Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gestion des ressources en eau – Afrique du Sud'
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Blanchon, David. "L'espace hydraulique sud-africain : le partage des eaux /." Paris : Karthala, 2009. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb420019741.
Full textBibliogr. p. 265-290.
Blanchon, David. "Impacts environnementaux et enjeux territoriaux des transferts d'eau inter bassins en Afrique du Sud." Paris 10, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA100134.
Full text8 major inter bassin tranfers (IBT) have transformed the Orange River into a "Plumbing system". This thesis shows that theses IBTs have been built mainly for political and geopolitical reasons during the Apartheid era. But there was no general planning and each project was discussed at the highest political level. These IBT have been highly criticised for the damages they cause on the river ecology. But the river was far to be in a pristine state when they were built in the 1970s : significant modifications in the river channel have been taking place at a local level, especially in the irrigated areas of the middle reaches. The central hypothesis of this thesis is that of IBT cannot be properly understood without considering their interaction with the environmental impacts of small weirs, levees and canals. It is also absolutely necessary to understand the regional settings in order to judge the spatial effects of IBTs. With the dismissal of apartheid in 1994, IBTs seem to be doomed. But il could be very difficult for the ANC government to buillt a new Orange river, combining environmental protection and economic development, without framing a inventive mangement strategy for IBTs
Ossombo-Yombo, Rémy. "La gestion de l'eau potable dans les grandes agglomérations d'Afrique Centrale : contribution à l'étude d'un service public confronté à la mondialisation." Lyon 3, 2007. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/2007_in_ossombo_yombo_r.pdf.
Full textThe Central Africa is a area which knowns big problems on distribution of drinkable water. If some improvements intervened down 1980 years, globally, the public utility miss financing and best government context for saving consumers rights. The exploitation of drinkable water is fragilized by the power of international financial organizations which impose private management to states. This model is not profitable for people but for international societies of water. The state of drinkable water service confirms the failures of several politics lead by the states of this area and the international community
Mosetlhe, Thapelo Cornelius. "Contrôle de la pression sans modèle dans les réseau de distribution d'eau." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASG073.
Full textManagement of water distribution networks (WDNs) is critical for the security of water resources. Climate variability increases the need to properly manage the available resources. A significant amount of water is lost in water supply systems in South Africa, and the quantity of these losses depends mostly on the pressure in the system. Therefore, pressure control in WDNs is one of the interventions commonly employed to improve the reliability and sustainability of the water supply. Excessive pressure in water supply systems (WSSs) increases water loss and pipe breakages, and the need for frequent repairs. On the other hand, inadequate pressure could lead to inward flows (infections) into the system and/or non-delivery of water to the end-user. This could lead to ill-health for the end-user and to socio-economic issues in the society.In general, the pressure control problem is addressed by installing pressure-reducing valves (PRVs) in WDNs and determining their appropriate settings. Various approaches have been proposed to determine the appropriate settings. Classical, optimal and advanced control schemes have been used. These methods rely on the accuracy of a model in order to precisely control a real WDN. Therefore, any variation between the parameters of a model and a real WDN could render a control scheme useless.This research project now proposes the utilisation of the reinforcement learning (RL) technique to control node pressures in WDNs. An emulator-based quadratic approximation of the hydraulic simulation is used as an environment interacting with the RL agent. From these interactions, the RL agent receives the data on current pressures and then proposes appropriate control settings of the PRVs. The performance of the proposed scheme is compared with the conventional optimisation scheme that is commonly used for simulation cases. The results show that the proposed scheme can achieve the desired results, when compared to the benchmark optimisation procedure. However, unlike the optimisation procedure, the proposed scheme achieved the results without the numerical solution of the WDNs. Therefore, this scheme could be applicable in situations where the model of a network is not well defined
Nikiema, Julien. "Caractérisation des potentialités hydrologiques et hydrogéologiques dans la zone de Tikaré, Province du Bam, Burkina Faso (Afrique de l'Ouest) un modèle de gestion et de développement des ressources en eau dans la zone au sud du Sahel." Göttingen Cuvillier, 2009. http://d-nb.info/994723008/04.
Full textMAMOU, AHMED. "Caracteristiques, evaluation et gestion des ressources en eau du sud-tunisien." Paris 11, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA112380.
Full textRichard, Vanessa. "Le régime juridique de la gestion des cours d'eau internationaux en Asie (Asie centrale, du Sud et du Sud-Est)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX32008.
Full textAfter the decolonization of Central, South and Southeast Asia, the sharing of rivers that weren't formerly seen as international watercourses generated international tensions and disputes. In certain cases, States tried to resolve this problem by the signing of treaties which organised joint management regimes and which did not function properly. In other cases, no permanent solution could be negotiated. Such a situation generated negative environmental, social, economic and sanitary impacts that sometimes proved to be significant. And yet, from the mid-90's, the States of the Ganges-Brahmaputra, Mekong and Aral Sea basins concluded a series of new treaties whinch institute more or less integrated joint management regimes. Therefore, one can wonder about the factors that promoted or impeded cooperation on international freshwater resources and it seems necessary to study the legal regimes that were drawn up so as to inetrantionalise their management. This study - which is carried out not only with regard to the law of non navigational uses of international watercourses but also with regard to "good management principles" arising in international law - enables to highlight the dynamics which made it possible for the states to embark on the path of a sustainable and concerted hydraulic development, the weaknesses that remain in the legal regimes states drew up, and to question international law's role in promoting sustainable management of shared water resources
Da, Mata Siqueira Antenora Maria. "Ressources en eauProblèmes collectifs, intérêts contradictoires et gestion politique dans la vallée de l’Itabapoana (Sud-est brésilien)." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSARE028.
Full textOULD, EL JOUD MOHAMED YESLEM. "Gestion durable des ressources en eau du bassin sud-ouest mauritanien geologie, hydrogeologie et modelisation." Nice, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NICE5133.
Full textCalasans, Jorge Thierry. "Le concept de ressource naturelle partagée : application au ressources de l'eau : l'exemple de l'Amérique du Sud." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010292.
Full textThis study, in the field of both public international law and environmental law, deals with the concept of "shared natural resources" and its application in the joint management of water resources, especially among south American countries. "shared natural resources" is a concept established in the seventies, and was used in various bilateral and multilateral treaties, particularly those concerning the production of hydroelectric power. Some treaties are analyzed, as well as the united nations environmental program draft principles concerning the harmonious utilization of shared natural resources, and the international law commission draft project on the law concerning the utilization of international rivers. The study is divided in two parts. The first one deals with water as a "shared resource", that is, the evolution of the juridical approach of international rives and the problems arising from a fragmented perception of water resources. The second part studies, in a more pragmatic way, the application of the concept in the joint management of the plata and amazon basins. It also presents the use of the concept in other parts of the world (especially in the Rio Grande and Mekong basins) and in the field of resources other than water (straddling resources and resources above national jurisdictions)
Harebamungu, Mathias. "La gestion de l'eau dans le sud-est du Rwanda : dynamiques spatiales, mutations, acteurs, enjeux." Bordeaux 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR30021.
Full textThe South-East region of Rwanda has been a victim of acute transformations for about forty years. The major socio-demographic unrest that characterised this land imposed the reorganisation of the rural space and calling into question modes of managing environmental resources, notably the management of water. With its high demographic growth rate, the population faces day after day problems of water availability and accessibility from upstream to downstream. Water abundance and shortage coexist, dessert possibilities are limited, and the man-environment interaction raises the issue of water and its stakes. The major challenges are the lack of appropriate legislation, control, different perception levels of the population, water uses, etc. . . The latter concern all actors of this management at all levels, in the city as well as in the countryside. At the same time, risks related to water more and more increase everywhere
Lare-Dondarini, Amandine Loyal. "L'impact de l'accès amélioré à l'eau et à l'assainissement sur les conditions de vie des ménages des pays en développement à partir d'enquêtes de terrain au Mozambique, au Togo, au Mali et au Burkina Faso." Rouen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUED010.
Full textThis thesis analyzes the impact of improved access to water and sanitation on the living conditions of households from field surveys conducted in Maputo, Mozambique, in Dapaong, Togo, in Bamako, Mali and in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. In the first two parts of this thesis, we used contingent valuation techniques (Willingness to pay) and discrete choice models (probit, biprobit, multinomial logit) to highlight the links between access improvements to water and sanitation and living conditions of households. Beyond the determinants already highlighted in the literature, we found that extreme poverty indicators enable us to target beneficiaries of pro-poor programs in the sectors of water and sanitation. In addition, the model results show a strong link between actual or hypothetical choices of households for improved water works and their current practices (water transport, distance, person in charge of the collection); their sanitation systems; and prevalence of waterborne diseases. Finally, membership in a social network, the desire to protect oneself against the risk of abuse of women and girls positively influence household choices in favor of improved latrines. Adapting works to local contexts is essential to ensure the adequacy of supply to demand, as evidenced by the success of ecological latrines in Dapaong. In the third and last part of this thesis, we used models derived from Heckman (switching regression), matching and hedonic prices to conduct impact assessments of improvements in water and sanitation services on the living conditions of households. It turns out, first, that the fact that the household obtains a home connection increases its monetary income (income poverty) and the level of water consumption (poverty by the approach of basic needs). We have also shown that the fact that a district has a program to improve water services improves access to water conditions (cost of access, distance from the source and time of daily collection). Finally, we observed a positive relationship between improved water and sanitation access and housing values; distributive logic to be analyzed dynamically to ensure the pro-poor objective of programs
Ronin, Marguerite. "La gestion commune de l'eau dans le droit romain." Nantes, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NANT3022.
Full textBédoucha, Geneviève. ""L'eau, amie du puissant " une communauté oasienne du Sud tunisien /." Paris ; Montreux : Archives contemporaines, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb369541977.
Full textMaupin, Agathe. "L' espace hydropolitique de l'Afrique australe : le risque hydropolitique dans les politiques de gestion de l'eau des bassins frontaliers." Bordeaux 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR30070.
Full textBen, Salem-Hamani Sana. "L'eau dans la ville en Afrique romaine à travers le cas d'Uthina." Bordeaux 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR30060.
Full textNorth Africa offers immense possibilities for archaeological research. Until now, those who were dedicated to the Roman hydraulic installations in Tunisia were concerned only aqueducts, Water Temples, same thermal baths and cisterns. These works focussed primarily on the historic and architectural study of buildings without evoking the problem of management of the water in the city. Therefore, we decided that our approach to this question particularly on the city of Uthina. The comparative study can help us to understand the hydraulic network of the city of Uthina, and to restore it. Our study includes 17 North African Roman cities. We have chosen the best known and most published cities, dating from the second and third centuries AD, and the cities that have a discernable hydraulic distribution system with a reconstructable urban network. After we reproduced the plan of the hydraulic works and were able to describe their function, we restored the networks which connected the various hydraulic buildings of the city. Besides the survey work and study on site, we made a model of the cisterns, the arrival of the aqueduct and the “castellum divisorum”. The site modelling of Uthina allows us to replace buildings in their relative position, and to restore the whole hydraulic network. The 3D modelling can reproduce the necessary simulations to enable an understanding of the function of the network and inform hypotheses about their restoration
Raad, Daoud Youssef. "Analyse évolutive des facteurs agro et socio-économiques du périmètre irrigué de Qasmieh-Ras-el-Ai͏̈n au Liban-Sud." Bordeaux 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR30062.
Full textThe study of the evolution of the agricultural setting of the oldest irrigation scheme of Qasmieh-Ras-el-Ai͏̈n, located on the southern Lebanese coast revealed to be of major importance, particularly in the global context of water scarcity in the Near East region. The following factors have triggered the development of irrigation scheme: the fertile land of the coastal area of a temperate Mediterranean climate, the availability of water resources from the Litany River (Qasmieh), the will of an emerging state during the Second World War to develop a large irrigation scheme and the export its citrus produce to the growing Arab markets. This study investigated the natural factors, forms of exploitation and their development through time, the infrastructure, the water management of the irrigation scheme and the environment. The analysis and surveys also examined the marketing issues, which have largely affected the transformation of the cropping and socio-economic situation in the area. In conclusion, recommendations for the improvement of the irrigation scheme and the stability of the rural community were presented
Leymarie, Eloi. "Gestion et cultures de l'eau dans le sud du bassin garonnais : l'aménagement hydraulique face aux aquosités." Paris 10, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA100128.
Full textIn the South-West from the region of Toulouse, the project of the reservoir of Charlas has met the clear opposition of the population and the environmental association for 20 years. While the needs for water stil) increases, the classical hydraulic solution to the water shortage seems now to create more problems rather than to resolve them. The recent freeze of the hydraulic development imbalances, in an original way, the assessment between supply and demand in water in the Garonne basin. Actually, the controversy from Charlas points out the contradiction between two points of view on water, two sensitivities and two culture regarding water that everything seems to tear apart. The pros and cons on Charlas depend on the approach taken, whether one insists on economic resources (such as irrigation) or on the necessity of the water environment preservation. The fact that the project does not get forward anymore can be understood as the surge of the "water heritage" in respect to the opposition power of the "economical water". The South-West of France is a region of interest as there, two territories (the hillsides of Gascogne and the valley of the Garonne) became interdependent due to the water shortage. What is at stake for the two of them creates a cleavage of interest leading to a rivalry. On the one hand, in Gascogne the water availability is understood as a socio-economic development. On the other hand, in the Garonne valley priority is given to the rebuilding of the natural low water level. Here the environmental heritage is at stake
Ahoulouma, Fortuné B. "Contribution à l'étude du concept de développement durable : une application au secteur de l'eau douce au sein de l'Union économique et monétaire ouest africaine (U.E.M.O.A.)." Poitiers, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008POIT3008.
Full textThe study aims at exploring the ways for the appropriation of sustainable development by international law because of its spell-binding and vague nature. This concept, which became popular during the 1992 Rio Declaration, is used today as a basis for public policies on environment. The study thus proposes, because of the general character of the concept, an application to the water sector within the U. E. M. O. A region. This application depends on the changes which could stem from the international acknowledgement of sustainable development in International water law. International principles and regulations of sustainable and common management of water resources will flow from these evolutions which could be adaptated within the U. E. M. O. A. Member countries. There is a need for reforms and for a strong involvement of the international community which constitutes the adequate framework for a critical analysis geared towards the defence of common interests
Shajari, Sadegh. "Hydrologie et aménagement : aménagement trans-bassin en Iran ; optimisation de la gestion des ressources en eau." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1988. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00743948.
Full textOrne-Gliemann, Maud. "Des représentations de la gestion locale de l'eau : étude des discours et représentations à l'oeuvre dans la mise en place de la réforme institutionnelle de l'eau en Afrique du Sud au sein de petits périmètres irrigués." Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00700898.
Full textLeblanc, Marc. "Gestion des ressources en eau des grands bassins semi-arides à l'aide de la télédétection et des SIG : application à l'étude du bassin du lac Tchad, Afrique." Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT2260.
Full textChmourk, El Mahjoub. "L' organisation de l'espace et le développement local dans la province de Guelmim, porte du Sahara marocain." Bordeaux 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR30044.
Full textGuelmim’s province is characterized by a strong aridity. That makes it a distinctive area from the rest of the north Morocco area through its oasis landscapes and its very thin hydrographic network. Formerly this area was very productive and famous thanks to the nomads “hommes en bleu” but also because of its geographical position, a commercial path leading to Western Soudan. Meanwhile agriculture was decaying because of the lack of water, dryness, fields’ sickness and emigration. The province is on to radical mutations. The amazing growing of Guelmim’s town thanks to its new role as the province capital led to an unequal development between the urban centre and the rural centers. The demographic trend involved a policy of water diversion to satisfy the needs of the constant growth population while it was destined to irrigation. To reduce the delayed development, we are witnessing increasing actions from local associations and from the government. Restructuring are necessary to improve the living conditions of the rural population and to limit the consequences of uneven development in the province
Yofe, Tirogo Justine. "Etude du fonctionnement hydrodynamique de l'aquifère sédimentaire du bassin du Kou au sud-ouest du Burkina Faso." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066194/document.
Full textWest Africa is prone to critical climate variability and since the 1970s has been experiencing a long period of drought whose impact on groundwater resources is little studied. This study focuses on the Kou catchment in Burkina Faso which holds a large groundwater resource that lies at the root of exceptional springs. This resource, essential to fulfill the populations’ needs, shows signs of depletion that raises a critical question: what is the share of climate and that of withdrawals in the depletion of the resource? To answer this question, we used statistical analysis methods and hydrogeological modeling. The statistical methods were applied to climatic, hydrometric and groundwater level time series to describe the groundwater’s response to climate forcing and to identify explanatory factors of the groundwater’s behaviour. The hydrogeological modeling overcame some of the statistical methods limitations by better heeding the spatial heterogeneity of the aquifer’s characteristics. Particularly, it revealed that pumping have significant impact on the resource. To sum up, rainfall deficits combined with growing pumping endanger the resource. Hence, sustainable management of the resource should be a critical issue to pay attention to
Ould, Moulaye Ould El Haycen Mohamed Lemine. "La problématique de l'eau du fleuve Sénégal : solutions et perspectives de coopération et de développement entre les États riverains." Nice, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NICE5460.
Full textVenot, Jean-Philippe. "Entre immobilisme et adaptabilité : trajectoire d'évolution du bassin versant de la Krishna, Inde du Sud." Paris 10, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA100127.
Full textAgricultural and water development in the Krishna basin, South India, has led to a progressive over commitment of water resources. Signs of `basin closure' (zero or minimal flow to the ocean) are apparent during dry periods. In 1990-2000, total committed volumes accounted for 90% of the renewable bine water of the basin (and up to 98% if the water needs of the environment are accounted for): there is only little scope for further water resources development and basin-avide water savings. The thesis unpacks the multi-level forces that drove the overbuilding and closure of the Krishna basin and highlights that over-exploitation cornes along changing patterns of access to water. When river basins close, water users are increasingly interconnected and any interventions (supply augmentation, demand management, allocation policies) result in a regional or sectoral redistribution of water, along existing economic, political, and social forces. The trajectory of the Krishna basin is one of progressive alteration of the river regime, downstream environmental degradation, declining security of supply to all existing users, and thus increasingly likely conflicts. The new Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal is an opportunity for effective and adaptive allocation mechanisms but it needs to be made more responsive to the demands of local communities and to internalize local practices for both social and environmentai benefits. The drivers of river basin closure are manifold and unfold at many nested levels: allocating basin water is not enough and interventions must go beyond water and beyond the basin. This requires a shift in the governance structure of natural resources
Monachesi, Alejandra. "Le développement régional en question : inondations et sécheresses dans le sud-ouest de Buenos Aires, Argentine : les acteurs et leurs stratégies." Toulouse 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU20033.
Full textThe Lacunas Encadenadas area, basin without communication with the sea and located in the south-west of the Buenos Aires province, is a place of severe periods of flooding and/or drought. Those climatic events have had importance consequences for human populations and activities since the beginning of this century. During the most critical periods, the production of thousands of hectares has been lost, a small city based on health resort has been destroyed and other cities are threatened, different visions and interests are at stake in the management of excess or lake of water, leaving to conflicts, violent from time to time, so it make impossible for the equipment office - the administration responsible of this management - to give a simple definition of the problem. The water management problem is approached considering the whole social actors concerned with water management (local and provincial political deciders, farmers, civil associations working in defense of the flood victims, etc. ) and considering the Encadenadas area as an "organization" in which each actor is acting in relation with its own representation of the situation and the conditions of action. So, we are analyzing the management possibilities during this flood or drought periods as a human constructed situation, on which intervene actors that are appearing progressively during the emerge periods and the occurrence of disasters. This process of actors' constitution is accompanied by a step-by-step democracy learning process at a local level and in everyday life. This approach, viewing water as a common good or danger above personal interests, allows to access local abilities for water management. The watershed system of the Encadenadas is analyzed as if it were a "near organization", a human construction devoted to fulfil some social functions. At least, it is perceived by the scientist as a potential organization allowing him to study social strategies and processes at work, and so the framework of social action. Finally, our objective is to contribute to a more satisfactory relationship between all the concerned actors and their resources and to a more effective articulation between all the representations of the problems of drought and floods. Through this case study, we are aiming at showing the utility of the notion of concerted management of environment when different, sometimes contradictory, interests are at stake
Mathelin, Eric. "Les lacs insulaires du sud-ouest de l'océan indien, un enjeu pour la gestion durable de la ressource en eau." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01015792.
Full textAskassay, Karima. "L’eau et la société dans un milieu rural aride : de l’analyse vers la modélisation d’un système fragile et complexe (le cas du bassin du Souss au sud ouest du Maroc)." Besançon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BESA1035.
Full textWhatever the causes of the hydrous deficit in the catchment area of Souss, the objective aiming at the stock management out of water remains the même : to preserve these resources for the satisfaction of the long-term needs. This basin, which extends on a surface from16 200 km², is framed by reliefs volumineux ; the High-Atlas in the North (which culminates with 4167m), the Anti-Atlas in the South, the East by the junction of the two above mentioned chains and in the West by the Atlantic Ocean. In this contrasted space, the aridity of the climate and the dryness to which the irregularity of precipitations is added, explain the recourse fluctuating of the users in the exploitation of the ground water. The demand for water increase especially in the rural world is due to the demographic growth. Thus, competition enters the various types of water consumers and the managers concerned is likely to disturb the territorial balance of this area in spite of its tourist potentialities and halieutics. We introduce an analysis of the different kinds of exploiting and managing the water resources by using a systemic approache. The goal is to to develop a tool which allows evaluating the performance of these different strategies of management in the given context
Akouvi, Ari Edem. "Étude géochimique et hydrogéologique des eaux souterraines d'un bassin sédimentaire côtier en zone tropicale : implications sur la gestion, la protection et la préservation des ressources en eau du Togo (Afrique de l'Ouest)." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066495.
Full textZombo, Morris Musema. "L’écoefficacité : améliorer la gouvernance de l’eau potable en milieu rural des pays en développement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0038.
Full textThis thesis deals with the theme of efficiency in public management, ecology, and capital economics, in order to understand the problems that today hinder the development of many countries. Many drinking water systems in rural areas in developing countries are not able to provide an adequate response to the real needs felt by the concerned populations. The question arises as to why so many investments have yielded so little success in the water sector in developing countries? The research proposes to apply a new approach in the modeling and simulation of drinking water supply systems. It also intends to integrate the same model into the "mix" concerning water and renewable energies. Finally, it intends to carry out a numerical modeling to allow a virtual prototyping of the proposed system and to assist in the conduct of realization projects. Without seeking to solve all the problems associated with the governance of drinking water in rural areas in developing countries, this research provides decision-makers with the means to improve the operational performance of water services, an eco-efficient design of procurement systems, and coordination with users. The proposed new model of three metarules leads to the calculation of the ZOMBO index (Iz), used as a reliability metric for the validation and evaluation of the mastery of the model. It also provides support for the participation of local communities through a traditional African democracy approach under the Palaver tree
Yofe, Tirogo Justine. "Etude du fonctionnement hydrodynamique de l'aquifère sédimentaire du bassin du Kou au sud-ouest du Burkina Faso." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066194.pdf.
Full textWest Africa is prone to critical climate variability and since the 1970s has been experiencing a long period of drought whose impact on groundwater resources is little studied. This study focuses on the Kou catchment in Burkina Faso which holds a large groundwater resource that lies at the root of exceptional springs. This resource, essential to fulfill the populations’ needs, shows signs of depletion that raises a critical question: what is the share of climate and that of withdrawals in the depletion of the resource? To answer this question, we used statistical analysis methods and hydrogeological modeling. The statistical methods were applied to climatic, hydrometric and groundwater level time series to describe the groundwater’s response to climate forcing and to identify explanatory factors of the groundwater’s behaviour. The hydrogeological modeling overcame some of the statistical methods limitations by better heeding the spatial heterogeneity of the aquifer’s characteristics. Particularly, it revealed that pumping have significant impact on the resource. To sum up, rainfall deficits combined with growing pumping endanger the resource. Hence, sustainable management of the resource should be a critical issue to pay attention to
Charbonnier, Julien. "Les systèmes d'irrigation en Arabie méridionale (IVe millénaire av. J. -C. - Ier millénaire ap. J. -C. )." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010616.
Full textFerraton, Mélanie. "L'approche participative au service de la gestion intégrée de la ressource en eau : l'expérience des parcs naturels régionaux du Sud-Est de la France." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAA022/document.
Full textThe thesis arises from a partnership work between the association “ le Groupement des Amis des Parcs Naturels Régionaux du Sud-Est ” (GAPSE) and the “Savoie Mont Blanc ” University. It was made within the CIFRE agreement (Industrial agreement of learning/training by research). The PhD focuses on the participatory component of the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) in the regional nature parks in the south-east of France.The study relies on the feedback and the analysis of the participatory action research program called “L’Eau entre mémoire et devenir” (“Water between memory and future”), which has been created in 2008 by the GAPSE. Based on a survey methodology of key actors, the thesis identifies around thirty participatory actions under the IWRM. The census and analysis of these actions and of their implementation conditions led to build a dynamic model about the participatory approach of IWRM.We examine the regional nature parks status, as news water territories, beyond the narrower confines of watershed-based management, on the basis of a thorough and integrated analysis of actors’ interactions.This study shows that these territories can generate innovative participatory actions going beyond just the institutional conciliation scheme, based on a representative system. These actions arise despite the legislative change, due to a territorial reform, which restrict water prerogatives of regional nature parks.However, these voluntary initiatives implemented by the territorial authorities, associations or citizen collective organizations are still disparate and lack of coherence and coordination between them.The public action has to deal with a diversity of actors and actions with various objectives. The real issue becomes citizen participatory initiatives articulation. This PhD tries to answer to this challenge by proposing a methodological guide about the IWRM implementation, based on the regional nature parks feedbacks
Staro, Francesco. "Anthropologie politique de la gestion de l'eau en contexte pastoral. : reconfigurations socio-économiques et identitaires chez les Garri du sud éthiopien entre Etat et ONG." Thesis, Paris 8, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA080068/document.
Full textThis thesis analyzes socio-economic reconfigurations among pastoral groups living in the southern Ethiopian lowlands on the border with Kenya. Forms of social organization that regulate water access are considered as the main analytical tool for understanding the socio-cultural dynamics in these regions, highlighting historical and contemporary relationships between pastoralists, state authorities and international aid actors.Our approach consists of merging two research axes: the analysis of pastoral social systems and the importance of water issues as part of a wider relationship between nature and society. The social embeddedness of water leads us to focus on the processes of ethnicity, which is used as a tool to analyze nomads’ incorporation in a national political order as well as their local strategies vis-à-vis the State. In this context, the involvement of international aid actors is examined, taking into account the history of NGO intervention and by locating development projects in a dynamic perspective of a material and symbolic negotiation
« Antropologia politica della gestione dell’acqua in contestopastorale. Riconfigurazioni socioeconomiche ed identitarie presso i Garri del sud Etiopia traStato e ONG »Questa tesi analizza i processi di riconfigurazione sociale ed economica presso lepopolazioni pastorali nelle aree rurali del sud Etiopia, al confine con il Kenya. Le formed’organizzazione che regolano l'accesso all'acqua sono considerate come il principalestrumento per comprendere le dinamiche socio-culturali di queste regioni, evidenziando lerelazioni storiche e contemporanee tra le popolazioni locali, le autorità statali e leorganizzazioni internazionali dello sviluppo dell’aiuto umanitario.La nostra problematica é stata formulata analizzando, da un lato, i sistemi socialipastorali e, dall’altro lato, l’importanza della gestione dell’acqua e più in generale delrapporto tra natura e società nello studio di queste popolazioni. La complessità sociale dellarisorsa idrica ci porta a considerare il processo di costruzione delle identità etniche, l’interessedello stato etiope ad incorporare i nomadi nell'ordine politico nazionale e le strategie dicontrollo del territorio messe in atto dalla popolazione locale. In questo contesto, analizziamoil ruolo delle ONG e le dinamiche di negoziazione materiale e simbolica che hanno luogo nelquadro dei progetti di sviluppo.Se la gestione dei sistemi di irrigazione rappresenta il centro di interesse predominantenella letteratura antropologica sull’acqua, la gestione delle risorse idriche fornisce unaprospettiva di ricerca centrale per lo studio delle società pastorali. Il nostro punto di partenzaè la decostruzione della categoria analitica del « pastore nomade » per rendere conto deifattori economici, politici e socio-culturali in gioco nell’organizzazione dei sistemi sociali edelle pratiche di mobilità pastorali. A tal proposito mostriamo come gli stereotipi riguardol’irrazionalità ecologica della popolazioni pastorali hanno legittimato progetti di sviluppoagricolo e programmi di sedentarizzazione. Adottando un approccio simile a quello utilizzatoper la categoria di « pastore nomade », critichiamo un’idea dell’acqua come semplice risorsanaturale o come risorsa rara per analizzare il rapporto tra la gestione dell’acqua e ledinamiche più ampie di cambiamento sociale. In particolare, sviluppiamo l'analisi dell’acquacome operatore simbolico: a causa dell’associazione tra fattori socio-culturali e ambientalinell'organizzazione dell’accesso ai pozzi, l'acqua rappresenta una risorsa vitale per i pastori eper la riproduzione della comunità
Garat, Séverine. "La gestion de l'eau dans une ville romaine d'Afrique : l'exemple de Thugga (Dougga-Tunisie)." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BOR30071.
Full textNatural resource as precious and indispensable to contemporary society during ancient times, water is the central topic of this thesis. We decided to address in terms of its management by different levels of power within the Roman Empire but also at individual and private, through the example of the provincial city of Thugga, in Africa Proconsularis, now Tunisia. This issue proposes to focus the resources used by the different levels of responsibilities in order to supply and manage the water needs of an important Roman city of Africa, dedicated to the study of different types of hydraulic structures
Kurien, Anish Mathew. "Approches pour la classification du trafic et l’optimisation des ressources radio dans les réseaux cellulaires : application à l’Afrique du Sud." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1090/document.
Full textThe growth in the number of cellular mobile subscribers worldwide has far outpaced expected rates of growth with worldwide mobile subscriptions reaching 6 Billion subscribers in 2011 according to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). More than 75% of this figure is in developing countries. With this rate of growth, greater pressure is placed on radio resources in mobile networks which impacts on the quality and grade of service (GOS) in the network. With varying demands that are generated from different subscriber classes in a network, the ability to distinguish between subscriber types in a network is vital to optimise infrastructure and resources in a mobile network. In this study, a new approach for subscriber classification in mobile cellular networks is proposed. In the proposed approach, traffic data extracted from two network providers in South Africa is considered. The traffic data is first decomposed using traditional feature extraction approaches such as the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and the Discrete Wavelet Packet Transform (DWPT) approach. The results are then compared with the Difference Histogram approach which considers the number of segments of increase in the time series. Based on the features extracted, classification is then achieved by making use of a Fuzzy C-means algorithm. It is shown from the results obtained that a clear separation between subscriber classes based on inputted traffic signals is possible through the proposed approach. Further, based on the subscriber classes extracted, a novel two-level hybrid channel allocation approach is proposed that makes use of a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model to consider the optimisation of radio resources in a mobile network. In the proposed model, two levels of channel allocation are considered: the first considers defining a fixed threshold of channels allocated to each cell in the network. The second level considers a dynamic channel allocation model to account for the variations in traffic experienced in each traffic class identified. Using the optimisation solver, CPLEX, it is shown that an optimal solution can be achieved with the proposed two-level hybrid allocation model
Souissi, Amel. "Enjeux économiques et environnementaux du tourisme en Tunisie : le cas de l’oasis de Tozeur." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAE004.
Full textTourism, the world's leading industry with 1186 million international arrivals in 2015, is recognized as the priority sector of development of the LCDs (Least Developed Countries) through its direct, indirect and induced effects. Since the late 1960s, Tunisia has opted for a development strategy based on tourism activities. Since the early 1970s, tourism has been a key sector of the Tunisian economy: the deficit’s rate of coverage of the payments’ balance reached 97.7% in 1988. However, since the early 2000s, Tunisian tourism suffers from a low quality brand image, a strong dependence on the European market and major tour operators and a lack of diversification. The achievements of this sector, which has been for a long time considered as a vector of economic growth, seem to be overestimated.To overcome these problems, the State has chosen, since the late 1980s, a national strategy of diversification through the setting in tourism of Southern Tunisia. Currently, this part of the country became a tourist area of high standards including a golf course of 150 hectares and an international airport. However, the choice of tourism-oriented development is of concern, given the characteristics of the Saharan environment and the way in which Saharan tourism is marketed.This thesis aims to analyze, from an economic point of view, and to evaluate the suitability and relevance of the strategic choices which have been made in the tourism sector, particularly in the Saharan zone, taking into account the nature of the milieu characterized by an arid climate. The economic, environmental and social impact of tourism on these fragile environments could be particularly critical.Economically: on the one hand, this choice corresponds to a commodification of an exhaustible natural stock, whose existence is conditioned by access to water, which has created rivalry and conflicts in the use of the resource between the two sectors, namely, tourism and agriculture. On the other hand, the short duration of stay which does not exceed on average 1.3 days, can limit the positive fallout of tourism in these regions.Environmentally: the rival but not exclusive character of water would place it in the category of "common goods" whose availability can be influenced by the "mass effects", which leads us to consider a risk of "tragedy of commons".Socially: in addition to the social distortions that can arise in situations of usage conflicts around the resource, the jobs created in this sector are seasonal and low-skilled, which may negatively affect a real local development process in these regions.In our analyses, we used several theoretical and empirical methodological tools and approaches within a macroeconomic framework. We have mainly used cointegration techniques and error correction models adapted to the study of time series in addition to statistical analyses over the period between 1970 and 2014
Zombo, Morris Musema. "L’écoefficacité : améliorer la gouvernance de l’eau potable en milieu rural des pays en développement." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0038.
Full textThis thesis deals with the theme of efficiency in public management, ecology, and capital economics, in order to understand the problems that today hinder the development of many countries. Many drinking water systems in rural areas in developing countries are not able to provide an adequate response to the real needs felt by the concerned populations. The question arises as to why so many investments have yielded so little success in the water sector in developing countries? The research proposes to apply a new approach in the modeling and simulation of drinking water supply systems. It also intends to integrate the same model into the "mix" concerning water and renewable energies. Finally, it intends to carry out a numerical modeling to allow a virtual prototyping of the proposed system and to assist in the conduct of realization projects. Without seeking to solve all the problems associated with the governance of drinking water in rural areas in developing countries, this research provides decision-makers with the means to improve the operational performance of water services, an eco-efficient design of procurement systems, and coordination with users. The proposed new model of three metarules leads to the calculation of the ZOMBO index (Iz), used as a reliability metric for the validation and evaluation of the mastery of the model. It also provides support for the participation of local communities through a traditional African democracy approach under the Palaver tree
Leroy, David. "Les vulnérabilités liées à l'eau dans les páramos colombiens et vénézuéliens." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20128/document.
Full textThe population in many tropical mountains is currently highly exposed to water-related risks (pollution and scarcity), which are increasing notably with the development of intensive agriculture. Through the study of four rural communities in the Colombian and Venezuelan páramos - specific altitude ecosystems of the northern Andes - this work questions the relationship between the effectiveness of collective action and the decrease of vulnerabilities related to water. The approach is based on an analysis of the social construction of the risks and adaptability of rural communities. The methodology rests on 191 semi-structured interviews as well as direct and participant observation with farmers and the different participants in the agricultural world and environmental management. Finally, the data processing is based on a content analysis, along with a more detailed study of the discourse through the IRaMuTeQ tool. This work shows, on the one hand, that water pollution is often neglected by farmers, since it constantly evades profane representations; it is also denied due to the economic stakes involved. A contrario, scarcity is a deeply established social construct, the result of standards related to a common representation of water as an economic resource. This is why farmers are prone to reduce their vulnerability to irrigation water scarcity rather than to the one related to pollution of the resource. This work shows, on the other hand, that the adaptation to the risk of scarcity is a powerful driving force of collective action, especially when it is regulated by a set of complex, negotiated and modifiable rules. However, the difficulties of managing health and environmental risks prove that reducing pollution risks is far from being a common goal. And whereas rural communities line up to protect water catchment points at high altitude, the vulnerability is systematically shifted downstream of the watersheds. Regaining the water quality of the páramo is therefore a challenge for a wide variety of participants (state institutions, environmental associations, water managers, farmers ...). Nonetheless, the Colombian and Venezuelan public authorities still have too little impact on the management of pollution of agricultural origin. It is in this context that some interesting initiatives and experiences come out locally or via other non-institutional actors
En muchas montañas tropicales la población se encuentra actualmente expuesta a los riesgos relacionados con el agua (contaminación y escasez). Unos riesgos que se han acentuado con el reciente desarrollo de la agricultura intensiva. A través del estudio de cuatro comunidades rurales de los páramos colombianos y venezolanos – ecosistemas de altitud específicos de los Andes septentrionales – este trabajo se pregunta por la relación existente entre la eficacia de la acción colectiva y la reducción de las vulnerabilidades ligadas al agua. Este planteamiento se basa en un análisis de la construcción social de los riesgos y de la capacidad de adaptación de las comunidades rurales. La metodología se apoya en 191 entrevistas semi-estructuradas así como en la observación directa y participante junto a los agricultores y de los diferentes actores del mundo agrícola y de la gestión del medio ambiente. Finalmente, el tratamiento de los datos tiene como base un análisis de contenido, y un estudio más detallado del discurso a través de la herramienta IRaMuTeQ. Este trabajo muestra, por un lado, que la contaminación del agua es a menudo pasada por alto por los agricultores, puesto que ésta escapa a las representaciones profanas. Además, esta contaminación es igualmente negada debido a las cuestiones económicas en juego. A contrario, la escasez es una construcción social profundamente enraizada, que es el fruto de normas ligadas a una representación común del agua como recurso económico. Por lo tanto, los agricultores se muestran más inclinados a reducir su vulnerabilidad a la escasez de agua de riego que al problema de la contaminación de los recursos hidráulicos. Por otro lado, este trabajo pone de manifiesto que la adaptación al peligro de escasez es un potente móvil de la acción colectiva, especialmente cuando está regulada por un conjunto de normas complejas, negociadas y modificables. Sin embargo, las dificultades de gestión de los riesgos sanitarios y medioambientales prueban que la reducción de los peligros de contaminación está todavía lejos de ser un objetivo común. Incluso si las comunidades rurales se organizan para proteger los puntos de captación de agua en altitud, la vulnerabilidad es desplazada de forma sistemática hacia las zonas más bajas de las cuencas fluviales
Fouchet, Charline. "La coordination des parties prenantes dans les projets de coopération décentralisée Nord-Sud : un enjeu majeur : le cas des autorités locales françaises et palestiniennes dans le secteur de l’eau et de l’assainissement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1079.
Full textDecentralized cooperation projects, an aspect of the development aid and external action of local authorities, has legally existed since 1992. Simultaneous interest in water and sanitation issues and in Mediterranean countries motivated us to focus our research in the Palestinian Territories, many of which suffer of a lack of water. These cooperative actions require a coordination of the stakeholders on the partner territory. This research questions the efficacy of these coordinated efforts applied to the water and sanitation field. Herein, issues of decentralized cooperation have been compared between the literature and a field study, which allowed us to focus more particularly on the issue of knowledge transfer. Indeed, training accounted for an increasingly important share of decentralized cooperation projects, due in particular to financial difficulties of local authorities. This is why we focused on knowledge transfer’s literature, inter-organizational transfer actually as it does not meet the same difficulties as private organizations (with holding information, power games, an unstable relationship, etc.) but conversely it is rarely assessed and thus warrants investigation. We also followed up on the different management practices related to project management : project monitoring, implementation of public consultations, etc. We found that public communication is scarce and found others difficulties such as frequent management turnovers. We wished to understand the impact of frequent turnover and solutions to the problems they may create
Prudhomme, Cristel. "Modèles synthétiques des connaissances en hydrologie : application à la régionalisation des crues en Europe alpine et méditerranéenne." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20200.
Full textVeyrac-Ben, Ahmed Bénédicte. "Les agriculteurs face aux sécheresses : adaptation des pratiques et impacts environnementaux : étude à travers l'exemple du bassin versant du Lemboulas (Bas-Quercy, Midi-Pyrénées)." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00852420.
Full textErismann, Julie. "Développement hydro-agricole au sud-est du lac Alaotra (Madagascar). Histoire, limites et pespectives de la maîtrise de l'eau." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30014/document.
Full textAlaotra lake is the biggest body of fresh water in Madagascar and the vast plains surrounding it, have naturally become highly coveted by the various authorities over the course of it’s history and its colonization. Primarily based on rice cultivation, this region has benefited from numerous rural planning projects. As a result, the landscape as well as the relationship between the people and their land has been transformed. Over time, the combination of knowledges and know-how farmers, technicians and the research interest in this area, have made it Madagascar’s most significant rice granary. This geography thesis is structured around water management, an essential resource in a country based on rural economies. Through the study of the southeastern valleys, we will focus on showing the extent to which the hydro-agricultural planning allows us to consider better agricultural and territorial development and how, in a context of decentralization, the control and the appropriation of natural resources by local actors can lead to renewed management dynamics and procedures in their environment
Ny farihy Alaotra no fihebanandranomandry lehibe indrindra ao Madagasikara , ary ny tany lemaka midadasika manodidina azy no nanitona ny fitsiriritan’ireo manampahefana nifandimby tao amin’ny tantaran’ny fiorenamponenana.Ny fambolem-bary no votoatim-piainana ao amin’io faritany io , ary fanajariana marobe no efa nanova tanteraka ny endrikin’ny tany sy ny fonenana eo . Ny fandrindrana ny fahalalàna sy fahaiza-miasan’ny tantsaha, ny mahay taozavatra , sy ny finiavan’ny mpikarodalana no nahatonga azy ho « lavabarin’i Madagasikara ». Manodidina ny fanafolahana ny rano , andry ijoroan’ny toekarenan’ny antsaha , no namolavolàna ity tandro-kevitra fandinihantany ity. Avy eo amin’ny fikatsahana natao tao amin’ireo lohasaha ao Atsimo-atsinanan’Alaotra no niaingan’ny sainay hampiseho fa ny fanajariana ny rano sy asatany no hahafahana mihevitra ny fivoaram-bokatra amin’ny voly sy ny faritany ; ary koa ao anatin’ny fitsinjarampitondrana , dia hahitàna fa ny fandinihana sy ny fandraisana an-tanana ireo loharanon-karena velona ataon’ny mpiasa eo antoerana no mety hiteraka fampandrosoana sy fivaozan’ny fitantanana ny toe-ponenana manotolo
Soubira, Thomas. "Hydraulique urbaine, hydraulique oasienne : archéologie d'une ville médiévale des marges sahariennes du Maroc : hydro-histoire de Sidjilmãsa et de la plaine du Tãfilãlt." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20007/document.
Full textWater management is a central aspect of the secular sustainability of Saharan oases and their economic dynamics. In this matter, it is important to distinguish between traditional systems and "modern" systems that have widely changed the oasian ecosystem. The oasis of Tāfīlālt (Morocco), seat of the emirate of Sid̲j̲ilmāsa and "port" of the caravan trade between the eighth and fifteenth century, is an excellent observatory of human adaptation in an arid environment. In order to have all the necessary data for our reflection on the hydraulics of Sid̲j̲ilmāsa, we have constituted a large corpus of documents, resulting from the analysis of the scientific literature around the general theme of water, focused mainly on archaeological studies and mobilization techniques. Following a contextualization of the archaeological site of Sid̲j̲ilmāsa in its oasis environment and its written documentation since the Middle Age, we establish a report of the hydraulic remains discovered since 2012 by the french-moroccan mission. Observable over all the excavation areas, these structures can be associated with the capture, supply or storage of water, as well as the disposal of wastewater. The analysis and the technical description of these remains then their insertion in a general stratigraphic context, allow us, by also mobilizing the data of the corpus, to propose functional hypotheses and an evolution of hydraulic practices in medieval Sid̲j̲ilmāsa. In the final part of the thesis, we deal in particular with the symbolic representation of water in Sid̲j̲ilmāsa conveyed since the Middle Age and changes in the way of supply of local populations over time, based on the archaeological considerations presented during all this research work and on our current observations, in order to provide an essay of hydrohistory in Tāfīlālt
Fouchet, Charline. "La coordination des parties prenantes dans les projets de coopération décentralisée Nord-Sud : un enjeu majeur : le cas des autorités locales françaises et palestiniennes dans le secteur de l’eau et de l’assainissement." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1079.
Full textDecentralized cooperation projects, an aspect of the development aid and external action of local authorities, has legally existed since 1992. Simultaneous interest in water and sanitation issues and in Mediterranean countries motivated us to focus our research in the Palestinian Territories, many of which suffer of a lack of water. These cooperative actions require a coordination of the stakeholders on the partner territory. This research questions the efficacy of these coordinated efforts applied to the water and sanitation field. Herein, issues of decentralized cooperation have been compared between the literature and a field study, which allowed us to focus more particularly on the issue of knowledge transfer. Indeed, training accounted for an increasingly important share of decentralized cooperation projects, due in particular to financial difficulties of local authorities. This is why we focused on knowledge transfer’s literature, inter-organizational transfer actually as it does not meet the same difficulties as private organizations (with holding information, power games, an unstable relationship, etc.) but conversely it is rarely assessed and thus warrants investigation. We also followed up on the different management practices related to project management : project monitoring, implementation of public consultations, etc. We found that public communication is scarce and found others difficulties such as frequent management turnovers. We wished to understand the impact of frequent turnover and solutions to the problems they may create