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Journal articles on the topic 'Gerundive clauses'
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THOMPSON, ELLEN. "Temporal dependency and the syntax of subjects." Journal of Linguistics 37, no. 2 (July 2001): 287–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226701008854.
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This article explores the interface between the syntactic and semantic representation of natural language with respect to the interpretation of time. The main claim of the paper is that the semantic relationship of temporal dependency requires syntactic locality at LF. Based on this claim, I explore the syntax and semantics of gerundive relative clauses. I argue that since gerundive relatives are temporally dependent on the tense of the main clause, they need to be local with a temporal element of the main clause at LF. I show that gerundive relatives receive different temporal interpretations depending on their syntactic position at LF. This analysis sheds light on the behavior of gerundive relatives in constructions involving coordination, existential there, scope of quantificational and cardinality adverbials, extraposition, presuppositionality effects and binding-theoretic reconstruction effects.
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Rose, Françoise. "The origin of serialization." Studies in Language 33, no. 3 (July 23, 2009): 644–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.33.3.05ros.
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This paper gives clear synchronic evidence for the origin of serial verb constructions (SVCs) in Emerillon, a Tupi-Guarani language. SVCs in that language result from a gerundive construction after the loss of both a subordinator and an indexation pattern specific to dependent clauses. After a short review of the general literature on the origins of SVCs and their similarity to converbs (of which Tupi-Guarani gerundives may be considered a subtype), the author gives a detailed account of the Emerillon SVCs. Strong arguments then show that Emerillon serial verbs (superficially comparable to independent verbs) originate from a ‘deranked’ dependent clause. The paper ends with some discussions on clause linkage, comparing more specifically SVCs and converbs on the morphological, syntactic and functional levels.
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Rodrigues, Patrícia Araújo. "O gerúndio e as leituras concreta e imaginativa dos verbos de percepção em português brasileiro." Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos 49, no. 1 (July 15, 2011): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/cel.v49i1.8637244.
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The aim of this paper is to discuss the structure of gerundive complements when they follow a perception verb in Brazilian Portuguese. It’s shown that these complements are three way ambiguous with a concrete reading of perception verbs, while with a imaginative reading they can only be analyzed as small clauses.
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Park, Sangsoo. "Aspects of the Diachronic Changes of Absolute Participial Clauses and Gerundive Clauses and Their Logical Subjects in English." Studies in Modern Grammar 79 (July 25, 2014): 81–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.14342/smog.2014.79.81.
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Liefke, Kristina. "Modelling Selectional Super-Flexibility." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 31 (January 5, 2022): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v31i0.5077.
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The selectional flexibility of some attitude verbs (e.g. know, realize, report) between declarative and interrogative complements has been the subject of much recent work in formal semantics. However, little attention has been paid to verbs (e.g. see, remember, observe) that embed an even wider variety of complements (incl. subject-controlled gerundive small clauses and concrete object-denoting DPs). Since the familiar types of some of these complements resist an embedding in the type for questions [= sets of propositions], these verbs challenge Theiler, Roelofsen & Aloni’s (2018) uniform interpretation strategy for the complements of responsive verbs. My paper answers this challenge by uniformly interpreting the different complements of selectionally super-flexible verbs like remember in a generalized type for questions, viz. as parametrized centered questions. It shows that the resulting semantics captures the intuitive entailment pattern of these verbs.
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Miller, D. Gary. "Gerund and gerundive in Latin." Diachronica 17, no. 2 (December 31, 2000): 293–349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.17.2.03mil.
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SUMMARY The Latin gerundive has three distinctive properties: (i) agreement with thematic object; (ii) ungrammaticality of lexical thematic subject; and (iii) inability to take both a specifier (determiner) and a complement while infinitives can have both. A case- theoretic account within the Minimalist framework of Chomsky (1995) explains all three of these properties at once. The oldest documents in Italic and Latin support the hypothesis that the gerundive is older than the gerund + acc object. The most frequent exception to obligatory agreement into the Classical Period involves a gerundial with multiple objects, where the gender/number mismatch blocked standard agreement. Furthermore, agreement (motivated by gender conflict) with the nearest masculine or neuter D/NP was perceptually equivalent to a gerund + acc object. These two cues, in conjunction with the increase in impersonals in -um and possible word order changes, were deterministic triggers for the Latin change that introduced gerund + acc object. As a parameter setting in Italic, as in West Greenlandic, non-structural case assigned to a clause blocked checking of structural case within. In Italic, this forced the thematic object to raise for case, prompting the erroneous notion that the gerundive is passive, but there is never a change in valence. The (Proto-)Latin change was for PRO to accommodate non- structural case (from a non-overt assigner) to license structural object case checking, whence the gerund with acc object. RÉSUMÉ Le gérondif latin se distingue par trois caractéristiques: (i) son accord avec son objet thématique (ii) le statut non-grammatical de son sujet thématique (iii) l’incapacité de permettre un déterminant ainsi qu’un complément, alor les constructions infinitives peuvent accepter les deux. Un explication tiré de la “cas-théorie” selon le programme minimalist de Chomsky regroupe d’un coup ces trois caractéristiques. Les documents les plus anciens de l’italique et du latin soutiennent l’hypotèse que le gérondif prédate la construction gérond + complément accusatif. Dans l’exception la plus fréquente à concord obligatoire, un gérondial a plusieurs objets et il n’y a pas de concord ordinaire parce que le gendre et le nombre ne s’accordent pas. En ce cas, on trouve le concord avec le NP le plus proche. Une telle situation, avec un accroissement des constructions impersonelles, permet et détermine le changement en latin de la construction avec le gérondif à la construction gérond + complément accusatif. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Das lateinische Gerundiv hat drei charakteristische Eigenschaften: (1) Kongruenz mit dem logischen Objekt; (2) Ungrammatikalität eines lexikalischen Agens-Arguments; und (3) Beschränkung auf entweder einen Specifier oder ein Komplement, im Gegensatz zu den Infinitiven, bei denen die Beiden auftreten können. Eine kasustheoretische Analyse im Rahmen von Chomskys (1995) Minimalistischen Programm erklärt alle drei Eigenschaften. Die ältesten literarischen Quellen zum Italischen und Lateinischen unterstützen die Hypothese, dass das Gerundiv älter ist als das Gerundium mit Akkusativobjekt. Die häufigste Ausnahme von der obligatorischen Kongruenz bis in die klassische Zeit ist die Gerundialkonstruktion mit mehreren Objekten, bei der ein Genus/Numerus-Konflikt die übliche Kongruenz verhinderte. Zudem war die Kongruenz (von widersprüchlichem Genus motiviert) mit der nächstliegenden maskulinen oder neutralen D/NP nicht von einem Gerundium mit Akkusativobjekt zu unterscheiden. Diese beiden Hinweise, zusammen mit der gestiegenen Zahl von unpersönlichen Konstruktionen auf -um und möglichen Änderungen der Wortstellung, waren die entscheidenden Anlässe für die Änderung, die das Gerundium mit Akkusativobjekt hervorbrachte.
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Fanego, Teresa. "The Great Complement Shift revisited." Structure of the English NP 23, no. 1 (June 9, 2016): 84–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.23.1.05fan.
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This paper examines the history of the ACC-ing gerundive, a subtype of verbal gerund differing formally from both bare gerundives (I enjoyed reading the paper) and POSS-ing gerundives (I was surprised at Jane’s arriving late) in having an overt subject argument either in the common case, if it is a full noun phrase (Two people worrying about each other, with no external diversion, brews a deadly atmosphere) or in the accusative case, if it is a personal pronoun (You can’t prevent me telling the truth). Findings from a corpus-based study show that early instances of ACC-ing gerundives most often functioned as preverbal sentential subjects and served as arguments to causative predicates such as brew, make and oblige. Based on this evidence, it is argued that ACC-ing gerundives have emerged as an intersection of a number of pre-existing constructions, most especially a subtype of absolute participle, now obsolete, that encoded causative (factive) semantics and preceded its superordinate clause. The development of the new gerundive subtype from this participial source, which proceeded as a succession of small discrete steps, can be fruitfully accounted for as a case of constructional change, along the lines proposed in Hilpert (2013) and Traugott & Trousdale (2013).
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Silvano, Purificação, António Leal, and João Cordeiro. "Algumas reflexões sobre a classificação de orações gerundivas em Português Europeu." Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística, no. 5 (November 21, 2019): 325–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln5ano2019a22.
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This paper addresses different problems related to gerund clauses in European Portuguese. In the first part, we analyze from a semantic point of view examples of gerund clauses with compound gerund that occur after the main clause, taking into account parameters such as the rhetorical and temporal relations that are established between the situations denoted by the gerund clauses and the main clauses. The analysis of the data allows us to question the distinction between sentence gerund clauses and coordinate gerund clauses that is proposed in the literature. In the second part of the article, a preliminary analysis of gerund clauses introduced by como with both compound and simple gerund is made, and it is shown that these constructions have peculiarities that make them difficult to catalog within the prevailing typologies.
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Römer, Claudia. "Double Clause Conjunction in Fifteenth and Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Documents: The Case of -Ub ve." Turkish Historical Review 11, no. 2-3 (June 29, 2021): 188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18775462-bja10013.
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Abstract The Ottoman gerund in -Ub functions as a conjunctor and designates a unidirectional ‘and’ relation. Sometimes, a second conjunctor like ve, ammâ, lâkin is added after -Ub. Erich Prokosch (Studien zur Grammatik des Osmanisch-Türkischen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Vulgärosmanisch-Türkischen, Freiburg: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1980, pp. 145–46) thought this double clause conjunction to happen only when the subjects (first actants) and/or diatheses are different from one another in the two clauses, i.e. in the basis segment and the gerundial segment. However, in this article, we try to show that in documents (and other Ottoman prose texts), one may also witness a shift of perspective, scene, plot, group of people, or even a total change of topic.
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Heyvaert, Liesbet. "Nominalization as an ‘interpersonally-driven’ system." Aspects of “Interpersonal Grammar” 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2001): 283–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.8.2.06hey.
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This paper analyzes different types of deverbal -er nominals and factive nominalizations and argues that they can only be fully described and generalized across if, in addition to their ideational properties, the interpersonal categories which they realize are also considered. It is shown that interpersonal functions such as Subject/person deixis, finite/non-finite grounding and the Mood-relation between them are not exclusively clausal categories, but that they are equally operative at word level and in the nominal group. In factive and -er nominalizations, they set us on the track of the systems’ basic grammatico-semantic characteristics: the link which deverbal -er nominalizations establish between an entity and a process turns out to be strikingly similar to that realized by the Subject and the Finite at clause level; the analysis of the internal, interpersonal properties of that-factives, the fact that-constructions and gerundive factives confirms their downranked or ‘nominal’ nature and enables us to define factivity more accurately.
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Romasanta, Raquel P. "“I Regret Lying" vs. “I Regret that I Lied": Variation in the Clausal Complementation Profile of REGRET in American and British English." Miscelánea: A Journal of English and American Studies 65 (June 13, 2022): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_misc/mj.20226828.
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The historical development and change of the English complementation system has received a great deal of attention in recent years, but work remains to be done on Present-day English. Previous studies on the complement-taking predicate regret have shown that in British English the choice between a that-clause and the gerundial -ing is non-categorical or probabilistic, with the speaker being able to choose between them. This non-categorical variation is the focus of the present article, which aims to identify any existing differences in the clausal complementation profile of regret in British and American English, as well as any linguistic variables that might determine speaker choice.
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Masiero, Federica. "deutsche komitative Konnektor 'wobei' in administrativen Texten und seine Entsprechungen im Italienischen." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 59 (January 1, 2018): 21–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.59.2018.435.
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This paper deals with German 'wobei'-clauses and their Italian counterparts. Based on a corpus study of administrative texts, we identify the type and frequency of the Italian constructions that correspond to 'wobei'-clauses. In particular, we will assess to what extent the Italian converb construction gerundio correlates with 'wobei'-clauses. More specifically, we will focus on the thesis put forward by Haspelmath (1995) and Breindl (2014), according to which comitativity is expressed by converb constructions when it applies to state of affairs.
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Rey Quesada, Santiago Del. "Participial and gerundial clauses in sixteenth-century Spanish prose." Belgian Journal of Linguistics 33 (December 31, 2019): 43–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00022.rey.
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Abstract The aim of this article consists in studying participial constructions (PC) and gerundial constructions (GC), especially absolute PCs and GCs, within a corpus of Spanish translated and non-translated texts from the 16th century written by two Castilian writers who were prominent exponents of the Erasmian prose in this era. Close attention is paid to translated texts in order to determine the extent to which different types and subtypes of PCs and GCs match PCs and/or any kind of structures in the source text (ST). This approach allows to discuss whether or not a syntactic equivalence between ST and target text (TT) predominates in the corpus under study and, when it is the case, to determine to what extent and by means of which mechanisms TT diverges from ST. The analysis shows that the influence of the Latin model in the ST on the syntax of the Romance TT becomes stronger when it works ex negativo, i.e. Latin turns out to be more influential in non-translated texts or in indirect – or not literally – translated contexts.
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Grošelj, Robert. "Translating from Bulgarian – Bulgarian gerundial clauses in Slovene literary translations." Slovene Linguistic Studies 12 (October 11, 2019): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/sjsls.12.1.09.
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Schaefer, Ronald P., and Richard Gaines. "Toward a typology of directional motion for African Languages." Studies in African Linguistics 26, no. 2 (June 15, 1997): 193–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v26i2.107393.
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This paper examines the syntactic and semantic expression of basic directional motion and its manner counterparts across the four language phyla of Africa. We sample languages from each phylum, concentrating on basic, non-deictic, directional motion and its counterpart in which motion, direction, and manner of motion occur simultaneously. Two primary findings emerge. Across Africa, basic directional motion tends to be verb-framed with respect to direction; it conflates the semantic components Motion+Direction in verbs equivalent to 'enter, circle, traverse'. Manner of motion, while maintaining this lexicalization pattern, syntactically registers a Motion+Direction verb and its linear order relative to a Manner verb through either of two primary strategies. Manner precedes Motion+ Direction when the two verbs are conveyed through serial verb sequences, verb compounding, or verb coordination. Manner follows Motion+Direction when the former is specified as a deranked verbal form, e.g., as a gerundive, or as part of a deranked clause, e.g., a subordinate clause.
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Gentens, Caroline, and Juhani Rudanko. "The Great Complement Shift and the role of understood subjects: The case of fearful." Folia Linguistica 53, no. 1 (April 26, 2019): 51–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2019-2004.
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Abstract This article reports on a corpus-based study of diachronic change and constructional competition in the system of English complementation, with a focus on variation in non-finite complements of the adjective fearful. Fearful occurs with prepositional (of -ing) subject-controlled gerunds and with to-infinitives, which can further be distinguished into subject extraposition, subject control, and tough-constructions. Recent decades show a drastic decline of the to-infinitival patterns, concomitant to the loss of one of the senses of fearful. We examine the diachronic distribution and competition of the two construction pairs that show functional overlap, i.e. tough-constructions and extraposition constructions on the one hand, and infinitival and gerundial subject-control patterns on the other. This allows us to show the import of the ‘Great Complement Shift’ in the face of constructional attrition and to investigate new principles motivating the choice for either the to-infinitival or the gerundial subject-control construction. More specifically, the study provides further evidence for the ‘Choice Principle’, which involves the (lack of) agentivity of the understood subject in the event described by the lower clause. In this way, the study adds new explanatory factors and descriptive insights to our knowledge of the broader diachronic change known as the Great Complement Shift.
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Fanego, Teresa. "Developments in argument linking in early Modern English gerund phrases." English Language and Linguistics 2, no. 1 (May 1998): 87–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674300000708.
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This paper discusses the internal structure of eModE gerund phrases, with special reference to the verbalization of subjects and objects in the course of the period. It is shown that the gerund's acquisition of common case subjects (‘Johnlooking at me’) and of direct objects (‘by seeingJane’) correlates with style, the new verbalized complements being recorded first in the more oral and informal registers. Attention is also paid to the influence of absolute participles on the replacement of PossPs (‘John'slooking at me’) by NPs as subject arguments, and to the diffusion of direct objects across the various classes of gerunds. The mixed nomino-verbal properties exhibited by many gerundive nominals by the late seventeenth century are considered in detail, and an analysis is proposed which interprets them as determiner phrases (DPs) where the head D can select various categories of complements. Alongside this phrasal type of gerund, it is argued that a clausal one with fully verbal features must also be recognized as part of the grammar of eModE.
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Ujváry, Gábor. "Klebelsberg Kunó kulturális politikája és a felsőoktatás." Gerundium 9, no. 3 (March 18, 2019): 102–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29116/gerundium/2018/3/7.
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The Cultural Policy of Kuno Klebelsberg and the Higher Education. The study presents the higher education policy of one of the best known and succesful Hungarian Minister of Religion and Education (1922–1931) Kuno Klebelsberg (1875–1932). As a politician of a state dismembered to one third of her original size-a consequence of the war loss and the Trianon peace treaty-he became a minister in miserable economic circumstances. With the contribution of him the stabilization of so-called refugee universities (from Kolozsvár and Pozsony to Budapest and then to Szeged [1921] and to Pécs [1923], the Academy of Minery and Forestry from Selmecbánya to Sopron [1918–1919]) could succesfuly be managed. Because of his conservative-liberal political attitude he tried to ease the effects of the so-called Numerus clausus Acts of 1920 which made the university entrance for Jewish Hungarians extremely serious. In 1928 he achieved the modification of that regulation. Instead of Budapest he supported the development of universities of Debrecen, Szeged and Pécs as a consequence of his well-grounded education policy based on decentralization. With his higher education policy he made great contribution to preserve the pre Great War Hungarian higher educational capacity in a dismembered Hungary lost 60% of her original population.
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Kosta, Peter, and Petr Karlík. "Die Nominalisierung von Nebensätzen im Tschechischen." Zeitschrift für Slawistik 65, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 479–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2020-0023.
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Summary The present article ties in with an earlier study by Chomsky (1970) on nominalizations in English, which was then refined primarily in the influential work of Jane Grimshaw (1990) and is dealt with in detail in Borer (2013) and in Kosta (2020). In contrast to the English gerundives, which do not lose verbal behavior due to the derivation in the syntax and maintain all grammatical categories and characteristics of verbs, which is why one can speak of a real conversion while preserving the verbal semantics, the situation is somewhat different in Czech. In the deverbal, deadjective and other derivations, the Czech apparently made the transition to the noun with its critical properties, which is shown by certain restrictions in the aspectuality marking of deverbal noun phrases on -ní-, -tí-, which, e. g., do not pass the progression durativity test (Vendler 1967). In passive constructions, as is well known, a valence point in the position of the external argument is reduced compared to the corresponding active sentences, while the external argument position in anti-causatives is also not available in the deep structure. In addition to the syntactic restrictions that are evident in nominalizations in the context of simple sentences of different sentence types (causative, anti-causative, passive) and demonstrate the nominal character of certain types of deverbal noun phrases in the first part of this article, the second part of the essay deals with more complex structures and extends its analytical and theoretical part to the phenomenon of nominalizing subordinate clauses. The aim of the central part of this contribution is therefore to test the nominal properties of embedded conjunctional sentences and of embedded headless relative sentences on the basis of empirical data and thus contribute to the knowledge of whether certain types of relative sentences can (or must) be nominalized.
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Mora-Bustos, Armando, Alejandra I. Ortiz Villegas, and H. Antonio García Zúñiga. "El gerundio predicativo en español." Folios, no. 56 (July 6, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.17227/folios.56-13626.
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El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las predicaciones de gerundio. El aporte que se presenta está orientado al hecho de que la lengua española no solamente dispone como núcleo de una predicación oracional a un verbo flexionado, sino que el gerundio funge como núcleo de una predicación clausal. La predicación de gerundio codifica y expresa los rasgos gramaticales a través de mecanismos particulares; el argumento sujeto (efectuador-agente) está exhibido, generalmente, en una frase nominal ubicada en posición preverbal; el argumento objeto y el argumento objeto-dativo se indexan, a través de clíticos, en el núcleo de la predicación, las frases nominales con las que hacen referencia explicitan las propiedades de los roles temáticos. El sistema de marcación de estas construcciones es mixto: marcación en el dependiente y marcación en el núcleo. Los valores aspectuales y de modo están expresados por la naturaleza léxica de la base del gerundio y por los adjuntos. La variedad de español objeto del estudio es la mexicana, en particular la de la ciudad de México.
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Molnár, László. "A budapesti tudományegyetem Orvostudományi Karának története 1872–1945." Gerundium 10, no. 1 (June 21, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.29116/gerundium/2019/1/4.
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A tanulmány célja, hogy bemutassa a budapesti tudományegyetem Orvostudományi Karának történetét1872-től kezdve egészen 1945-ig. A tanulmányi rendszer korszerűsítésnek bemutatása után rátérünk az infrastruktúra bővítésére, elsősorban a klinikák rendszerének kiépítésére. Az egyetem nagy hangsúlyt fektetett a személyi állomány fejlesztésére, létrejött a „pesti orvosi iskola”, új tanszékeket hoztak létre (pl. közegészségügy),nagy tantárgyakból párhuzamos tanszékeket hoztak létre, jelentősen növekedett a hallgatói létszám.Az első világháborúban tanárok és diákok is vállaltak frontszolgálatot. Az országban állandósult azorvoshiány, ezt a női hallgatók felvételével próbálták ellensúlyozni. A háború után a frontról visszatérőhallgatók, illetve a pozsonyi és kolozsvári menekült egyetemek hallgatóinak elhelyezése okozott nehézséget.A numerus clausus a nők és az alkalmatlan hallgatók létszámának csökkentését érte el. Az 1929-es gazdaságiválság komoly megszorításokat hozott, ami a létszámcsökkenésben és tanszékek bezárásában mutatkozottmeg. A két világháború közötti időszak mégis sikeres volt, mert nemzetközileg elismert iskolák működtekitt. Ebben az időszakban jöttek létre az egyetemi bajtársi szövetségek is. A második világháború alattrészben kiürítették a klinika telepeket és vidékre költöztették azokat. Budapest ostromát az egyetemi épületek,a diákság és a tanárok is megsínylették.