Journal articles on the topic 'Gerridae – Size'

The feeding habits of Gerris remigis were examined in a southeastern Ontario stream. Gerrids with prey items were collected from two pools along a 15-m length of the site. The size distribution of potential prey available in the surface drift during the survey was estimated. Gerrid prey consisted mainly of terrestrial insects; coleopterans, dipterans, homopterans, and hymenopterans represented the predominant orders. The median size of prey taken by all gerrids was significantly larger than that available in the surface drift. A sexual dimorphism in gerrid body size was found. The length of prey taken did not differ between the sexes; however, the diet of the larger bodied females consisted of prey with a greater median body width than the diet of smaller males. Females also took a greater size range of prey. These results support a size-dependent predation model which predicts that the upper size range of prey that can be successfully captured is correlated with predator size.

AbstractUse of gerrids (Hemiptera: Gerridae) as primary hosts by the solitary egg parasitoid Lathromeroidea sp.nov. is established and parasitoid reproductive behaviour is described. Four species of Limnoporus (L. dissortis Drake and Harris, L. notabilis Drake and Hottes, L. rufoscutellatus Latreille, and L. esakii Miyamoto) and two of Gerris (G. buenoi Kirkaldy and G. pingreensis Drake and Hottes) were successfully parasitized in the laboratory. A greater proportion of wasps eclosed successfully from eggs of Gerris than from Limnoporus. Host size was directly proportional to both weight and body length of adult parasitoids. Sex ratios were female-biased, with males emerging before females.

This study describes sexual dimorphism in size (total body length and lengths of leg components) and in the allometric relationships between leg-component lengths and total body length in the giant water strider Gigantometra gigas (Heteroptera: Gerridae). Gigantometra gigas is the largest known gerrid, and has been previously described as monomorphic for body size. We compare our results with analogous data collected on Gerris buenoi, a species of more moderate size, where females are larger than males. Based on 94 specimens of G. gigas, we conclude that males are larger than females in all measured traits. This dimorphism was most spectacular in the leg components, which are 10-50% longer in males than in females. Males are generally more variable in size than females, and this is especially so for leg components. Allometric analysis suggests that total leg lengths (particularly middle and rear) increase at a much greater rate with body size in males than in females, therefore there is sexual dimorphism in allometries on the scale of that in the traits themselves. The relationship between middle and hind leg lengths is strong in both sexes, and appears to differ very little between the sexes or between G. gigas, and Ge. buenoi. These data suggest a constraint on this relationship, perhaps because of the biomechanics of locomotion. We propose that sexual selection acting on middle leg lengths in males explains both the increase and variance in middle leg length, and that hind leg length follows by correlated response.

ABSTRACT On a field trip to the Busurca Canal, near Sulina, in the Danube Delta, an apterous Gerris argentatus male was captured. It measured only 5.1 mm from the tip of the head to the end of the last abdominal segment, and was the smallest adult pond skater recorded in Europe. This specimen was also the first to be describe as an apterous form of G. argentatus, the species previously being known as either macropterous or micropterous. A large macropterous male, measuring 6.77 mm, was also collected in the same habitat, its size exceeding the known measurement for the species. Five G. argentatus females were taken from two sites on the Busurca Canal, each one measuring under the 7.5 mm length documented as a minimum for females of the species, with the smallest sample being only 6.59 mm in length.

The Holarctic water strider genus Limnoporus Stål is redescribed, a key and diagnoses are provided for the six species described, and their distributions are documented. The geographic variation of the Palearctic and northwestern Nearctic L. rufoscutellatus (Latreille) is surveyed. Male specimens from Fairbanks, Alaska, and the Yukon Territory (described as Gerris nearcticus Kelton, syn.nov.), cannot be separated from L. rufoscutellatus from Europe or the former Asian USSR. Limnoporus genitalis (Miyamoto), stat.nov., was originally described as an insular subspecies (from Hokkaido, the Kurile Islands, and Sakhalin) of L. rufoscutellatus but is clearly diagnosable and deserves specific status. The boreal Nearctic L. dissortis (Drake and Harris) and the western Nearctic L. notabilis (Drake and Hottes) are very similar to each other, but males of the two species show practically no overlap in size, L. notabilis being distinctly larger than L. dissortis. However, males, and more especially females, can be difficult to identify in areas where the two species hybridize. The two species of Limnoporus with smaller body size, the eastern Nearctic L. canaliculars (Say) and the east Asian L. esakii (Miyamoto), are more distinct from each other than are the remaining four species of the genus. A cladistic analysis of relationships between species was conducted, mainly on the basis of the structural characteristics of adults, and with species of Aquarius and Gerris as out-groups. The reconstructed phylogeny is discussed in relation to previous standard as well as molecular taxonomic work about species relationships and previous ambiguities are resolved. The phylogeny is further used to infer evolutionary sequences in habitat preference, wing polymorphism, and phenology, and to discuss the geographical distribution and historical zoogeography of Limnoporus species.

The primarily Holarctic pond skater genus Gerris Fabricius is redescribed and compared with two other northern temperate water strider genera, Aquarius Schellenberg and Limnoporus Stål. The subgenus Gerriselloides Hungerford and Matsuda is redefined and Macrogerris subgen.nov. is described to hold a group of eight eastern Palearctic species. Monophyletic species-groups of the subgenus Gerris s.str. are diagnosed and their species composition is delimited. Gerris brevirostris Bergroth is synonymized with G. lacustris (L.), syn.nov. Keys for identification are provided for all species of Gerris. The phylogenetic relationships among species of Limnoporus, Aquarius, and Gerris are analyzed. The data set comprises 63 structural characters coded for 2 species of Limnoporus, 7 species of Aquarius, and 19 species of Gerris. In particular, the metathoracic scent apparatus, male genitalia, female ovipositor, and gynatrial complex reveal characters of phylogenetic importance. The data set is subjected to cladistic analyses using the parsimony program Hennig86. Character polarities are determined using either a hypothetical taxon or the species Gigantometra gigas (southeastern Asia) as out-group. Through cladistic analysis, evidence is brought forward supporting one particular hypothesis of the relationships between Aquarius, Limnoporus, and Gerris, and between subgenera and monophyletic species-groups of Gerris. The reconstructed phylogeny is used to infer evolutionary sequences in patterns of wing polymorphism, habitat preferences, and sexual size dimorphism among temperate water striders, and to discuss their geographical distribution and historical biogeography.

AbstractResults of field observations, cross-breeding experiments, morphometry, and starch gel electrophoresis suggest that A. cinereus and A. najas are specifically distinct. Cross-breeding experiments between the two taxa in the laboratory were only successful when using males of A. cinereus and females of A. najas. Field observations on mixed populations in spring did not reveal any pre- or postcopulae involving partners of the two taxa (assigned by body length). Instead all pairs observed consisted of conspecific males and females. Morphometry of field caught adults of A. najas and A. cinereus yielded a clearly bimodal distribution of body length with only very few individuals of intermediate size. Therefore, body length alone allows reasonable separation of the two taxa in natural populations. Although F1-hybrids from laboratory rearings (photoperiod 18L:6D, temperature ∼ 23°C) differed only marginally in body length from A. najas reared under the same conditions, backcrosses and also F2-hybrids were of intermediate size. In the field individuals of both taxa are predominantly wingless, but both hybrids and backcrosses from the laboratory showed a net shift in morph ratio with many longwinged specimens. Vertical starch gel electrophoresis of three monomorphic (Apk, Got-2, Mdh-2), six polymorphic loci with low levels of polymorphism (Idh-1, Fum, Got-1, Mdh-1, Me, 6-Pgd) and three highly polymorphic loci (Es-4, Idh-2, Pgm) suggests that the two taxa do not share a common gene pool. Gene differentiation among all A. cinereus populations as measured by Nei's GST values is very low. Between Tyrrhenian and continental A. najas populations, however, gene differentiation is very high, and in the same order of magnitude as gene differentiation between the two taxa A. cinereus and A. najas in sympatric populations. Our field observations, together with morphometric data, laboratory rearings, and information on wing polymorphism, suggest that hybridization in natural populations is rare.

Abstract Predator-prey interactions involving an aquatic insect and zooplanktonic prey of different sizes were investigated to quantify prey mortality exposed to predators. Laboratory experiments were undertaken with the young and adult gerrid Rheumatobates crassifemur to test predation and size selectivity on the cladocerans Daphnia gessneri, Ceriodaphnia richardi, and Bosmina tubicen. Population fluctuations and spatial distribution of the gerrid were also evaluated in a small and shallow Brazilian lake throughout 12 months in fortnightly samples. The insects were more abundant in the littoral (mean density 7.0 ± 1.2 ind.m–2) compared to the limnetic zone. The period with the highest densities was late January to June, in both zones. Predation by young instars on Daphnia and Ceriodaphnia was significant (mean ingestion rate of 1.3 ± 0.1 D. gessneri and 0.7 ± 0.1 C. richardi per predator per hour). Adult insect fed only the large-sized prey (mean ingestion rate of 1.0 ± 0.1 D. gessneri per predator per hour). Young gerrids have greater potential to prey on cladocerans than adults, and size selectivity occurred for both predators. Preference of adults by the larger prey is probably related to difficulties in manipulating smaller planktonic prey, such as Ceriodaphnia. Due to higher densities of insects in the littoral, higher predation on zooplankton in this zone is expected. This study does contribute to a better understanding of trophic interactions in tropical shallow lakes and is the first to investigate predation of a gerrid on cladocerans in laboratory experiments.

Tiphodytes gerriphagus parasitized eggs of five Gerris and two Limnoporus species in the laboratory and the parasitoids were reared from field-collected eggs of G. buenoi, G. comatus, G. pingreensis, L. dissortis, and L. notabilis. Eggs of G. buenoi and L. dissortis were parasitized over about 80% of development. Wasps preferred eggs of G. buenoi over those of L. dissortis, which were larger but covered by a jelly coat. However, under field conditions, eggs of L. dissortis laid at the water surface were parasitized more than submersed eggs of Gerris species. Host size (= species) had no apparent effect on adult life-span but affected the body length of adult parasitoids. Size of females was affected more than that of males and lifetime fecudity also varied with host size. Parasitoids laid most of their eggs during the first 4 days after emergence, averaging 8–11 parasitized hosts per day. Tiphodytes gerriphagus was reared from eggs of Limnoporus collected throughout western Canada. Rates of parasitism peaked just after egg production by L. dissortis, suggesting selection for early oviposition by gerrids. Most Limnoporus populations were heavily parasitized by late summer, but in some temporary or newly created habitats, rates of parasitism were lower. Growth of the parasitoid population at a new habitat was slower than at nearby ponds with large resident wasp and gerrid populations, and the lower parasitoid abundance was associated with greater production of L. dissortis. Adults of T. gerriphagus appear to overwinter in gerrid eggs at the bottom of ponds. At temporary sites, wasps may fail to survive the winter and recolonize more slowly than Limnoporus. Interaction with parasitoids may explain the patchy nature of L. dissortis distribution and its restriction to temporary habitats. Presence of T. gerriphagus may also affect the outcome of competitive interactions among gerrid species.

This study compares the population ecology of Gerris remigis (Hemiptera: Gerridae) in two habitats: a cool mountain stream, representing the characteristic habitat of this species, and the atypical habitat of a small, warm pond. Neither habitat supported breeding populations of any other gerrid species. The populations on the two sites were found to differ significantly with respect to population dynamics, dispersal, phenology, and wing dimorphism. Overall, the population on the pond was more productive than that on the stream, indicating that G. remigis can be highly successful in a warm, lentic habitat, in the absence of competing species. However, in spite of this success, adult G. remigis actively avoided the lentic site. Thus habitat choice in this species cannot be mediated solely by interspecific competition. Comparisons of the two sites suggest that current, temperature, and (or) shelter from direct sunlight and wind may act as proximate cues for habitat choice in this species. The striking differences between the two study populations are also evidence of a very high degree of phenotypic plasticity, which allows G. remigis to respond to differences in habitat characteristics on a very fine scale.

When food availability is constant, the distance from which first instar water striders (Gerris remigis Say) initiate escape from approaching (potentially cannibalistic) adults initially rises and then falls with increases in group size. This result cannot be explained by the currently accepted many-eyes hypothesis, which predicts a monotonically increasing relationship between flight initiation distance and group size, resulting from the increased probability of predator detection by larger groups. The results are consistent with an alternative hypothesis, according to which the preferred flight distance results from a trade-off between the costs and benefits of flight and declines with increasing group size due to risk dilution. The gerrids are constrained from achieving their preferred flight distance when tested as individuals, and the adult is able to approach more closely before being detected.

Aquatic and semi-aquatic Heteroptera from lentic and lotic freshwater bodies were surveyed from all the districts of Meghalaya. Tenagogonus aruli sp. nov. (Gerromorpha: Gerridae) is described and can be identified by the presence of a very long connexival process in the female, medium sized connexival process in the male, an irregular longitudinal black stripe on the sublateral region of the abdominal sternum in the apterous form, and a median longitudinal depression on the eighth abdominal sternum of the male. In addition, eight species of the infraorders Nepomorpha and Gerromorpha are recorded for the first time from India: Ranatra libera Zettel, 1999, Hydrometra jaczewskii Lundblad, 1933, H. longicapitis Torre-Bueno, 1927, Strongylovelia balteiformis Ye, Chen & Bu, 2015, S. hainanensis Ye, Chen & Bu, 2015, Gerris (Gerris) lobatus Andersen & Chen, 1993, Tenagogonus kuiterti Hungerford & Matsuda, 1958, and Rheumatogonus vietnamensis Zettel & Chen, 1996. Detailed illustrations of the new species and habitus images and distribution maps of all the species recorded for the first time from India are provided.

The marine water strider Halobates sexualis Distant, 1903 was originally described from the estuary of Jambu River (Distant 1903). This species has been recorded from Malaysia (Cheng 1985, Zettel & Tran 2009, Ikawa et al. 2012), Sri Lanka (Andersen & Foster 1992, Ikawa et al. 2012) and Thailand (Román-Palacios et al. 2018). In the pioneering work by Herring (1961) on this genus, he mentioned the type locality to be “Estuary of the Jambu River, Malaya.” Andersen and Foster (1992) provided notes on the whereabouts of the type locality of this species and mentioned that it was probably located in northern Malaya (Kuala Jambu) immediately south of the border of Thailand on the Gulf of Siam coast. Andersen and Cheng (2004) further backed this up by mentioning Malaysia in the range of H. sexualis, which was not recorded from Malaysia until 2009 (Zettel & Tran 2009) but also stated that it was not verified personally. However, Distant (1903) mentioned the collection locality as “Estuary of the Jambu River, Jhering.” According to the Map of the Malay Peninsula published around the same time period in 1898 by Stanford, London (RASGBI 1898), Jambu or Jering is located along the coast of Yaring (formerly Jhering/Jering) which is a District Town in Pattani Province of Thailand. This location is about 120 km northwest of the previously presumed location by Andersen & Foster (1992; see fig. 24) and is most likely the site of collection, which is in present-day Thailand. The type locality of this species should thus be attributed to Thailand instead of Malaysia.

Using kinematic and mechanical experiments, we have shown how fisher spiders, Dolomedes triton (Araneae, Pisauridae), can generate horizontal propulsive forces using their legs. This horizontal thrust is provided primarily by the drag of the leg and its associated dimple as both move across the water surface. Less important sources of resistance are surface tension and bow waves. The relative contributions of drag, surface tension and bow waves were examined in several different ways. In one experiment, we measured the forces acting on a leg segment as water flowed past it in non-turbulent flow; the bow wave was not present at leg relative velocities below 0.2ms-1 and thus cannot play a role in thrust production at low leg speeds. In a second experiment, we varied the surface tension by altering the concentration of ethanol from 0% to 9% in the experimental water tank. At a constant dimple depth, force varied little with changes in surface tension, a result consistent with the hypothesis that drag is the primary source of resistance. In addition, however, as surface tension decreased from 0.072 to 0.064Nm-1, the power exponent of the relationship between force and velocity (as measured by the exponent of the power function relating the two variables) increased; at lower surface tensions, down to 0.054Nm-1, the power exponent of the relationship between force and velocity decreased. These results suggest an influence of surface tension (albeit still secondary to drag) in generating horizontal resistance to leg movement. We also measured flow disturbance in the water downstream from a leg segment and confirmed that, even at velocities well below 0.2ms-1, the leg-cum-dimple transferred momentum to the water, which is a clear indication that drag is a contributor to the resistance encountered by a spider's leg. Finally, modeling the leg-cum-dimple as a circular cylinder generates values of drag that account for 75­98% of the measured leg force when the dimple is 0 or 1mm deep. These results not only elucidate the primary mechanism of propulsion for D. triton and other similar-sized arthropods, such as adult water striders (Gerridae), but also suggest that the formerly enigmatic locomotion of very small water-walking organisms (e.g. first-instar water striders) can be understood in the same way.

Abstract Background: The role of radiation therapy (XRT) in patients (pts) with advanced stage diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains controversial. Locoregional XRT is often recommended to pts with less than a complete response (CR) on computerized tomography (CT) and to those with bulky disease at diagnosis. Selective administration of XRT guided by functional imaging at end-of-chemotherapy-treatment (EOT) may spare pts XRT if they are PET negative (PET-neg), and facilitate eradication of a residual chemo-resistant site in those with a positive scan (PET-pos). Methods: Since July 2005, pts with advanced stage DLBCL (stage 2 with B symptoms and/or bulky disease, stage 3-4) treated in British Columbia (BC) have been recommended to have a PET if they have a residual mass > 2cm on the EOT CT scan, although some pts do proceed to PET without documented residual masses on EOT CT at the discretion of the treating physician. XRT (to the involved site) was offered to pts with PET-pos residual disease provided the area of persistent PET positivity could be encompassed within a reasonable radiation volume. Pts with a negative scan (PET-neg) were observed, regardless of initial bulk or original disease sites. The BC Cancer Agency Lymphoid Cancer Database and Department of Functional Imaging database were used to identify all advanced stage, newly diagnosed DLBCL pts treated with a minimum of 6 cycles of RCHOP between Jan 2005 and Oct 2016 that had an EOT-PET scan. This analysis did not include pts with documented progressive disease during RCHOP, known CNS involvement at diagnosis, HIV positivity, primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma, transformed lymphoma, or those treated with XRT prior to completing RCHOP. All PET scans in BC are performed in a single location using a combined PET/CT scanner with centralised review. Scans performed prior to the introduction of the Deauville criteria were reported as per the recommendations of the International Harmonisation Project. Results: 702 newly diagnosed DLBCL pts were identified with the following baseline characteristics: median age 65 y (range 18-87 y), 57% male, 43% PS >1, 58% elevated LDH, 30% >1 extranodal site, 74% Stage III/IV, 40% bulky site ≥10cm, 43% IPI 0-2, 57% IPI 3-5. Only 6% of included pts received >6 cycles RCHOP. Median follow up for living pts was 3.3y (0.3-12 y). 498 (71%) pts were PET-neg at EOT and 204 (29%) PET-pos. 109 (53%) PET-pos pts were treated with XRT, 95 (47%) were not. Reasons for not receiving XRT: 1 refused, 8 had surgical resection of their FDG-avid site (x7 splenectomy, x1 mastectomy) and 23 were selected for close observation by the treating physician. 63 were not referred for consolidative XRT as the location or extent of PET-pos sites were deemed not amenable to XRT or they had clear evidence of disease progression. These pts were referred for additional systemic treatment or palliation. Only 4 PET-neg pts were treated with XRT at the discretion of their treating physician. Most pts were treated with 35 Gray (range 30-45) delivered over 20 fractions (range 10-25) depending on site and field. 5-y time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) were similar for both PET-neg pts (79% and 82%, respectively) and PET-pos pts who received XRT (77% and 73%, respectively). PET-pos pts who did not receive XRT had inferior outcomes (5-y TTP 29%, 5-y OS 43%). Within the entire cohort, 272 had a documented bulky site of ≥10cm at diagnosis. 161/272 (59%) pts with original bulky disease were PET-neg at EOT and therefore not treated with XRT. No significant differences were observed for TTP or OS in PET-neg pts who had bulky vs non-bulky disease at diagnosis, regardless of definition of bulk used (≥ 7.5 cm or ≥ 10 cm). 24/109 (22%) pts in the PET-pos cohort who were treated with consolidative XRT relapsed: 7 out-of-field, 4 in-field, 12 in- and out-of-field, 1 unknown. There is a cohort of 29 pts with PET-pos disease who received no further treatment and have not had documented disease progression. Conclusion: This population-based analysis with long-term follow-up confirms that using a PET-directed approach to guide the use of XRT can spare pts from potential adverse effects of XRT without compromising outcome. The outcome of pts with PET-negative disease is comparable with previously published series and not significantly different from those with PET-pos disease who were treated with XRT. Among pts with bulky disease at diagnosis, almost 60% can be safely spared XRT. Figure Figure. Disclosures Freeman: Seattle Genetics: Honoraria; Roche/Genentech: Research Funding; Abbvie: Honoraria. Savage: Celgene: Consultancy; Roche: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria; Merck: Honoraria. Villa: Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria; Lundbeck: Consultancy, Honoraria; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Abbvie: Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria. Scott: Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria; BCCA: Patents & Royalties: Patent describing molecular subtyping of DLBCL licensed to NanoString Technologies. Patent describing measurement of the proliferation signature in MCL.. Gerrie: Lundbeck: Honoraria; Janssen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Roche: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Slack: Seattle Genetics: Consultancy. Connors: Amgen: Research Funding; Lilly: Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding; NanoString Technologies, Amgen, Bayer, BMS, Cephalon, Roche, Genentech, Janssen, Lilly, Merck, Seattle Genetics, Takeda,: Research Funding; F Hoffmann-La Roche: Research Funding; Cephalon: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; Bayer Healthcare: Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Research Funding; NanoString Technologies: Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding. Sehn: Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; Roche/Genentech: Consultancy, Honoraria; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria.

The heteroptera is an important suborder of order hemiptera and includes a large number of aquatic and semiaquatic forms, which are of a taxonomic importance. The study recorded 14 families namely Napidae, Notonectidae Pleidae, Belostomatidae, Naucoridae, Corixidae, Gelastocoreidae, Ochtaridae, Hydrometridae, Velidae Mesoveliidae, Gerridae, Saldidae and Herbridae. Aquatic and semiaquatic heteropteran insects are of variable sizes from 1.5 mm. to 110 mm long living mainly in lentic and lotic fresh water. Some even live in brackish water, only a few species are marine. These are different in morphology and feeding habits from their terrestrial forms. Some are truly aquatic, provided with effective swimming respiratory structure along with modification of body shape and size. Besides the genitalia and copulatory complex of all the species studied has been dealt. The other morphological features of taxonomic significance were also studied. This study finds various morphological features in the members of different aquatic and semiaquatic families of heteroptera.

My Son was listed as a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site in 1999. However, My Son is now negatively affected by on-going human activities. One of the solutions to conserve the My Son sanctuary is based on the ecosystem approach. The ecosystem approach is based on the application of appropriate scientific methodologies focused on levels of biological organization, providing a scientific basis for developing solution to the ecosystem structure. The results of presented in this paper, focusing on the fauna of water bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera), is a part of the study to investigate the species composition in the area, in order to compile a baseline data for proposing and developing a model for applying ecological and irrigation solutions in My Son sanctuary, Quang Nam province. Field surveys conducted along Khe The stream, in the area of My Son sanctuary in August 2016 and April 2017 have yielded a total of 36 water bug species, belonging to 29 genera, 13 families of two infraorders Gerromorpha and Nepomorpha. Among 13 families found in the studied area, the family Gerridae has the highest number of species, 14 species belonging to nine genera, followed by the family Veliidae with four species. Nepidae and Naucoridae have three species each. The remaining families contain only one or two species each. This study has provided the first inventory on water bug fauna of the area of the My Son sanctuary.