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1
Bawuah-Edusei, Kwame. "Commentary: An African Perspective on the Doha Round Negotiations." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 4 (December 7, 2005): 1850076. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1163.
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An African commentary on the Doha Development Round. Kwame Bawuah-Edusei is Ambassador of Ghana to Switzerland and Austria and Permanent Representative of Ghana to the UN offices and international organizations in Geneva, including the WTO. He obtained his MD degree in 1982 at the University of Science and Technology, School of Medical Sciences, Kumasi Ghana, worked in Ghana for two years, and later studied in the United States. He specialized in Family Medicine at Howard University Hospital, Washington DC, and worked as a physician for the Dewitt Army Hospital in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. He subsequently practiced at Educe Medical Center in Alexandria, Virginia. During this period he was active in promoting business in his native Ghana and extensively involved in humanitarian work in the deprived Northern part of his country. He became a community leader in North America and was instrumental in institutionalizing democracy in Ghana. He became a Director of the EO group, an energy Company, and President of Educe Incorporated in Ghana.
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Fafchamps, Marcel, and Alexander Moradi. "Referral and Job Performance: Evidence from the Ghana Colonial Army." Economic Development and Cultural Change 63, no. 4 (July 2015): 715–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/681276.
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Agyekum, Humphrey Asamoah. "The Rise and Demise of the Boys’ Company." Journal of African Military History 3, no. 1 (October 10, 2019): 33–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24680966-00301004.
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Abstract Graduates of Ghana's defunct Army Boys’ Company, a specialized military training institution for boys, participated to varying degrees in all five successful coups in the West African country. Most significantly, their prominent role in the coups of 1979 and 1981 catapulted them into the heart of the Ghanaian political arena. They thus became political actors; a position with far reaching consequences for the Boys’ Company. Coups in Ghana have received considerable academic attention. However, the focus of this body of literature tended to be on the coup leaders with rarely any attention for the soldiers who facilitate the power seizures by conducting the fighting. This article addresses this lacunae by assessing how the so-called “ex-Boys” radicalized politically, while bringing to the fore their experience at the Army Boys’ Company and in the military. Additionally, the article scrutinizes the conditions that led to demise of the Boys’ Company.
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Cogneau, Denis, and Alexander Moradi. "Borders That Divide: Education and Religion in Ghana and Togo Since Colonial Times." Journal of Economic History 74, no. 3 (August 29, 2014): 694–729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050714000576.
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The partition of German Togoland after World War I provides a natural experiment to test the impact of British and French colonization. Using data of recruits to the Ghanaian colonial army 1908–1955, we find that literacy and religious affiliation diverge at the border between the parts of Togoland under British and French control as early as in the 1920s. We partly attribute this to policies towards missionary schools. The divergence is only visible in the South where educational and evangelization efforts were strong. Contemporary survey data show that border effects that began in colonial times still persist today.
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Andrews, Nathan. "A Swiss-Army Knife? A Critical Assessment of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) in Ghana." Business and Society Review 121, no. 1 (March 2016): 59–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/basr.12081.
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Opoku-Antwi, Eric, Josephine Adjubi Kwakye, Gilbert Confidence Akator, and Stephen Anim. "Effects of 8 Weeks Conditioning Exercises on Muscular Endurance: A Cross-Sectional Study of Female Cadets of Ghana Immigration Service Academy, Assin Fosu, Ghana." American Journal of Sports Science 12, no. 1 (March 20, 2024): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20241201.12.
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Physical conditioning enables athletes to meet all the physical requirements of their sport, perform well, and minimize their risk of injury. This study aims to determine the effects of eight (8) weeks conditioning training on the muscular endurance of Female Cadets of the Ghana Immigration Service Academy. The Army Physical Training Fitness Test (APFT) was used to evaluate muscular endurance levels of the Female Cadets. The quasi-experimental pre-test post-test study design was used to conduct the study. A total of 60 female cadets were randomly stratified into two groups based on APFT age categories (22-26) and (27-31) years. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test was used to test the hypothesis. Higher upper body muscular endurance performance as measured by the APFT was observed in the age group (27-31) years compared to age group (22-26) years. Significant difference was found in muscular endurance in the females age groups (22-26) and (27-31) years (P<0.05). Significant positive effect on muscular endurance after conditioning exercises for female Cadets in both age categories, (22-26) and (27-31) years (P<0.05) was observed. Conditioning exercises had a significant impact on APFT upper body muscular endurance performance in the age categories of (22-26) and (27-31) years.
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Affainie, Edward Augustine Benjamin. "Employee motivation, job satisfaction, live-work balance, material reward and career aspirations." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 06, no. 05 (2022): 614–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2022.6534.
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Edward Affainie is experienced security and international relations professional with years of experience in the Ghana Armed Forces and the United Nations in complex political and security situations. Currently, he is the Deputy Security Adviser for the United Nations Department of Safety and Security in Zimbabwe and a Doctoral Researcher at the Political Science and International Studies (POLSIS) Department at the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom. He previously worked at the United Nations Headquarters, where he moderated memorandums of understanding between the United Nations and member states to deploy troops for peacekeeping missions. He deployed and managed complex peacekeeping missions from startup to liquidation and served in various capacities in different peacekeeping missions in countries such as Cambodia, Southern Lebanon, Western Sahara, Liberia, Sudan, and South Sudan. His research interests are in the causes of war and conflict, management, leadership, governance, and security. His extensive length of professional experience as a military officer and an international civil servant contributes to his research interests. He retired from the Ghana Armed Forces at his peak career in 2010 at the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and as the Deputy Director of Army Peacekeeping Operations at the Army Headquarters. He is a graduate of the Nigeria Command and Staff College and the Ghana Armed Forces Command and Staff College. Abstract: Companies and Organisations’ existence, stability, and productivity depend mainly on their employees. This essay explores the factors that affect employee motivation, intention, and behaviour. It also examines three of the most recent studies on employee motivation and subsequently analyses these studies’ findings against their chosen theoretical frameworks and assesses their contributions to the framework. The first study by Saraswathi (2011) hypothesises that different professions can influence how employees perceive motivational factors. The second study by Shaikh et al. (2019) hypothesises that motivators and hygiene factors are equally important in improving employee performance. The third study by Kyndt et al. (2012), hypothesises that although intrinsic motivators can contribute to employee’s intention levels, satisfiers may make the inconvenience disappear but do not alter the employees’ intention or behaviours. The paper identifies gaps in knowledge that arise from these studies and further provides future research recommendations to understand employee motivation further. The essay provides gaps in the study of employee motivation for researchers in this field to explore further to contribute to knowledge in the field.
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Abokyi, Samuel Nana, Tigwe Salifu Jebuni, and Edward Salifu Mahama. "Anthropological Study of Indigenous Weapon Production Among the Anufor of Northern Ghana." European Journal of Development Studies 4, no. 3 (May 7, 2024): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejdevelop.2024.4.3.347.
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Weapon production and warfare are unavoidably linked, as the former is needed to prosecute the latter. It was essential for the protection of the ego and image of a group, and this urge was strong enough to plunge states into endless warfare. During pre-colonial times, West African states like the Dagomba, Gonja, Mamprusi, and allies, including the Anufor, were preoccupied with wars of expansion and consolidation of acquired territories. In most cases, these wars involved the seizure of territories, as the ownership of territories showed the extent of one’s power and influence. Several traditional armies were thus engaged in warfare to control territories and the resources therein, including trade routes and markets. The strength of an army partly depended largely on the efficacy and level of sophistication of their weapons. The Anufor, who were very efficient in the war enterprise as mercenaries, were equally efficient in producing various weapons, including physical handheld weapons, plant venom, and spirituality. This paper uses oral histories and traditions among the Anufor and their allies in Ghana and Togo, as well as archival sources. Critical analysis of relics of war accouterments and Arabic manuscripts at the Institute of African Studies, Legon, was enriching.
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Garges, Eric, June Early, Sandra Waggoner, Nazia Rahman, Dana Golden, Brian Agan, and Ann Jerse. "Biomedical Response to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections in the US Military." Military Medicine 184, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2019): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy431.
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ABSTRACT Introduction Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) continue to plague militaries and defense forces. While the historical recognition of the impact of STIs on operations is evident, contemporary surveillance and research activities are limited. As Neisseria gonorrhoeae and other sexually transmitted pathogens become increasingly resistant to antibiotics, the role of the Department of Defense (DoD) in disease surveillance and clinical research is essential to military Force Health Protection. Methods The Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program (IDCRP) of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences partnered with the DoD Global Emerging Infections Surveillance (GEIS) program to monitor the distribution of gonorrhea antimicrobial resistance (AMR) both domestically and abroad. The DoD gonococcal reference laboratory and repository was established in 2011 as a resource for confirmatory testing and advanced characterization of isolates collected from sites across the continental United States (CONUS) and GEIS-funded sites outside the continental United States (OCONUS). The IDCRP is currently implementing surveillance efforts at CONUS military clinics, including Madigan Army Medical Center, Naval Medical Center Camp Lejeune, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Naval Medical Center San Diego, and San Antonio Military Medical Center (efforts were also previously at Womack Army Medical Center). The reference laboratory and repository receives specimens from OCONUS collaborators, including Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS; Bangkok, Thailand), Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3), Ghana Detachment (Accra, Ghana), Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6; Lima, Peru), U.S. Army Medical Research Unit – Georgia (USAMRD-G; Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia), and U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate – Kenya (USAMRD-K; Nairobi, Kenya). The gonococcal surveillance program, to include findings, as well as associated clinical research efforts are described. Results Among N. gonorrhoeae isolates tested within the United States, 8% were resistant to tetracycline, 2% were resistant to penicillin, and 30% were resistant to ciprofloxacin. To date, only one of the 61 isolates has demonstrated some resistance (MIC=1 μg/ml) to azithromycin. No resistance to cephalosporins has been detected; however, reduced susceptibility (MIC=0.06–0.125 μg/ml) has been observed in 13% of isolates. Resistance is commonly observed in N. gonorrhoeae isolates submitted from OCONUS clinical sites, particularly with respect to tetracycline, penicillin, and ciprofloxacin. While no azithromycin-resistant isolates have been identified from OCONUS sites, reduced susceptibility (MIC=0.125–0.5 μg/ml) to azithromycin was observed in 23% of isolates. Conclusion Continued monitoring of circulating resistance patterns on a global scale is critical for ensuring appropriate treatments are prescribed for service members that may be infected in the U.S. or while deployed. Domestic surveillance for gonococcal AMR within the Military Health System has indicated that resistance patterns, while variable, are not dramatically different from what is seen in U.S. civilian data. Global patterns of gonococcal AMR have been described through the establishment of a central DoD gonococcal reference laboratory and repository. This repository of global isolates provides a platform for further research and development into biomedical countermeasures against gonococcal infections.
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Sulemana, Iddisah, and Ibrahim Issifu. "An empirical examination of the determinants of trust in Ghana." International Journal of Social Economics 42, no. 11 (November 2, 2015): 1005–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-03-2014-0060.
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Purpose – How trust affects political, social, and economic phenomena have been studied by scholars for many years. However, not many studies have examined what factors determine trust among people and trust in public institutions. There is particularly a dearth of research on trust in Ghana. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use data from the 2012 Afrobarometer Surveys to mimic four sets of variables that Alesina and La Ferrara (2002) find as significant determinants of trust – recent traumatic experiences, having been historically discriminated against, being economically unsuccessful, and living in a mixed community. The authors apply these variables to the Ghanaian context to explore how they affect generalized trust, trust in relatives, neighbors, and other people the respondent knows, as well as trust in six public institutions (i.e. The President, Parliament, Electoral Commission, Police, Army, and the Courts of Law). Findings – The authors find that trust among Ghanaians is generally low. Women are significantly less trusting of public institutions, although they do not trust people (e.g. relatives, neighbors, etc.) any less than men. Both people of the North and South are generally less trusting of public institutions compared to people of the Volta Region. The authors also find that, to a large extent, satisfaction with democracy and political affiliation are significantly correlated with trust in public institutions. Practical implications – Because trust is very crucial for political, economic, and social development, especially good governance, there is an urgent need for public policy interventions that could increase trust among Ghanaians. Originality/value – The authors provide a Ghanaian perspective on the determinants of trust.
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Bariw, Shaibu Abdul, Solace Kudadze, and William Adzawla. "Prevalence, effects and management of fall army worm in the Nkoranza South Municipality, Bono East region of Ghana." Cogent Food & Agriculture 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1800239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1800239.
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Norman, Ishmael. "The Right to Keep and Bear Arms, Ghana." Advances in Applied Sociology 08, no. 10 (2018): 668–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aasoci.2018.810040.
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Lucht, Hans. "The Long Homecoming." Migration and Society 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arms.2019.020106.
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This article discusses the challenge of returning home after years abroad from the perspective of Ghanaian labor migrants in northern Italy. It seeks to explore how Ghanaian migrants aft er years of hard work still find themselves fundamentally estranged from Italy and constantly must navigate day-to-day experiences of bigotry and discrimination in the workplace. Yet the migrants realize that returning home to Ghana is not as straightforward as they might have imagined when they set out, and how to protect advances upon returning to a home country that has changed rapidly during their years in Italy is a recurring subject of concern. Based on ethnographic vignettes, the article will explore West African migrants’ everyday struggles in Italy’s segregated and crisis-hit labor market.
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Tetteh, Joshua, Nancy Darkoa Darko, Chrissie Stansie Abaidoo, and Thomas Diby. "Height Estimation using Arm Span as a Proxy among Ghanaians." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 9, no. 2.2 (May 11, 2021): 7984–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2021.120.
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Height is an important anthropometric tool and most popular characteristic parameter employed in human identification. However, body height cannot always be ascertained by direct measurement due to various deformities of the extremities in patients with injuries. There is accumulating evidence to demonstrate the use of arm span measurements in the estimation of height but there is very little information on the use of arm span measurements in Ghana. Therefore, this study sought to determine the relationship between height, arm span and sex as well as the correlational efficiency of using arm span as a surrogate for height. This cross-sectional study recruited 716 participants [328 males and 388 females] aged 18 to 30 years. Ethical approval and informed participant consent were sought. Male participants were taller and had wider arm span than the females with a statistically significant value [p < 0.001]. The results also showed that, the mean arm span measurement was higher than the mean height measurement with values of males [arm span: 180.57 cm; height: 170.79 cm] and females [arm span: 168.60 cm; height: 161.19 cm]. There was a statistically significant strong positive correlation [p < 0.001] between the arm span and height in the male, female and pooled sample with “r” values of 0.815, 0.788 and 0.873 respectively. Sex-specific equations to predict height from arm span measurements among Ghanaians were established. This study has developed sex specific equations to predict height from arm span measurements and has proved that arm span can effectively predict height using regression equations. KEY WORDS: Height, Arm Span, Ghana, Identification, Forensic, Anthropometry.
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ADENUGA, Asimiyu Olayinka, and Ahmed Olawale MOLIKI. "THE TALIBAN AND THE COLLAPSE OF GHANI’S GOVERNMENT AFGHANISTAN: LESSONS FOR NIGERIA." Caleb Journal of Social and Management Science 07, no. 02 (December 24, 2022): 119–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26772/cjsms2022070206.
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Following the American invasion and the ouster of the Taliban regime from Afghanistan in the wake of September 11 terrorist attack on the US, the American government poured trillions of dollars into the country to build democracy, and the army, to provide security for the country. However, the assistance was unable to bring to an end the friable nature of the state of Afghanistan under the Ghani government. Why was this so? Using the historical method and state fragility framework as a tool of analysis, the paper examined the factors that led to the collapse of the government under Ashraf Ghani, and the lessons it portrays for Nigeria, which is locked in a war with Boko Haram that shares similar fundamentalist ideology with the Taliban. The paper revealed several frailties that occasioned fragility of the Afghan state and the fall of Ghani’s government: factionalised elite, gargantuan corruption, a distraught and highly demoralised army, fast decaying public service, and impunity of American forces. Among the statecraft nuggets that Nigeria should learn to avoid similar experience, as suggested in the paper, include the need to urgently and sincerely address fragility issues in the country: corruption and insecurity, with unimpeachable carrot-and-stick approach in dealing with Boko Haram insurgency, among others.
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Samuel, Marfo, Musah Halidu, and Mohammed Hamza. "Beyond arms investment: Interrogating the silent drivers of protracted chieftaincy conflicts in Ghana." African Journal of Political Science and International Relations 16, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajpsir2021.1371.
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Ibn, Saeed, A. S., E. Wahaga, and G. Yankey. "Corruption under a microscope, a Ghana perspective." International Journal of Development and Management Review 18, no. 1 (October 17, 2023): 100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijdmr.v18i1.7.
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Corruption is a global issue and a challenge in Ghana, however in the last few years, it has taken over aspects of the Ghanaian society, from government, public and private sectors, and creating a negative impact on all governance arrangement and performance in Ghana. The prevalence of corruption points to a humongous dishonesty in the Ghanaian society. Some causes of corruption in Ghana are political monetization, low level of literacy, non-enforcement of relevant laws, bureaucracy, and fusing of duties among the arms of governance. Corruption retards economic development and growth, moral degeneration, reduces confidence in government Institutions, Product and poor execution of government projects and contracts. “Perceived” corruption by religious leaders has adversely affected people’s faith in God. Progressively, successive governments have tried to tackle corruption by the introduction of legislation; attempted selective prosecution of persons culpable of corruption; digitizing services, to reduce the interface of humans in service delivery mechanism, but all these have had limited success due to political interferences and selectivity of application. The watchful eyes of Civil and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and world bodies such as the World Bank, United Nations, and Transparency International have all helped in minimizing the impact of corruption to various degrees. The decision to fight corruption is an exceptional one justified by exceptional circumstances. Ghanaians need to make disciplined efforts to produce fundamental decisions that shape and guide how and what they do to fight corruption. Reports from government, NGOs and international bodies were searched and selected according to their relevance to the subject under study and analysed to write this paper. The objective of this paper is therefore to make an exhaustive analysis of corruption in Ghana.
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Pathak, Professor Bishnu. "A Comparative Study of World’s Truth Commissions —From Madness to Hope." World Journal of Social Science Research 4, no. 3 (June 29, 2017): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v4n3p192.
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<em>The objective of this paper is to explore the initiatives and practices of different countries in truth seeking. Many countries during the post-conflict, colonial, slavery, anarchical and cultural genocide periods establish the Truth Commissions to respond to the past human wrongdoings: crimes and crimes against humanity. Enforced Disappearances (ED), killings, rapes and inhumane tortures are wrongdoings. Truth Commission applies the method of recovering silences from the victims for structured testimonies. The paper is prepared based on the victim-centric approach. The purpose reveals the piecemeal fact-findings to heal the past, reconcile the present and protect the future. The study covers more than 50 Commissions in a chronological order: beginning from Uganda in 1974 and concluding to Nepal in February 2015. Two Commissions in Uruguay were formed to find-out enforced disappearances. Colombian and Rwandan Commissions have established permanent bodies. The Liberian TRC threatened the government to submit its findings to the ICC if the government failed to establish an international tribunal. The Commissions of Bolivia, Ecuador, Haiti, former Yugoslavia and Zimbabwe were disbanded, and consequently, their reports could not be produced. No public hearings were conducted in Argentina and former Yugoslavia. It is noted that only 8 public hearings in Ghana, 8 national hearings in East-Timor and 15 in Brazil were conducted. Moroccan Commission held public hearings after signing the bond paper for not to disclose the names of the perpetrators whereas Guatemala did not include the perpetrators’ names in the report. The Shining Path’s activists are serving sentences based on civil-anti-terrorist court, but Alberto Fujimori is convicted for 25 years. Chadian Commission worked even against illicit narcotics trafficking. The UN established its Commissions in Sierra Leon, El Salvador and East-Timor, but failed to restore normalcy in Kosovo. Haiti prosecuted 50 perpetrators whereas Guatemala prosecuted its former military dictator. The Philippines’ Commission had limited investigation jurisdiction over army, but treated the insurgents differently. In El Salvador, the State security forces were responsible for 85 percent and the non-state actors for 15 percent similar to CIEDP, Nepal. The TRCs of Argentina, East-Timor, Guatemala, Morocco, Peru and South Africa partially succeeded. Large numbers of victims have failed to register the complaints fearing of possible actions. All perpetrators were controversially granted amnesty despite the TRC recommendation in South Africa. The victims and people still blamed Mandela that he sold out black people’s struggle. Ironically, the perpetrators have received justice, but the victims are further victimized. As perpetrator-centric Government prioritizes cronyism, most of the Commissioners defend their respective institution and individuals. Besides, perpetrators influence Governments on the formation of Truth Commission for ‘forgetting the victims to forgive the perpetrators’. A commission is a Court-liked judicial and non-judicial processes body, but without binding authority except Sierra Leone. Transitional Justice body exists with a five-pillar policy: truth, justice, healing, prosecution and reparation. It has a long neglected history owing to anarchical roles of the perpetrators and weak-poor nature of the victims. Almost all TRCs worked in low budget, lack of officials, inadequate laws and regulations, insufficient infrastructures and constraints of moral supports including Liberia, Paraguay, Philippines, South Africa, Uganda and Nepal. The perpetrators controlled Governments ordered to destroy documents, evidences and testimonies in their chain of command that could have proven guilty to them.</em>
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Amponsah, S. K., Dominic Otoo, and C. A. K. Todoko. "Time series analysis of water consumption in the Hohoe municipality of the Volta region, Ghana." International Journal of Applied Mathematical Research 4, no. 2 (May 18, 2015): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijamr.v4i2.3629.
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<p>Water is considered as a lifeline of all living things, especially humans; hence its availability is a critical component in the measurement of human wellbeing through the Human Development Index (HDI). Its production and distribution in Ghana, particularly in the Hohoe Municipality of the Volta Region is a challenge. This study seeks to identify the best-fit time series model to the water consumption data in the Hohoe Municipality and to forecast water consumption in the Municipality. This underpins the development of a time-series model for forecasting water consumption levels of the residents, institutions and businesses in the municipality. Several time series models, including AR, MA, ARMA, ARIMA and SARIMA were fitted to the data, and it emerged that the most adequate model for the data was ARIMA (2, 1, and 2). The model was then used to forecast the consumption for the next four years, to advise Ghana Water Company Limited in the municipality to meet the demand of the people.</p>
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Ajayi, Kehinde F., Willa H. Friedman, and Adrienne M. Lucas. "The Importance of Information Targeting for School Choice." American Economic Review 107, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 638–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20171131.
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Although school choice programs are common, we know little about the underlying decision-making processes. In this study, we randomly assigned 900 junior high schools in Ghana, a country with universal secondary school choice, to 1 of 3 treatment arms: (1) information to students, (2) information to students and guardians, and (3) control group. We observe changes in beliefs, behaviors, and the decision maker's identity through a survey of guardians. Our intervention increased the likelihood that guardians were involved with and informed about the school selection process. Moreover, specifically targeting guardians led to significantly larger changes for most outcomes.
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Fiamma, Maura, Silvia S. Longoni, Emmanuel E. Siddig, Sonia Attene, Vito Astone, Antonio Nicoletti, Bianca Paglietti, et al. "Multi-parasite infection in an immigrant from Ghana: potential for new epidemic foci." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 14, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): 1344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.13151.
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Introduction: Imported parasitosis, which do not require an invertebrate vector, are extremely dangerous and can lead to the occurrence of disease in currently parasite free areas. In the present study we report a case of multi-parasitic infection in a young immigrant from Ghana to Italy caused by filaria, Schistosoma sp. and Strongyloides sp.
Case presentation: A 27-year-old Ghanaian man attended the Hospital of Nuoro (Sardinia), Italy, at the end of August 2015, claiming pain to the kidney and hypertensive crisis; the patient presented with dyspnea and epistaxis, chronic itchy skin of the back, shoulders, arms and legs, anuria and high creatinine, metabolic acidosis and hypereosinophilic syndrome. Serological test for parasitic infections were done, and showed a marked positivity for filaria, Schistosoma sp. and Strongyloides sp. The patient started the treatment immediately with two doses per day of Bassado Antibiotic (tetracycline) for twenty days and then with a single dose of 3 mg of ivermectin that was repeated after 3 months.
Conclusions: Immigrant patients from endemic areas who show clinical signs, such as a general itching on the back, shoulders and arms and legs, should have a thorough history in order to make early diagnosis and prevent further complications. Therefore, general practitioners and doctors in Europe and in other parasitosis non-endemic countries, should consider to test for parasites in any immigrant from endemic countries to aid in establishing the final diagnosis and prevent further complications.
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Oduro, Abraham R., Samuel Chatio, Emmanuel Ayamba, Thomas Anyorigiya, Fred Binka, and Lucas Amenga-Etego. "Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the routine treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Northern Ghana." International Journal of Clinical Trials 7, no. 1 (January 24, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3259.ijct20200200.
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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine is a first line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in Ghana. A facility-based study was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of the treatment in the routine health care system.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The study was undertaken at the Navrongo demographic surveillance area. Patients presenting with acute febrile illness were enrolled after informed consented and confirmation by microscopy. Patients were randomized into supervised group who received treatment under direct observation and unsupervised group which had only the first treatment given under supervision. Treatment was according to bodyweight and 42 days follow-up was undertaken.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 194 patients were enrolled; 54.1% were females and 51% had supervised treatment. The median age and weight were 6.7 years and 20.0 kg respectively. Mean baseline temperature, haemoglobin concentration and parasite density were, 37.6 <sup>o</sup>C, 11.1 g/dl and 11,098 parasites per microliter of blood respectively. Study completion rate was 93.3%, day 42 polymerase chain reaction-unadjusted adequate clinical and parasitological responses rate (ACPR) was 93.4% by evaluable and 87.1 % by intention-to-treat (ITT). The day 42 ACPR by evaluable was 92.3% in the supervised arm compared to 94.4% in the unsupervised arm. The day 42 ACPR by ITT was 85.7% in the supervised and 88.5% in the unsupervised arms. The fever resolution and haemoglobin concentration changes for the two arms were similar.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results show that dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine is effective and good first-line antimalarial in the routine health delivery system.</p>
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Mazov, Sergey Vasilyevich. "USSR and the 1966 Coup d’État in Ghana: Based on Materials from Russian Archives." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 20, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 619–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-3-619-633.
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The article investigates the role of Soviet experts and diplomats in conceiving the economic policy of the government of Kwame Nkrumah and in elaborating a seven-year development plan for Ghana (1963-1970). Drawing on extensive documents from Russian archives, the author proved that the USSR Ambassador to Ghana had recommended Soviet economic recipes to President Kwame Nkrumah, ignoring Ghanaian realities and opportunities, - the introduction of a planned economy, the nationalization of large enterprises and banks, the establishment of state control over the main industries, and the creation of collective farms in the countryside. K. Nkrumah believed that with the assistance of the Soviet Union, Ghana would be able to successfully repeat its experience of rapid industrialization. The attempts to implement an unfeasible program have brought the economy of Ghana to the brink of collapse. Soviet economic and financial aid turned out to be ineffective. Most joint ventures remained costly long-term constructions due to errors in planning and supply. The economic collapse and falling living standards of the population ensured the success of the military coup on February 24, 1966 to a large extent. The leadership of the USSR faced a difficult dilemma. In the name of publicly declared values, ideological principles of the Soviet foreign policy, the military-police junta that ousted K. Nkrumah should not be recognized. Pragmatic interests (repayment of loans, retaining profitable bilateral trade, the ability to complete the construction of joint facilities) required the maintaining of relations with the junta. The author found that the reaction of the Soviet Union to the military coup was not consistent. At first, it was decided not to recognize the reactionary, pro-Western regime and to help K. Nkrumah regain power by force of arms. A Soviet ship was sent to the shores of West Africa with a cargo of weapons for his supporters. Soon the ship was recalled, and full-scale relations with the new regime were restored. Pragmatism has become superior over ideology reflecting a change in the Soviet African policy after a series of setbacks there.
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Agyeman, Lawrence Opoku. "Understanding the causes and dynamics of conflicts in Ghana: Insights from Bawku Traditional Area." Ghana Journal of Development Studies 18, no. 2 (November 3, 2021): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjds.v18i2.5.
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A Conflict can be resolved when there is an adequate understanding of its causes. The objective of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the contributory factors of the Bawku chieftaincy conflict as a case study and explore the lasting solutions to the conflict which contributes to the political, cultural, and socio-economic development. The study surveyed 200 householders using systematic and snow-balling in five spatial locations in the Bawku Traditional Area. Subsequently, face-to-face interviews were conducted with the Traditional Authorities, the Police, and the Belim-Wusa Development Agency to verify the claims made in the survey and to obtain further insights into the conflict. The responses obtained from the interviews were analyzed for patterns and themes and used as narratives in the work. The geographical location and socio-economic activities such as population growth, farming, and poverty have made the Bawku Traditional Area more prone to persistent conflicts. Again, other contributory factors included; political interference, freedom from fear, a proliferation of small arms, and inadequate access to social services. The empirical findings support the proposition that political interventions sowed the seed of the Bawku conflict. The study recommended that the National Peace Council should organize a workshop to educate the political parties on the need to stay away from chieftaincy matters.
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Geisler, Gisela. "Fair? What Has Fairness Got to Do with It? Vagaries of Election Observations and Democratic Standards." Journal of Modern African Studies 31, no. 4 (December 1993): 613–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00012271.
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The observation and monitoring of elections and referenda has become a ‘growth business’ in Africa since external and internal pressures have forced the leaders of one-party states to test their political legitimacy. The closely monitored 1991 presidential and parliamentary elections in Zambia heralded the first peaceful transition from a single to a multi-party system of governance with a change of leadership in English-speaking Africa. It marked the beginning of an era of confidence in the possibilities of democratic change, and confirmed the positive influence that international observers can have on such processes. Their presence was henceforth considered an essential pre-condition for acceptable transitional multi-party elections. The hopes that Zambia would indeed ‘set a standard for Africa’, and offer encouragement to nascent democratic movements on the continent have, however, remained elusive. More recent elections have been replete with controversy, intimidations, and violence. Despite being certified to varying degrees as free and fair by observers, the losers have contested the results—in Angola with arms, in Kenya and Ghana with threatened and actual boycotts.
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Lori, Jody R., John E. O. Williams, Vida A. Kukula, Veronica E. A. Apetorgbor, Elizabeth A. Awini, Georgina Amankwah, Ruth Zielinski, Nancy Lockhart, Katherine H. James, and Cheryl A. Moyer. "Group Antenatal Care in Ghana: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial." JMIR Research Protocols 11, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): e40828. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/40828.
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Background While group antenatal care (ANC) has been delivered and studied in high-income countries for over a decade, it has only recently been introduced as an alternative to individual care in sub-Saharan Africa. Although the experimental design of the studies from high-resource countries have been scientifically rigorous, findings cannot be generalized to low-resource countries with low literacy rates and high rates of maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality. The Group Antenatal Care Delivery Project (GRAND) is a collaboration between the University of Michigan in the United States and the Dodowa Health Research Centre in Ghana. GRAND is a 5-year, cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT). Our intervention—group ANC—consists of grouping women by similar gestational ages of pregnancy into small groups at the first ANC visit. They then meet with the same group and the same midwife at the recommended intervals for care. Objective This study aims to improve health literacy, increase birth preparedness and complication readiness, and optimize maternal and newborn outcomes among women attending ANC at seven rural health facilities in the Eastern Region of Ghana. Methods Quantitative data will be collected at four time points using a secure web application for data collection and a database management tool. Data will be analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis to test the differences between the two arms: women randomized to group-based ANC and women randomized to routine individual ANC. We will conduct a process evaluation concurrently to identify and document patient, provider, and system barriers and facilitators to program implementation. Results The study was funded in September 2018. Recruitment and enrollment of participants and data collection started in July 2019. In November 2021, we completed participant enrollment in the study (n=1761), and we completed data collection at the third trimester in May 2022 (n=1284). Data collection at the additional three time points is ongoing: 6 weeks postpartum, 6 months postpartum, and 1 year postpartum. Conclusions This study is significant and timely because it is among the first RCTs to be conducted to examine the effects of group ANC among low-literacy and nonliterate participants. Our findings have the potential to impact how clinical care is delivered to low-literacy populations, both globally and domestically, to improve maternal and newborn outcomes. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04033003; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04033003 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/40828
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Harding, Kassandra, Rafael Pérez-Escamilla, Grace Carroll, Richmond Aryeetey, and Opeyemi Lasisi. "Four Dissemination Pathways for a Social Media–Based Breastfeeding Campaign: Evaluation of the Impact on Key Performance Indicators." JMIR Nursing 2, no. 1 (September 26, 2019): e14589. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14589.
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Background Social media utilization is on the rise globally, and the potential of social media for health behavior campaigns is widely recognized. However, as the landscape of social media evolves, so do techniques used to optimize campaign dissemination. Objective The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of 4 material dissemination paths for a breastfeeding social media marketing campaign in Ghana on exposure and engagement with campaign material. Methods Campaign materials (n=60) were posted to a Facebook and Twitter campaign page over 12 weeks (ie, baseline). The top 40 performing materials were randomized to 1 of 4 redissemination arms (control simply posted on each platform, key influencers, random influencers, and paid advertisements). Key performance indicator data (ie, exposure and engagement) were extracted from both Facebook and Twitter 2 days after the material was posted. A difference-in-difference model was used to examine the impact of the dissemination paths on performance. Results At baseline, campaign materials received an average (SD) exposure of 1178 (670) on Facebook and 1071 (905) on Twitter (n=60). On Facebook, materials posted with paid advertisements had significantly higher exposure and engagement compared with the control arm (P<.001), and performance of materials shared by either type of influencer did not differ significantly from the control arm. No differences in Twitter performance were detected across arms. Conclusions Paid advertisements are an effective mechanism to increase exposure and engagement of campaign posts on Facebook, which was achieved at a low cost.
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Levine, Gillian, Amadu Salifu, Issah Mohammed, and Günther Fink. "Mobile nudges and financial incentives to improve coverage of timely neonatal vaccination in rural areas (GEVaP trial): A 3-armed cluster randomized controlled trial in Northern Ghana." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): e0247485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247485.
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Background Despite progress in vaccination coverage, timeliness of childhood vaccination remains a challenge in many settings. We aimed to assess if mobile phone-based reminders and incentives to health workers and caregivers could increase timely neonatal vaccination in a rural, low-resource setting. Methods We conducted an open-label cluster randomized controlled 1:1:1 trial with three arms in 15 communities in Northern Ghana. Communities were randomized to 1) a voice call reminder intervention; 2) a community health volunteer (CHV) intervention with incentivized rewards; 3) control. In the voice call reminder arm, a study staff member made voice calls to mothers shortly after birth to encourage vaccination and provide personalized information about available vaccination services. In the incentive arm, CHVs promoted infant vaccination and informed women with recent births about available vaccination opportunities. Both CHVs and women were provided small monetary incentives for on-time early infant vaccination in this arm, delivered using mobile phone-based banking applications. No study activities were conducted in control communities. A population-based survey compared vaccination coverage across arms in the pre-intervention and intervention periods. The primary endpoint was completion of at least one dose of Polio vaccine within 14 days of life and BCG vaccination within 28 days of life. Results Six-hundred ninety births were identified; 106, 88, and 88 from pre-intervention and 150, 135, and 123 in the intervention period, in the control, voice call reminder and CHV incentive arms, respectively. In adjusted intent-to-treat analysis, voice call reminders were associated with 10.5 percentage point (95% CI: 4.0, 17.1) higher coverage of on-time vaccination, while mobile phone-based incentives were associated with 49.5 percentage point (95% CI: 26.4, 72.5) higher coverage. Conclusion Community-based interventions using mobile phone technologies can improve timely early vaccination coverage. A CHV approach with incentives to community workers and caregivers was a more effective strategy than voice call reminders. The impact of vaccination “nudges” via voice calls may be constrained in settings where network coverage and phone ownership are limited. Trial registration This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT03797950.
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Ghani, Rohani, and Muhamad Saleh Tajuddin. "G30S/PKI 1965 DAN TRAGEDI LUBANG BUAYA: SEBUAH TRILOGI[THE G30S/PKI 1965 AND LUBANG BUAYA TRAGEDY: A TRILOGY]." Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol2iss2pp295-305.
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This article discusses a blood shed disaster which took place on 30th September 1969 - the kidnapping and murdering of six Generals of Indonesian Army or Tentera Nasional Indonesia (TNI) at Lubang Buaya (Malay for Crocodile Well). The incident is known as the Tragedy Lubang Buaya 1965. Lubang Buaya is located at Pondok Gede Jakarta, which became a place for disposal of the dead bodies. The place was also used as a military training centre of the Indonesian Communist Party (Parti Komunis Indonesia ─ PKI). The PKI Army was not not only joined by men but also women who proclaimed themselves as Women Indonesian Movement (Gerakan Wanita Indonesia-Gerwani). Tragedy Lubang Buaya receives a wide coverage by international and local press since the time of the tragedy till today. Even though the incident took place more than 50 years ago, there are various accounts of the incident which result in controversies in the modern society. Employing a historical approach, this study used primary sources from British official records as the main data. It is hoped that this paper will provide a genuine account of the incident thus resolves the controversies related to the incident.Keywords: Indonesian Army, Indonesian Communist Party, 30 September Movement, Tragedy Lubang Buaya, Women Indonesian MovementCite as: Ghani, R. & Tajuddin, M.S. (2017). G30S/PKI 1965 dan tragedi Lubang Buaya: Sebuah trilogi [The G30S/PKI 1965 and Lubang Buaya tragedy: A trilogy]. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(2), 295-305. AbstrakArtikel ini membincangkan mengenai peristiwa berdarah di dinihari 30 September 1965 iaitu penculikan dan pembunuhan enam orang pemerintah tertinggi Angkatan Tentera Nasional Indonesia (TNI) di sumur Lubang Buaya. Peristiwa ini terkenal dengan panggilan Tragedi Sumur Lubuk Buaya 1965. Lokasi Lubang Buaya yang terletak di Pondok Gede, Jakarta menjadi tempat pembuangan mayat enam orang pemimpin tertinggi tentera Indonesia yang menjadi korban Gerakan 30 September 1965. Ia juga merupakan pusat latihan Parti Komunis Indonesia (PKI). Pasukan ini bukan sahaja terdiri daripada kaum lelaki, malah pasukan wanita yang menggelarkan diri mereka sebagai anggota Gerakan Wanita Indonesia. Peristiwa ini mendapat liputan meluas dari media antarabangsa dan tempatan sejak selepas kejadian sehingga kini. Meskipun selepas 50 tahun peristiwa ini berlaku, terdapat pelbagai versi cerita mengenai peristiwa ini dari pelbagai pihak yang mengundang pelbagai kontroversi. Artikel ini menggunakan pendekatan sejarah manakala bahan-bahan rujukan terdiri daripada sumber primer yang terdiri daripada rekod-rekod rasmi kerajaan British. Diharapkan artikel ini dapat menyelesaikan kontroversi berkaitan tragedi ini. Kata Kunci: Angkatan Tentera Nasional Indonesia, Tragedi Sumur Lubuk Buaya, Parti Komunis Indonesia, Gerakan 30 September 1965, Gerakan Wanita Indonesia
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Alemu, Mohammed Hussen, Afton Halloran, Søren Bøye Olsen, Jacob Paarechuga Anankware, Philip Nyeko, Monica Ayieko, Evans Nyakeri, et al. "Promoting insect farming and household consumption through agricultural training and nutrition education in Africa: A study protocol for a multisite cluster-randomized controlled trial." PLOS ONE 18, no. 7 (July 19, 2023): e0288870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288870.
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Background Edible insects are a sustainable source of high-quality animal protein. Insect farming is gaining interest globally, particularly in low-income countries, where it may provide substantial nutritional and economic benefits. To enhance insect farming practices in Africa, new farming systems are being developed. However, knowledge on how to best promote uptake of these systems is lacking. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating the effectiveness of educational interventions in promoting insect farming for household consumption in Africa. Method The study is designed as a multi-site randomized controlled trial to evaluate the impacts of agricultural training alone or in combination with nutrition education on the adoption of insect farming in Ghana, Kenya and Uganda. In each of the three countries, ninety-nine villages are randomly assigned to one of three arms: two intervention arms and a control arm with no interventions. Focusing on production (P), the first intervention arm covers agricultural training on insect farming combined with provision of insect production starter kits. Focusing on both production and consumption (PC), the second intervention arm involves the same intervention components as treatment P plus additional nutrition education. The impacts of the interventions are measured by comparing baseline and endline data collected one year apart. Primary outcomes are adoption of insect farming and consumption of the farmed insects. Discussion Understanding the drivers and impacts of novel agricultural practices is crucial for transitioning to sustainable food systems. The current project is the first to investigate how educational interventions promote insect farming for household consumption in low-income countries. The results will contribute evidence-based knowledge to support sustainable development through insect farming in Africa. Trial registration The protocol is registered in the American Economic Association registry for randomized control trials with registration number AEARCTR-0009996. Initial registration date: 02 September 2022, last updated 17 May 2023.
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Nelson, LaRon E., Laura Nyblade, Kwasi Torpey, Carmen H. Logie, Han-Zhu Qian, Adom Manu, Emma Gyamerah, et al. "Multi-level intersectional stigma reduction intervention to increase HIV testing among men who have sex with men in Ghana: Protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 29, 2021): e0259324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259324.
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Background Men with have sex with men (MSM) in Africa face high levels of stigma due to elevated HIV exposure (actual or perceived), same-sex practices, and gender non-conformity. These stigmas are documented barriers to HIV prevention and treatment. Most stigma-reduction interventions have focused on single-level targets (e.g., health care facility level [HCF]) and addressed one type of stigma (e.g., HIV), without engaging the multiple intersecting stigmas that MSM encounter. Determining the feasibility and acceptability of multi-level intervention of reducing intersectional stigma and estimating its efficacy on increasing HIV testing are needed. Methods We proposed a mixed method study among MSM in Ghana. First, we will develop the intervention protocol using the Convergence Framework, which combines three interventions that were previously implemented separately in Ghana for reducing stigma at the HCF-level, increasing HIV testing at the peer group-level, and increasing peer social support at the individual-level. Then, we will conduct a cluster randomized controlled trial with four pairs of HCFs matched on staff size. HCFs within each pair are randomized to the HCF-level stigma-reduction intervention or control arm. MSM (n = 216) will be randomized to receive the group-level and individual-level interventions or standard of care control arm. MSM will be assigned to receive HIV testing at one of the HCFs that match their study assignment (intervention or control facility). The frequency of HIV testing between MSM in the study arms at 3 and 6 months will be compared, and the predictors of HIV testing uptake at the HCF, peer group and individual-levels will be assessed using multi-level regression models. Discussion These findings from this study will provide important evidence to inform a hybrid implementation-effectiveness trial of a public health intervention strategy for increasing HIV case detection among key populations in sub-Saharan African communities. Accurate information on HIV prevalence can facilitate epidemic control through more precise deployment of public health measures aimed at HIV treatment and viral load suppression, which eliminates risk of transmission. Trial registration This study was prospectively registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT04108078, on September 27, 2019.
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Yaokumah, W. Yaokumah. "A Contextual Model Towards Understanding Information Technology Governance: Principles, Structure & Mechanisms." Pentvars Business Journal 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.62868/pbj.v10i2.134.
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Although the board of directors and top executives depend on information technology (IT) to achieve strategic and operational goals and to meet legal and regulatory compliance requirements, IT governance is often not well understood by the board of directors and top executive management. The intent of this paper is to provide guidelines and understanding of the context of IT governance to organizational leaders. The study employs a qualitative examination of peer-reviewed journals, published documents, and IT practitioner sources containing IT standards and frameworks to (1) identify, classify and discuss the high-level view of the inter-related components of IT governance, and (2) develop a contextual model of IT governance. The contextual model integrates corporate governance theories, IT governance mechanisms, and IT governance domains. The strength of this model is its simplicity, which is devoid of complexities that normally confound the boards of directors and top executives when implementing IT governance. Therefore, the model provides guidance to the top executives and IT leaders the choices to initiate IT governance according to governance principles, IT governance mechanisms, statutory and regulatory compliance, and standard IT governance practices. The study recommends that the Government of Ghana should set up an IT governing board to guide the various arms of government as well as organizations and institutions that aim to strengthen their IT governance.
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Yanney, Henry Ekow, Kwaku Asah-Opoku, Mumuni Kareem, Samuel Antwi Oppong, Frank Odame, Nii Okai-Kwei Amartey, and Ali Samba. "Comparison Of Effectiveness Of Counselling Only, Suppository Diclofenac And Lidocaine Spray At Intrauterine Device Insertion In A Tertiary Hospital In Ghana." Postgraduate Medical Journal of Ghana 12, no. 2 (September 22, 2023): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.60014/pmjg.v12i2.303.
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Objective: Perception of pain at IUD insertion is one of the main barriers of its uptake. Several pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions have been studied but currently there is no consensus on the pain management at IUD insertion. The study aim was to compare the effectiveness of counselling only, 10% lidocaine spray of the cervix and 100mg suppository diclofenac in reducing pain at IUD insertion. Methodology: A prospective study of 99 respondents were randomized into 3 study arms; suppository diclofenac, lidocaine spray and counselling only in a ratio of 1:1:1. All participants had a baseline counselling: while those in the diclofenac arm were given 100mg diclofenac suppository 30 minutes before the procedure, those in the 10% lidocaine spray arm were given 4 pumps on the cervix before the insertion. A 10cm- Visual Analog Scale was used to assess the pain experienced during and after IUD insertion. Chi-square test, one-way ANOVA and a Post-Hoc test were used for the statistical analysis. P value of < 0.05 and confidence interval of 95% were used. Results: Suppository diclofenac was superior to counselling only at speculum insertion, tenaculum application, uterine sounding, IUD placement, immediately and 5 minutes after procedure. Lidocaine spray of the cervix was also superior to counselling only throughout the procedure and up to 4 hours post procedure. Lidocaine spray of the cervix was superior to suppository diclofenac at 5 minutes and 4 hours after procedure. Conclusion: Lidocaine spray (10%) of cervix is more effective compared to 100mg Diclofenac Sodium and Counselling only in reducing pain at IUD insertion.
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Ephraim, Richard K. D. "Effect of prolonged venostasis on lipid profile parameters among apparently healthy University students: A case-control study in Ghana." Annals of Medical Laboratory Science 1, no. 1 (March 20, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.51374/annalsmls.2021.1.1.0016.
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Background: The effect of prolonged tourniquet application on lipid profile parameters (total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c)) among healthy students in the University of Cape Coast was assessed in this study. Methods: A total of 30 participants were sampled and venous blood was taken from both arms at different duration of tourniquet application. Blood was allowed to clot, centrifuged and serum separated and stored until assay. Lipid profile parameters were measured using the enzymatic techniques with the aid of a spectrophotometer. Lipid parameters were expressed in mmol/L. The relationship between the concentrations was analyzed using GraphPad Prism version 6.0. Results: The mean serum levels of total cholesterol and HDL-c were significantly (p<0.05) elevated after long duration (13.44±2.40 s) of tourniquet application compared to short duration (11.20±0.38 s) of tourniquet application. Despite the fact that the serum levels of triglyceride and LDL-c increased after long duration of tourniquet application compared to short duration, the difference was not significant (p>0.05). There was significant % mean differences of 7.0% (p<0.0001) and 11.2% (p=0.0082) in the concentrations of total cholesterol and HDL-c respectively following prolonged tourniquet application of 120-180 s. A significant increase of up to 7% (5.01±0.04, 5.352±0.05, p<0.0001) and 11% (2.41±0.07, 2.674±0.07, p=0.0082) in the concentrations of total cholesterol and HDL-c respectively was also recorded. Conclusion: Prolonged venostasis has a direct effect on the concentration of serum total cholesterol and HDL-c but not triglyceride and LDL-c. Nonapplication of tourniquet in patients with prominent veins, the application of standardized external pressure as well the early release of tourniquet after needle insertion in the vein should be followed during sample taking for lipid profile. Annals of Medical Laboratory Science (2021) 1(1), 1 - 7
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Okyere, Charles Yaw, Evita Hanie Pangaribowo, and Nicolas Gerber. "Household Water Quality Testing and Information: Identifying Impacts on Health Outcomes and Sanitation- and Hygiene-Related Risk-Mitigating Behaviors." Evaluation Review 43, no. 6 (November 11, 2019): 370–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193841x19885204.
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Background: In 2014, a group of 512 households in multipurpose water systems and also relying on unimproved water, sanitation, and hygiene practices in the Greater Accra region of Ghana were randomly selected to participate in water quality self-testing and also receipt of information in the form of handouts on how to improve water quality. Objectives and Research Design: Using a cluster-randomized controlled design, we study the health, sanitation, and hygiene behavior impacts of the household water quality testing and information experiment. Subjects: The study has three arms: (1) adult household members, (2) schoolgoing children, and (3) control group. Measures: The study measures the effects on handwashing with soap, cleanliness of households, and prevalence of diarrhea and self-reported fever. We also address impacts on child health and nutrition outcomes, particularly diarrhea and anthropometric outcomes. Results: We show that there is high household willingness to participate in this intervention on water quality self-testing. About 7 months after households took part in the intervention, the study finds little impacts on health outcomes and on sanitation- and hygiene-related risk-mitigating behaviors, regardless of the intervention group, either schoolchildren or adult household members. Impacts (direction and extent) are rather homogeneous for most of the outcomes across treatment groups. Conclusions: The study discusses the implications of the findings and also offers several explanations for the lack of transmission of impacts from the household water quality testing and information intervention on health outcomes and on sanitation and hygiene behaviors.
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Sayibu, Mahama Seth. "Military Propaganda and Disinformation: How Issah Mobila’s Murder was Spun in the Media." Journal of Communication 4, no. 1 (April 15, 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jcomm.1241.
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Purpose: The study investigates the use of propaganda in the media by Ghana’s military in the media coverage of the murder of Issah Mobila in military custody in Ghana’s northern town of Tamale. Mobila was murdered in 2004 by the military after his arrest by the civil police with an allegation of possession of arms that he intended to use to cause post-election violence in Tamale. Even though the military earlier denied the murder, an autopsy report confirmed that the deceased was murdered in military custody. A military inquiry report indicted some seven soldiers, two of whom were later jailed by a Fast Track High Court in Accra.
Methodology: The study employed qualitative research design to generate data through interviews. Internet sources and published works on military brutalities of civilians in Africa were also used. Local media coverage of the event was extensive and radio phone-in programmes witnessed condemnation and anger from the people regarding the manner Mobila was tortured and killed in military custody.
Findings: The study found that the military command in Tamale deployed propaganda techniques in order to evade responsibility for the death of Mobila in its custody. It also found that local media coverage of the event was biased and did not conform with the tenets of objectivity.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The study which is the first on propaganda and military murder of a civilian in military custody in Ghana recommended the training of journalists in detecting propaganda frames in reporting so as to obviate biased reportage in conflict situations.
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Oluwole, Olubusola, Amma owusu-Ansah, Seyed Mehdi Nouraie, and Enrico M. Novelli. "The Impact of Hydroxyurea Use on Cognitive Functioning of Children with Sickle Cell Disease in Ghana." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-143377.
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Introduction: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic blood disorder characterized by a mutated hemoglobin that polymerizes when deoxygenated leading to sickle-shaped red blood cells. Tissue hypoxia and organ damage are downstream effects of red blood cell sickling. A manifestation of end organ damage that is of increasing concern, given its devastating functional effects, is cognitive impairment. Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for the highest annual SCD burden in the world, yet little is known about cognitive impairment in children from Africa with SCD. This knowledge gap inhibits the development of targeted interventions to prevent or mitigate cognitive deficits in children with SCD. In particular, it is unknown if hydroxyurea, the oldest FDA-approved drug for SCD, preserves cognitive functioning. The primary objective of this study was to assess the potential cognitive benefits of hydroxyurea administered over at least one year in children with SCD from Ghana. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study funded by an ASH Minority Resident Hematology Award at both the general pediatric sickle cell clinic and the hydroxyurea clinic at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital in Ghana. Children with a diagnosis of SCD (HbSS, HbSC and HbS/β-thalassemia) between the ages of 5 and 13 were approached and enrolled in two arms of the study - non-hydroxyurea and hydroxyurea groups - under an IRB-approved protocol. Children without any exposure to hydroxyurea were included in the non-hydroxyurea group while children who had been taking hydroxyurea for at least one year were included in the hydroxyurea group. Children's demographic data were obtained via an ad-hoc questionnaire. Anthropomorphic and laboratory data were obtained from the patients' charts. Cognitive function was assessed using Cogstate, a computer-based neurocognitive testing tool. A brief battery of tests was administered consisting of Detection, Identification, One Back and Groton Maze Learning tests, which assess psychomotor function, attention, working memory and executive functioning, respectively. We used multiple linear regression analysis and inverse proportional to weight propensity score analysis to test the association between hydroxyurea treatment and cognitive test scores. Results: We enrolled 58 children with SCD in the study, including 28 in the non-hydroxyurea group (mean age 9.2 ± 2.40, 54% girls), and 30 in the hydroxyurea group (mean age 9.2 ± 2.17, 57% girls). Children taking hydroxyurea had higher hemoglobin (9.34 vs 8.32 g/dL, P=0.02) and mean corpuscular volume values (94 ± 9.2 vs 77 ± 9.1 fL, P=<0.01) when compared to the non-hydroxyurea group. Children in the hydroxyurea group performed significantly better in the area of working memory (adjusted difference 0.19, p=0.02, Table 1), while there was no significant difference in the other domains. Other confounders including age, nutritional status, gender and subject education level did not impact the findings.Within the hydroxyurea group, increased transcranial doppler velocity in the left internal carotid and left anterior cerebral arteries (a stroke risk factor) was associated with worse psychomotor function (correlation coefficient 0.41, p=0.047). Conclusion:To our knowledge, this is the first study conducted in Africa to explore the impact of hydroxyurea on cognitive functioning. While causality cannot be inferred in this observational study, our results support the findings of a study conducted in the United States showing that children withSCD on hydroxyurea had improved cognitive functioning as compared to those not on the drug (Puffer et al.Child Neuropsychology. 2007). It is possible that hydroxyurea may result in improved cerebral oxygenation, potentially by ameliorating anemia. In a prior study we found that higher cognitive functioning in children with SCD is associated with higher maternal education (Oluwole et al.Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2016), however, the difference in working memory remained significant after adjusting for this variable. Future longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to further assess the potential benefits of hydroxyurea on cognitive functioning, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where other interventions aimed at reducing neurological complications of SCD, such as blood transfusions, remain limited. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Batsa Debrah, Linda, Ute Klarmann-Schulz, Jubin Osei-Mensah, Bettina Dubben, Kerstin Fischer, Yusif Mubarik, Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng, et al. "Comparison of Repeated Doses of Ivermectin Versus Ivermectin Plus Albendazole for the Treatment of Onchocerciasis: A Randomized, Open-label, Clinical Trial." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 4 (September 19, 2019): 933–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz889.
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Abstract Background Improved treatment for onchocerciasis is needed to accelerate onchocerciasis elimination in Africa. Aiming to better exploit registered drugs, this study was undertaken to determine whether annual or semiannual treatment with ivermectin (IVM; 200 µg/kg) plus albendazole (ALB; 800 mg single dose) is superior to IVM alone. Methods This trial was performed in Ghana and included 272 participants with microfilariae (MF), who were randomly assigned to 4 treatment arms: (1) IVM annually at 0, 12, and 24 months; (2) IVM semiannually at 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months; (3) IVM+ALB annually; or (4) IVM+ALB semiannually. Microfiladermia was determined pretreatment and at 6, 18, and 36 months. The primary outcome was the proportion of fertile and viable female worms in onchocercomata excised at 36 months. Results Posttreatment nodule histology showed that 15/135 (11.1%), 22/155 (14.2%), 35/154 (22.7%), and 20/125 (16.0%) living female worms had normal embryogenesis in the IVM annual, IVM semiannual, IVM+ALB annual, and IVM+ALB semiannual groups, respectively (P = .1229). Proportions of dead worms also did not differ between the 4 groups (P = .9198). Proportions of patients without MF at 36 months (1 year after the last treatment) were 35/56 (63%) after annual IVM, 42/59 (71%) after semiannual IVM, 39/64 (61%) after annual IVM+ALB, and 43/53 (81%) after semiannual IVM+ALB. Conclusions The combination treatment of IVM plus ALB was no better than IVM alone for sterilizing, killing adult worms, or achieving sustained MF clearance. However, semiannual treatment was superior to annual treatment for achieving sustained clearance of Onchocerca volvulus MF from the skin (P = .024). Clinical Trials Registration ISRCTN50035143
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Gunjan, Sharma, Akanksha 2, Prasad Renu, and Kumar Arun. "ANALYTICAL STUDY OF PIPPALYADI ANJANA: AN AYURVEDIC FORMULATION." International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 8, no. 9 (September 23, 2020): 4363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj1008092020.
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Pippalyadi Anjana is an Ayurvedic topical formulation mentioned in Ayurvedic classic. The formulation is believed to cure ocular ailments such as Arma, Timira, Kaach, Arjuna. According to Acharya Yogratnakar this Anjana can be used to eradicate all the ocular disorders if prepared appropriately. It can be the best option among all Anjanas from which the eye diseases can’t be appeared. Keeping all these points in view this study has been undertaken with the aim to modify Pippalayadi Anjana into ointment form and to de-velop the physicochemical profile of the final product. Anjana was prepared in the form of Ghan Satva Kalpana and the Laksha and Saindhav was added then mixed with Siktha of cow ghee and emulsified bee wax for attaining the final product. Materials and Method: The prepared drug was evaluated for organoleptic study, physiochemical study, pH value and the product were subjected for microbial contamination test, it was tested in analytical labora-tory and results were documented. Result: The result shows the organoleptic character and sterility. Conclusion: Pippalyadi Anjana was prepared by following the method prescribed in Yogratnakar. This paper presents the analytical study of the formulation.
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Shibanuma, Akira, Evelyn Korkor Ansah, Kimiyo Kikuchi, Francis Yeji, Sumiyo Okawa, Charlotte Tawiah, Keiko Nanishi, et al. "Evaluation of a package of continuum of care interventions for improved maternal, newborn, and child health outcomes and service coverage in Ghana: A cluster-randomized trial." PLOS Medicine 18, no. 6 (June 25, 2021): e1003663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003663.
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Background In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the continuum of care (CoC) for maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) is not always complete. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an integrated package of CoC interventions on the CoC completion, morbidity, and mortality outcomes of woman–child pairs in Ghana. Methods and findings This cluster-randomized controlled trial (ISRCTN: 90618993) was conducted at 3 Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) sites in Ghana. The primary outcome was CoC completion by a woman–child pair, defined as receiving antenatal care (ANC) 4 times or more, delivery assistance from a skilled birth attendant (SBA), and postnatal care (PNC) 3 times or more. Other outcomes were the morbidity and mortality of women and children. Women received a package of interventions and routine services at health facilities (October 2014 to December 2015). The package comprised providing a CoC card for women, CoC orientation for health workers, and offering women with 24-hour stay at a health facility or a home visit within 48 hours after delivery. In the control arm, women received routine services only. Eligibility criteria were as follows: women who gave birth or had a stillbirth from September 1, 2012 to September 30, 2014 (before the trial period), from October 1, 2014 to December 31, 2015 (during the trial period), or from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016 (after the trial period). Health service and morbidity outcomes were assessed before and during the trial periods through face-to-face interviews. Mortality was assessed using demographic surveillance data for the 3 periods above. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to evaluate the effectiveness as difference in differences (DiD). For health service and morbidity outcomes, 2,970 woman–child pairs were assessed: 1,480 from the baseline survey and 1,490 from the follow-up survey. Additionally, 33,819 cases were assessed for perinatal mortality, 33,322 for neonatal mortality, and 39,205 for maternal mortality. The intervention arm had higher proportions of completed CoC (410/870 [47.1%]) than the control arm (246/620 [39.7%]; adjusted odds ratio [AOR] for DiD = 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08 to 2.92; p = 0.024). Maternal complications that required hospitalization during pregnancy were lower in the intervention (95/870 [10.9%]) than in the control arm (83/620 [13.4%]) (AOR for DiD = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.83; p = 0.008). Maternal mortality was 8/6,163 live births (intervention arm) and 4/4,068 live births during the trial period (AOR for DiD = 1.60; 95% CI: 0.40 to 6.34; p = 0.507) and 1/4,626 (intervention arm) and 9/3,937 (control arm) after the trial period (AOR for DiD = 0.11; 95% CI: 0.11 to 1.00; p = 0.050). Perinatal and neonatal mortality was not significantly reduced. As this study was conducted in a real-world setting, possible limitations included differences in the type and scale of health facilities and the size of subdistricts, contamination for intervention effectiveness due to the geographic proximity of the arms, and insufficient number of cases for the mortality assessment. Conclusions This study found that an integrated package of CoC interventions increased CoC completion and decreased maternal complications requiring hospitalization during pregnancy and maternal mortality after the trial period. It did not find evidence of reduced perinatal and neonatal mortality. Trial registration The study protocol was registered in the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Registry (90618993).
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Džananović, Mirza. "The role of the factory “Bratstvo” (Brotherhood) in the development of Novi Travnik." Historijski pogledi 3, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2020.3.4.228.
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The establishment of the socialist regime had led to thorough political, economic, social, cultural and other changes in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first decade after the Second World War was marked by the reconstruction of the war-torn country, and great support in that process was provided by the USSR - the main ally of the new Yugoslavia. Emphasis was placed on the intensive development of the industry, which was to be the carrier of the overall economic development of the entire country. In accordance with this strategy, large industrial plants were established in all parts of Yugoslavia, thanks to which there was an intensive process of urbanization of numerous previously dormant communities. However, when there was a conflict and then a break with the USSR, Yugoslavia was forced to partially modify its economic development plans (the so-called Five-Year Plans). These changes in Bosnia and Herzegovina were most felt by cities such as Zenica, which instead of the originally planned Doboj became a Yugoslav metallurgical center, and Novi Travnik, which arose as a result of relocating part of the arms industry from Kragujevac in Serbia to central Bosnia. The factory “Bratstvo" (meaning Brotherhood) was built on a deserted meadow near Travnik in the heart of central Bosnia, and for the needs of housing workers who built industrial plants, as well as for those who worked in those plants, the first residential buildings were built in the form of low-quality wooden barracks. These were the roots of the workers' settlement that gradually grew into a new town called Novi Travnik. The fateful link between the factory and the city, which was established at that time, was not interrupted during the entire socialist period, so the survival and development of Novi Travnik completely depended on the business opportunities in the "Bratstvo" factory. The expansion of the production and plant of the "Bratstvo" also included the construction of new housing, communal, social, health, sports, cultural, catering and other facilities in Novi Travnik. A successful business year in "Bratstvo" meant a secure inflow of money into the local community budget as well as a sufficient number of funds for the work of cultural, artistic, entertainment, sports and all other societies in the city. The same rule applied in the case of bad business of "Bratstvo", and the most obvious example of how important the factory was for Novi Travnik can be seen in the case of a failed business in Ghana. The local authorities in Novi Travnik were absolutely aware of the role of the "Brotherhood" in the development of Novi Travnik and tried in every way to facilitate the functioning of the company, so, except for a few mere misunderstandings, relations between city and factory management were mostly friendly. After all, when the survival of the "Bratstvo" was called into question due to the failed business in Ghana, local authorities were among the first to appeal for the company's salvation, clearly noting that with the disappearance of the factory, the fate of Novi Travnik would be sealed. The paper presents a brief overview of the history of the company "Bratstvo" from its founding in June 1949 until the end of the socialist period in 1990, and analyses the relations between the city and factory authorities in that period. The aim of the paper was to show the importance that the factory "Bratstvo" had for the overall development of Novi Travnik and to determine how much the local authorities were aware of the role of companies in the development of the city. The paper provides insight into the processes that took place in a particular local community, but which can also be found in other industrial cities of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Yugoslavia during the socialist period.
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Sarbah, Cosmas Ebo, and Isaac Boapeah. "Charismatisation of the Salvation Army, Ghana: Challenges and Way Forward." Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae, September 27, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/13431.
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Until recently, the Salvation Army of Ghana was widely considered the only historic mission Christian denomination that has managed to ward off the onslaught of the main features of the charismatic movement in Ghana. Through information derived from the historical and phenomenological methods, particularly interview schemes and observation, this paper discusses the main reasons for a gradual introduction into the mainstream of the Salvation Army Ghana’s unique prayer groups, which are bringing hitherto “restricted” spiritual gifts to the forefront. The paper further argues that despite the popularity of the prayer groups and their activities among the grassroots membership of the Salvation Army, the groups are facing internal and external challenges that could jeopardise their spiritual and material benefits. The paper attempts to examine some of the immediate measures that could be undertaken, not only to incorporate the prayer groups and retain their membership in the Salvation Army, but also to ensure the continuous survival of the Salvation Army in Ghana and the rest of Africa.
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"Ghana: Army Modifies to Face New Threats." Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series 52, no. 2 (March 2015): 20476C. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825x.2015.06178.x.
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ABASS, Usman. "DEMOCRACY: A REFLECTION ON GHANA’S REPUBLICS, 1960-1992." Africania, October 6, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58851/africania.1290002.
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Since 1992, Ghana has been held up as a beacon of democracy in Africa. As the country prepared for independence from Britain, educated natives formed political parties based on Western models to advance their demands. Two of the earliest political parties were the UGCC and the CPP, formed in 1947 and 1949 respectively. People from different ethnic groups joined one of the two parties to create a consensual democratic model. It was the adoption of a British type of representative government, but with a unicameral legislature. The 1951 elections gave Ghana its first taste of democratic voting, allowing the people to choose leaders they trusted to alleviate their hardships. Elections in 1954 and 1956 further consolidated this. The country is endowed with enormous human and natural resources. When the First Republic was announced in 1960, politics was all about development, massive projects, sound policies and improving the welfare of the people. By 1966, however, the rivalry between Nkrumah and the army and police introduced coups into Ghanaian politics. Since then, Ghana has experienced five coups in its young history. As a result, Ghanaian politics has been reduced to economic stagnation, corruption, propaganda, ill-conceived policies and the emergence of short-sighted and ultra-credit-hungry leaders who borrow to consume, leading to the impoverishment of the citizens. Perhaps Ghana would have been more developed than it is now if the first coup had not taken place and if Nkrumah had had enough time to realise his vision for the country. It is from this perspective that the paper assesses Ghana's republics. The paper uses archival sources, mainly newspapers, and secondary sources to explore the country's democratic trajectories to the present day.
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Adams, Faizal, Harald Kaechele, Fred Nimoh, Seth Etuah, James Osei Mensah, Robert Aidoo, and Amos Mensah. "Do synthetic insecticides offer a promising solution to control the fall army worm invasion in Ghana? perception and determinant analyses." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, January 29, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42690-023-01150-z.
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Falade, Bankole. "Cultural differences and confidence in institutions: Comparing Africa and the USA." South African Journal of Science 114, no. 5/6 (May 30, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2018/20170135.
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A comparison was undertaken of confidence in 17 institutions in Ghana, Nigeria, Zimbabwe and the USA using data from the World Values Survey to find shared valuations and distinguishing characteristics as markers of cultural categories. Frequencies and rankings were examined and exploratory factor analysis was used to find plausible meanings of groups of institutions. The findings show that, although African respondents score institutions higher than their US counterparts, the rankings vary. With frequencies, the meaning is manifest. The analysis shows that 10 institutions load similarly on one latent variable and their combinations with the others indicate culture-specific characteristics. The latent variables were named ‘not-for-profit’, ‘for-profit’, ‘political’, ‘watchdog or fourth estate’ and ‘social order’ and they show Ghana is closer to the USA than to Nigeria, which is closer to Zimbabwe. The ‘not-for-profit’ variable is more important in the USA and Ghana and ‘political’ is more important in Nigeria and Zimbabwe. Institutional-specific loadings show that whereas the police and courts are grouped as ‘political’ in Nigeria, in other countries they belong to ‘social order’; and while universities are perceived as ‘for-profit’ in Africa, they are ‘not-for-profit’ in the USA. Comparing frequencies and rankings or dividing along the lines of individualistic versus collective or private and public sectors, masks the dynamic distribution of the systems of meaning in the local cultures; the latent variables approach therefore offers a more conceptually sound categorisation informed by shared and distinguishing institutions. Significance: • Nigerians, as at the time of the survey, were yet to perceive the principles of separation of powers between political institutions, the judiciary and the police – an essential feature of a good democracy and a characteristic of other countries in the study. Zimbabweans and Nigerians perceive their public institutions in generally the same way with the domination of the political establishments while Ghanaians are closer to the USA in terms of the values they attach to their establishments with the most important group being the charities. The universities in Africa, as well as the civil service in Nigeria, are associated with business/ profit centres with the Nigerian labour movement also seen as political. The army also remains relevant as a part of the fourth estate in Ghana and Nigeria.
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Amoabeng, B. W., K. Frimpong-Anin, Y. Danso, J. F. Asamoah, G. Ohene-mensah, and M. B. mochiah. "A Review on Fall Army Worm <I>Spodoptera frugiperda</I> (J E Smith) Invasion in Ghana: Current Status." Indian Journal of Entomology, January 22, 2024, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.55446/ije.2024.1322.
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The fall army worm Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) which invaded Africa in 2016 continue to pose food security threat due to its destructive effect on maize. This article assesses current research outputs, management strategies and future projections. Levels of infestation vary across districts, ranging from 12 to 88% with corresponding leaf damage score of 2 to 7 and larval density of 0.16 – 1.44/ plant on farmers’ maize field. Infestation and damage levels were higher in 2021 than in 2020 possibly due to gradual withdrawal of free insecticide by government. Several indigenous practices were employed by farmers during early invasion but synthetic insecticides usage assumed high acceptance. Some commercial microbials and botanicals showed significant efficacy. Results from indigenous entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi are satisfactory and are under field validation. A number of predators and parasitoids identified have shown varied level of suppression. Mass release of parasitoids, complemented with entomopathogens will put the infestation below economic threshold levels in most maize fields.
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Pearson, E. J., J. Baumann, and D. Murphy. "Mental health treatment experiences of commonwealth veterans from diverse ethnic backgrounds who have served in the UK military." BMJ Military Health, February 5, 2021, e001495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001495.
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IntroductionResearch has shown that the likelihood of ex-military personnel developing mental health problems following service is around one in five. Little is known about the barriers to accessing mental health in veterans from diverse ethnic backgrounds. This study aims to explore mental health treatment experiences of veterans from commonwealth countries and therefore diverse ethnic backgrounds.MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted over the telephone with veterans from commonwealth countries. Veterans were recruited from a mental health charity and were at various stages of treatment.ResultsWe interviewed six veterans who were from a diverse range of commonwealth countries including St Lucia, Gambia, Ghana, Fiji and South Africa. All had served in the UK army in combat roles. Our findings consisted of key themes: (1) feeling that they are treated differently, (2) they felt as though they were unheard when reaching out for help, (3) systemic pressures such as financial difficulties, missed opportunities and lack of insight about mental health and (4) the importance of involving the wider community in care.ConclusionOur findings highlight some distinct barriers to mental health treatment that commonwealth veterans experience. The themes reported by the participants appear to suggest they had experience signs of institutional racism. Suggesting the importance of highlighting these issues, and to help overcome these potential barriers to accessing services. Given that commonwealth veterans involvement in the UK military is significant and increasing, the findings in this study should be used to support this population by implementing service provision and policy.
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Twenefour, Frank B. K., Emmanuel Ayitey, Justice Kangah, and Lewis Brew. "Time Series Analysis of Road Traffic Accidents in Ghana." Asian Journal of Probability and Statistics, March 4, 2021, 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajpas/2021/v11i230262.
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This study uses Time Series models to predict the annual traffic accidents in Ghana. The traffic accidents data spanning from January 1990 to December 2019 was used. The Box-Jenkins model building strategy was used. The Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test showed that the accident data was stationary. Three ARMA models were suggested based on the ACF and PACF plots of the differenced series, these were ARMA (0,0), ARIMA (1,0), and ARMA (2,0). The model with the smallest corrected Akaike Information Criteria (AICs) and Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) was chosen as the best model. The Ljung-Box statistics among others were used in assessing the quality of the model. ARMA (1,0) was the best model for the Ghana annual Traffic Accident data. The results showed that, from January to July, it would be difficult to make accurate estimates of the number of road incidents for the years leading up to 2020. This was due to the fact that the white noise process values were statistically independent at various times.
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Duch, Raymond, Edward Asiedu, Ryota Nakamura, Thomas Rouyard, Alberto Mayol, Adrian Barnett, Laurence Roope, et al. "Financial incentives for COVID-19 vaccines in a rural low-resource setting: a cluster-randomized trial." Nature Medicine, November 27, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02670-4.
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AbstractWe implemented a clustered randomized controlled trial with 6,963 residents in six rural Ghana districts to estimate the causal impact of financial incentives on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination uptake. Villages randomly received one of four video treatment arms: a placebo, a standard health message, a high cash incentive (60 Ghana cedis) and a low cash incentive (20 Ghana cedis). For the first co-primary outcome—COVID-19 vaccination intentions—non-vaccinated participants assigned to the cash incentive treatments had an average rate of 81% (1,733 of 2,168) compared to 71% (1,895 of 2,669) for those in the placebo treatment arm. For the other co-primary outcome of self-reported vaccinations 2 months after the initial intervention, the average rate for participants in the cash treatment was 3.5% higher than for participants in the placebo treatment (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.001, 6.9; P = 0.045): 40% (602 of 1,486) versus 36.3% (672 of 1,850). We also verified vaccination status of participants: in the cash treatment arm, 36.6% (355 of 1,058) of verified participants had at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine compared to 30.3% (439 of 1,544) for those in the placebo—a difference of 6.3% (95% CI: 2.4, 10.2; P = 0.001). For the intention and the vaccination outcomes, the low cash incentive (20 Ghana cedis) had a larger positive effect on COVID-19 vaccine uptake than the high cash incentive (60 Ghana cedis). Trial identifier: AEARCTR-0008775.