Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gestion des crises – Afrique du Sud'
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Cabane, Lydie. "Gouverner les catastrophes : politiques, savoirs et organisation de la gestion des catastrophes en Afrique du Sud." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012IEPP0055.
Full textThis dissertation analyses the making of a government of disasters in South Africa through the development of instruments, knowledge, organisations and professions that rendered disasters governable and operationalized the state. This process finds its origins in the rise of civil defence from the mid-20th century, that constituted disasters as an object of intervention for the state through emergency planning techniques as well as the formation of a profession in the 1980s to protect the state and its critical infrastructures from anti-apartheid protests. In 1994, the conjunction between the democratic transition and simultaneous global transformations that were promoting models of “disaster management”, led to re-orientate the way disasters were governed through the circulation of experts, knowledge and policy models. The institutionalisation of disaster management within the state, its local organisations and the profession participated to reshape the form and the extent of the state. Notions of risk and vulnerability came to redefine political relations between the state and citizens, by circumscribing new objects of protection and designing “vulnerable population” as beneficiaries of the benevolence of the state. This reconfiguration is intertwined with a parallel process of “academisation” of the knowledge on disasters and the making of a new discipline. Disaster science mobilized to define and describe vulnerabilities, though it is caught in a never-ending conflict with professionals and the state on the operationalisation of this new understanding of disasters. This conflict shapes the government of disasters and reveals contradictions within the state
Acosta, Raphael. "Développement durable et marchés émergents : le cas de l'ISR en Afrique du Sud, au Brésil et en Inde." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCD013/document.
Full textAccording to traditional financial theory, markets are deemed efficient and investors rational. They base the choice of their portfolios on well-defined financial parameters, following their own risk aversion. With the development of socially responsible investments (SRIs) in the middle of the 90s, a vast domain of research became available when selectingone’s portfolio. Indeed, investors integrate new elements which are out of the financial scope to their strategy of portfolio management, thus diverging from the traditional financial theory. The birth and development of this new type of investments has triggered the scientific community’s enthusiasm with more and more academic publications being written on the matter. Research has mostly tackled SRIs related to the main western marketplaces withdiverging results. The objective of this thesis is to deepen the analysis of the financial behavior of these funds and socially responsible indicators from three emerging markets – South-Africa, Brazil and India – while taking into consideration the risks specific to thesemarketplaces and funds, and to appreciate their interest in terms of internationaldiversification of portfolios.This thesis is divided into four independent sections which follow a certain logic in writing and composition in order to answer our questions in the best way possible. The two first sections will introduce the subject and domain of this research. They will mostly deal with the theoretical aspect in order to conceptualize the research’s subject and put it into context. The two following sections will focus on empirical analysis. SRIs will be analyzed as pure financial performances, but also as vectors of diversification for portfolios which is, to our knowledge, relatively absent from academic publications. Moreover, two scales were used for space and time, dividing the research according to the different phases of the 2008financial crisis and by analyzing performances following local and international dimensions. On the theoretical aspect, this study brings new elements concerning the comprehension of SRIs in a cross-cultural context, by questioning ethical perception, resulting financial strategies, and their economic impact. The empirical results have shown the financial interest for SRIs in these three markets in terms of performance and diversification of portfolios, from both a domestic and an international point of view
Na teoria financeira clássica, os mercados são supostamente eficientes e osinvestidores supostamente racionais. Esses últimos selecionam suas carteiras de açõesbaseando-se em parâmetros financeiros definidos em função do seu sentimento de aversão aorisco. Com o desenvolvimento do Investimento Socialmente Responsável (ISR), meados dosanos 90, abriu-se um vasto campo de pesquisa em seleção de carteiras de ações. De fato, osinvestidores integram dados extra-financeiros na elaboração de suas estratégias de gestão dascarteiras de ações, rompendo, assim, com a teoria financeira clássica. O desenvolvimento desse novo tipo de investimento entusiasmou a comunidadecientífica e multiplicaram-se as publicações acadêmicas. As pesquisas concentraram-se nasperformances dos ISR nos grandes mercados financeiros ocidentais, obtendo-se entretantoresultados divergentes. O objetivo dessa tese é aprofundar a análise do comportamentofinanceiro dos fundos e índices SR nos mercados emergentes – África do Sul, Brasil e Índia –levando em conta seus riscos específicos e apreciar o seu interesse no que concerne adiversificação internacional das carteiras de ações.Nossa tese compõe-se de quatro capítulos independentes seguindo uma lógica deredação e composição afim de responder da melhor forma possível as questões da pesquisa.Os dois primeiros capítulos introduzem o objeto do campo de pesquisa. Eles apresentam uminteresse essencialmente teórico para conceituar o objeto da pesquisa e contextualizar o seucampo de aplicação. Os dois últimos capítulos são consagrados as análises empíricas. Os ISR sãoanalisados como objetos de performances financeiras puras e também como vetores dediversificação das carteiras de ações, o que, a nosso conhecimento, ainda é relativamenteausente das publicações acadêmicas. Por outro lado, duas escalas de tempo e espaço foramcruzadas dividindo a pesquisa segundo as diferentes fases da crise financeira de 2008 eanalisando as performances a nível local e internacional.No campo teórico esse estudo traz novos elementos para a compreensão dos ISRdentro de uma visão intercultural, questionando a percepção da ética, as estratégiasfinanceiras resultantes e seus impactos econômicos. Os resultados das análises empíricasdemonstraram o interesse financeiro dos ISR nos três mercados em termos de performances ede diversificação tanto no nível nacional que internacional
Agbobly-Atayi, Amevi. "L’organisation internationale de la francophonie en matière de prévention, de gestion et de règlement des crises et conflits en Afrique subsaharienne francophone : cas de la république démocratique du Congo, du Tchad, de la Côte d'Ivoire et du Togo." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30059.
Full textIn francophone Sub-Saharan Africa conflicts and crises have increased in number and intensity over the two last decades and remained a major issue demanding a global response. They are often mainly caused by the breach of human rights and the coming of democratic process leading chaotic transitions, such as in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Chad, Ivory Coast and Togo.The international organisation of “ francophonie” – whose role consists in promoting culture and whose new tools and mechanisms aim at preventing and solving crises – play a major part among the UN and other international and regional organisations as a cultural institution for democracy and security. Apart from its prevailing part played in terms of contribution to the democratic process, the actions of the organisation complement those of other organisations involved in preventing, managing, and solving conflicts.At this time of security challenge among countries and despite limited means, working out – within this geo cultural area that has a political dimension – a secure strategic identity, turns out to be necessary in order to curb major threats and risks and fully play the role of influential power
Blanchon, David. "Impacts environnementaux et enjeux territoriaux des transferts d'eau inter bassins en Afrique du Sud." Paris 10, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA100134.
Full text8 major inter bassin tranfers (IBT) have transformed the Orange River into a "Plumbing system". This thesis shows that theses IBTs have been built mainly for political and geopolitical reasons during the Apartheid era. But there was no general planning and each project was discussed at the highest political level. These IBT have been highly criticised for the damages they cause on the river ecology. But the river was far to be in a pristine state when they were built in the 1970s : significant modifications in the river channel have been taking place at a local level, especially in the irrigated areas of the middle reaches. The central hypothesis of this thesis is that of IBT cannot be properly understood without considering their interaction with the environmental impacts of small weirs, levees and canals. It is also absolutely necessary to understand the regional settings in order to judge the spatial effects of IBTs. With the dismissal of apartheid in 1994, IBTs seem to be doomed. But il could be very difficult for the ANC government to buillt a new Orange river, combining environmental protection and economic development, without framing a inventive mangement strategy for IBTs
Blanchon, David. "L'espace hydraulique sud-africain : le partage des eaux /." Paris : Karthala, 2009. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb420019741.
Full textBibliogr. p. 265-290.
Pichegru, Lorien. "Stratégies de recherche alimentaire d’oiseaux marins vulnérables dans le Benguela." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/PICHEGRU_Lorien_2008.pdf.
Full textIn the context of rapid global changes, understanding the foraging mechanisms of marine top predators is crucial to determine their ability to adapt to environmental variability, in order to predict the consequences of changes on population dynamics and to define appropriate conservation measures for threatened species and the trophic webs to which they belong. In the Benguela upwelling system, in South Africa, Cape gannets (Morus capensis) and African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) are vulnerable to extinction and are facing for 10 years onward a progressive south-eastward shift of their main prey, sardines (Sardinops Sagax) and anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus), probably due to climate change. We performed a detailed study on Cape gannet foraging strategies, using birdborne recorders, and analysing their diet and the distribution and abundance of their prey in the Benguela. We showed that Cape gannets are able to increase substantially their foraging effort facing poor natural prey availability on the west coast of South Africa. However they are limited in the extent of their foraging area by the need to regularly come back to the colony to feed their young. Thus they turn to feeding behind trawlers on hake fishery discards (Merluccius spp. ) of poor nutritional content. These prey represent « Junk-food » for the gannet chicks and have a negative impact on their survival. Even if they allow adults to significantly decrease their foraging effort during winter, fishery discards can not compensate for a poor availability in sardines and anchovies during the breeding season. We have determined that below a density of 25 g m-2 of natural prey in their foraging area, breeding Cape gannets can not equilibrate their energy balance and fail massively in their breeding attempt. Faithful to their breeding site, Cape gannets come back to attempt breeding under sub-optimal conditions, and so are lead to an ecological trap, instead of emigrating. The social structure of a species can therefore lag its adaptation to environmental changes. Small pelagic fish, sardines and anchovies, are currently scarce off the west coast of South Africa, enhancing the competition between seabirds and purse-seine fisheries. Biotelemetry, and particularly GPS tracking on Cape gannets and African penguins at sea, allowed us to precisely define theses birds’ foraging zones. Basing our decision on these data and on purse-seine fisheries activities, we suggest conservation measures that take into account foraging areas of these top predators, while considering local economic needs. These zones are crucial for the maintenance of threatened endemic populations and our data would help in an ecosystemic approach to fisheries management, for a sustainable exploitation of the environment
Lecoutre, Delphine. "Le fonctionnement du Conseil de paix et de sécurité : jeux de puissance et d'influence dans le cadre multilatéral de l'Union africaine." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010332.
Full textGuyot, Sylvain. "L'environnement contesté : la territorialisation des conflits environnementaux sur le littoral du Kwazulu-natal (Afrique du Sud : Kosi Bay, St Lucia, Richards Bay et Port Shepstone)." Phd thesis, Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00363411.
Full textOyono, Jean Bosco. "La gestion et la résolution des conflits en Afrique centrale : sortir des crises et reconstruire la paix : le cas de la République démocratique du Congo." Lyon 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO31079.
Full textOur work falls into two parts. The first part introduces the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC); it essentially shows the different crises and wars undergone by this country since its independence in 1960. According to a report sent by a group of UNO experts to UN Security Council on December 8,2008, the country is rich with innumerable natural resources such as diamond, cobalt, copper, oil , etc ); moreover, it contains more than 15% of the world hydraulic potential, i. E. , 50% of the hydraulic potential of the whole African continent. Unfortunately, the Congolese have never had any control over these riches which have never served the financial interests of the Natives because of the dictatorial Regimes that have governed the country since its independence. The case of the Democratic Republic of Congo is an illustration of the contrast between a potentially rich country and a poor people. The second part suggests solutions to help put an end to crises and the circle of violence. So, we have defined three main models of political Regimes: the federal type, the Presidential and Parliamentary types which should be sustained by a democratic system equivalent to the model of Western. Naturally, we have underlined both the advantages and disadvantages of each system as far as The Democratic Republic of Congo is concerned. We have also examined the hypothesis of a possible partition of the DRC on the model of pre-colonial African Monarchies, and this in accordance with the geomorphologic aspect of the later armed conflict. Finally, we have suggested an endogenous Democracy of African type
Orne-Gliemann, Maud. "Des représentations de la gestion locale de l'eau : étude des discours et représentations à l'oeuvre dans la mise en place de la réforme institutionnelle de l'eau en Afrique du Sud au sein de petits périmètres irrigués." Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00700898.
Full textOosthuizen, Christiaan C. "Optimisation énergétique pour une voiture solaire dans les conditions de l'Afrique du sud." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASG003.
Full textBatteries typically used in electric vehicles have up to one hundred times lower energy-to-weight ratios (net calorific value, Wh/kg) than most fossil fuels used in internal combustion engines. Furthermore, solar-powered electric vehicles rely mostly on harvesting energy from solar irradiation (emitted by the sun) which is weather dependant. The need to optimise the energy usage of battery assisted solar-powered electric vehicles is crucial to maximise the range of such a vehicle. If the distance is fixed, weather conditions constant, and the topography flat, one can approximately optimise the energy usage of a solar car by finding the speed, which on average optimises energy usage over an entire journey. Such an approach provides a good guestimate for example for the Bridgestone World Solar Challenge (BWSC) in Australia (taking place primarily in the desolate outback regions) where the topography is predominantly flat, and the weather conditions are relatively constant and therefore very predictable. Contrastingly, the Sasol Solar Challenge (SSC) route in South Africa contains complex topography, which includes various mountainous regions with steep slopes and frequent changes in the gradient of the road. Also, events such as the BWSC, are fixed distance routes, where the SSC is a variable distance route.Various methods to optimise the energy usage of a solar car in a BWSC setting have been proposed. However, none of these methods are not suitable for the SSC context. This work is devoted to both theoretical research and novel applications of bi-level optimisation techniques to minimise energy usage and maximise distance travelled by a solar car participating in an SSC event in South Africa.The early chapters of the work create a foundation in terms of the current state-of-the-art when considering vehicle modelling and interpretation of weather forecasts. A detailed solar car energy model is devised, and Model Output Statistics (MOS) are employed to improve the accuracy and confidence interval of local weather forecasts required by the energy model. Extensive real-world experiments validated the robustness and accuracy of the energy model. The optimisation problem is formulated as a bi-level optimisation problem which makes use of Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) and Dynamic Programming (DP) solver techniques. The bi-level optimisation problem is implemented in the form of a User Interface (UI) for ease of use by the energy manager.The novel variable distance bi-level optimisation technique was implemented during the eight days of the Sasol Solar Challenge 2018. It provided the solar car team from TUT with the technological advantage required to obtain a local 1st place as well as a 4th place overall (internationally). The implementation highlighted the superiority of the bi-level technique when compared to conventional energy management techniques on various occasions, especially during extreme weather conditions.The accuracy and performance of the bi-level optimisation technique was thoroughly assessed and analysed. It was found that on average, 94 % of the variation in the energy simulation (State of Charge) error can be explained by the variables contained within the derived energy model. The remaining 6 % variation in the energy simulation error may be as a result of small un-modelled vehicle dynamics (including Coriolis forces), non-linearity of the charge and discharge cycles of the battery and temperature effects
Berte, Nouvou. "La Question foncière et immobilière en Afrique subsaharienne : le cas de l'Adressage de la ville de San-Pedro (Sud-ouest de la Côte d'Ivoire)." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CERG0641.
Full textThe African city is marked by a dualism of urban model. Alongside the modern city, administered equipped "legal" grow "illegal" areas, no equipment or basic urban services. Côte d'Ivoire is no exception to this. After independence, she undertook the largest operation of voluntary geography to reduce spatial injustices and inequalities between regions of southern forest; "Operation San Pedro." Objective: To develop a region until completely enclosed and outside the "Ivorian economic miracle", the South-west of the country with as an anchor, creating a deep water port and a new city . Despite a largely collaborative project planning, San Pedro now houses one of the largest shantytowns of West Africa, thereby promoting fragmentation increasingly accentuated the city. We observe today in the city, less than 10% of real estate occupations having made the subject of a land registration and real property of an indefeasible right. This low percentage shows the failure of the system of land registration, the only legal way of land and property security. This raises the fundamental question of alternative ways to land and property security. Where necessary the development of addressing systems, the lack of general survey, used to locate plots from public space to improve the knowledge of the real estate that is to say, ensure public identification of property and existing rights and facilitating their security and their subsequent legal recognition. To this end, many African countries have launched in recent years, addressing operations to serve as an alternative to fiscal cadastre and slow and difficult projects "land regularization" promoting simplified forms and mostly literal identification plots.Therefore this thesis aims to establish in San Pedro, the interest of the use of an addressing system in the policies of land and property security. It seeks to understand the relationship between the address and the "right to the city", that is to say, the right of access to urban resources including homeownership and housing security. To understand these relationships, it is necessary to undertake an analysis in terms of spatial justice while emphasizing the importance of addressing as a tool for recognition of local land rights, especially social and economic integration populations.This approach opens new methodological perspectives to operate in the reform of land tenure and cadastral African
Yofe, Tirogo Justine. "Etude du fonctionnement hydrodynamique de l'aquifère sédimentaire du bassin du Kou au sud-ouest du Burkina Faso." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066194/document.
Full textWest Africa is prone to critical climate variability and since the 1970s has been experiencing a long period of drought whose impact on groundwater resources is little studied. This study focuses on the Kou catchment in Burkina Faso which holds a large groundwater resource that lies at the root of exceptional springs. This resource, essential to fulfill the populations’ needs, shows signs of depletion that raises a critical question: what is the share of climate and that of withdrawals in the depletion of the resource? To answer this question, we used statistical analysis methods and hydrogeological modeling. The statistical methods were applied to climatic, hydrometric and groundwater level time series to describe the groundwater’s response to climate forcing and to identify explanatory factors of the groundwater’s behaviour. The hydrogeological modeling overcame some of the statistical methods limitations by better heeding the spatial heterogeneity of the aquifer’s characteristics. Particularly, it revealed that pumping have significant impact on the resource. To sum up, rainfall deficits combined with growing pumping endanger the resource. Hence, sustainable management of the resource should be a critical issue to pay attention to
Aziki, Yasmina. "L'expertise multilatérale pour le développement de la région MENA : pratiques de coopération, crises régionales et défis nationaux, 1964-1981." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H030.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the history of development cooperation in the North Africa and Middle East - Middle East-North Africa or MENA region - by sharing a history of aid development, a history of international organizations and a history of technical expertise, while, at the same time, focusing on a sociological approach and a transfer approach. This thesis therefore aims to present the trajectories followed by all actors of development aid and their missions, from archives of international and diplomatic institutions unpublished. Assistance provided by international organizations is provided through technical support and support for the financing of state development projects. By focusing on the countries receiving this assistance and the institutions that provide it, this thesis highlights their deep, convergent or contradictory interests. On the one hand, agencies such as the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the World Bank have tried to gain international legitimacy. On the other hand, countries in the MENA region have used this assistance for driving ambitious, and sometimes costly, development projects. Moreover, despite the polarization of the world with the Cold War, MENA states have joined the concert of demands of the "South" advocating the non-alignment and rebalancing of trade with the North. The UN was the platform for these demands with, in 1964, the first UNCTAD. In the MENA region, the Arab League and the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) are part of this "awakening of the South" (Samir Amin). The oil crisis of 1973 led these two institutions to a dialogue with the EEC, UNCTAD and the OECD for the financing of development aid, in an original triangular cooperation. In this vein, the Kuwaiti Development Fund offers a vivid example of pursuit of strategic interests for the legitimization of a petrodollar-financed state.Thanks to the World Bank, Kuwait made development aid a diplomatic weapon, as early as 1961. The cases of Morocco and Egypt reveal the limits of aid in the face of ambitions, sometimes contradictory, of the power, before institutions viewers of the economic stagnation of these countries
Lejars, Caroline. "Organisation des approvisionnements et systèmes de paiement dans les filières agro-alimentaires : analyse appliquée aux filières canne à sucre." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004825.
Full textIlboudo, Jean christophe. "Gouvernance d'entreprise et développement des partenariats public-privé : cas de pays africains au sud du Sahara." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV041.
Full textThe public-private partnership is an alternative way of financing infrastructure, goods and services. the méchanisms of corporate gouvernance can bring more efficiency an efficiencies for developpement of public-private partnerships
Staro, Francesco. "Anthropologie politique de la gestion de l'eau en contexte pastoral. : reconfigurations socio-économiques et identitaires chez les Garri du sud éthiopien entre Etat et ONG." Thesis, Paris 8, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA080068/document.
Full textThis thesis analyzes socio-economic reconfigurations among pastoral groups living in the southern Ethiopian lowlands on the border with Kenya. Forms of social organization that regulate water access are considered as the main analytical tool for understanding the socio-cultural dynamics in these regions, highlighting historical and contemporary relationships between pastoralists, state authorities and international aid actors.Our approach consists of merging two research axes: the analysis of pastoral social systems and the importance of water issues as part of a wider relationship between nature and society. The social embeddedness of water leads us to focus on the processes of ethnicity, which is used as a tool to analyze nomads’ incorporation in a national political order as well as their local strategies vis-à-vis the State. In this context, the involvement of international aid actors is examined, taking into account the history of NGO intervention and by locating development projects in a dynamic perspective of a material and symbolic negotiation
« Antropologia politica della gestione dell’acqua in contestopastorale. Riconfigurazioni socioeconomiche ed identitarie presso i Garri del sud Etiopia traStato e ONG »Questa tesi analizza i processi di riconfigurazione sociale ed economica presso lepopolazioni pastorali nelle aree rurali del sud Etiopia, al confine con il Kenya. Le formed’organizzazione che regolano l'accesso all'acqua sono considerate come il principalestrumento per comprendere le dinamiche socio-culturali di queste regioni, evidenziando lerelazioni storiche e contemporanee tra le popolazioni locali, le autorità statali e leorganizzazioni internazionali dello sviluppo dell’aiuto umanitario.La nostra problematica é stata formulata analizzando, da un lato, i sistemi socialipastorali e, dall’altro lato, l’importanza della gestione dell’acqua e più in generale delrapporto tra natura e società nello studio di queste popolazioni. La complessità sociale dellarisorsa idrica ci porta a considerare il processo di costruzione delle identità etniche, l’interessedello stato etiope ad incorporare i nomadi nell'ordine politico nazionale e le strategie dicontrollo del territorio messe in atto dalla popolazione locale. In questo contesto, analizziamoil ruolo delle ONG e le dinamiche di negoziazione materiale e simbolica che hanno luogo nelquadro dei progetti di sviluppo.Se la gestione dei sistemi di irrigazione rappresenta il centro di interesse predominantenella letteratura antropologica sull’acqua, la gestione delle risorse idriche fornisce unaprospettiva di ricerca centrale per lo studio delle società pastorali. Il nostro punto di partenzaè la decostruzione della categoria analitica del « pastore nomade » per rendere conto deifattori economici, politici e socio-culturali in gioco nell’organizzazione dei sistemi sociali edelle pratiche di mobilità pastorali. A tal proposito mostriamo come gli stereotipi riguardol’irrazionalità ecologica della popolazioni pastorali hanno legittimato progetti di sviluppoagricolo e programmi di sedentarizzazione. Adottando un approccio simile a quello utilizzatoper la categoria di « pastore nomade », critichiamo un’idea dell’acqua come semplice risorsanaturale o come risorsa rara per analizzare il rapporto tra la gestione dell’acqua e ledinamiche più ampie di cambiamento sociale. In particolare, sviluppiamo l'analisi dell’acquacome operatore simbolico: a causa dell’associazione tra fattori socio-culturali e ambientalinell'organizzazione dell’accesso ai pozzi, l'acqua rappresenta una risorsa vitale per i pastori eper la riproduzione della comunità
Nikiema, Julien. "Caractérisation des potentialités hydrologiques et hydrogéologiques dans la zone de Tikaré, Province du Bam, Burkina Faso (Afrique de l'Ouest) un modèle de gestion et de développement des ressources en eau dans la zone au sud du Sahel." Göttingen Cuvillier, 2009. http://d-nb.info/994723008/04.
Full textRoulet, Pierre-Armand Roulet. "« Chasseur blanc, cœur noir ? La chasse sportive en Afrique Centrale. Une analyse de son rôle dans la conservation de la faune sauvage et le développement rural au travers des programmes de gestion communautaire ». Les cas du nord RCA et du sud-est Cameroun." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00170051.
Full textKurien, Anish Mathew. "Approches pour la classification du trafic et l’optimisation des ressources radio dans les réseaux cellulaires : application à l’Afrique du Sud." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1090/document.
Full textThe growth in the number of cellular mobile subscribers worldwide has far outpaced expected rates of growth with worldwide mobile subscriptions reaching 6 Billion subscribers in 2011 according to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). More than 75% of this figure is in developing countries. With this rate of growth, greater pressure is placed on radio resources in mobile networks which impacts on the quality and grade of service (GOS) in the network. With varying demands that are generated from different subscriber classes in a network, the ability to distinguish between subscriber types in a network is vital to optimise infrastructure and resources in a mobile network. In this study, a new approach for subscriber classification in mobile cellular networks is proposed. In the proposed approach, traffic data extracted from two network providers in South Africa is considered. The traffic data is first decomposed using traditional feature extraction approaches such as the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and the Discrete Wavelet Packet Transform (DWPT) approach. The results are then compared with the Difference Histogram approach which considers the number of segments of increase in the time series. Based on the features extracted, classification is then achieved by making use of a Fuzzy C-means algorithm. It is shown from the results obtained that a clear separation between subscriber classes based on inputted traffic signals is possible through the proposed approach. Further, based on the subscriber classes extracted, a novel two-level hybrid channel allocation approach is proposed that makes use of a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model to consider the optimisation of radio resources in a mobile network. In the proposed model, two levels of channel allocation are considered: the first considers defining a fixed threshold of channels allocated to each cell in the network. The second level considers a dynamic channel allocation model to account for the variations in traffic experienced in each traffic class identified. Using the optimisation solver, CPLEX, it is shown that an optimal solution can be achieved with the proposed two-level hybrid allocation model
Houenou, Seminakpon Arnaud. "Les nouveaux accords de défense franco-africains et la politique de sécurité de la France." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30060.
Full textEstablished in the 1960s with the independence of territories of the former French empire, the defense cooperation allowed the old French, colonial power to continue to maintain its influence in Africa, while at the same time establishing autonomous national African armies. Unfortunately some of the political and military choices made by France and the instrumentalization risks of a strictly bilateral involvement, have revealed the archaism of French – African relations, and have generated a crisis in cooperation. Having become inadequate due to changes in the international political arena that occurred in the 1990s characterized by the end of bipolarity, the French defense cooperation African has suffered from international competition from the commitment of African States to the effective exercise of their sovereignty as well as their full involvement in globalization and in new areas of solidarity and international cooperation, and from terrorist threats.In subscribing to the realist security approach, and considering the political-sociological constructivist theory of national interest defended by Alexander Wendt on the one hand, and on the other hand the regional security complex concept by Barry Buzan, this study proposes to show how France has put in place a new security policy based on new defense agreements in Africa, the continent closest to Europe in a context of proven strategic breakdown and security threats. Defined in a global regional context, this study demonstrates the strategy of France for security in Africa in a partnership that should be both transparent and efficient
Dakouo, Alain Bessiba. "La problématique de l'information territoriale et ses enjeux majeurs dans les pays du Sud : stratégie, méthodologie et projet pilote dans un pays en développement, le Mali." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC007/document.
Full textIn Africa, decentralization takes place in contexts that vary from country to country: the need to reform the Government following a crisis, the desire to establish local democracy to compensate for central or even dictatorial power, sometimes even the Government 's inability to provide basic socio-economic services such as health, education, drinking water, etc.In West Africa, decentralization was often accompanied by a redrawing of territories in the 1990s. Most West African countries have created three levels of local authorities: the Region, the Department (Cercle in Mali) and the Commune. This leads to a need for territory management and planning on several scales (inventory, monitoring of the environmental impact of development, sanitation, natural resource management, rural economic development, health, education, hydraulics and risk management). In the context of a growing need for information, development partners recognize the usefulness of the Geographic Information System (GIS) as a tool for decision making. The creation of different ministries in connection with geographic information in Mali requires pooling of skills centered on geomatics. Indeed, while each Institution and sectoral ministry has its own thematic data, their valuation is hampered by a high dispersion and disparity of geographical and cartographic data.How to share a common geospatial and territorial system across a town hall, a local authority, an NGO, the Government as well as other partners working on the same territorial? What territorial information strategy for a country like Mali?The aim of this thesis is to create, according to the concepts, methods, and technologies of current geography and statistics, a tool to support decision making in a context of overlapping responsibilities/actions and decentralization, designed to take a decisive step forward for the benefit of local territorial planning, by making coherent and available the geolocalized data necessary for an effective spatial planning policy. This strategic perspective implies going back to the distribution of powers, the ratio between free and paid software, participative information (societal, social, ethnic aspects, etc.) and the development of geographical information in Mali.An information strategy is in fact an essential prerequisite for any planning and development strategy. This thesis is an innovative project that will aim to provide answers on the implementation of such a strategy of multi-source and multi-stakeholder spatial information management in a developing country