Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gestion des situations d'urgence – France'
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Dedieu, François. "La sécurité civile dans la tempête : autopsie organisationnelle de la catastrophe du 27 décembre 1999." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007IEPP0050.
Full textOur PhD dissertation examines, at the organizational level, the reasons for which a natural catastrophe is unpredictable and how it causes a major break with an ordinary time period. We study the case of the storm known as “Martin” which hit the southern part of France on the 27th of December, 1999. Our study examines two issues : first, the meteorological alarm; Second, the organization of the rescue during the crisis. More specifically, we wanted to understand how the rescue could be coordinated in a situation without preparation. The first part of our dissertation shows that it was really neither an "unlikely" risk, or even a dysfunction of the procedure of alert, but it was a particular category of risk which we qualified as "traitorous": it is a danger hidden under a normal appearance which makes the actors believe, even when they are informed, that they there is no dangerous risk at hand. More broadly, in this case, normal appearance resisted two alert attempts. In the second part, we study the rescue organization during the crisis. More specifically, we focus on the dynamics of collective action in this situation of disturbance. In order to do so, we examine the modes of coordination at work in the actions of the relief services as set by the ORSEC rescue organization which is a a part of the French national plan. To seize these dynamics and which links crises to an effect of desectorization. Indeed, in the ORSEC plan, most actors, ordinarily autonomous entities (the army, the French national railway, the fire departments etc), found themselves united within the same areas of intervention
Foures, Franck. "De l'urgentisation des routines à la routinisation des urgences : vieilles maladies, nouvelles crises, simples alertes." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0061.
Full textBeyond the major sanitary crises, at the turn of the 21st century a multiple of more reduced and barely politicized crises have appeared, affecting this time the regular and usual activities of the services in charge of Public Health. Rabies and meningitis are two such diseases managed routinely in an almost autonomous way by specialized administrations throughout the second half of the 20th century and which appear suddenly in the form of crises, as from 2000s. These diseases and their various episodes acquire at first a new status and appear as crises because of a redefining of the stakes which they convey by new actors on the sanitary scene or by brutal renegotiations of their property/suitability between these same actors. The very clear increase of files so made visible at the national level is accompanied by a standardization of their practices of management connected to a coverage taken on by structures and specialized actors (InVS, missions and the department of sanitary emergencies). This work studies the impact of the changes of the sanitary scene which were decided after the major crises concerning the taking on and the management of the sanitary files. It concludes in a shape of everyday acceptance or in a global dynamic of the taming of certain forms of crises by a process "of urgentisation of the routines" accompanied by a progressive "routinisation of urgencies”
Fontanille, Eric. "Planification des secours médicaux : contribution des exercices de simulation à l'élaboration d'un plan rouge insulaire martiniquais." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO1M227.
Full textAublet, Benoît. "L'action en situation d'urgence : facteurs d'efficacité dans la gestion du réseau routier en cas de crûes rapides : étude appliquée au département du Gard." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENH040/document.
Full textThis PhD dissertation aims at a better understanding of the mechanisms and processes which dictate the actions taken ina situation of crisis, that is to say, in a context very much characterized by urgency, and the necessity to act quickly inan unpredictable situation. After assessing the vulnerability of the road network in the event of a rapid rise in the waterlevel, we were led to raise the following questions : what are the various modes of crisis management in the event of violentrainstorms leading up to closings, interruptions or submersion of the road network ? What are the required conditions foran efficient management ? Our study intends to show the modus operandi of the actors in charge of the road networkmanagement in a district subject to frequent flooding to « manage » those times of trouble and the means and tools given tothem (maps, softwares, technical devices etc). What we originally aimed at was not so much emphasizing the gap betweenthe stipulated work and the effective work of operators in a time of crisis but rather focusing on the modalities of these« moves ». In a sense, matters of efficiency are at the heart of our approach. In its etymological meaning, efficiency is avirtue, a strength (from latin efficacitas) and it should enable us in this work to grasp the discrepancies between whatis linked on one side to the planning and organized managing of crises and on the other to metis, that is, the practicalintelligence of the actors in charge of the execution of the devised tasks. Instead of identifying the deficiency, we intend tohighlight what seems efficient from the actors’ point of view, what is « bearing » to the action, what makes sense (Jullien,1996, 1992). What are the virtuous mechanisms that the actors can devise in order to secure some kind of managementefficiency and to "hold together" this moment of crisis characterized, according to some writings, by the loss of a sense ofdirection in action ? This approach of the conditions of efficiency entails on the one hand the analysis of the actors’ practices(trust, adaptation, improvisation, interpretation of the surroundings and of information), and on the other, the knowledgeand understanding of the plans of action that prescribe them
Kleinpeter, Claire. "Des risques urbains méconnus: les risques technologiques mineurs : Exemple des stations-service à Strasbourg." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR1A001.
Full text'Environment' and 'sustainable development' are terms that appear in the mass media often to announce natural catastrophes such as inundations, explosions, or various forms of environmental pollution. According to the mass media, the world environmental equilibrium seems to be threatened in a way that future generations would not be able to benefit of today's natural resources, if nothing is done to change this situation. Researchers who have studied the question emphasize not only the importance but also the accretion of major technological hazards mainly since the industrial revolution and the consequent urban growth. Because of their amplitude the impacts of major technological hazards related to technical progress are better known today even if solutions are not always easy to find or to apply. Cities as places of great population densities have often witnessed minor hazards throughout their history. These minor and not well known technological hazards constitute the subject of this thesis. Hazards related to the location of gas stations in the city of Strasbourg (Communauté urbaine de Strasbourg) are studied, identified, classified, through their particular characteristics. The main hypothesis is that minor technological hazards correspond to activities characterized less by unanticipated impacts than by an important degree of vulnerability due to their immediate environment. An analysis of minor technological hazards using the example of gas stations has been the first step to verify this hypothesis. The second step deals with the constitution of a located data base used to define a classification of various activities according to their degree of vulnerability in a GIS with a server to be used by protection or intervention services e. G. Firemen
Sall, Alioune. "La notion d'urgence en droit international." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010310.
Full textThe notion of emergency is ignored by the books but its area is very wide in international law. However it's a very difficult concept because it depends on contexts. Nevertheless, it can be sumed by two features : 1 Relativity : the notion of emergency itself can be included in concepts like "state of necessity" or "circumstances outside one's control". Secondly, it depends on circumstances, which are various. Thus, emergency can request at one time the keeping of circumstances, at another time the shunning of an imminent danger ; in the same way, it can request at one time an unilateral action, at another time a collective action. . . . However the notion of emergency may be verified through principles like proportionality or the exhaustion of means to settle the dispute (before the icj especially). The verification of emergency is often made through a preliminary notification (concerning "dangerous" activities for example) 2 Functionality in international law, the notion of emergency makes three offices : a) An office of habilitation (like the security council keeping or restoring international peace) b) An office of derogation : derogation to procedural rules or fundamental norms c) an office of integration : emergency can strengthen the interdependence of the states (when a danger threats them). The notion of emergency can also be the reason of some tendencies of the international law, like the development of unilateralism or the "acceleration" of international custom. . .
Deharvengt, Stéphane. "La Gestion des situations d'urgence : outillage et contraintes dans le cadre des évacuations d'urgence des usagers." Paris, CNAM, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CNAM0697.
Full textBouslimi, Wajih. "Modélisation du comportement des conducteurs dans les situations d'urgence." Paris, ENMP, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENMP1363.
Full textAjmi, Inès. "Outils et modèles collaboratifs pour la gestion des tensions dans les services des urgences pédiatriques." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECLI0012/document.
Full textIn the healthcare production management systems, the control of the patient flows and the anticipation of the tensions are major issues. Due to the increasing the crowding situations and their consequences, there is an ever increasing emphasis on the ability of the actors in hospital and healthcare pathways to manage the patient health care process. They must be able to control the crowding (peaks of activities, congestion of services) that are related to patient and healthcare processes flows. However, decision makers do not have sufficient methodologies and decision support tools adapted for controlling the patient flows.This thesis aims to investigate and develop modeling, optimization and implementation of a Support System to improve the care of patients in normal situation and crowding situation in Services Pediatric Emergencies (SUP) of the Lille University Hospital. The objective of this thesis is to propose appropriate solutions to the SUP to improve care for patients in terms of wait times. We therefore modeled the process of care for patients by Workflow approach to identify malfunctions in the SUP near the modeling phase; we proposed a resolution of agent-based architecture to optimize scheduling patient flow and significantly decrease their waiting time during periods of tension. Then we studied a dynamic process orchestration workflow by agents to reduce the expectations of patients running time. This thesis is conducted under the ANR HOST project in collaboration with the Lille University Hospital SUP. The simulation results highlight the contribution of the alliance between the multi-agent systems and optimization for decision support
Langumier, Julien Zonabend Françoise. "Survivre à l'inondation : pour une ethnologie de la catastrophe /." Lyon : ENS éd, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41383204f.
Full textBibliogr. p. 341-350.
Côté, Louis. "La gestion de crise dans un contexte inter organisationnel : les apprentissages systémiques tirés de la tempête de verglas de 1998." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2004.
Find full textChandoul, Wided. "Conception et réalisation d'un système d'aide à la gestion des tensions dans les services d'urgences pédiatriques : vers des nouvelles approches d'évaluation, de quantification et d'anticipation." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECLI0010/document.
Full textHe strain in an Emergency Department (ED) is an imbalance between the total demand load of healthcare treatment and resources ability to support it during a convenient horizon, which may results negative consequences on the smooth running of the activity. It is reflected by overcrowding, longer treatment and waiting times which causes both patients dissatisfaction and anxiety of personnel. This thesis is part of the HOST project funded by the ANR-TECSAN-2011 program to develop a Management Support System of Strain (MSSS) ensuring three objectives:1. Multi-criteria evaluation through a variety of indicators aggregated by fuzzy logic to solve the subjectivity of the human feeling of strain. Each evaluation scenario involves specific decision rules targeting to supervise failure points.2. Demand forecasting through several time horizons: applying SARIMA and SARIMAX methods is justified by the time series seasonality of visits and the influence of some external parameters (epidemics, holidays, weather). In addition, the quality of the historical information has been improved by a history rebuilding based on the daily likelihood.3. Improving flow management and activity monitoring since the use of MSSS as a dashboard provides a macro view of the whole activity (beds occupied, waiting, estimated length of stay, excessive elongation).The simulations address real strain scenarios observed between 2011 and 2013 in the Pediatric ED Jeanne de Flandre of the Regional University Hospital of Lille (France)
Alaeddine, Houssein. "Un modèle d'optimisation spatio-temporel pour l'évacuation de la population exposée aux catastrophes naturelles : projet ACCELL : évaluation spatio-temporelle de l'ACCessibilité d'Enjeux localisés en situation d'inondation sur le bassin de la Loire." Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR1802/document.
Full textThe importance of managing an urban site threatened or affected by flooding requires the development of effective evacuation systems. An effective evacuation system has to take into account some constraints such as the transportation traffic which plays an important role as well as others such as the accessibility, necessary human resources and material equipment (vehicles, assembly points, etc...). The main objective of this work is to bring assistance to the technical services and brigade forces in terms of accessibility by providing itineraries with respect to rescue operations and the evacuation of people and goods.We consider the evacuation of a middle size area, exposed to a risk, and more precisely to a risk of flooding. In case of flooding event, the most of inhabitants will be evacuated by themselves, ie., using their personal vehicles. Considered case here, the flooding can be forecast in advance, and then the population has few days (2-4) to evacuate. Our aimis to build an evacuation plan, ie., fixing for each individual the date of departure and the path to reach the assembly point (also called shelter) associated. Evacuation plan must avoid congestion on the roads of evacuation network.Here, we present a spatio-temporal optimization model for the evacuation of the population exposed to natural disasters, and more particularly to a flood risk
Izouli, Sylvie. "Le devoir d'ingérence." Strasbourg 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996STR30010.
Full textThe expression "duty to interfere" has recently appeared among international law vocabularies. It was made up by nongovernmental humanitarian organizations to draw public opinion to the serious consequences which are generated in the absence of any humanitarian assistance for the victims of natural disasters or other emergency situations. On the proposal of France, the un general assembly passed two resolutions : the 43 131 of 8 december 1988 and the 45 100 of 14 december 1990 concerning the provision of humanitarian assistance and the creation of humanitarian emergency corridors. On the proposal of France, the un general assembly passed two resolutions : the 43 131 of 8 december 1988 and the 45 100 of 14 december 1990 concerning the provision of humanitarian assistance and the creation of humanitarian emergency corridors. But the establishment of the right to humanitarian assistance, the decision of the details of implementation and the limit of its extent have been enabled by the actions carried on or allowed by the un Security council, during the political disasters that occurred in Kurdistan, Irak. , Somalia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Rwanda. At, present the Security council regards attacks on the right to assistance as threats on peace and on international security which justify the resort to the armed coercive measures that chapter VII of the chart makes provision for
Mas, Arnaud. "Utilisation des simulateurs de conduite pour l'évaluation des systèmes d'aide à la conduite en situation d'urgence." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00714217.
Full textAkgungor, Ali Caglar. "La Turquie à l'épreuve des séismes de 1999 : une analyse sociopolitique à travers les discours médiatiques post-catastrophes." Grenoble 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE21044.
Full textThe Disaster is able to disturb the existent systems, the human economical, social and political constructions. It can also create distortions in social and political relationship. In that sense, the earthquakes of 1999 (17/7 and 12/11) in Turkey seem to constitute a particularly interesting field of study. The difficulty of the state to lead assistance or rescue operation after the disaster, to handle humanitarian aid, essential for the victims, and to give prominence to the dysfunction of control mechanism of the constructions, the problems caused by corruption at different levels of responsibility, created big reactions in the Turkish society. The earthquakes of 1999 also provoked a strong "civil" mobilization with the non-governmental organizations and with independent volunteers, to in scale never seen in the history of Turkish Republic. Consequently, the catastrophe became an occasion to criticize the dysfunctions of the system and the political class. While having a critical discourse with regard to "the State", the media made state of the birth of the "Turkish civil society" and announced a major sociopolitical change in the immediate future : "nothing would be the same again". This research shows the 1999 earthquakes constitute a singular event, at the same time as having their place in the long list of major earthquakes which have occurred since 1939 in Turkey: We clearly see that the catastrophe is a social construction on which the context sociopolitical is determining. Secondly, the study of 1999 disaster, as well as the 14 preceding major seism, allows us to carry out a sociopolitical analysis of contemporary Turkey and its transformation
Valitova, Aysylu. "Gestion des conflits au travail : les systèmes relationnels complexes dans trois situations en France, Canada et Russie." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL12014.
Full textWe develop an approach based on articulation of four main dimensions: the analysis of conflicts in terms of process of escalation; the psychosociological phenomena of interpersonal communication and positioning in the relation (Palo-Alto School); the cultural dimensions; and the individual trajectories in particular in terms of habitus in the meaning of Bourdieu and as developed by Lahire. Our global theoretical model is applied to three case studies of conflicts in a community center in France, a Canadian university and a cultural institution in Russia. The conflict begins within interpersonal relations with relational incongruent positioning in the meaning of the Palo-Alto school (Relational disjunctions). Numerous "classic" psychosociological processes are also combined: construction of intergroups social identity, social facilitation, polarization, group thinking. This analysis shows how the individual and interpersonal aspects, due to the interacting positionings of people, eventually result in conflict escalation. These cases illustrate how relational interlinks and psychosociological processes at the individual as well at the interpersonal levels turn to be out of control of implied people. An analysis in terms of actors' strategies then appears insufficient to understand the conflict dynamics. All these processes, constructing a "complex of situation", results in a social conflict in which finally all protagonists are losers. The cases analysis underline that contextual factors (Habitus, fields, cultures, including national cultures, and so on) are not determinant; they are "acting" through their internalization in people’s behavior in the present situation
Derosier, Carine. "De l'étude des pratiques de travail à la conception de situations capacitantes : une voie pour la prévention des accidents de plain-pied ?" Paris 8, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA083978.
Full textThis research is about the prevention of work-related Accidents On the Level (AOL), occupational slips, trips and falls that occur frequently and sometimes prove consequential. Decreasing accidents while adopting an approach based on accident analysis is difficult; therefore we look at what aspects of operators' activities contribute to the occurrence and absence of such occupational accidents. Indeed, for the majority of the time, operators are exposed to AOL risk factors but do not have an accident. We learn the safety practices operators take when walking about at their workplace by studying systems of resources, values and constraints that have influence on their practices, depending on the situations classes met. We propose that effective preventative measures are not only linked to systematic suppression of risk factors but also to the designs of facilitating environments planned around safety
Kadri, Farid. "Contribution à la conception d'un système d'aide à la décision pour la gestion de situations de tension au sein des systèmes hospitaliers. Application à un service d'urgence." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VALE0028/document.
Full textThe management of patient flow, especially the flow resulting from health (flu, heat waves and exceptional circumstances) is one of the most important problems to manage in the emergency department (ED). To handle the influx of patients, emergency departments require significant human and material resources, and a high degree of coordination between these resources. Under these conditions, the medical and the paramedical staffs are often confronted with strain situations which greatly complicate their task. The main purpose of this thesis is to contribute to improving the management of situations of tension occurring in the emergency department by providing a decision support system, SAGEST. This DSS allows i) a proactive control of the ED: predicting at short and/or medium-term the occurrence of potential strain situations and proposing corrective actions to prevent the occurrence of these situations, ii) a reactive control in the case of no-detection of the strain situation occurrence. A functional architecture of the SAGEST system, based on the manager’s decision making process is proposed. Used methodologies and models embedded in the main functions and the knowledge base of the SAGEST system are described. Finally, experiments and results of different models of SAGEST system applied to the paediatric emergency department (PED) of the Regional University Hospital of Lille are presented and discussed
Anaya, Arenas Ana Maria. "Planification de la distribution en contextes de déploiement d'urgence et de logistique hospitalière." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26564.
Full textOptimisation in distribution is a major concern towards the performance’s improvement of manufacturing and service industries. Together with the evolution of the business’ world and technology advancements, new practical challenges need to be faced by managers. These challenges are thus a point of interest to researchers. This thesis concentrates on the application of operational research (O.R.) techniques to optimise supply chains in two precise contexts: relief distribution and healthcare logistics. These two research domains have grown a lot recently and have major impacts on the population. These are two complex and difficult distribution settings that require a scientific approach to improve their performance and thus warrant the welfare among the population. This thesis’s contributions relate to those two axes. First, we present a systematic review of the available literature in relief distribution (Chapter 2) to consolidate and classify the most important works in the field, as well as to identify the research’s gaps in the current propositions and approaches. This analysis inspires and supports our second contribution. In Chapter 3, we present and evaluate three models to optimise the design of relief distribution networks oriented to fairness in distribution. The models seek to ensure an equitable distribution between the points of demand and in a stable fashion in time. In addition, the models allow the backorder of demand to offer a more realistic and flexible distribution plan. The second research context result from a request from Quebec’s Ministry of Health and Social Services (Ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux – MSSS). In partnership with the managers of Quebec’s healthcare system, we propose an approach to tackle the biomedical sample transportation problem faced by the laboratories’ network in Quebec’s province. We propose two mathematical formulations and some fast heuristics to solve the problem (Chapter 4). This contribution is later extended to include the opening hours’ synchronisation for the specimen collection centers and the number and frequency of pick-ups. We propose an iterated local search procedure (ILS) to find a routing plan minimising total billable hours (Chapter 5). This leads to an efficient tool to routing planning in the medical laboratories’ network in Quebec.
Tancogne-Dejean, Manuela. "Anticiper la crise : ingénierie d'évacuation des bâtiments et management de l'évacuation, principes et éléments." Troyes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TROY0038.
Full textEnsuring people’s safety in case of fire requires evacuating the building. In the current societal context, evacuation must be rethought. The objective is to propose two tools with which to anticipate crisis that could occur in people facing an emergency based on human behaviour and the evacuation process. The Accessibility law of 2005 highlighted that we will all be affected by it at one time or another. The presence of more or less toxic fumes, impeding obstacles, and confusing noises. . . Have a negative impact on our abilities and faculties and complicate the evacuation process. The approach is based on a study of the perception of risk by elderly persons and of persons with disabilities, so as to be able to transpose the experience to all, which, as it is agreed that the phase of awareness of danger is the most important in the evacuation process. Three different methods were used: a qualitative method of questionnaire analysis to understand the perception of risk, a systemic approach to understand the process of evacuation in its entirety and a cindynic approach to determine the sources of danger. The results lead to the characterisation of the structuring factors and bias engaged in risk perception, to creating a static and dynamic modelling of the evacuation process and to propose two crisis anticipation tools: Building evacuation engineering and Evacuation management
Bronner, Cyrille. "Utilisation des données opérationnelles pour l'aide à la décision en situation accidentelle impliquant une substance dangereuse : application à l'identification du terme source." Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EMSE0021.
Full textIn the event of a major chemical accident, often only uncertain and inaccurate facts are available to the fire-fighters and crisis management units, which makes a diagnosis of the situation difficult. Further, the emission source (initial conditions) is often badly known in the first instant but is however absolutely necessary to have a global view of the event and predict its development to take good decisions and to limit consequences. This research work aims at developing, for the emergency first responders, methodologies and decision-making support tools, specific to chemical accidents. This thesis addresses two problems, in one hand to identify the a priori unknown chemical substance, in the other hand to assess the source term (rate, quantity …). To identify an unknown chemical substance or, at least, the associated hazards, the developed method consists in using data collected in situ which can be descriptive data (as colour, odour) or symptoms observed on victims. On these bases, a methodology and a software have been developed to make easier the exploitation of operational data, taking into account inherent uncertainty and inaccuracy, in particular by using the probability theory. In addition to the identification of the chemical substance, consequences assessment requires to know precisely the source term. So, an inverse method has been proposed to evaluate the source term by using the observed or/and measured consequences (overpressures, concentrations …). This method is based on a genetic algorithm coupled with an analytic explosion model. The algorithm was then validated on two accidents (AZF and Nitrochimie sites) and provides good estimations of the mass of the explosive having detonated. The benefit of our method is its ability to solve problem with more than one unknown parameter, e. G. The explosive mass together with the location of the epicentre of the explosion which could not be possible with methods usually used
Leuridan, Geoffrey. "Approche dynamique de la fiabilité et de la résilience organisationnelles : entre organisation et situation : Étude in situ d'un service d'accueil des urgences vitales." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1A015/document.
Full textIn order to prevent faults to happen and their catastrophic consequences, some organizations adopt operational modes allowing them to ensure a high degree of reliability and resilience. This research focuses on formalizing these operational modes through a processual approach to organizational reliability and resilience of a critical-care unit. We aim to study, on the one hand, how the processes unfold in the operational context facing real-life situations and, on the other hand, the impact of the organizational context on reliability and resilience.Studying a French critical-care unit, first-order results describe the different processes – at both organizational and situational levels of analysis – contributing to the organizational reliability and resilience: culture, integration of new members, trust, coordination, learning and organizational slack.Second-order results address patient-care situations as a continuum and we highlight the inflection points of the different patient-care trajectories. Saturation of the unit, management of the unexpected and of the situational slack enable critical-care unit’s members to cope with the volatility and the life-threatening emergency of situations demanding immediate action.We also study the links between the organizational and the situational levels of analysis by proposing a reinterpretation of the concept of discussion space (Detchessahar, 2003).Finally, our findings invite us to consider the tension in hospitals regarding the resources needed to maintain organizational reliability and resilience
Tremblay, Nicolas-Alexandre. "L'impact des mécanismes de coordination dans l'acheminement de l'aide humanitaire d'urgence sur le terrain : l'approche par Cluster dans la gestion des camps suivant le séisme haïtien de janvier 2010." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30440/30440.pdf.
Full textThis research project aims at measuring the effects of the cluster approach, as a mode of managing humanitarian interventions, on the coordination between different actors involved in the international response. When analysing the camp management cluster case that took place in response to the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, we focused on the evolution of the coordination mechanisms and the relations between the different actors who took part in the cluster. Our analysis encompasses the general management of this cluster as well as the management of actors on the field at the camp level. We evaluated the state of different principals inherent to the cluster approach to determine their effect on the resolution of coordination problems and, by extension, on the effectiveness of relief efforts. In hindsight, the track record shows mixed results in terms of resolution of these coordination problems. This is especially true when it comes to principals such as partnerships with the government and local actors, as well as accountability towards relief beneficiaries.
Gemenne, François. "Environmental changes and migration flows : normative frameworks and policy responses." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009IEPP0015.
Full textMassive population displacements are regularly forecast as one of the most dramatic consequences of climate change. The thesis shows that such an approch is overly deterministic, and argues that patterns of migration flows depend primarily on policy responses. In a constructivist approah, the research contends that the very conceptualisation of environmental migration, as a political construct, is contingent upon the normative frameworks and policy responses that aim to address it. These frameworks and responses are examined in two policy areas: migration policies and environmental policies. Two empirical studies, in New Orleans and Tuvalu, complement the analysis
Pinet, Jean. "Traitement de situations inattendues d'extrême urgence en vol : test d'un modèle cognitif auprès de pilotes experts." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00626932.
Full textCabane, Lydie. "Gouverner les catastrophes : politiques, savoirs et organisation de la gestion des catastrophes en Afrique du Sud." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012IEPP0055.
Full textThis dissertation analyses the making of a government of disasters in South Africa through the development of instruments, knowledge, organisations and professions that rendered disasters governable and operationalized the state. This process finds its origins in the rise of civil defence from the mid-20th century, that constituted disasters as an object of intervention for the state through emergency planning techniques as well as the formation of a profession in the 1980s to protect the state and its critical infrastructures from anti-apartheid protests. In 1994, the conjunction between the democratic transition and simultaneous global transformations that were promoting models of “disaster management”, led to re-orientate the way disasters were governed through the circulation of experts, knowledge and policy models. The institutionalisation of disaster management within the state, its local organisations and the profession participated to reshape the form and the extent of the state. Notions of risk and vulnerability came to redefine political relations between the state and citizens, by circumscribing new objects of protection and designing “vulnerable population” as beneficiaries of the benevolence of the state. This reconfiguration is intertwined with a parallel process of “academisation” of the knowledge on disasters and the making of a new discipline. Disaster science mobilized to define and describe vulnerabilities, though it is caught in a never-ending conflict with professionals and the state on the operationalisation of this new understanding of disasters. This conflict shapes the government of disasters and reveals contradictions within the state
Daknou, Amani. "Architecture distribuée à base d’agents pour optimiser la prise en charge des patients dans les services d’urgence en milieu hospitalier." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ECLI0011/document.
Full textHealth-care organizations are facing new challenges such as the aging population, the rise of health care costs and the rapid progress of medical technologies. New policies of health care budget control have been introduced to increase efficiency, reduce waste and reshape the entire health care system. Targeted organizations are complex networks of human,financial, structural and technological resources aiming at guarantying best public health care.These issues concern all the more Emergency Departments (ED) congested by the massive influx of passages and which must provide quick decisions and ensure the sizing of its resources to reduce waiting times for patients with out compromising quality of care.The objective of this thesis is to propose appropriate solutions to ED to improve carefor patients in terms of waiting time. We began by analyzing the problems of the emergency department in order to initiate a process of improvement. Subsequently, we modeled the process of care for patients at ED by using an open and dynamic multi-agent system. The proposed system can provide decision support on business planning and allocation of medical resources in a unit where one is often faced with an emergency situation requiring rapid and effective response. In this context, we study the reactive problem for optimizing scheduling of operations care and the coordination problem of medical staff. We take into account the skills mastered by human resources at ED in order to find a match with those required by the medical activity. This approach aims to increase quality, reduce time of expectation and provide pointers gains management
Robert, Jérémy. "Pour une géographie de la gestion de crise : de l'accessibilité aux soins d'urgence à la vulnérabilité du territoire à Lima." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00766252.
Full textCaulet, François. "Urgence et gestion de crise dans l'Union européenne : l'émergence d'un espace européen de protection." Toulouse 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU10067.
Full textThe succession of catastrophic events that have occured in Europe and in the world during the last fifteen years has fostered a reflection at the European level. The Union has to address a growing request for an action in order to cope with crisis of important scale. This evolution implies a deep questioning on its ability to handle this type of phenomenon. The legal and institutional architecture of the EU was essentially designed to set up and organize an internal market. Thus, the impressive diversification of the mechanisms aiming to ensure the safety on the European territory is facing important structural limitations. Nevertheless, using the notions of "emergency" and "crisis management" the European institutions are structuring the basis of a competence regarding the protection of citizens against human vulnerability. In terms of subsidiarity, this new field of public action must be distributed between, on the one hand, sensitive national prerogatives and, on the other hand, supranational institutions that are trying to gain a new role in this area. This share of powers must be operated on a renewed and rigorous conceptual framework. The Union has to establish a genuine European protection space grounded on a reconfiguration of its internal solidarity and aiming to manage crisis of European scale
Bernou, Jean-Marc. "Proposition de plan d'afflux massif de victimes pour le centre hospitalier général de Mont de Marsan." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2M234.
Full textEl, Antri Mohammed. "La gestion des risques de sécurité civile au Maroc : approche de droit comparé." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020089.
Full textAt a time when civil security has to keep a strong capacity of reaction to catastrophes whose number and whose incidence on the economic and human development do not cease to increase, a research has to be carried out in order to uncover if the Moroccan civil security device is able to respond satisfactorily to the security needs of the population.This study which takes comparative law into account, ambitions to apprehend the Moroccan civilian security policy in the whole span of its complexity across its legal, human, managerial, financial, technical and other aspects. With reference to international experience in this field, the interest of this study is that it would not only clarify the limits of the civil security risk management mechanisms already put in place in Morocco, but also to formulate proposals to improve this system, by responding, at the same time, to the imperatives of efficiency, rationalization and economy.The preparation of this thesis is also a part of a professional framework. The agency, to which the researcher belongs, by its implementation throughout the whole of the Moroccan homeland and its characteristic as a public force, is strongly involved in the management of civil security risks. Then, the results of this research can only contribute to making the action of this agency more effective in this area
Brinza, Latour Mihaela Choquet Christophe. "Admission au service des urgences d'un hôpital public de patients âgés relevant des soins palliatifs enquête en 2006 au service de l'unité de courte durée d'hospitalisation des urgences du CHU de Bicêtre, en Ile de France /." Créteil : Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 2007. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:80/theses/th0252413.pdf.
Full textFertier, Audrey. "Interprétation automatique de données hétérogènes pour la modélisation de situations collaboratives : application à la gestion de crise." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018EMAC0009/document.
Full textThe present work is applied to the field of French crisis management, and specifically to the crisis response phase which follows a major event, like a flood or an industrial accident. In the aftermath of the event, crisis cells are activated to prevent and deal with the consequences of the crisis. They face, in a hurry, many difficulties. The stakeholders are numerous, autonomous and heterogeneous, the coexistence of contingency plans favours contradictions and the interconnections of networks promotes cascading effects. These observations arise as the volume of data available continues to grow. They come, for example, from sensors, social media or volunteers on the crisis theatre. It is an occasion to design an information system able to collect the available data to interpret them and obtain information suited to the crisis cells. To succeed, it will have to manage the 4Vs of Big Data: the Volume, the Variety and Veracity of data and information, while following the dynamic (velocity) of the current crisis. Our literature review on the different parts of this architecture enables us to define such an information system able to (i) receive different types of events emitted from data sources both known and unknown, (ii) to use interpretation rules directly deduced from official business rules and (iii) to structure the information that will be used by the stake-holders. Its architecture is event-driven and coexists with the service oriented architecture of the software developed by the CGI laboratory. The implemented system has been tested on the scenario of a 1/100 per year flood elaborated by two French forecasting centres. The model describing the current crisis situation, deduced by the proposed information system, can be used to (i) deduce a crisis response process, (ii) to detect unexpected situations, and (iii) to update a COP suited to the decision-makers
Lilot, Marc. "Techniques cognitives pour l’amélioration des acquisitions en simulation de situations médicales critiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1293.
Full textMedical education, as a pedagogical science, is based on robust conceptual background and offers a variety of teaching methods to optimize the professional competencies development. Simulation in healthcare is certainly one of the tools with great educational impact. Among simulation tools, high-fidelity simulation is one of the newest that allows practicing the management of medical critical situation, with a strong implication of the learners, facilitated by immersion into a realistic experience. The level of stress of participants in high-fidelity simulation sessions affects their performance in simulation, their acquisitions, their memorization and their subsequent behaviours in real-life situations.The present thesis is focusing on the stress levels experienced by learners during high-fidelity simulation and some cognitive techniques developed with the aim of improving acquisition and reducing the stress level. The first observational study is reporting the stress and anxiety levels, as well as the differences observed among residents during their first simulation session. The second study shows, in a randomized trial, the effect of an integrated relaxation break before the debriefing of the scenario that favoured the memorization at three months of the critical key messages of the scenario. The third study, ancillary to the second one, reports differences in the stress level and memorization between learners who were actively involved and those who were just observers of the scenario. The fourth study is a randomized trial that shows the interest of a pre-critical team planning discussion improving technical performance during simulation. The fifth study is a randomized trial that shows the effects of a stress management training and reactivation occurring before the critical scenario that favoured the non-technical performance and stress control during simulation. The sixth study is the research protocol of a future randomized trial that will compare the stress level and performance of residents during simulation scenario, after a standardized relaxation breathing guided or not by cardiac coherence biofeedback and compared to a control group
Bélanger, Jean-François. "L'évaluation en contexte de crise humanitaire : étude du cas de Katrina au regard du secteur de l'aide humanitaire internationale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29192/29192.pdf.
Full textPaule, Clément. "Haïti, un État en catastrophe : la gestion transnationale du séisme du 12 janvier 2010." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D032.
Full textThis doctoral dissertation is dedicated to the transnational management of the 2010 Haitian earthquake. Since the beginning of the 2000s, Haiti has often been categorized as a complex emergency. The 12 January 2010 earthquake triggered again a massive deployment of external humanitarian operators and streamlined assistance in the island. This particular example of crisis management illustrates the contradictory effects of humanitarian assistance and underlines the ambivalent role of a disaster-affected State. Whereas donors may consider the Haitian State failed or fragile, it remains de jure the main responsible entity under the principle of national sovereignty. Yet, since the political transition following the fall of the Duvalier regime in 1986, the Haitian State has been continuously weakened, leaving the country in the hands of a complex network of multiple actors in charge. As such, the earthquake, and the unprecedented international mobilisation it triggered, also destabilized this particular configuration of power. From a socio-historical perspective, this doctoral research explores the interaction between disaster management mechanisms, the specific trajectory of the Haitian statebuilding process, and the contemporary modes of government of a dependent and weakened political space. Furthermore, the reconstruction process will be analyzed throughout those reconfigurations
Favreau, Jean-Luc. "Durabilité des exploitations en agriculture biologique : une analyse de la diversité des situations et des trajectoires d'évolution en Midi-Pyrénées." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01058072.
Full textNouaouri, Issam. "Gestion hospitalière en situation d'exception : optimisation des ressources critiques." Thesis, Artois, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ARTO0202/document.
Full textDisaster like terrorist attack, earthquake, and hurricane, often cause a high degree of damage. Thousands of people might be affected. The 2006’s annual report of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies proves that the number of disasters increased during these last decades. In such situations, hospitals must be able to receive injured persons for medical and surgical treatments. For these reasons medical resources optimization of different is fundamental in human life save.In this context, we propose in this thesis, to study the optimization of human and material resources in relation with hospital management. We focus more precisely on critical resources: operating rooms and surgeons. The goal is to handle the maximum of victims and then to save the maximum of human lives. Our research consists of two phases: (1) Sizing critical resources during the preparedness phase of disaster management plan so called white plan. (2) Operational phase that provides the optimization of surgical acts scheduling in the operating rooms. Also, we study the impact of sharing resources on the number of treated victims. A disaster situation is characterized by different disruptions. In this setting, we approach a reactive problem for optimization of surgical acts scheduling in the operating rooms. We consider various possible disruptions: the overflow of assessed surgical care duration, the insertion of a new victim in the scheduling program, and the evolution of victim’s emergency level.This work is achieved with the collaboration of several public health institutions (hospitals, ministry, etc.) both in France and Tunisia. Empirical study shows that a substantial aid is proposed by using the proposed approaches
L'Héritier, Cécile. "Une approche de retour d’expérience basée sur l’analyse multicritère et l’extraction de connaissances : Application au domaine humanitaire." Thesis, Nîmes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NIME0001.
Full textBecause of its critical impacts on performance and competitivity, organizations’ knowledge is today considered to be an invaluable asset. In this context, the development of methods and frameworks aiming at improving knowledge preservation and exploitation is of major interest. Within Lessons Learned framework – which proposes relevant methods to tackle these challenges –, we propose to work on an approach mixing Knowledge Representation, Multiple-Criteria Decision Analysis and Inductive Reasoning for inferring general learnings by analyzing past experiences. The proposed approach, which is founded on a specific case-based reasoning, intends to study the similarities of past experiences – shared features, patterns – and their potential influence on the overall success of cases through the identification of a set of criteria having a major contribution on this success. For the purpose of highlighting this potential causal link to infer general learnings, we envisage relying on inductive reasoning techniques. The considered work will be developed and validated through the scope of a humanitarian organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, with a focus on the logistical response in emergency situations
Salit, Florence. "De l'eau, des digues et des hommes : approche géographique du risque inondation sur le Siret inférieur (Roumanie)." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00923009.
Full textMarien, Pauline. "Analyse psychopathologique et interactionniste du stress professionnel chronique dans les métiers de l'urgence : étude des facteurs de risque et mise en place d'un programme de prévention." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR22017/document.
Full textOccupational stress is a national health issue in France. However, few studies tackle it amongst the French Emergency workers. Our work focuses on three areas: i) the adaptation and validation of the Job stress survey among French firefighters (Study 1), ii) the evaluation of job stress and explanatory models of BO within these population (Studies 2, 3 and 4) and iii) the implementation of a secondary prevention program for 6 weeks (Study 5). Methodology: For the 1-4 studies, both firefighters and craft workers responded to questionnaires focused on the stress psychopathology at work, personality and coping. As for study 5, the effectiveness of the prevention program has been tested with two groups of professional firefighters: control group versus intervention group; through questionnaires on stress and BO. Three time measurement have been retained, namely before, after and three months after the end of the program. Results: The stress is characterized by two dimensions, namely the "job pressure at work" and the "operational work". In Interaction with some temperamental patterns; these two dimensions explain in part the BO. As for the prevention program, a decrease in the severity of both stress and BO symptoms is noted between the beginning and end of the program for the intervention group. Conclusion: Working on occupational stress requires a qualitative and quantitative approach allowing a more comprehensive vision. This will also adapt prevention programs focused on both the individual and its work environment
Older, Malka. "Organizing after disaster : the (re)emergence of organization within government after Katrina (2005) and the Touhoku Tsunami (2011)." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0017.
Full textDisasters overwhelm plans and collapse government organizations, which sometimes manage to rebuild into something new. Using the cases of Hurricane Katrina and the tsunami in northeastern Japan, this dissertation looks at how local and meso-government structures reorganize themselves, and at what that tells us about the State’s role in disaster response. Crisis management centers (CMCs) may lose control entirely for part of the response, but in most cases they reorganize and rebuild their way into relevance. Through doing so they express, and to some extent create, the State’s idealized image of itself responding to crisis. Many operational teams start with makeshift organizations, and gradually build more elaborate structures. As the disaster continues and their processes become more routine, operational teams often find themselves faced with decisions for which they have no formal basis, and their choices reflect ad hoc, personal conceptions of the State’s role. While evaluations project professionalism, completeness, and stability, a review of the processes shows that in these cases they were divergent and improvised. There was no standardization across any of the jurisdictions studied. Moreover, most of the reports elided the emergence that had occurred. What we see at all of these levels was a struggle to rebuild a normalcy. There were striking similarities, but also significant variation in the areas that were left undefined by the permanent organization. Disasters both reaffirm government – by demonstrating why stability is to be prized – and threaten it on an existential level. As a result, disaster response is not being treated as a public policy area
Turcanu, Catrinel. "Multi-criteria decision aiding model for the evaluation of agricultural countermeasures after an accidental release of radionuclides to the environment." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210642.
Full textThis work explores the application of multi-criteria decision aid methods for optimising food chain countermeasure strategies after a radioactive release to the environment.
The core of the thesis is dedicated to formulating general lines for the development of a multi-criteria decision aid model. This includes the definition of potential actions, construction of evaluation criteria and preference modelling and is essentially based on the results of a stakeholders’ process. The work is centred on the management of contaminated milk in order to provide a concrete focus and because of its importance as an ingestion pathway in short term after an accident.
Among other issues, the public acceptance of milk countermeasures as a key evaluation criterion is analysed in detail. A comparison of acceptance based on stochastic dominance is proposed and, based on that, a countermeasures’ acceptance ranking is deduced.
In order to assess “global preferences” taking into account all the evaluation criteria, an ordinal method is chosen. This method allows expressing the relative importance of criteria in a qualitative way instead of using, for instance, numerical weights. Some algorithms that can be used for robustness analysis are also proposed. This type of analysis is an alternative to sensitivity analysis in what concerns data uncertainty and imprecision and seeks to determine how and if a model result or conclusion obtained for a specific instance of a model’s parameters holds over the entire domain of acceptable values for these parameters.
The integrated multi-criteria decision aid approach proposed makes use of outranking and interactive methodologies and is implemented and tested through a number of case studies and prototype tools.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Bautista, Hernáez Andrés. "Les catastrophes dans le domaine du Droit international et son régime juridique." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100167.
Full textDisasters’ significance is an aspect that can hardly be discussed. This is largely due to its harmful consequences for people, property or the environment. Accordingly, examples such as those of Chernobyl, Hurricane Katrina, the earthquake in Haiti in 2010 or the tsunami and subsequent accident at the Fukushima I nuclear power plant in 2011, demonstrate the importance and relevance of this problem.The disasters shall be considered as a transversal topic that affects basic issues of International Law such as the formulation of international standards or its core functions, among others. In addition, in recent years the doctrinal debate regarding the regulation of disasters by International Law has been increasing. Academic papers highlight the fragmentation and limitation of such international legal regulation. Therefore, it is necessary a general study of these events that allows a holistic regulation, in which the different types and assumptions could have a place. This work aims to determine the response offered by International Law in the event of disasters. For that, an analysis of the existing normative and institutional practice has been established to give answer to some of the questions around these events such as its definition, what are the existing norms as well as its effectiveness. Along with the normative analysis, institutional developments are studied focused on the United Nations and the European Union
La importancia de las catástrofes es un extremo que difícilmente puede discutirse. Ello debido en gran medida a sus consecuencias perjudiciales para las personas, los bienes o el medioambiente. De este modo, ejemplos como los de Chernóbil, el huracán Katrina, el terremoto de Haití de 2010 o el maremoto y posterior accidente en la central nuclear de Fukushima I en 2011, demuestran la trascendencia y actualidad de este problema. Las catástrofes se sitúan como una situación transversal que afecta a cuestiones básicas del Derecho Internacional tales como la formulación de normas internacionales o las funciones de este sector, entre otras. Además, en los últimos años el debate doctrinal respecto de la regulación de las catástrofes por el Derecho Internacional ha ido en aumento. En éste se destaca la fragmentación y limitación de dicha regulación jurídico-internacional. Por ello, resulta necesario un estudio general de estos eventos que permita una reglamentación holística, en la que tengan cabida los distintos tipos y supuestos. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la respuesta ofrecida por el Derecho Internacional ante situaciones de catástrofe. Para ello se ha establecido un análisis de la práctica normativa e institucional existente. Este trabajo trata de dar respuesta a algunos de los interrogantes en torno a las catástrofes tales como su definición, qué normas existen en la materia, así como su efectividad. Junto con el análisis normativo se estudian los desarrollos institucionales en la materia centrada en Naciones Unidas (en el ámbito universal) y en la Unión Europea (en el regional)
Merhaby, Dima. "Caractérisation de la pollution organique et inorganique dans les sédiments portuaires du Liban." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10144/document.
Full textLebanon coastal zone (LCZ) which extends over 220 km along the Eastern Mediterranean Sea is a typical case of most coastal areas of the developing countries in the Mediterranean region, where the combination of a wide range of anthropogenic activities are contributing to water pollution and environmental degradation, by the direct and indirect release of a large number of pollutants into the sea via atmospheric and river inputs. Amongst the numerous environmental concerns we are facing, the marine environment is one of the top priorities that must be addressed. Due to its ecological importance, the evaluation of coastal sediment quality constitutes an important area of research to give a clear picture of water pollution status. Much attention was paid of some priority pollutants such as persistent organic pollutant (POPs) and heavy metals as known to be toxic, persistent and bio-accumulative, carcinogenic and mutagenic. There is an urgent need to survey the levels of these pollutants in sediments due to the great lack of information in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea in general and particularly in Lebanese coastal zone which render our study very important and useful regionally and locally by local authority and policy makers during coastal zone management. The semi-enclosed basins such as ports and bays are very vulnerable ecosystem where build-up greatly amount of these pollutants in sediments. This why we focus on our studies of the assessment of ports sediment quality of some possible hotspots where the re-suspension and oxidation of anoxic sediment occur frequently. A special attention was taken to Tripoli harbour which is the second Port of Lebanon due to its location near some reserved island. The pollution levels of LCZ by these pollutants are assigned as moderate to high. An emergency proposal plan was prepared for Tripoli Harbour, this will assists harbour authority to response for all fire and oil spill accidents as a first step for a durable development inside this promising harbor
Donet-Mary, Lydéric. "De l'origine à la compréhension des crises, approche éco-systémique de la notion de crise, du déclenchement à la résolution." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020002.
Full textFrom the 1st massive extinction 443 million years ago to Fukushima’s nuclear catastrophe in 2011, our planet never stopped demonstrating it is a living organism continually evolving. As disasters and crisis are pacing humanity, it seems that the past disruptions are leading to the future achievements. The polysemous nature of crisis has emerged through ages, to define the indefinable. Enriched with modern and ancient history, this study tries to circumscribe the notion of crisis. An ecosystem approach helps identifying its features. The work done allows us to study the origins of crisis. The ambition is to decipher disruptions in order to avoid chaos. As Antoine Lavoisier would put it « noting is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed », but to succeed, best practices and operating experience show us that we must understand the real nature of our system, and clearly identify the basics. It is essential to identify what constitute our homeostasis, what are the features of an ecosystem that stands firm and maintain its balance, this analysis allows us to study and consider the necessary processes that must be implemented in order to increase our resilience
Ngolle, III Patrice Emmanuel. "La sécurité civile dans les Etats de la Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale (CEMAC)." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTD069/document.
Full textCivil security in the Economic and Monetary Community of Central African States, whose main objective is the protection of persons, goods and the environment, is faced with different contemporary risks and crisis. The quite widespread vulnerability and disregard in this part Africa, heightened by unabating constraints caused by poverty and weak institutional frameworks exposes them to deadly and disastrous disaster consequences.The situation is alarming; yet it is hardly a priority on government policies, both in the internal policies of each CEMAC member state and at the sub regional level.The various actions initiated here and there at the institutional, legal and human levels are still timid. One of the major reasons is that civil security in this part of the continent is relatively young and divided amongst a multitude of actors confronted permanently with dramatic events and the complexity of the crisis.Moreover, it needs more than other fields, to be specified and consolidated. The major problem which is developed in the thesis is then, how to face the challenging issues, avoid and prevent crisis in an environment where the vulnerabilities are enhanced by poverty? In other words, what happens during a disaster in a context where the ability to preempt and to manage risks is particularly limited?From the legal approach, as well as interdisciplinary, we have revealed the limits of the classical model which civil security systems of CEMAC states basically depend on, to the detriment of other relevant models of risk management(taking into account vulnerability and resilience) which feature on the law of civil security of these states just as an alignment.The reality is clear and brutal: risks and disasters are omnipresent in the CEMAC zone; this is the shadow overbearing the present and the future. This gloom reveals the absence of development of the sub region and the poor dissemination of technology and knowledge. Faced with this unprecedented situation, besides risk prevention, we call on breaking this feeling of helplessness, master disaster management, cease from imagining it far-fetchedly; but to think of it in the present, evaluate the resistance and resilience capacities. It is therefore necessary to renew the general organization of civil security in CEMAC states. In this vein, the emergence and/or the enhancement of a community model of protection of persons shall reinforce the sub regional civil security mechanism. The search for informed and participative governance can also be minimum vectors, but powerful catalyst to guarantee human security and fundamental rights
Vargas, Florez Jorge. "Aide à la conception de chaînes logistiques humanitaires efficientes et résilientes : application au cas des crises récurrentes péruviennes." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EMAC0008/document.
Full textEvery year, more than 400 natural disasters hit the world. To assist those affected populations, humanitarian organizations store in advance emergency aid in warehouses. This PhD thesis provides tools for support decisions on localization and sizing of humanitarian warehouses. Our approach is based on the design of representative and realistic scenarios. A scenario expresses some disasters’ occurrences for which epicenters are known, as well as their gravity and frequency. This step is based on the exploitation and analysis of databases of past disasters. The second step tackles about possible disaster’s propagation. The objective consists in determining their impact on population on each affected area. This impact depends on vulnerability and resilience of the territory. Vulnerability measures expected damage values meanwhile resilience estimates the ability to withstand some shock and recover quickly. Both are largely determined by social and economic factors, being structural (geography, GDP, etc.) or political (establishment or not relief infrastructure, presence and strict enforcement of construction standards, etc.). We propose through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify, for each territory, influential factors of resilience and vulnerability and then estimate the number of victims concerned using these factors. Often, infrastructure (water, telecommunications, electricity, communication channels) are destroyed or damaged by the disaster (e.g. Haiti in 2010). The last step aims to assess the disaster logistics impact, specifically those related to with: transportation flows capacity limitations and destruction of all or part of emergency relief inventories. The following of our study focuses on location and allocation of a warehouses’ network. The proposed models have the originality to consider potential resources and infrastructure degradation after a disaster (resilience dimension) and seek optimizing the equilibrium between costs and results (effectiveness dimension). Initially we consider a single scenario. The problem is an extension of classical location studies. Then we consider a set of probable scenarios. This approach is essential due to the highly uncertain character of humanitarian disasters. All of these contributions have been tested and validated through a real application case: Peruvian recurrent disasters. These crises, mainly due to earthquakes and floods (El Niño), require establishment of a first aid logistics network that should be resilient and efficient
Pagnon, Stéphane. "Stratégies de modélisation des conséquences d’une dispersion atmosphérique de gaz toxique ou inflammable en situation d’urgence au regard de l’incertitude sur les données d’entrée." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EMSE0671/document.
Full textDuring accidents involving chemicals, experts can be asked to assess the effects generated. These experts provide distance effects using computer modeling and are faced with a major difficulty: little (or no) information available in order to assess the situation.The objective of this thesis is to suggest a methodology able to take into account uncertainties in the input data for the modeling carried out in emergency situations and to return explicitly these uncertainties to the manager of the crisis.A first step was to evaluate, for a given situation generating a toxic or flammable cloud, the dispersion of modeling results. A ranking of the input variables according to their influence on the final result was established. This phase was carried out on the basis of a sensitivity analysis with a specifically developed strategy.A second phase aimed to establish a methodology for estimating distance effects (in crisis situations), which takes into account the level of uncertainty in the input variables. A methodology for the classification of input operational data was carried out. This methodology is based on two criteria: the sensitivity of the model to the input parameter and the uncertainty about its value (imprecision or variability). On this basis, a new way of using these variables was suggested. Finally, several methods aimed to restore explicitly the results of this modeling were suggested