophytes Botanic Garden, and can supply sufficient seeds for renewal populations and the conservation of germplasm resources. Furthermore, these results provide theoretical support for the construction of a national germplasm resource garden of Calligonum, and for the introduction to the garden of other eremophyteplants and their conservation.
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Tesema, Zeleke, and Abiy Shenkute. "Sheep genetic resource conservation experience in Turkey and future prospects in Ethiopia: A Review." Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 4, no. 1 (February 24, 2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2019.v4i1.265.
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Conservation of native animal genetic resource is vital to maintain genetic diversity sustainably and to cope with the future challenging climate change. Thus, the aim of this paper was to review the experience of sheep conservation practice in Turkey and future prospects in Ethiopia. In turkey, fifteen sheep types are extinct and other native sheep population decreased by 47% due to an unplanned crossbreeding program. For these reasons, sheep genetic resource ex-situ in vivo conservation project started in 1995 with three sheep breeds. The animal breeding law regarding registration of new breed and conservation of animal genetic resources was enacted in 2001 in Turkey. In-situ conservation subsidies of sheep breeds near to extinction have been continued since 2005. Following these events, in vitro conservation of germplasm of 13 sheep breeds have been initiated in 2007 and two gene banks have been established and thereby sperm, embryo, cell, and DNA of from each sheep breed conserved in the gene bank. Although they were successful in both in-situ and ex-situ conservations with some limitations, in-situ conserved sheep breeds had better productivity than ex-situ in vivo conserved sheep in Turkey. In the case of Ethiopia, in-situ conservation will be compatible with the existing infrastructure. Through balancing the genetic gain and inbreeding level, it is possible to integrate the existing community-based genetic improvement programs (with in breed selection) with sustainable in-situ conservation of native sheep genetic resources in Ethiopia.
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Leišová, L., L. Kučera, and L. Dotlačil. "Genetic resources of barley and oat characterised by microsatellites." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 43, No. 3 (January 7, 2008): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2070-cjgpb.
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Barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L.) and oat (<i>Avena sativa</i> L.) are important crop species. 1865 accessions of winter barley, 2707 accessions of spring barley and 1998 accessions of oat are maintained in RICP Gene bank. The expert core collection is used to be established as a tool for germplasm study, conservation of genetic variability and for the identification of useful genes. The main aim of this study was to evaluate genetic diversity of barley and oat genotypes within the expert core collections. Genetic variation of 176 barley accessions was analyzed using 26 microsatellite loci, covering all 6 chromosomes. 330 oat accessions were analyzed using 26 microsatellite loci that are mapped only into linkage groups. For 26 barley microsatellite loci, 328 alleles were detected. The average number of alleles per locus was 12.6. In oat, for 26 oat microsatellite loci, 353 alleles were detected. The average number of alleles per locus was 13.6. The average DI (diversity index) was 0.11 in barley and 0.09 in oat. Dendrogram and PCA (Principal Component Analysis) based on microsatellite data showed a different influence of the place of origin, age of variety and pedigree on grouping into clusters. PCA showed that the breeding process had a negative impact on the level of genetic diversity and therefore there is a necessity of barley and oat germplasm conservation.
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Yang, Huiping, and Terrence R. Tiersch. "Concepts, History, Principles, and Application of Germplasm Cryopreservation Technology." EDIS 2020, no. 5 (October 12, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-fa223-2020.
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Germplasm are living genetic resources that can serve as bearers of heredity, and include germ cells and their precursors, plant seeds and pollen, animal sperm, oocytes, embryos, and larvae. Cryopreservation refers to the preservation of biological materials at extremely low temperatures, typically using solid carbon dioxide at -80°C or liquid nitrogen at -196°C for freezing, and cryogenic storage in perpetuity. Germplasm cryopreservation is an important technology applied for medical treatment, maintenance of biological diversity, preservation of valuable genetic resources, assistance of breeding programs, and conservation of imperiled species. This extension publication is intended to introduce the basic concepts, history, principles, and applications of germplasm cryopreservation technology.
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Shands, Henry L. "The U.S. National Plant Germplasm System." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-004.
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The United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS) manages the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). The USDA's National Genetic Resources Program was created in 1990, using the NPGS as the model by which other life forms would also be preserved and utilized. While the NPGS is a broadly defined system, ARS has a specific role of acquiring, characterizing, preserving, documenting, and distributing germplasm to scientist users for research and breeding. The NPGS provides genetic resources to users at no cost but with a request to return data to incorporate in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) database. The database is available as hard copy, diskette through PC-GRIN, and, for some crops, a CD-ROM disk. Service to users is the primary objective. The NPGS and 40 crop advisory committees exchange technical information on the most important conservation issues. Recent research advances at the National Seed Storage Laboratory provide guidance for storage management of orthodox and desiccation-sensitive seed and vegetative germplasm. Cryopreservation may receive more attention and play a more important role for the vegetative germplasm because improved seed management under conventional refrigerated storage is now possible. Key words: Germplasm, databases, cryopreservation
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Ochar, Kingsley, and Seong-Hoon Kim. "Conservation and Global Distribution of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Germplasm for Agricultural Sustainability." Plants 12, no. 18 (September 18, 2023): 3294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12183294.
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Onion (Allium cepa L.) is recognized globally as a crucial vegetable crop, prized not only for its culinary applications but also for its numerous health-promoting properties. With climate change relentlessly exerting mounting challenges to agriculture, the preservation and deployment of onion germplasm has become critical to ensuring sustainable agriculture and safeguarding food security. Global onion germplasm collections function as repositories of genetic diversity, holding within them an extensive array of valuable traits or genes. These can be harnessed to develop varieties resilient to climate adversities. Therefore, detailed information concerning onion germplasm collections from various geographical regions can bolster their utility. Furthermore, an amplified understanding of the importance of fostering international and inter-institutional collaborations becomes essential. Sharing and making use of onion genetic resources can provide viable solutions to the looming agricultural challenges of the future. In this review, we have discussed the preservation and worldwide distribution of onion germplasm, along with its implications for agricultural sustainability. We have also underscored the importance of international and interinstitutional collaboration in onion germplasm collecting and conservation for agricultural sustainability.
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Gan, Siou Ting, Chin Jit Teo, Shobana Manirasa, Wei Chee Wong, and Choo Kien Wong. "Assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) field genebank: A step towards molecular-assisted germplasm conservation." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 29, 2021): e0255418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255418.
Full textAbstract:
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) germplasm is exclusively maintained as ex situ living collections in the field for genetic conservation and evaluation. However, this is not for long term and the maintenance of field genebanks is expensive and challenging. Large area of land is required and the germplasms are exposed to extreme weather conditions and casualty from pests and diseases. By using 107 SSR markers, this study aimed to examine the genetic diversity and relatedness of 186 palms from a Nigerian-based oil palm germplasm and to identify core collection for conservation. On average, 8.67 alleles per SSR locus were scored with average effective number of alleles per population ranging from 1.96 to 3.34 and private alleles were detected in all populations. Mean expected heterozygosity was 0.576 ranging from 0.437 to 0.661 and the Wright’s fixation index calculated was -0.110. Overall moderate genetic differentiation among populations was detected (mean pairwise population FST = 0.120, gene flow Nm = 1.117 and Nei’s genetic distance = 0.466) and this was further confirmed by AMOVA analysis. UPGMA dendogram and Bayesian structure analysis concomitantly clustered the 12 populations into eight genetic groups. The best core collection assembled by Core Hunter ver. 3.2.1 consisted of 58 palms accounting for 31.2% of the original population, which was a smaller core set than using PowerCore 1.0. This core set attained perfect allelic coverage with good representation, high genetic distance between entries, and maintained genetic diversity and structure of the germplasm. This study reported the first molecular characterization and validation of core collections for oil palm field genebank. The established core collection via molecular approach, which captures maximum genetic diversity with minimum redundancy, would allow effective use of genetic resources for introgression and for sustainable oil palm germplasm conservation. The way forward to efficiently conserve the field genebanks into next generation without losing their diversity was further discussed.
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Davidson, Campbell G. "Canadian wild plant germplasm of economic significance." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-006.
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Canada is a large country with a great diversity of native plant material. Many of the native genera and species are related to crop plants. A review of different crop groupings revealed that over 30% of native plant material is related to crop species at the generic level. Fruit crops (111 species) and forage and turfgrass (138 species) crops had the highest number of related wild species. Nut crop species had relatively few native representatives (11 species) as did cereal, oilseed and other field crops (18 species). Special and minor acreage crops were represented by 86 species while landscape plants were represented by 137 genera. Forest trees are an important economic resource. Over 70 species of coniferous and deciduous trees are native to Canada. Many species, particularly in the fruit crop grouping, could be identified as world resources (e.g. Amelanchier) with the major part of their distribution occurring on Canadian soil. A concerted effort is needed to identify which species are endangered so that they can be preserved on a long-term basis. More research is needed to identify other long-term conservation goals coupled with crop development programs. Key words: Genetic conservation, Canada, wild plants, biodiversity
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Merrick, Laura C. "CROP GENETIC RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND THE THREAT POSED BY THE LOSS OF PUBLIC SECTOR PLANT BREEDING PROGRAMS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1179G—1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1179.
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Collections of crop genetic resources have been assembled and evaluated as part of plant breeding efforts and in that capacity have served as the foundation for genetic improvement of crops. Most of these collections have been held at public sector institutions, including both federal and state agricultural experiment stations. However, recent changes have occurred in government agricultural research policies and funding structure which have lead to a decline in public sector breeding programs. Breeders retire and are not replaced or, for other reasons, programs are discontinued. The loss of the breeding programs maybe adversely affecting the status of the associated germplasm, if no means are provided for continued conservation of the collections. The results of a nationwide survey to assess the number and status of crop germplasm collections associated with public sector plant breeding programs and the relationship of those collections to the National Plant Germplasm System will be discussed. Recommendations will be made in regard to coordination of activities to ensure conservation of the germplasm held in plant breeders' collections.
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Merrick, Laura C. "CROP GENETIC RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND THE THREAT POSED BY THE LOSS OF PUBLIC SECTOR PLANT BREEDING PROGRAMS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1179g—1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1179g.
Full textAbstract:
Collections of crop genetic resources have been assembled and evaluated as part of plant breeding efforts and in that capacity have served as the foundation for genetic improvement of crops. Most of these collections have been held at public sector institutions, including both federal and state agricultural experiment stations. However, recent changes have occurred in government agricultural research policies and funding structure which have lead to a decline in public sector breeding programs. Breeders retire and are not replaced or, for other reasons, programs are discontinued. The loss of the breeding programs maybe adversely affecting the status of the associated germplasm, if no means are provided for continued conservation of the collections. The results of a nationwide survey to assess the number and status of crop germplasm collections associated with public sector plant breeding programs and the relationship of those collections to the National Plant Germplasm System will be discussed. Recommendations will be made in regard to coordination of activities to ensure conservation of the germplasm held in plant breeders' collections.
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Landoni, Michela, Anna Bertoncini, Martina Ghidoli, Graziano Rossi, Elena Cassani, Sabrina Locatelli, Carlotta Balconi, and Roberto Pilu. "PGRFA Management of Outcrossing Plants Propagated by Seed: From On-Farm to Ex Situ Conservation and Some Italian Maize Case Studies." Agronomy 14, no. 5 (May 12, 2024): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14051030.
Full textAbstract:
In this review, the main issues related to the conservation and valorization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) will be primarily addressed. The conservation of PGRFA concerning outcrossing plants poses a significant challenge. For this reason, this review will cover the key challenges related to all stages, starting from in situ sampling, collection in the germplasm bank, and conservative reproductive methods. Integrated approaches involving the combined use of classical and molecular techniques will be described for the characterization of accessions. Within this framework, some successful Italian case studies focused on maize will be reported as well.
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Quisenberry, S. S., and S. L. Clement. "Conservation and use of global plant genetic resources for insect resistance." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 8 (2002): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02017.
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Insect and mite damage accounts for a significant level (30−70%) of total crop production losses. Conservation and use of plant genetic resources are required to endow crops with pest resistance, as well as to enhance crop yields and nutritional qualities. Advancements in molecular genetic technologies have the potential to facilitate the introgression of insect resistance genes from conserved and unadapted germplasm into cultivated crops. Long−term food security and the sustainability of agricultural productivity worldwide can be enhanced with the conservation and use of global plant genetic resources.
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Egbadzor, K. F. "Cassava [Manihot Esculenta (Crantz)] Germplasm for Effective Conservation." Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 20, no. 1 (August 9, 2022): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jafs.v20i1.16.
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An experiment was conducted to characterize the cassava germplasm of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute (CSIR-PGRRI), Ghana to help in effective conservation. A total of 210 cassava accessions being conserved at the field genebank of the CSIR – PGRRI were used for the experiment in October, 2014 and data collected in October, 2015 on five morphological traits comprising of plant height, growth type, height of first branch, levels of branching and branch angle. The five traits revealed variability among the cassava accessions. Based on the variability, the 210 accessions were classified into four categories namely short-spreading, tall-spreading, short-non-spreading and tall-nonspreading. Four different planting distances were suggested for the different groups for effective conservation. The recommended planting distances were 75 x 75 cm, 75 x 100 cm, 100 x 100 cm and 100 x 150 cm groups based on height and spreading nature of the cassava accessions. Cassava accessions from different planting distances groups should not be planted adjacent each other to avoid suppressing of weaker ones.
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Li, X. Y., Y. M. Yang, J. Ai, S. T. Fan, Y. X. Liu, Z. X. Wang, Y. Zhao, et al. "COLLECTION, CONSERVATION, EVALUATION AND UTILIZATION OF VITIS AMURENSIS GERMPLASM RESOURCES IN CHINA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1082 (April 2015): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1082.10.
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Flores, G., N. V. Bassil, and L. Reinhold. "Conservation status of hazelnut genetic resources at the National Clonal Germplasm Repository." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1379 (October 2023): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2023.1379.8.
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Li, Jiali, Bin Zhao, Yang Chen, Bohao Zhao, Naisu Yang, Shuaishuai Hu, Jinyu Shen, and Xinsheng Wu. "A Genetic Evaluation System for New Zealand White Rabbit Germplasm Resources Based on SSR Markers." Animals 10, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081258.
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At present, there is an abundance of quality domestic rabbit breeds in China. However, due to the lack of technical standards for the genetic evaluation of rabbit germplasm resources, there have been a number of problems, such as poor breed conservation. By studying the genetic diversity of 130 New Zealand white rabbits (regardless of generation), we obtained the best simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker combination. We found that, when using microsatellite markers for the effective genetic evaluation of domestic rabbits, the number of records should be greater than 60 and the marker number more than 22. Through the comparative analysis of 30 combinations of 22 markers, the optimal combination of 22 markers was determined, and the 22 SSR polymorphic loci were distributed on different chromosomes. We performed a genetic analysis of 200 New Zealand white rabbits corresponding to two generations, using the best SSR polymorphic loci combination. There were no significant differences in the genetic diversity parameters between the two generations of rabbits (p > 0.05), indicating that the characteristics of this excellent rabbit germplasm have been effectively preserved. At the same time, we verified that the established method can be used to evaluate the breed conservation of rabbit germplasm resources.
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Hanson, Jean, and Richard Ellis. "Progress and Challenges in Ex Situ Conservation of Forage Germplasm: Grasses, Herbaceous Legumes and Fodder Trees." Plants 9, no. 4 (April 2, 2020): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9040446.
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Forages provide an important livestock feed resource globally, particularly for millions of smallholder farmers, and have important roles in natural resource management and carbon sequestration, reducing soil erosion and mitigating the effects of climate change. Forage germplasm remains the basis for the selection and development of new, higher-yielding and better adaptedgenotypes to meet the increasing demand for livestock feed. Rapid rates of genetic erosion of forage diversity due to land-use change from natural pastures and rangelands to crop production to meet the food security requirements of a growing global population, together with pressures from a changing climate, highlight the necessity for ex situ seed conservation of forage genetic resources to provide germplasm for use by future generations. Whilst many forage species have orthodox seeds, the diverse range of genera and species which provide forage is a challenge in terms of the wide scope of information and understanding on conservation methods that genebank managers require—particularly for tropical forages, many of which are comparatively under-researched. We review the challenges to the conservation of tropical forage species by seed in ex situ genebanks and provide information on optimum methods for their management.
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Ortiz, Rodomiro. "Swimming in the Breeding Pool: Partnering for Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources through Crop Germplasm Enhancement." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences 66, no. 4-5 (December 1, 2012): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10046-012-0020-1.
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Substantial and sustainable increases in productivity of all crops are needed to meet the predicted demand for food, feed, fibres, flowers, fuels, fun, feed-stocks and pharmaceuticals of this 21st century bio-based economy. Plant breeding is vital for protecting the yield gains made to date, and for further increasing the genetic yield potential of all crops. As a result of the Green Revolution, global productivity of the main food staples steadily rose since the 1960s. Such achievements ensued from crop genetic enhancement partnerships. They are models for illustrating partnering for exchange, evaluation, release and use of plant genetic resources worldwide. These partnerships include national agricultural research institutes and international agricultural research centres. For many decades the global wheat yield increased due to an effective International Wheat Improvement Network (IWIN), which deployed cutting-edge science alongside practical multi-disciplinary applications, resulting in the development of bred-germplasm that has improved food security and the livelihoods of farmers in the developing world. IWIN operates field evaluation trials in more than 250 locations of 100 countries for testing breeding wheat lines across many environments. The International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER) has become an integral component of rice breeding programmes: every year partners provide about 1000 genetically diverse breeding lines, which have been grown in about 600 experiment stations from 80 countries. The Latin American Maize Programme (LAMP) has assessed national germplasm, facilitated the exchange of genetic resources across the continent, and its core subset has been made available to encourage further use in broadening maize genetic resources. For example, the Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (GEM) project has used LAMP-selected landraces in crosses with elite temperate maize lines provided by North American private companies, to introgress useful genetic diversity into US maize germplasm, with the aim to broaden the genetic base of “corn-belt” hybrids.
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Upadhyaya, Hari D., C. L. L. Gowda, H. K. Buhariwalla, and J. H. Crouch. "Efficient use of crop germplasm resources: identifying useful germplasm for crop improvement through core and mini-core collections and molecular marker approaches." Plant Genetic Resources 4, no. 1 (April 2006): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pgr2006107.
Full textAbstract:
Conservation of crop germplasm diversity involves the establishment of in situ and ex situ genebanks. The major activities for ex situ genebanks include assembling, conserving, characterizing and providing easy access to germplasm for scientists. More than six million accessions are currently assembled in over 1300 genebanks worldwide. ICRISAT is one of the 15 CGIAR centres, with headquarters at Patancheru, India, and conserves genetic resources of sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea, groundnut, and six small millets. The ICRISAT genebank holds 114,870 accessions from 130 countries, including both archival materials from various organizations throughout the world, and from fresh collections resulting from 213 missions in 62 countries. The ICRISAT genebank supplies annually over 40,000 germplasm samples to scientists worldwide. Sixty-six varieties selected from the basic germplasm have been released for cultivation in 44 countries, and ICRISAT has restored/repatriated crop germplasm to eight countries. The research focus is on germplasm diversity assessment, developing core and mini-core collections, and using a molecular characterization approach to both enhance the utilization of germplasm in research and improve the efficiency of germplasm management. Following these approaches, we have been able to identify a significant number of accessions with traits potentially relevant for crop improvement.
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A, John Joel, Ganesh Ram S, Thiyagarajan K, Paramathma M, and Murugesa Boopathi P. "The Ramiah Gene Bank : A Step-Forward in Agro-Biodiversity Conservation at TNAU." Madras Agricultural Journal 98, March (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.100228.
Full textAbstract:
India is one of the richest countries for plant diversity with approximately 16,000 vascular plants, 5000 endemic species and 140 endemic genera. However, an estimated 3000-4000 plant species are being threatened to be on the verge of extinction, fixing India, one of the highest priorities for plant biodiversity conservation. In recent decades, India has increasingly recognized the importance of plant diversity in efforts to conserve and sustainably use its plant diversity. Conservation requires a sound scientific and technical basis and there are two methods viz., ex situ and in situ conservation which are equally important and should be regarded as complementary. In the process of ex situ conservation, the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) possess 3,85,645 germplasm accessions of various agri- horticultural crops. Realising the need of ago biodiversity conservation, TNAU has created a gene bank facility named after the legendary rice breeder Dr. K. Ramiah, with the capacity to conserve more than 1,00,000 germplasm accession under medium term storage (MTS) and long term storage (LTS) conditions. Presently a total of 13,567 accessions of more than 21 species are deposited in the gene bank. These provide an important reserve of plant resources for sustainable economic and social development. Thus, TNAU's strategic and vision for conservation of plant diversity and sustainable use of plant resources in the 21 st century is of far-reaching significance for sustainable development of our economy and society.
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Ye, Junwei, Yunfei Zhang, Xiaojuan Wang, Li Cai, and Jiakuan Chen. "The significance of forest resources and the conservation of germplasm resources in the Yangtze River Basin." Biodiversity Science 26, no. 4 (2018): 406–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17520/biods.2017269.
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Stewart, Alan V., and Nicholas W. Ellison. "A molecular phylogenetic framework for cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) improvement." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 8 (2014): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13407.
Full textAbstract:
The recently completed molecular phylogenetic analysis of Dactylis germplasm has provided a clear evolutionary history of the diploid Dactylis from which modern tetraploid germplasm and cultivars have evolved. This framework will allow us to use fully a wider range of both diploid and tetraploid germplasm for a more systematic improvement of cocksfoot. Germplasm of many diploid and tetraploid forms is under serious threat from habitat degradation and climate change, and many forms are currently poorly represented in genebanks. It is critical that a wide range of these forms is collected for storage and conservation. It is also critical that core collections are developed and maintained, using molecular phylogenetic and genetic diversity information as the basic framework. In order to apply molecular resources in an effective and balanced manner, pragmatic field breeding programs need to be continued in all major regions. This is a major concern for cocksfoot, as it is a species with limited international breeding investment. Viable, large-scale, cocksfoot breeding programs must be maintained internationally to allow adequate cultivar development, ongoing germplasm collection, introgression from wild germplasm and application of molecular resources.