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1
Karadis, Alper, Kabil Cetin, Taha Yasin Altıok, and Ali Demir. "Investigation bending behaviors of the slabs with glass fiber reinforced polymer composite and steel bars." Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanics 4, no. 4 (2021): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2021.04227238.
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Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites have been frequently used in engineering applications in recent years. GFRP composites produced by using glass fiber and epoxy resin have significant advantages such as high strength, lightness, and resistance against corrosion. However, GFRP composites exhibit a more brittle behavior than steel bars. This study aims to investigate both the experimental and numerical bending behavior of slabs with GFRP bars, steel bars, and polypropylene fiber. Within the scope of experimental studies, 5 slabs were built. Two slabs called SS-1 and SS-2 have only steel bars. Two slabs called GFRPS-1 and GFRPS-2 have only GFRP composite bars. A slab called GFRPS-F has both GFRP composite bars and polypropylene fibers. Polypropylene fibers are added to fresh concrete to improve the slab’s ductility. Three-point bending tests have been carried out on the slabs. All slabs are subjected to monotonic increasing distributed loading until collapse. As a result of tests, GFRPS slabs have carried %53 higher load than SS slabs. However, the SS slabs have exhibited a more ductile behavior compared to the GFRPS slabs. GFRPS slabs have more and larger crack width than other slabs. The addition of 5% polypropylene fiber by volume to concrete has a significant contributed to ductility and tensile behavior of slab. The average displacement value of GFRPS-F slab is 22.3% larger than GFRPS slab. GFRPS-F slab has better energy consumption capacity than other slabs. The energy consumption capacity of GFRPS-F slab is 1.34 and 1.38 times that of SS and GFRPS slabs, respectively. The number of cracks in GFRPS-F slab is fewer than GFRPS slabs. The fibers have contributed to the serviceability of the GFRPS slabs by limiting the displacement and the crack width. GFRPS-F exhibits elastoplastic behavior and almost returns to its first position when the loading is stopped. In addition, experimental results are verified with numerical results obtained by using Abaqus software. Finally, it is concluded that GFRP composite bars can be safely used in field concretes, concrete roads, prefabricated panel walls, and slabs.
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Thomason, James, and Georgios Xypolias. "Hydrothermal Ageing of Glass Fibre Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composites: A Review." Polymers 15, no. 4 (2023): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15040835.
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The use of glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites in load-carrying constructions has significantly increased over the last few decades. Such GFRP composite structures may undergo significant changes in performance as a consequence of long-term environmental exposure. Vinyl ester (VE) resins are a class of thermosetting polymers increasingly being used in such structural composites. This increasing use of VE-based GFRPs in such applications has led to an increasing need to better understand the consequences of long-term environmental exposure on their performance. The reliable validation of the environmental durability of new VE-based GFRPs can be a time- and resource-consuming process involving costly testing programs. Accelerated hydrothermal ageing is often used in these investigations. This paper reviews the relevant literature on the hydrothermal ageing of vinyl ester-based GFRP with special attention to the fundamental background of moisture-induced ageing of GFRP, the important role of voids, and the fibre-matrix interface, on composite mechanical performance.
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Ozair, Huma, Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman, Abrar H. Baluch, Khurram Yaqoob, Ibrahim Qazi, and Abdul Wadood. "Impact Energy Absorption Analysis of Shape Memory Hybrid Composites." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 12 (2022): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6120365.
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Shape memory hybrid composites are hybrid structures with fiber-reinforced-polymer matrix materials. Shape memory wires due to shape memory/super-elastic properties exhibit a pseudo-elastic response with good damping/energy absorption capability. It is expected that the addition of shape memory wires in the glass-fiber-reinforced-polymer matrix composite (GFRP) will improve their mechanical and impact resistant properties. Stainless-steel wires are also expected to improve the impact resistance properties of GFRPs. In this research work, we investigated the effect of addition of shape memory wires and stainless-steel wires on the impact resistance properties of the GFRP and compared our results with conventional GFRPs. Super-elastic shape memory alloy wires and stainless-steel wires were fabricated as meshes and composites were fabricated by the hand-layup process followed by vacuum bagging and the compression molding setup. The shape-memory-alloy-wires-reinforced GFRP showed maximum impact strength followed by stainless-steel-wires-reinforced GFRPs and then conventional GFRPs. The effect of the energy absorption capability of super-elastic NiTi wires owing to their energy hysteresis was attributed to stress-induced martensitic transformation in the isothermal regime above the austenite transformation temperature. The smart shape memory wires and stainless-steel-wires-based hybrid composites were found to improve the impact strength by 13% and 4%, respectively, as compared to the unreinforced GFRPs. The shape-memory-reinforced hybrid composite also dominated in specific strength as compared to stainless-steel-wires-reinforced GFRPs and conventional GFRPs.
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Das, Subrata Chandra, Debasree Paul, Mubarak Ahmad Khan, Sotirios A. Grammatikos, and Styliani Papatzani. "A Comparative Study between Jute and Glass Fiber Reinforced Composites." Key Engineering Materials 891 (July 6, 2021): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.891.125.
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Recently, natural fiber reinforced polymer composites have become popular over traditional synthetic fiber reinforced polymer composites for automotive, low demanding structural and semi-structural applications. In this work, a comparative study of a natural fiber composite such as jute fabric composite (JFRP) and synthetic fiber composite such as glass fiber composite (GFRP) is presented. The composites were manufactured using hand lay-up and then curing at 90°C for 10 min in a hot press, followed by 24 h room temperature post-curing. The mechanical properties such as tensile and bending of JFRP and GFRP composites, were evaluated and compared. It was revealed that even if GFRPs exhibited significantly higher mechanical properties than JFRPs, environmental impact would still favor JFRPs for non-structural and low load bearing applications.
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Domun, Nadiim, Keith R. Paton, Bamber R. K. Blackman, et al. "On the extent of fracture toughness transfer from 1D/2D nanomodified epoxy matrices to glass fibre composites." Journal of Materials Science 55, no. 11 (2020): 4717–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04340-8.
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AbstractIn this study, the effects of adding nanofillers to an epoxy resin (EP) used as a matrix in glass fibre-reinforced plastic (GFRP) composites have been investigated. Both 1D and 2D nanofillers were used, specifically (1) carbon nanotubes (CNTs), (2) few-layer graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), as well as hybrid combinations of (3) CNTs and boron nitride nanosheets, and (4) GNPs and boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). Tensile tests have shown improvements in the transverse stiffness normal to the fibre direction of up to about 25% for the GFRPs using the ‘EP + CNT’ and the ‘EP + BNNT + GNP’ matrices, compared to the composites with the unmodified epoxy (‘EP’). Mode I and mode II fracture toughness tests were conducted using double cantilever beam (DCB) and end-notched flexure (ENF) tests, respectively. In the quasi-static mode I tests, the values of the initiation interlaminar fracture toughness, $$ G_{\text{IC}}^{\text{C}} $$GICC, of the GFRP composites showed that the transfer of matrix toughness to the corresponding GFRP composite is greatest for the GFRP composite with the GNPs in the matrix. Here, a coefficient of toughness transfer (CTT), defined as the ratio of mode I initiation interlaminar toughness for the composite to the bulk polymer matrix toughness, of 0.68 was recorded. The highest absolute values of the mode I interlaminar fracture toughness at crack initiation were achieved for the GFRP composites with the epoxy matrix modified with the hybrid combinations of nanofillers. The highest value of the CTT during steady-state crack propagation was ~ 2 for all the different types of GFRPs. Fractographic analysis of the composite surfaces from the DCB and ENF specimens showed that failure was by a combination of cohesive (through the matrix) and interfacial (along the fibre/matrix interface) modes, depending on the type of nanofillers used.
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Bhandari, Manan, Jianchao Wang, Daeik Jang, IlWoo Nam, and Baofeng Huang. "A Comparative Study on the Electrical and Piezoresistive Sensing Characteristics of GFRP and CFRP Composites with Hybridized Incorporation of Carbon Nanotubes, Graphenes, Carbon Nanofibers, and Graphite Nanoplatelets." Sensors 21, no. 21 (2021): 7291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21217291.
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In this study, hybridized carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs)–graphene, CNT–carbon nanofibers (CNFs), or CNT–graphite nanoplatelet (GNP) materials were embedded in glass-fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) or carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites to obtain electrical/piezoresistive sensing characteristics that surpass those of composites with only one type of CNM. In addition, to quantitatively assess their sensing characteristics, the materials were evaluated in terms of gauge factor, peak shift, and R-squared values. The electrical property results showed that the GFRP samples containing only CNTs or both CNTs and graphene exhibited higher electrical conductivity values than those of other composite samples. By evaluating piezoresistive sensing characteristics, the CNT–CNF GFRP composites showed the highest gauge factor values, followed by the CNT–graphene GFRP and CNT-only GFRP composites. These results are explained by the excluded volume theory. The peak shift and R-squared value results signified that the CNT–graphene GFRP composites exhibited the best sensing characteristics. Thus, the CNT–graphene GFRP composites would be the most feasible for use as FRP composite sensors.
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Shabberhussain, Shaik, and Ramachandran Velmurugan. "Effect of Graphene Nanoplatelets on Mechanical Performance of GFRP Composites." Materials Science Forum 1059 (April 25, 2022): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-dm021j.
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The carbonaceous nanofillers such as graphene nanoplatelets (GN) due to their unique properties have been increasingly used as nanofillers to improve the mechanical properties of FRP composites. In the present study, unidirectional glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites and GFRP composites with graphene nanoplatelets (GN-GFRP) are fabricated using vacuum bag process and hand layup method. The percentage of GN added in GN-GFRP composites is 0.1% and 0.5% in case of hand layup method and 0.5% in case of vacuum bag process. The specimens are tested under uniaxial tension and three-point bending to study the effect of GN on the tensile and flexural performance of GFRP composites. In case of composites fabricated using hand layup method, the tensile strength of GFRP composites increased by 35.8% and 40.4% with the addition of 0.1% and 0.5% GN respectively. The tensile modulus of GN-GFRP composites with 0.5% GN decreased by 11.8% compared to GFRP composites. The flexural strength of GN-GFRP composites with 0.1% and 0.5% GN are found to have increased by 6.5% and 5.3% respectively compared to GFRP composites. The flexural modulus of GN-GFRP with 0.1% GN increased by 11% and the same for GN-GFRP with 0.5% decreased by 8.2% compared to GFRP composites. The tensile strength and modulus of GN-GFRP composites fabricated using vacuum bag process decreased by 24.4% and 7.7% respectively compared to GFRP composites. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) investigation reveals that poor adhesion of resin with the fibers caused delamination in GN-GFRP composites fabricated using vacuum bag process resulting in reduction of tensile properties.
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Shabberhussain, Shaik, and Ramachandran Velmurugan. "Effect of Graphene Nanoplatelets on Mechanical Performance of GFRP Composites." Materials Science Forum 1059 (April 25, 2022): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-dm021j.
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The carbonaceous nanofillers such as graphene nanoplatelets (GN) due to their unique properties have been increasingly used as nanofillers to improve the mechanical properties of FRP composites. In the present study, unidirectional glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites and GFRP composites with graphene nanoplatelets (GN-GFRP) are fabricated using vacuum bag process and hand layup method. The percentage of GN added in GN-GFRP composites is 0.1% and 0.5% in case of hand layup method and 0.5% in case of vacuum bag process. The specimens are tested under uniaxial tension and three-point bending to study the effect of GN on the tensile and flexural performance of GFRP composites. In case of composites fabricated using hand layup method, the tensile strength of GFRP composites increased by 35.8% and 40.4% with the addition of 0.1% and 0.5% GN respectively. The tensile modulus of GN-GFRP composites with 0.5% GN decreased by 11.8% compared to GFRP composites. The flexural strength of GN-GFRP composites with 0.1% and 0.5% GN are found to have increased by 6.5% and 5.3% respectively compared to GFRP composites. The flexural modulus of GN-GFRP with 0.1% GN increased by 11% and the same for GN-GFRP with 0.5% decreased by 8.2% compared to GFRP composites. The tensile strength and modulus of GN-GFRP composites fabricated using vacuum bag process decreased by 24.4% and 7.7% respectively compared to GFRP composites. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) investigation reveals that poor adhesion of resin with the fibers caused delamination in GN-GFRP composites fabricated using vacuum bag process resulting in reduction of tensile properties.
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Gupta, Amit Kumar, R. Velmurugan, and Makarand Joshi. "Comparative Study of Damping in Pristine, Steel, and Shape Memory Alloy Hybrid Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic Composite Beams of Equivalent Stiffness." Defence Science Journal 68, no. 1 (2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.68.11793.
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<p class="p1">Several efforts were made over the years to control vibration of structural components made of composite materials. This paper consists of study on effect of using shape memory alloy (SMA) to increase the damping of glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) composites. A comparative study between SMA and steel was made as reinforcement material in GFRP composites to enhance damping. Dimensions of each beam were calculated such that all the beams i.e. pristine GFRP beam, GFRP beam embedded with steel wires and GFRP beam embedded with SMA wires have same flexural stiffness and first mode of frequency of vibration. Damping ratio was measured experimentally through logarithmic decay method. Through experiments damping ratio obtained for SMA hybrid composite beam was found to be higher as compared to the pristine and steel hybrid GFRP composite beams.</p><p class="Text"><span> </span></p>
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Alotaibi, Jasem Ghanem, Ayedh Eid Alajmi, Gabrel A. Mehoub, and Belal F. Yousif. "Epoxy and Polyester Composites’ Characteristics under Tribological Loading Conditions." Polymers 13, no. 14 (2021): 2230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13142230.
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This research examines the friction and dry wear behaviours of glass fibre-reinforced epoxy (GFRE) and glass fibre-reinforced polyester (GFRP) composites. Three fibre orientations—parallel orientation (P–O), anti-parallel orientation (AP–O), and normal orientation (N–O)—and various sliding distances from 0–15 km were examined. The experiments were carried out using a block-on-ring configuration at room temperature, an applied load of 30 N, and a sliding velocity of 2.8 m/s. During the sliding, interface temperatures and frictional forces were captured and recorded. Worn surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy to identify the damage. The highest wear rates for GFRE composites occurred in those with AP–O fibres, while the highest wear rates for GFRP composites occurred in those with P–O fibres. At longer sliding distances, composites with P–O and N–O fibres had the lowest wear rates. The highest friction coefficient was observed for composites with N–O and P–O fibres at higher sliding speeds. The lowest friction coefficient value (0.25) was for composites with AP–O fibres. GFRP composites with P–O fibres had a higher wear rate than those with N–O fibres at the maximum speed.
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Wan Badaruzzaman, Wan Hamidon, Noaman Mohammed Ridha Dabbagh, Kushairi Mohd Salleh, et al. "Mechanical Properties and Water Absorption Capacity of Hybrid GFRP Composites." Polymers 14, no. 7 (2022): 1394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071394.
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Hybrid glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites have been used for decades in various engineering applications. However, it has a drawback with its application in marine/flood environments due to a lack of water resistance and frail mechanical stability. Floods have been considered one of the most periodic hazards that could hit urban areas, due to climate change. The present paper aims to address this gap and to investigate the mechanical properties (tensile, compressive, and flexural strength) and water absorption capacity of hybrid GFRP composite comprising woven E-glass fabric and epoxy resin, various reinforcing materials (kenaf and coconut fibres), and various filler materials (fly ash, nano-silica, and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The composites with 30 wt.% GFRP, 50 wt.% resin, 15 wt.% fly ash, 5 wt.% CaCO3, 10 wt.% GFRP, 60 wt.% resin, and 30 wt.% fly ash showed the lowest water absorption property of 0.45%. The results revealed that the GFRP composite reinforced kenaf fibres with nano-silica, fly ash, and CaCO3 improved the water absorption resistance. At the same time, GFRP reinforced the coconut fibres with fly ash, and kenaf fibres with CaCO3 showed no favourable impact on water absorption. The identification of a hybrid GFRP composite with various reinforcing materials and fillers would assist future developments with a more compatible, enhanced, and reliable water-resistant composite, specifically for structural applications in flood-prone areas.
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Vijaya Ramnath, B., C. Elanchezhian, C. V. Jayakumar, et al. "Investigation of Flexural Characteristics of Flax and Abaca Hybrid Epoxy Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.183.
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Recent growth in the field of engineering demands specialised composite materials to meet various industrial needs. Composite materials are emerging as the most promising new materials. This paper deals with the fabrication and analysis of flexural characteristics of flax and Abaca hybrid epoxy composite. The show that GFRP + Flax +Abaca based hybrid composite has a higher ultimate stress which is much greater than GFRP + Flax composite and GFRP + Abaca composites. The inner filament breakage and crack propagation are studied using scanning electron microscope.
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Spychała, Maciej Jan, Paulina Latko-Durałek, Danuta Miedzińska, et al. "Structural and Mechanical Properties of Recycled HDPE with Milled GFRP as a Filler." Materials 17, no. 23 (2024): 5875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235875.
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The increasing complexity and production volume of glass-fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRP) present significant recycling challenges. This paper explores a potential use for mechanically recycled GFRP by blending it with high-density polyethylene (HDPE). This composite could be applied in products such as terrace boards, pipes, or fence posts, or as a substitute filler for wood flour and chalk. Recycled GFRP from post-consumer bus bumpers were ground and then combined with recycled HDPE in a twin-screw extruder at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt%. The study examined the mechanical and structural properties of the resulting composites, including the effects of aging and re-extrusion. The modulus of elasticity increased from 0.878 GPa for pure rHDPE to 1.806 GPa for composites with 40 wt% recycled GFRP, while the tensile strength ranged from 36.5 MPa to 28.7 MPa. Additionally, the porosity increased linearly from 2.65% to 7.44% for composites with 10 wt% and 40 wt% recycled GFRP, respectively. Aging and re-extrusion improved the mechanical properties, with the tensile strength of the 40 wt% GFRP composite reaching 34.1 MPa, attributed to a reduction in porosity by nearly half, reaching 3.43%.
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Rajak, Dipen Kumar, Pratiksha H. Wagh, and Emanoil Linul. "Manufacturing Technologies of Carbon/Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites and Their Properties: A Review." Polymers 13, no. 21 (2021): 3721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213721.
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Over the last few years, there has been a growing interest in the study of lightweight composite materials. Due to their tailorable properties and unique characteristics (high strength, flexibility and stiffness), glass (GFs) and carbon (CFs) fibers are widely used in the production of advanced polymer matrix composites. Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) and Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites have been developed by different fabrication methods and are extensively used for diverse engineering applications. A considerable amount of research papers have been published on GFRP and CFRP composites, but most of them focused on particular aspects. Therefore, in this review paper, a detailed classification of the existing types of GFs and CFs, highlighting their basic properties, is presented. Further, the oldest to the newest manufacturing techniques of GFRP and CFRP composites have been collected and described in detail. Furthermore, advantages, limitations and future trends of manufacturing methodologies are emphasized. The main properties (mechanical, vibrational, environmental, tribological and thermal) of GFRP and CFRP composites were summarized and documented with results from the literature. Finally, applications and future research directions of FRP composites are addressed. The database presented herein enables a comprehensive understanding of the GFRP and CFRP composites’ behavior and it can serve as a basis for developing models for predicting their behavior.
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Natarajan, Velmurugan, Ravi Samraj, Jayabalakrishnan Duraivelu, and Prabhu Paulraj. "Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Properties of A/GFRP, B/GFRP and AB/GFRP Polymer Composites." Materiale Plastice 58, no. 4 (2022): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.21.4.5528.
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This study aims to reveal the consequence of thickness reinforcement on Fiber Laminates (Polyester Resin, Glass Fiber, Aluminum, and Bentonite) and to see if it can enhance the mechanical properties and resistance of laminates. Glass fiber reinforced polymer composites have recently been used in automotive, aerospace, and structural applications where they will be safe for the application s unique shape. Hand layup was used to fabricate three different combinations, including Aluminium /Glass fiber reinforced polyester composites (A/GFRP), Bentonite/Glass fiber reinforced polyester composites (B/GFRP), and Aluminium&Bentonie/Glass fiber reinforced polyester composites (AB/GFRP). Results revealed that AB/GFRP had better tensile strength, flexural strength, and hardness than GFRP and A/GFRP. Under normal atmospheric conditions and after exposure to boiling water, hybrid Aluminium&Bentonite and glass fiber-reinforced nanocomposites have improved mechanical properties than other hybrid composites. After exposure to temperature, the flexural strength, tensile strength and stiffness of AB/GFRP Composites are 40 % higher than A/GFRP and 17.44% higher than B/GFRP Composites.
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Kumar, V. S. Senthil, and C. Ezilarasan. "Soft Computing Applications in Drilling of GFRP Composites: A Review." Materials Science Forum 766 (July 2013): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.766.99.
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Glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) are finding increased applications in various engineering fields such as aerospace, automotive, electronics and other industries. Among the various machining processes, drilling is the important process, mainly used in joining of composite structures. As a consequence, the number of authors have discussed on the aspects concerning the machiniability of GFRP composites. In this study, a review has been done on the machinability of drilling of GFRP composites through the various aspects such as tool materials and geometry, machining parameters and their influence on thrust force, torque, surface roughness, delamination factor and hole damage. Additionally, the modeling of the machining parameters on drilling of GFRP composites using response surface methodology (RSM), artificial neural network (ANN), fuzzy logic, NSGA-II etc., have been discussed. The results indicated that the thrust force, torque and surface roughness need to be controlled simultaneously for delamination free drilling. Further, there is a need to create a multi-response optimization in drilling of GFRP composites using different optimization techniques for obtaining optimum results of thrust force, torque, surface roughness and delamination free drilling.
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Khan, Edan, Kamesh Bodduru, Mesfin Kebede Kassa, and Iqra Javid. "Mechanical properties investigation of hybrid TI3C2TX MXene and carbon nanotube reinforced glass fiber epoxy composites." Zastita Materijala 65, no. 3 (2024): 418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.62638/zasmat1183.
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The current work, presents the synergistic effects of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and MXene nanoplatelets (MXN) on the flexural, hardness, and water absorption properties of laminated glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites. The composites specimens with various concentrations of CNTs and MXN were fabricated by cost-effective vacuum-assisted hand lay-up technique. The results showed that the hybrid composite reinforced with CNT and MXN improved the flexural strength and hardness by 38% and 29%, respectively. It was also observed that the hybrid composite reinforced with MXN and CNT exhibited superior mechanical and water absorption properties. Moreover, MXN/CNT reinforced GFRP hybrid composites exhibited a weight gain of 1.004%, while the neat epoxy-reinforced GFRP composite showed a higher weight gain at 1.210%. Further, the elastic characteristics of hybrid glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composite were found to be significantly affected by the addition of MXNs rather than CNTs.
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Chan, Chi Hoong, Minato Wakisaka, and Haruo Nishida. "Disintegration and Recycling of Multi-layered Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites via Superheated Steam." MATEC Web of Conferences 264 (2019): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926403003.
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To increase viability of recycling of robust and large-scale multi-layered glass fiber reinforced polymer composites (GFRPs), disintegration of the multi-layered GFRPs and recovery of fibers/resin-derived materials were investigated using superheated steam (SHS) under normal pressure where a very quick heat transfer to GFRP was possible. The SHS treatment of 4 different types of multi-layered GFRP products were conducted at 350 °C in an oxygen-free environment up to 3 hours. The SHS treated GFRPs were easily disintegrated into each layer. The separated layers were divided into components: glass fibers, oligomers, and inorganic fillers after subsequent thermal and ultrasonication processes. Finally, clear glass fibers were recovered, and matrix resin was also recovered as soluble oligomers consisting of phthalates, glycols, and styrene units due to partial chain cleavage of cured resin. These results clearly showed the viability for the recycling of actual large-scale multi-layered GFRP products.
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Abd Ghani, A. F., and J. Mahmud. "Characterisation of Hybrid Carbon Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (C/GFRP) of Balanced Cross Ply and Quasi Isotropic under Tensile and Flexural Loading." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 17, no. 1 (2020): 7792–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.17.1.2020.25.0580.
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This study is performed to characterize composite material of hybrid carbon glass reinforced polymer (C/GFRP) of two (2) types; namely balanced cross ply and quasi isotropic subjected to tensile and flexural loading. The mechanical testing performed on the hybrid composite as per ASTM standard and aimed to extract the mechanical properties related to tensile and flexural. The failure modes associated with the rupture of the composites/hybrid composites samples under tensile and three-point bending were assessed via JEOL 6010 Plus Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) instrument. The combination of GFRP lay-up at 0° at tensile side, GFRP lay-up 90° at compression side and ±45° lay-up of CFRP at shear/compression region enable the hybrid composite cross ply 8 to record the highest flexural strength. The substitution of 0° GFRP with 0° layup CFRP together with layup of 90° GFRP in hybrid composite cross ply 4, matrix/resin dominated layup acts as stress reliever in compression region during flexural loading taking place. This has induced to the increase of flexural strength, which observed to improve its original constituent of cross ply 2 (balanced cross ply GFRP). The factor of layup GFRP at transverse direction has enabled hybrid composite to possess a higher tensile modulus and to record considerably high tensile strength. The role of GFRP layup in enhancing the strain to failure in tensile and its role as a reliever in improving flexural strength during flexural loading has been tested and justified in this experiment.
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Zhang, Xiuli, and Zongcai Deng. "Effects of Seawater Environment on the Degradation of GFRP Composites by Molecular Dynamics Method." Polymers 14, no. 14 (2022): 2804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142804.
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Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites are promising composites often utilized in coastal infrastructure or used as an alternative to steel reinforcement in seawater sea sand concrete due to their excellent corrosion resistance. Understanding the degradation mechanism of GFRP in corrosion environments is significant for improving the long-term performance of GFRP materials. This paper presented the influences of seawater content and temperature on the properties of GFRP composites using the molecular dynamics method. The simulation results were validated by existing experiments on mechanical properties, interlaminar strength, and microstructures of an accelerated aging test of GFRP. The calculation results indicated that when seawater content of the matrix increased from 0% to 9.09% at 298 K, Young’s modulus, shear modulus, and bulk modulus decreased 46.72%, 53.46%, and 41.75%, respectively. The binding energy of GFRP composites with seawater content of 2.15% at 353 K was 26.46% lower than that of unconditioned GFRP at 298 K. It revealed that the higher seawater content and temperature accelerated the degradation of the GFRP composites. The investigation provided a comprehensive understanding of the degradation mechanism of GFRP in seawater environments and provided a basis for the durability design of GFRP composites.
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Yardimeden, Ahmet. "Investigation of optimum cutting parameters and tool radius in turning glass-fiber-reinforced composite material." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 23, no. 1 (2016): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2013-0301.
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AbstractGlass-fiber-reinforced composite materials (GFRPs) are used widely in various fields of engineering. Turning is the principal process conducted on these materials for obtaining minimum surface roughness. Machining of GFRP materials is different from traditional style due to their inhomogeneous and anisotropic structures. Optimum machining parameters for specific GFRP materials need to be ascertained for perfect machining. In this study, the influence of cutting parameters and insert radius on the cutting force and surface roughness of GFRP material during machining was investigated. For measuring main cutting force, a three-component piezoelectric crystal type of dynamometer was used. Cutting force and surface roughness were experimentally measured through longitudinal axes of the GFRP material. Through this study, it was observed that high cutting speeds and low feed rates provide the best surface quality in the turning process of GFRP composite materials.
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Chopra, Ravindra, Mukesh Kumar, and Nahid Akhtar. "Experimental Study on Fabrication and Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Plain Weave Copper Mesh Embedded Hybrid Composite with E-Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy GFRP Composite." Andalasian International Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology 1, no. 02 (2021): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/aijaset.v1i02.14.
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This paper presents the experimental study on on GFRP (Glass-Fiber Reinforced Plastic) composite which is fiberglass reinforced with epoxy matrix and find its mechanical properties that can be compared with other hybrid composite which include plain weave copper strips mesh in between the layers of fiberglass in GFRP composite. Both type of composites are made using hand layup technique i.e., placing of chopped fiberglass sheet and then epoxy resin layer by layer, after filling of epoxy and fiberglass at 20% fiber loading which is measured by digital scale, then a pressure is also applied on this sandwich. After 24 hours it is ready to be demolded and after 48 hrs. samples was cuts as per ASTM standards then testing was done on both GFRP and Hybrid composites to find their Mechanical & Physical Properties. Results shows improvement as we introduce plain weave copper strips mesh in between the GFRP laminate to make it hybrid.
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Garcia, Cristobal, Irina Trendafilova, Andrea Zucchelli, and Justin Contreras. "The effect of nylon nanofibers on the dynamic behaviour and the delamination resistance of GFRP composites." MATEC Web of Conferences 148 (2018): 14001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814814001.
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Vibrations are responsible for a considerable number of accidents in aircrafts, bridges and other civil engineering structures. Therefore, there is a need to reduce the vibrations on structures made of composite materials. Delamination is a particularly dangerous failure mode for composite materials because delaminated composites can lose up to 60% of their strength and stiffness and still remain unchanged. One of the methods to suppress vibrations and preventing delamination is to incorporate nanofibers into the composite laminates. The aim of the present work is to investigate how nylon nanofibers affect the dynamic behaviour and delamination resistance of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites. Experiments and numerical simulations using finite element modelling (FEM) analysis are used to estimate the natural frequencies, the damping ratio and inter-laminar strength in GFRP composites with and without nylon nanofibers. It is found that the natural frequencies of the nylon nano-modified composites do not change significantly as compared to the traditional composites. However, nano-modified composites demonstrated a considerable increase in damping ratio and inter-laminar shear strength due to the incorporation of nylon nanofibers. This work contributes to the knowledge about the mechanical and dynamic properties of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites with nylon nanofibers.
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Yang, Jinshui, Chunqi Wang, Jingcheng Zeng, and Dazhi Jiang. "Effects of nano-SiO2 on mechanical and hygric behaviors of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 25, no. 2 (2018): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2014-0470.
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AbstractThe unmodified and nano-SiO2modified glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites were prepared by the hot-compression molding process to investigate the effects of nano-SiO2on the mechanical and hygric properties of the GFRP composites. The results indicate that the nano-SiO2modification results in an increase of 9.7% and 7.9% in the tensile and flexural strength of the GFRP composites, and a decrease of 10.6% in the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS). The maximum swelling of the unmodified GFRP is 2.6 times as that of the nano-SiO2modified GFRP. The normalized-ILSS decrease of the nano-SiO2modified GFRP is only 12% after 138 days aging, while that of the GFRP reaches 31%. After 95-days hygric-aging, the decrease of the normalized flexural strength is 15.3% for the GFRP, while the normalized flexural strength of the nano-SiO2modified GFRP still maintains an increase of 5.0%. It is concluded that the nano-SiO2particle could improve the mechanical and hygric properties of the GFRP composites.
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Stanciu, Mariana Domnica, Horațiu Teodorescu Drăghicescu, and Ioan Călin Roșca. "Mechanical Properties of GFRPs Exposed to Tensile, Compression and Tensile–Tensile Cyclic Tests." Polymers 13, no. 6 (2021): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13060898.
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Currently there are many applications for the use of composites reinforced with fiberglass mat and fabrics with polyester resin: automotive, aerospace, construction of wind turbines blades, sanitary ware, furniture, etc. The structures made of composites have a complex geometry, can be simultaneously subjected to tensile–compression, shear, bending and torsion. In this paper we analyzed the mechanical properties of a polyester composite material reinforced with glass fiber (denoted GFRP) of which were carried out two types of samples: The former contains four layers of plain fabric (GFRP-RT500) and the second type contains three layers of chopped strand mat (GFRP-MAT450). The samples were subjected to tensile, compression and tensile–tensile cyclic loading. The results highlight the differences between the two types of GFRP in terms of initial elastic modulus, post yield stiffness and viscoelastic behavior under cyclic loading. Thus, it was observed that the value of the modulus of elasticity and the value of ultimate tensile stress are approximately twice higher in the case of GFRP-RT500 than for the composite reinforced with short fibers type GFRP-MAT450. The tensile–tensile cyclic test highlights that the short glass fiber-reinforced composite broke after the first stress cycle, compared to the fabric-reinforced composite in which rupture occurred after 15 stress cycles. The elasticity modulus of GFRP-RT500 decreased by 13% for the applied loading with the speed of 1 mm/min and by 15% for a loading speed of 20 mm/min.
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Li, Weiwen, Chunyang Ji, Honggang Zhu, Feng Xing, Jiaxin Wu, and Xueli Niu. "Experimental Investigation on the Durability of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites Containing Nanocomposite." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/352639.
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Nanoclay layers incorporated into polymer/clay nanocomposites can inhibit the harmful penetration of water and chemicals into the material, and thus the durability of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites should be enhanced by using polymer/clay nanocomposite as the matrix material. In this study, 1.5 wt% vinyl ester (VE)/organoclay and 2 wt% epoxy (EP)/organoclay nanocomposites were prepared by an in situ polymerization method. The dispersion states of clay in the nanocomposites were studied by performing XRD analysis. GFRP composites were then fabricated with the prepared 1.5 wt% VE/clay and 2.0 wt% EP/clay nanocomposites to investigate the effects of a nanocomposite matrix on the durability of GFRP composites. The durability of the two kinds of GFRP composites was characterized by monitoring tensile properties following degradation of GFRP specimens aged in water and alkaline solution at 60°C, and SEM was employed to study fracture behaviors of aged GFRP composites under tension. The results show that tensile properties of the two types of GFRP composites with and without clay degrade significantly with aging time. However, the GFRP composites with nanoclay show a lower degradation rate compared with those without nanoclay, supporting the aforementioned hypothesis. And the modification of EP/GFRP enhanced the durability more effectively.
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K. Srivastava, V. "Impact Behaviour of Sandwich GFRP-Foam-GFRP Composites." International Journal of Composite Materials 2, no. 4 (2012): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.cmaterials.20120204.04.
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Mohammed Adnan Shariff, A., and G. Anbuchezhiyan. "A comparison of the drilling material removal rate of plain GFRP and novel GFRP blended with banana fiber composite." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2484, no. 1 (2023): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2484/1/012024.
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Abstract The current study aims to investigate the Material Removal Rate (MRR) of a glass fibre reinforced polymer composite with and without natural fillers (novel Grass powder, Banana fibre). The composites were made using the hand layup method. We employed three sets of nine specimens of the three different composites each to measure the MRR in CNC drilling process. Drill diameter, feed rate, and spindle speed were all controlled variables. Using the SPSS tool to analyse the results, a significant value of 0.025 (P0.05) was discovered. The material removal rates of samples with and without fillers were examined and contrasted based on the test results. Compared to regular GFRP, banana fibre has improved drilling properties. Blended banana fibre GFRP. Comparing banana fibre mixed GFRP to plain GFRP and new Grass powder blended GFRP, drilling properties of the former have been found to be greater.
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Bhat, Ritesh, Nanjangud Mohan, Sathyashankara Sharma, and Suma Rao. "Influence of Seawater Absorption on the Hardness of Glass Fiber/Polyester Composite." Journal of Computers, Mechanical and Management 1, no. 1 (2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.57159/gadl.jcmm.1.1.22003.
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In the marine industry, glass fibers are commonly used to reinforce polyesters for ship hulls, submarine components, and other marine structures. Isophthalic polyesters are a feasible alternative due to their superior mechanical qualities and added end-of-life scenarios compared to orthophthalic polyesters. However, like other fiber composite systems, glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites are also water sensitive. Here, GFRP composites of three different thicknesses are aged under three different immersion periods in seawater (20, 40 and 60 days). All samples are reconditioned and evaluated for hardness following aging. Significant emphasis is placed on the presence of calcium carbonate, over which increases in moisture content irrevocably reduce the composite’s hardness. Compared to untreated material, the hardness of 6, 8, and 10 mm composites decreased by 25.64, 10.92, and 4.63% after the 60-day aging period. This drop is mostly the result of microstructure evolution manifesting as an increase in porosity. Consequently, fiber deterioration, fiber cracks, and degradation of polymer-fiber bonding emerge in the composite, decreasing hardness.
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Saylık, Ahmet, and Şemsettin Temiz. "Low-speed impact behavior of fiber-reinforced polymer-based glass, carbon, and glass/carbon hybrid composites." Materials Testing 64, no. 6 (2022): 820–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2021-2179.
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Abstract Impact is defined as an instantaneous external force applied to a material or structure at low, medium, and high speeds over a very short period of time. In this study, we investigate the impact behavior of glass-epoxy composite (GFRP), carbon-epoxy composite (CFRP), and glass/carbon-epoxy hybrid composite (GCFRP) samples subjected to low-velocity impact testing with varying impact energy levels. Composite plates of 330 × 330 mm2 consisting of eight layers were prepared using the VARTM method for impact experiments. Each composite type was tested with impact energy values of 10, 20, 30, and 40 J and their impact behaviors were examined. It was observed that as impact energy increased, the maximum force and the collapse values increased as well. The GFRP composite samples had the highest impact strength, while the GCFRP hybrid composite samples had poorer impact resistance compared to the GFRP composites and better impact resistance compared to the CFRP composites.
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Nayak, Bijaya Bijeta, Souranil Kundu, Sasmita Sahu, Sudesna Roy, and Shiv Sankar Das. "Support Vector Regression approach for prediction of delamination at entry and exit during drilling of GFRP Composites." E3S Web of Conferences 391 (2023): 01162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339101162.
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The demand for Composites in the modern era have increased immensely due to its vast applications and superior properties over conventional materials. Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) is one of the economic alternative to conventional engineering materials due to its high specific modulus of elasticity, high specific strength, good corrosion resistance, high fatigue strength and lightweight. Components made out from GFRP composites are usually near net shaped and require holes for assembly integration. Drilling is an important process as concentrated forces can cause major damage to the composite. Drilling of GFRP causes various damage such as thermal degradation, fibre breakage, matrix cracking and delamination. A substantial damage is caused by delamination which can occur both on the entry and exit sides of the composite, exit side delamination considered more severe. Therefore, selection of proper process parameters during drilling operation is very much essential. In the present work, a support vector regression (SVR) model is developed to predict the delamination at entry and exit during the drilling of GFRP composites. The model is developed based on the data obtained from experimentation. The model accuracy is evaluated by the three performance criteria including root mean square error (RMSE), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency co-efficient (E) and co-efficient of determination (R2). The model provides an inexpensive and time saving alternative to study the delamination at entry and exit of the GFRP composite actual drilling operation.
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Sertaç, Tuhta, Günday Furkan, and Aydin Hakan. "Dynamic Analysis of Model Steel Structures Retrofitted with GFRP Composites under Microtremor Vibration." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 3, no. 2 (2019): 729–33. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd21455.
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There are many varieties of the structural and architectural structures strengthened with different FRP composites are gaining popularity, and there is a growing need to understand and compare the behavior of these structures before after GFRP composite strengthening. In this study, model steel structure was tested on the bench scale earthquake simulator The Quanser Shake Table using ambient vibration, to determine the dynamic response. After this, slabs of the model steel structure was strengthened with GFRP composite, and tested on the bench scale earthquake simulator The Quanser Shake Table using ambient vibration, to determine the dynamic behavior. Finally, dynamic responses of model steel structure before and after GFRP composite strengthening, such as displacements and maximum minimum acceleration, were compared. At the end of the study, it is seen that displacements had decreased along the height of the model steel structure. Also, it is seen from the earthquake analyses that GFRP strengthening is very effective on the dynamic responses of the model steel structure. Sertaç Tuhta | Furkan Günday | Hakan Aydin "Dynamic Analysis of Model Steel Structures Retrofitted with GFRP Composites under Microtremor Vibration" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21455.pdf
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Sriranga, B. K., L. J. Kirthan, Arun A. Magadum, and Vishwanath Patil. "Investigation Of Mode II Interlaminar Fracture Toughness Of Silicon-Di-Oxide Filled Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites." Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels 70, no. 3A (2022): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jmmf/2022/30670.
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Fracture is a new failure mode due to unstable propagation of a delamination crack growth in composite structures caused by applied load. The efficient characterization of the crack growth in composite structures enhances to estimate the duration of life. This paper mainly focusses on characterization of the fracture toughness of GFRP/epoxy matrix with SiO<sub>2</sub> filler form of composites and studying the crack behaviour in the (Mode II) ENF specimen which leads to interlaminar fracture in structural applications. The laminates are arranged to specify the Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness and interlaminar shear strength of GFRP/ epoxy matrix, GFRP/5% wt SiO2, GFRP/10% wt SiO<sub>2</sub>, using ASTM D7905 M-14 and JIS test methods. The results show that unfilled SiO<sub>2</sub> GFRP/epoxy matrix composites are of more facture toughness; the result reveals that the JIS methods in plane shear Mode II test were lower value of fracture toughness than that of ASTM D7905 M-14 Mode II test. As recommend in ASTM standard, ENF (shear pre-cracked) specimen is applicable to measure Mode II fracture toughness.
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Manjunatha, C. M., Ramesh Bojja, and N. Jagannathan. "Fatigue Behavior of a Nanocomposite under a Fighter Aircraft Spectrum Load Sequence." Journal of Nano Research 24 (September 2013): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.24.58.
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Two different E-glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) composite laminates having quasi isotropic [(+45/-45/0/90)2]S layup sequence were fabricated viz., GFRP with neat epoxy matrix (GFRP-neat) and GFRP with modified epoxy matrix (GFRP-nano) containing 9 wt. % of CTBN rubber micro-particles and 10 wt.% of silica nanoparticles. Standard fatigue test specimens were machined from the laminates and end-tabbed. Spectrum fatigue tests under a standard fighter aircraft load spectrum, mini-FALSTAFF, were conducted on both the composites at various reference stress levels and the experimental fatigue life expressed as number of blocks to fail, were determined. The stiffness of the specimen was determined from the load-displacement data acquired at regular intervals during the fatigue test. The matrix cracks development in the test specimens with fatigue cycling was determined through optical photographic images. The fatigue life of GFRP-nanocomposite under mini-FALSTAFF load sequence was observed to be enhanced by about four times when compared to that of GFRP-neat composite due to presence of micro-and nanoparticles in the matrix. The stiffness degradation rate and matrix crack density was considerably lower in GFRP-nanocomposite when compared to that of GFRP-neat composite. The underlying mechanisms for improved fatigue performance of GFRP-nanocomposite are discussed.
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Narongdej, Poom, Daniel Tseng, Riley Gomez, Ehsan Barjasteh, and Sara Moghtadernejad. "Hygrothermal Aging of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Benzoxazine Composites." Eng 6, no. 3 (2025): 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6030060.
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Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites are widely utilized across industries, particularly in structural components exposed to hygrothermal environments characterized by elevated temperature and moisture. Such conditions can significantly degrade the mechanical properties and structural integrity of GFRP composites. Therefore, it is essential to utilize effective methods for assessing their hygrothermal aging. Traditional approaches to hygrothermal aging evaluation are hindered by several limitations, including time intensity, high costs, labor demands, and constraints on specimen size due to laboratory space. This study addresses these challenges by introducing a facile and efficient alternative that evaluates GFRP degradation under hygrothermal conditions through surface wettability analysis. Herein, a glass fiber-reinforced benzoxazine (BZ) composite was fabricated using the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) method and was aged in a controlled humidity and temperature chamber for up to 5 weeks. When analyzing the wettability characteristics of the composite, notable changes in the contact angle (CA) and contact angle hysteresis (CAH) were 21.77% and 90.90%, respectively. Impact droplet dynamics further demonstrated reduced wetting length and faster droplet equilibrium times with the prolonged aging duration, indicating a progressive decline in surface characteristics. These changes correlated with reductions in flexural strength, highlighting the surface’s heightened sensitivity to environmental degradation compared with internal structural integrity. This study emphasizes the critical role of surface characterization in predicting the overall integrity of GFRP composites.
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Chavan, Vithal Rao, K. R. Dinesh, K. Veeresh, Veerabhadrappa Algur, and Manjunath Shettar. "Influence of post curing on GFRP hybrid composite." MATEC Web of Conferences 144 (2018): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814402011.
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Composite materials for the most part depicted as the mixes of two or more materials that outcome in the unmistakable properties than that of guard materials. Fibre strengthened plastics have been all around utilized for get-together flying machine and transport key parts as a delayed consequence of their specific mechanical and physical properties, for example, high particular quality and high particular robustness. Another pertinent application for fibre maintained polymeric composites (particularly glass fibre strengthened plastics) is in the electronic business, in which they are utilized for passing on printed wiring sheets. The utilization of polymer composite materials is winding up being powerfully essential. The present work delineates the change and mechanical portrayal of new polymer composites including glass fibre fortress, epoxy and maple cellulose fibre. The starting late made composites are delineated for their mechanical properties. The composite spreads were set up by utilizing hand layup framework. The experiments were conducted on and studied the effect of post curing on hybrid composites. The result reveals that the samples only with natural fibre have more promising results compared with synthetic fibre. The synthetic fibres get wrinkled due to post curing were as no such visuals in the natural fibres.
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Mohd Saman, Hamidah, Azmi Ibrahim, Ya'kub Md Taib, and Mohd Faizal Md. Ja’afar. "Bending and Bonding Properties of Sandwiched Polymer Concrete Composites." Scientific Research Journal 3, no. 2 (2006): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v3i2.5667.
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It is foreseen that the properties of Polymer Concrete (PC) can be further enhanced if the PC is bonded to or sandwiched between Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) laminates, later termed as PC-GFRP system. In the present investigation, the performance of PC-GFRP was assessed in terms of its bending strength and bonding strength between PC and GFRP. Panels of PC size 500 mm × 500 mm × 20 mm were prepared. The panels then were cut into specimens of appropriate geometry and dimensions required for the tests. Four (4) different resin contents and different percentages of aggregate of different particle size distributions were employed in preparing the PC-GFRP specimens. A batch of PC specimens was layered with a Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) laminate on one side (SSL) and the other batch PC specimens were sandwiched with two GFRP laminates (DSL). The PC-GFRP specimens were tested their bending strength under three-point load test and bonding strength between PC as a core material and glued GFRP laminate(s). The results showed that an increase in the resin content increases the bending strength of the PC regardless of the aggregate grading. The results also revealed that the PC specimens with well-graded aggregate recorded the highest bending strength, with coarser grading resulted in further increase. The bending strength of the PC-GFRP system improved significantly when the PC was externally reinforced with a GFRP laminate (SSL) but did not improve further when another layer of GFRP laminate was applied (DSL). The bonding strength between PC and GFRP was found to be increased as the resin content increases and the GFRP laminate bonded better to the PC as a core material if made of the overall aggregate size.
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Kilickap, Erol. "Analysis and modeling of delamination factor in drilling glass fiber reinforced plastic using response surface methodology." Journal of Composite Materials 45, no. 6 (2010): 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998310381539.
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This study, through a new approach, presents a comprehensive mathematical model for correlating the interactive and higher order influences of drilling parameters on the delamination factor in drilling glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) composites using response surface methodology. The purpose of this article is to investigate the influence of drilling parameters, such as cutting speed, feed, and point angle on delamination produced when drilling GFRP composite. The damage generated associated with drilling GFRP composites were observed, both at the entrance and exit during the drilling. The experiments are conducted based on Box—Behnken design. Empirical models are developed to correlate and predict the drilling parameters and delamination factor in drilling of GFRP. The developed models for delamination factor at entrance and exit are proposed that agree well with the experiment. The models can be utilized to select the level of drilling parameters. Thus time and cost were noticeably reduced.
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Rajeswari, Ch, and Eshwaraiah Punna. "Optimization of Impact Strength in GFRP Composites Reinforced with MWCNT Using RSM and Mother Optimization Algorithm." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2837, no. 1 (2024): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2837/1/012036.
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Abstract Present study delves into the optimization of fabrication parameters for glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites augmented with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using the hand layup method. The primary objective is to enhance the impact strength of the composite material, which is crucial for its performance in demanding structural applications. To achieve this, the response surface methodology (RSM) is employed as a statistical tool to design the experiments and to understand the interactions between the various fabrication parameters on responses by analysis of variance. The optimization process is further refined through the application of the Mother Optimization Algorithm (MOA), a novel approach that systematically searches for the optimal combination of parameters to achieve the desired material properties. This research provides insights into the effects of MWCNT incorporation on GFRP composites and proposes a methodical approach to optimize the fabrication process. The outcomes of this investigation are expected to contribute significantly to the field of composite materials, offering a robust framework for developing high-performance MWCNT with GFRP composites with improved impact resistance for industrial applications.
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Venkatesh, Kashinath S. V. H, and Yogavardhan Swamy G. N. "Experimental Evaluation of Thermal Conductivity in Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites for Aerospace Applications." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 11 (2024): 1834–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.65503.
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Abstract: This paper aims to study the thermal conductivity properties of GFRP composites and their prospect in aerospace sectors. GFRP composites are gradually becoming the material of choice in aerospace, given the properties of low density, high strength, and high durability. However, it is critical to comprehend their thermal properties for efficiency in habitats characteristic of aeronautical environments. The work will seek to assess and quantify the thermal conductivity of the GFRP composites and establish the influence of fiber orientation, volume fraction and temperature in the thermal properties of the composites. Composite samples were prepared from E-glass and epoxy-amine prepreg’s with controlled layup and post curing. Some important measures in this work were thermal conductivity, which was tested by a laser flash method, and depend on conditions, offering valid information. In general, findings show that fiber orientation plays a major role in determining the thermal conductivity of the samples examined, where the highest conductivity is recorded on the samples where the fiber orientation is parallel to the direction of heat transfer. Higher fiber volume fraction was also found to improve thermal conductivity. Moreover, the temperature dependence analysis showed a fly increase of thermal conductivity at high temperatures that suggests that the material is capable of handling temperatures stress. The results indicate that GFRP composites have the right thermal characteristic appropriate for aerospace application, especially where thermal management is crucial for a particular part. Thus, more research is advised that particularly emphasizes the use of different types of fiber, various types of polymer matrices as well as different hybrid composites suited for high stress conditions. This research provides important information concerning the application of GFRP composites in the aerospace sector, including the ongoing development of lightweight, insulating materials suitable for this sector.
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Palanikumar, K., B. Latha, V. S. Senthilkumar, and J. Paulo Davim. "Application of Artificial Neural Network for the Prediction of Surface Roughness in Drilling GFRP Composites." Materials Science Forum 766 (July 2013): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.766.21.
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Composite materials are used in different fields, due to their excellent properties. Glass fiber reinforced composite materials are used in aerospace, automobile, sport goods, etc. Joining by drilling operation is necessary for this composite to perform assembly. Surface roughness of the holes plays an important role in mechanical joints. Good surface leads to the precision fits and efficient joints. The present article discusses the use of artificial neural network (ANN) for the prediction of surface roughness in drilling glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) composites. The experiments are carried out on computer numeric control machining center. The results indicated that the well-trained ANN model could able to predict the surface roughness in drilling of GFRP composites.
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Birleanu, Corina, Marius Pustan, Mircea Cioaza, et al. "Tribo-Mechanical Investigation of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites under Dry Conditions." Polymers 15, no. 12 (2023): 2733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15122733.
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Tribo-mechanical experiments were performed on Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GRFP) composites against different engineering materials, and the tribological behavior of these materials under dry conditions was investigated. The novelty of this study consists of the investigation of the tribomechanical properties of a customized GFRP/epoxy composite, different from those identified in the literature. The investigated material in the work is composed of 270 g/m2 fiberglass twill fabric/epoxy matrix. It was manufactured by the vacuum bag method and autoclave curing procedure. The goal was to define the tribo-mechanical characteristics of a 68.5% weight fraction ratio (wf) of GFRP composites in relation to the different categories of plastic materials, alloyed steel, and technical ceramics. The properties of the material, including ultimate tensile strength, Young’s modulus of elasticity, elastic strain, and impact strength of the GFPR, were determined through standard tests. The friction coefficients were obtained using a modified pin-on-disc tribometer using sliding speeds ranging from 0.1 to 0.36 m s−1, load 20 N, and different counter face balls from Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Polyamide (Torlon), 52,100 Chrome Alloy Steel, 440 Stainless Steel, and Ceramic Al2O3, with 12.7 mm in diameter, in dry conditions. These are commonly used as ball and roller bearings in industry and for a variety of automotive applications. To evaluate the wear mechanisms, the worm surfaces were examined and investigated by a Nano Focus—Optical 3D Microscopy, which uses cutting-edge μsurf technology to provide highly accurate 3D measurements of surfaces. The obtained results constitute an important database for the tribo-mechanical behavior of this engineering GFRP composite material.
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Tudu, Suplal, and Ramachandran Velmurugan. "Effect of Graphene Nanoplatelets on Flexural Behavior of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Subjected to Different Temperatures." Materials Science Forum 1101 (October 23, 2023): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-r09tja.
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Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Composite are increasing rapidly in Aerospace Industry, Civil and Wind energy sectors, where they can frequently be exposed to different temperature conditions. As the constituent polymer matrix is highly affected by temperature, extreme temperature conditions are critical for GFRP composite structural design. Researchers have recently found nanofillers such as graphene and carbon nanotubes with excellent multifunctional mechanical properties. Graphene Nanoplatelets (GnP) consist of several layers of graphene. GnP is considering an attractive nanofillers as it has improved polymer matrix properties. In this study, the weight percentage of GnP added in GnP-GFRP laminate is 0.25% and 0.5%.GFRP and GnP-GFRP laminates are fabricated by using the hand lay-up method, and the specimens are subjected to a three-point bending test in a thermal chamber with varying the temperature, i.e., 30°C, 50°C, 75°C, and 100°C. This paper investigates the effect of graphene nanoplatelets on the flexural behavior of glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites subjected to different temperatures. Flexural strength and modulus are evaluated, and the appropriate conclusions are determined. GFRP with 0.25% GnP shows higher strength than the neat and 0.5% GnP-GFRP. Here, it has also been shown that flexural strength and modulus decrease significantly with increasing temperature.
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Rajesh, S., B. Vijaya Ramnath, C. Elanchezhian, C. Kavin, and S. Sathish. "Evaluation of Tensile Behaviour of GFRP/SiC Polymer Reinforced Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.70.
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Silicon Carbide/GFRP reinforced matrix composite and SiC matrix composite has been developed by using hand layup and resin casting methods respectively. The GFRP reinforced polymer composite is made by sandwiching two layers of GFRP in between the SiC material. The resin used for the preparation the samples are epoxy and polyester, for both SiC/GFRP composite and SiC composite. An Arcan fixture with butterfly specimen is used to measure the fracture occurring in various modes of the polymer composite. The objective of the proposed testing method is to determine the variation in the stress value depending on the resin material as well as the influence of GFRP in the strength of SiC polymer composite. Results from the tests are analyzed to show that the epoxy resin is better for tensile strength, in both Sic/GFRP reinforced and SiC composite material.
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Shettar, Manjunath, Aakarshit Chaudhary, Zaid Hussain, U. Achutha Kini, and Sathyashankara Sharma. "Hygrothermal Studies on GFRP Composites: A Review." MATEC Web of Conferences 144 (2018): 02026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814402026.
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The objective of this paper is to review the hygrothermal environment effects on Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composites. A brief summary of the hygrothermal phenomenon and its mechanisms of GFRP is followed by detailed review of hygrothermal effects on the GFRP. The review also includes the different hygrothermal aging tests viz., cold soaking, boiling soaking, thermal shocks and use of environmental chamber, procedures and significance. At the end, hygrothermal effects on the individual constituents of GFRP viz., fiber, matrix and the fiber-matrix interface, are discussed.
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Abdurohman, Kosim, Rezky Agung Pratomo, Ryan Hidayat, et al. "A Comparison of Vacuum Infusion, Vacuum Bagging, and Hand Lay-Up Process on The Compressive and Shear Properties of GFRP Materials." Indonesian Journal of Aerospace 21, no. 1 (2023): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.55981/ijoa.2023.286.
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Fiber-reinforced plastics are widely used in aerospace, marine, military, automotive, wind turbine, sports, and civil engineering applications. GFRP is a common material used in engineering applications such as for UAV structural material. Several techniques that can be used in the composite structure manufacturing process are HLU, VB, and, VARI. This paper studies the influence of the three manufacturing processes on the compressive and shear properties of GFRP composites. This study uses e-glass fiber as reinforcement material and a clear epoxy polymer called lycal as matrix material. The composites were manufactured by using HLU, VB, and VARI processes. The specimen dimensions, compressive, and shear tests are following ASTM standards. The microstructural characteristics were observed using a scanning electron microscope. The compressive strength of VARI composite is higher than HLU and VB composites up to 71% and 53%, respectively. The shear strength of the VARI composite is higher than HLU and VB composites up to 71% and 53%, respectively.
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Lin, Wenhua, Yeqing Wang, Youssef Aider, et al. "Analysis of damage modes of glass fiber composites subjected to simulated lightning strike impulse voltage puncture and direct high voltage AC puncture." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 26 (2020): 4067–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320927736.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding the damage mechanisms of fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite materials under high voltage conditions is of great significance for lightning strike protection and high voltage insulation applications of composite structures. In this paper, we investigated effects of the lightning impulse (LI) voltage and high voltage alternating current (HVAC) puncture on damage modes of the electrically nonconductive glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) matrix composite materials through experimental tests and numerical simulations. The LI and HVAC tests represent the lightning strike and high voltage insulation cable puncture conditions, respectively. Our experimental examinations showed that GFRP composite specimens subjected to the LI voltage test exhibited distinct damage modes compared with those in the HVAC puncture test. The GFRP composite material suffered more charring and fiber vaporization in the HVAC puncture test, whereas less matrix charring and fiber vaporization but severe fiber breakage and delamination in response to the LI voltage tests. The findings indicate that the thermal effect dominates the damage of GFRP composites inflicted by the HVAC puncture test, whereas the mechanical impact effect governs the GFRP composite damage in the LI voltage test. In addition, the electric arc plasma formation during the puncture of the GFRP composite material was modeled through solving Maxwell’s equations and the heat generation equations using finite element analysis. Simulation results provided insights on the effects of duration and intensity of the high voltage electric discharge on the composite damage.
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Asha, Gokul, Srinivas K., Radhika D., and Dhanasekaran J. "INSPECTION OF GFRP COMPOSITES BY MICROWAVE NDE." International Journal Of Microwave Engineering (JMICRO) 5, no. 1 (2022): 11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6375661.
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Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites form a major structural part ofaerospace and defence applications. Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) plays an important role in assessing the quality and health monitoring of FRP composite structures.Defect detection of FRPcomposite structures are by different NDE techniques, such as ultrasonics, thermography, X-ray radiography. Depending on the type of material, their characteristic features and accessibility of the test object etc. suitable techniquesare employed. Microwave non-destructive evaluation (MWNDE) is an emerging NDE technique for characterizing and inspecting dielectric structures. Microwave NDE finds application in the areas of dielectric material characterization, determining thickness variation, defect detection and bond quality inspection.Inspection of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites by near-field reflection microwave NDE technique is presented in this paper. GFRP composite with known inserted defects such as inclusion and flat bottom holes are inspected to understand and establish Microwave NDE. Results of inspected structures by swept frequency reflection microwave NDE technique in the frequency range 8.2- 12.4GHz (X-band) and 12.4-18GHz (Ku-band) respectively are presented. The position of the reflection characteristic curve indicates the depth of the defect in the inspected structure
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Asha, Gokul1 K. Srinivas2 D. Radhikaand3 and J. Dhanasekaran4. "INSPECTION OF GFRP COMPOSITES BY MICROWAVE NDE." International Journal Of Microwave Engineering (JMICRO) Vol.5, No.1, January 2020 5, no. 1 (2020): 01–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3653904.
Full textAbstract:
Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites form a major structural part ofaerospace and defence applications. Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) plays an important role in assessing the quality and health monitoring of FRP composite structures.Defect detection of FRPcomposite structures are by different NDE techniques, such as ultrasonics, thermography, X-ray radiography. Depending on the type of material, their characteristic features and accessibility of the test object etc. suitable techniquesare employed. Microwave non-destructive evaluation (MWNDE) is an emerging NDE technique for characterizing and inspecting dielectric structures. Microwave NDE finds application in the areas of dielectric material characterization, determining thickness variation, defect detection and bond quality inspection.Inspection of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites by near-field reflection microwave NDE technique is presented in this paper. GFRP composite with known inserted defects such as inclusion and flat bottom holes are inspected to understand and establish Microwave NDE. Results of inspected structures by swept frequency reflection microwave NDE technique in the frequency range 8.2- 12.4GHz (X-band) and 12.4-18GHz (Ku-band) respectively are presented. The position of the reflection characteristic curve indicates the depth of the defect in the inspected structure.
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Sawpan, Moyeen Ahmad. "Durability of Pultruded Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Subjected to Hygrothermal Ageing in Sea Water." Applied Mechanics and Materials 884 (August 2018): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.884.14.
Full textAbstract:
Durability of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite is an important research topic because the changes occur in GFRP composite with ageing can affect its properties and lifetime. For long term use, GFRP composites should be examined in real time and with reasonable in-service environments. However, this is not practical because the time involved would significantly delay product development and therefore, accelerated ageing technique is required. Conditioning in wet and elevated temperatures known as hygrothermal ageing is a very useful technique to evaluate the durability of GFRP composites in a reasonable timeframe. In this work, pultruded GFRP composites were aged in sea water and in dry conditions at 23, 55 and 75°C for 0, 8 and 20 months to assess the changes in shear properties (e.g. short beam shear strength, SBSS and transverse shear strength, TSS) and in glass transition temperature, Tg. After ageing in sea water for 20 months, SBSS was found to retain by about 101, 102 and 95% at 23, 55 and 75°C, respectively. On the other hand, SBSS was retained by around 106% after ageing in dry condition for 20 months at 55 and 75°C. TSS was found to retain by approximately 99, 95 and 91% after ageing in sea water for 20 months at 23, 55 and 75°C, respectively, whereas TSS of dry conditioned samples was retained by about 105 and 107% at 55 and 75°C, respectively. Tg, measured by dynamic mechanical thermal analyser, showed little change both in wet and dry conditions at different temperatures and time.