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1
Kumasi, T. C., and Benjamin Dawurah Agbemor. "Tracking user satisfaction of rural water services in northern Ghana." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 2 (March 21, 2018): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.140.
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Abstract The article discusses the level of user satisfaction with actual handpump service levels and performance of service providers. In this paper, we outline some contradiction between actual service levels, performance of service providers and perception of water users. The findings suggest that users appeared satisfied with quantity and reliability of water facilities. In contrast, they were not satisfied with the time it takes them to access water, especially when the quantity of water diminishes. The sad irony is that tariffs are perceived affordable yet users are unwilling to pay for water. Their responses paint a picture of a payment system that is geared at reactive maintenance over preventative maintenance regime. It is worth noting here that this phenomenon raises questions on the sustainability of water systems when sound financial management is key to sustaining services. Service providers were perceived to perform better than they actually did. Perhaps this was due to lack of information and ignorance on the roles of service providers. In this regard it is imperative that the Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA), implementing partners, the district assemblies and Water and Sanitation Management Teams (WSMTs) take steps to address the technical, social, financial and institutional factors during the planning, implementation and post-construction support which invariably affect sustainability.
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Adadzi, Patrick, Harrison Coffie, and Emmanuel Afetorgbor. "Sustainability of Rural Water Supply Systems: A Case Study of Kwamekrom Water System in the Volta Region of Ghana." Journal of Sustainable Development 12, no. 5 (September 29, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v12n5p30.
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This paper review and analyze the sustainability of rural water systems facilitated by Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) in Ghana in both their capacity to continue to deliver adequate, safe and quality water for all the people of Kwamekrom township and surrounding villages. The paper focus on a case study of the sustainability of small-town piped water systems; the main used technology in rural areas of the Volta Region in Ghana. Part of the project was the implementation of infrastructure and building capacities in the community to manage and use their system after project completion. A recent development is that CWSA is shifting from community ownership and management (COM) towards participation in management, a shift that is expected to ensure the sustainability of the water systems. The study aimed to analyze the viability of the Kwamekrom water supply system in the Volta Region of Ghana, which was under the COM system utilizing a survey mechanism. The study revealed based on performance indexes indicated that the Kwamekrom water system was not sustainable under the COM. The result was mainly due to poor financial management and lack of adequate technical expertise coupled with socio-political impact under the COM. The new reform towards participation in the management of rural water supply is, therefore, an approach which could lead to sustainability.
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Addo, HO, KK Addo, and B. Langbong. "Sanitation and its impact on the bacteriological quality of water: A study in three communities in Ghana." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 13, no. 60 (December 23, 2013): 8258–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.60.12665.
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Water constitutes about 70% of the earth’s total mass and all life is dependent on water. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease worldwide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in households and across communities. Water and sanitation are closely related and cannot be isolated. If uncontaminated water is available, reliable and convenient to collect, more water is consumed, both for hygienic purposes and for drinking which can improve health. In this study, the effect of sanitation on the bacteriological quality of water was evaluated. The study also assessed the sanitation facilities available in the three communities, the water facilities used and the bacterial contamination of household water. A cluster survey system was employed in three communities namely Tetegu, Mayera and Ashongman village in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Thirty households were clustered within each community. Within each household in each community, domestic water stored was analyzed for bacterial contamination using UriSelect 4 medium. This was used because it allows the isolation and counting of all organisms using a standard bacteriological loop plating method. Standardized questionnaires were administered in each household to ascertain the type of water and sanitation infrastructure. Seventy-seven percent and 87% of respondents relied on public standpipes in the Ashongman and Tetegu communities, respectively. Eightythree percent of respondents in Mayera relied on the Nsaki river. Eighty percent of respondents used the KVIP at Mayera, 97% of respondents at Tetegu resorted to open defecation, and 57% of respondents also used the pit latrine at Ashongman community. A total of ten bacterial species namely: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus agalactiae. Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus saprophytic, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus were identified in domestic water stored. This study therefore recommends that policy makers must ensure the provision of basic infrastructure such as toilet facilities to reduce the likely contamination of water sources from poor sanitation facilities.
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Xinhui, CHEN, and HUANG Guoping. "Community Catalyst: Building a Water Sanitation System for Social Inclusion in Winneba, Ghana." Landscape Architecture Frontiers 9, no. 4 (2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.15302/j-laf-1-050037.
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McGarvey, Stephen T., Justin Buszin, Holly Reed, David C. Smith, Zarah Rahman, Catherine Andrzejewski, Kofi Awusabo-Asare, and Michael J. White. "Community and household determinants of water quality in coastal Ghana." Journal of Water and Health 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2008.057.
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Associations between water sources, socio-demographic characteristics and household drinking water quality are described in a representative sample of six coastal districts of Ghana's Central Region. Thirty-six enumeration areas (EAs) were randomly chosen from a representative survey of 90 EAs in rural, semi-urban and urban residence strata. In each EA, 24 households were randomly chosen for water quality sampling and socio-demographic interview. Escherichia coli per 100 ml H2O was quantified using the IDEXX Colilert® system and multi-stage regression models estimated cross-sectional associations between water sources, sanitation and socio-demographic factors. Almost three quarters, 74%, of the households have >2 E. coli /100 ml H2O. Tap water has significantly lower E. coli levels compared with surface or rainwater and well water had the highest levels. Households with a water closet toilet have significantly lower E. coli compared with those using pit latrines or no toilets. Household size is positively associated, and a possessions index is negatively associated, with E. coli. Variations in community and household socio-demographic and behavioural factors are key determinants of drinking water quality. These factors should be included in planning health education associated with investments in water systems.
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Radin, Mark, Brad Wong, Catherine McManus, Saumitra Sinha, Marc Jeuland, Eugene Larbi, Benedict Tuffuor, Noble Kofi Biscoff, and Dale Whittington. "Benefits and costs of rural sanitation interventions in Ghana." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 4 (October 27, 2020): 724–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.066.
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Abstract Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) has triggered households around the world to adopt latrines, but evidence suggests that CLTS does not usually lead to universal latrine coverage. Additional interventions, such as subsidies for the poor, may be necessary to eliminate open defecation. While subsidies can improve sanitation-related outcomes, no prior studies have compared the net benefits of CLTS plus subsidies to CLTS-only. This paper presents a comparative analysis for rural Ghana, where efforts to reduce open defecation have had limited success. We analyze the costs and benefits of: (1) a CLTS-only intervention, as implemented in Ghana, and (2) a variant of CLTS that provides vouchers for latrines to the poorest households in high sanitation adoption communities. We find that CLTS-only fails a deterministic benefit-cost test and that only about 30% of 10,000 Monte Carlo trials produce positive net benefits. CLTS plus subsidies satisfy a benefit-cost criterion in the deterministic case, and in about 55% of the Monte Carlo trials. This more favorable outcome stems from high adoption communities passing the threshold needed to generate positive health externalities due to improved community sanitation. The results suggest that a well-targeted CLTS plus subsidies intervention would be more effective in Ghana than CLTS alone.
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Keraita, Bernard, Peter Kjær Mackie Jensen, Flemming Konradsen, Maxwell Akple, and Thilde Rheinländer. "Accelerating uptake of household latrines in rural communities in the Volta region of Ghana." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.035.
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This study was done in four rural communities in Ghana to assess uptake of household latrines. A total of 156 household interviews, 16 focus group discussions and 8 in-depth interviews with key informants were conducted. Study findings show that only 8.5% of households were using improved sanitation facilities with more than 75% of the households relying on open defecation and communal trench latrines. Knowledge of technological options was very limited and the cost for preferred latrines was unaffordable. Though health-related benefits motivated household latrine uptake, those related to personal security, privacy, social status and convenience were ranked higher. Sanitation uptake was constrained mainly by finances, poor sanitation promotion and general biophysical factors. High costs of latrine construction could be reduced by introducing cheaper technological options, using low-cost construction materials and labor contributions from households. Financing models like microcredit financing can also be explored and adapted for use in Ghana. We recommend the use of approaches aimed at behavior change while giving households a range of technological options such as community led total sanitation (CLTS). Hence, despite the low coverage of improved sanitation in rural Ghana, there exist real opportunities to accelerate sanitation uptake.
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Boasinke, Raymond Kwasi, and Imoro Braimah. "Sustaining Water Systems in Rural and Small Towns in Ghana: The Role of Traditional Authorities in the Krachi West District." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 3 (January 31, 2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n3p10.
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The sustainability of water systems in rural communities and small towns in Ghana has been a major challenge that has engaged the attention of government, Non-governmental Organisations, and academics. There have been several attempts at developing models that will ensure the sustainability of water systems in Ghana. This study examined the role of traditional authorities in the management of water systems in rural communities and small towns in the Krachi West District in the Oti Region of Ghana. Using a qualitative research design, the study purposely selected and interviewed 69 respondents. The study revealed that traditional authorities play critical roles in ensuring the sustainable management of water systems in rural communities and small towns in Ghana. It also revealed that respondents want a community management model that has traditional authorities as members of an official advisory board to the Water and Sanitation Management Teams (WSMTs). It further revealed that the traditional authorities and the WSMTs have a cordial working relationship. The study, therefore, recommends that traditional authorities should officially be recognised and their roles spelled out in the community management model of water systems in Ghana.
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Mensah, Justice. "Improving environmental sanitation in the catchment area of Benya Lagoon, Ghana: the non-household stakeholder role and participation dimension." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 4 (August 16, 2019): 714–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.024.
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Abstract Poor sanitation practices pollute the environment and exact undue toll on health, productivity and human life, hence the increasing global call for the maintenance of acceptable sanitation standards in all communities. Although maintaining proper sanitation standards in any community is a function of several factors, the stakeholder participation dimension is one of the most critical. However, unlike the household stakeholders, the non-household stakeholder dimension has not received adequate attention in terms of studies regarding its role and participation in environmental sanitation management. Employing the qualitative design, this study examined the role and participation of key non-household stakeholders in sanitation management in the catchment area of Benya Lagoon, Ghana. Data were gathered from identifiable key non-household sanitation actors who were purposively selected from relevant government agencies, private sector organisations, community-based organisations and opinion leaders and analysed thematically guided by the most significant stories technique. It became evident from the study that the non-household stakeholders were playing useful roles in sanitation management, but their participation and the level of interaction in the enterprise were too limited to enable them to make a substantial impact on improving sanitation in the area. Key non-household sanitation actors, spearheaded by the central government through the sector ministry and municipal authority, need to increase their participation in sanitation management and collaborate more intensively through higher order interactions to ensure the maintenance of acceptable sanitation standards for sustainable local level development and, by extension, national development.
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Tsekpetse-Akuamoah, Kweku, Simon Mariwah, Ebenezer Nana Kwaku Boateng, and Yvonne Ami Adjakloe. "Impact of COVID-19 on community-led total sanitation (CLTS) in Ghana: perspectives of implementing partners." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2022.016.
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Abstract Since the adoption of Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) in Ghana in 2012, eight (8) partners have been involved in the implementation of the approach in over 140 districts. Although the COVID-19 pandemic has reinforced the need for improved sanitation and hygiene practices, the nature and the extent of the impact of the pandemic on the implementation of CLTS remains empirically unclear. This study sought to explore the perceptions and experiences of implementing partners about the impact of COVID-19 on CLTS in Ghana. Using a purposive sampling technique, the study gathered data from 22 representatives using the in-depth interview technique. The study revealed that the implementing partners revealed that the pandemic has had both positive and negative impacts on the implementation of CLTS in Ghana. Negatively, the pandemic stalled the activities of CLTS through the ban on social gathering. On the other hand, the pandemic reinforced the need for CLTS through increased construction and use of handwashing facilities to prevent diseases. To sustain the gains from the pandemic, implementing partners should leverage the existing community-based mass media outlets such as information centres and radio stations to communicate behaviour change messages of CLTS in Ghana.
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Kulinkina, A. V., Y. Walz, A. Liss, K. C. Kosinski, N. K. Biritwum, and E. N. Naumova. "COMBINING REMOTELY SENSED ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT SURFACE WATER USE IN SPATIOTEMPORAL MODELLING OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN GHANA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 22, 2016): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-203-2016.
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<i>Schistosoma haematobium</i> transmission is influenced by environmental conditions that determine the suitability of the parasite and intermediate host snail habitats, as well as by socioeconomic conditions, access to water and sanitation infrastructure, and human behaviors. Remote sensing is a demonstrated valuable tool to characterize environmental conditions that support schistosomiasis transmission. Socioeconomic and behavioral conditions that propagate repeated domestic and recreational surface water contact are more difficult to quantify at large spatial scales. We present a mixed-methods approach that builds on the remotely sensed ecological variables by exploring water and sanitation related community characteristics as independent risk factors of schistosomiasis transmission.
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Kulinkina, A. V., Y. Walz, A. Liss, K. C. Kosinski, N. K. Biritwum, and E. N. Naumova. "COMBINING REMOTELY SENSED ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT SURFACE WATER USE IN SPATIOTEMPORAL MODELLING OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN GHANA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 22, 2016): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-203-2016.
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<i>Schistosoma haematobium</i> transmission is influenced by environmental conditions that determine the suitability of the parasite and intermediate host snail habitats, as well as by socioeconomic conditions, access to water and sanitation infrastructure, and human behaviors. Remote sensing is a demonstrated valuable tool to characterize environmental conditions that support schistosomiasis transmission. Socioeconomic and behavioral conditions that propagate repeated domestic and recreational surface water contact are more difficult to quantify at large spatial scales. We present a mixed-methods approach that builds on the remotely sensed ecological variables by exploring water and sanitation related community characteristics as independent risk factors of schistosomiasis transmission.
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Clemenz, Nikolaus, Richard Boakye, and Alison Parker. "Rapid Climate Adaption Assessment (RCAA) of water supply and sanitation services in two coastal urban poor communities in Accra, Ghana." Journal of Water and Climate Change 11, no. 4 (December 16, 2019): 1645–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2019.204.
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Abstract This study assessed the impact of different hydrological scenarios on existing vulnerabilities of water and sanitation services in Chorkor and Shiabu, two coastal urban poor communities in Accra, Ghana. The hydrological scenarios were developed from the literature on climate change projections. This paper recommends adaptations for community members, service providers, and the municipality based on the impact assessment. Chorkor and Shiabu are vulnerable to an increase in rainfall because of the lack of adequate solid waste management and hydrological sound drains. Shiabu's topography and the indiscriminate sand mining along its beach make it vulnerable to an increase in sea level. Looking beyond Chorkor and Shiabu's community boundaries, the urban water utility which supplies water vendors in both communities may be severely impacted by a decrease in rainfall, which would lead to water scarcity and a shortage in hydroelectricity. Regardless of which climate change scenario emerges, many of the recommended adaptations are good water management practice, for example, increasing the number of household connections and reducing non-revenue water. Putting climate change high on the agenda has the potential to generate additional funding to help address Chorkor and Shiabu's water and sanitation problems, and climate-proof services for the future. However, the study method does not address the governance of these adaptations.
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Fawzia, Diana, Truly Wangsalegawa, and Nursatyo Nursatyo. "THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY-BASED WATER MANAGEMENT AGENCY AND VILLAGE REGULATION IN ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE CLEAN WATER PROGRAM IN CIBADAK VILLAGE – WEST JAVA." ICCD 1, no. 1 (December 22, 2018): 634–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33068/iccd.vol1.iss1.93.
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Cibadak Village in District of Bogor, West Java has land contour which is mountainous and dried has caused minimum access to water resources. During the dry season, the water supply is minimum which affected in their people’s unhealthy lifestyle. There was a Government’s Program called WSLIC-2 (Water and Sanitation for Low Income Communities) which use public water tap model and it was free of charge. But it’s not sustainable which is some of water pipes were damaged and unfixable. Based on that condition, Center for Political Studies and Community Development/ Pusat Pengkajian Politik dan Pengembangan Masyarakat (P4M) Nasional University initiated a community empowerment program called “Community-based Clean Water Facility Development Program in Cibadak Village”. Based on our Participatory Action Research (PAR), there are a few factors which contribute towards the sustainability of the clean water program, i.e: Community participation and contribution, Paid water meter system, Community-based Water Management Agency/Badan Pengelola Air Bersih (BPAB), and Village Regulation. System approach through the development of BPAB and Village Regulation will have a significant impact on the sustainability of the program.
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Agbadi, Pascal, Ernest Darkwah, and Paul L. Kenney. "A Multilevel Analysis of Regressors of Access to Improved Drinking Water and Sanitation Facilities in Ghana." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2019 (June 4, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3983869.
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People’s access to quality water and sanitation resources significantly improves their health. Using the 2014 Ghana DHS dataset, multilevel robust Poisson regression modelling was performed to investigate the factors that enhance Ghanaian households’ access to improved sources of drinking water and toilet facilities. The results indicated that household head and household socioeconomic factors have significant effects on access to improved sources of drinking water and toilet facilities, and this varies from one community of residence to another. The following households had a higher probability of having access to improved sources of drinking water: female-headed households, households with heads who had at least attained middle-school-level education, urban households, and nonpoorest households. Correspondingly, the following households were more likely to have access to improved toilet facilities: female-headed households had a higher chance of access, as well as those whose heads had at least middle-school-level education, were at least 35 years old, or were currently married, rural households, households with a minimum of seven members, and households who attained at least middle wealth status. In their efforts to increase citizens’ access to improved water and sanitation facilities, the government and other development organizations should develop citizens’ wealth-creation capacities and enable their attainment of formal education.
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Carrard, N., D. Pedi, J. Willetts, and B. Powell. "Non-government organisation engagement in the sanitation sector: opportunities to maximise benefits." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): 3109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.744.
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Non-government organisations (NGOs) have long played a role in delivering sanitation services to communities in Southeast Asia and Pacific countries, particularly in rural areas. In contrast with large scale infrastructure focused initiatives, NGO programs commonly focus on building linkages between technical and social realms. Drawing on the breadth and depth of NGO experiences, there are opportunities for NGOs to play a greater role in the sanitation sector and to work in partnership with other actors including utilities and government agencies to ensure both ‘hardware’ and ‘software’ components of sanitation are built in to project design and delivery to maximise community benefits and ensure longer term system sustainability. This paper discusses these issues and considers how the contribution of NGOs to the sanitation sector in developing countries might be enhanced. The paper is based on recent research for the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) intended to guide investment in the water and sanitation sectors of Asia and Pacific partner countries, exploring the potential for increased NGO engagement. The paper presents findings of the research concerning NGO roles and approaches, discusses existing NGO activities in the sanitation sector in Vietnam and Timor Leste and identifies strategies for NGOs and for other sector actors including utilities and government agencies to maximise the benefits of NGO engagement in the sanitation sector.
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Amakye, Kingsford Gyasi. "Understanding community development in Sekyere Central District, Ghana." Bandung: Journal of the Global South 4, no. 1 (August 15, 2017): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40728-017-0042-9.
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Community development is fundamentally about the development of community involving a sense of common identity, capacity and purpose. It can take the form of unpaid active citizenship with community members organizing themselves and taking on leadership roles. Community development emphasizes empowerment, equality, social justice, participation and representation. This means that community development is fundamentally concerned with decision-making processes affecting users, community-based agencies and services. It is premised on a ‘bottom-up’ approach, which means enhancing the capacity of communities to determine goals and to pursue issues of importance to them, and to make decisions affecting their lives, for example, the direction of services and the allocation of funds. In Ghana, governments under the various regimes, the community members themselves, and NGOs have promoted the CD practice in several ways since independence in 1957. Preceding governments in Ghana through the Department of Community Development have played a central role in the exercise of CD work. Community development has not been thoroughly investigated in SCDA. This paper gives a clear understanding of CD in SCDA. This paper seeks to assess how the local communities take part in the siting, planning and implementation of development projects in their communities. Further it explores community development projects in the district and how projects are financed in the district. Finally, investigates the obstacles that impede the realization of community development process. This paper was carried out using a mixed method approach. Four area councils in SCDA were randomly selected for this work. These were taken from a total of 10 different local communities spread across the four area council. The study reveals that facilities in terms of education, health, potable water, roads rehabilitation, sanitation and rural electrification have improved tremendously (Fieldwork 2015). The study recommends that policies should be geared towards agriculture to improve the lives of the people in the district since the district is agrarian in nature.
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Afful, Kobina, Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng, and Esi Awuah. "Assessing public perception of odours in a community: case of Ayigya Zongo, an urban poor community in Ghana." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 2 (February 11, 2015): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.104.
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Malodour has been identified as a barrier to utilization of sanitation facilities. It is generally recognized that for effective odour control measures to be implemented, the problem must first be quantified. With today's increasing levels of development, odour nuisance has become a major environmental issue. Citizen complaints about and reaction to odours caused by landfills (including refuse dump sites), waste water treatment plants (most of which are non-functional), public (communal) toilets, industrial processes, and other sources have made it difficult to secure sites for such facilities. Current trends show a community impact approach based on citizen involvement. This paper discusses a rapid baseline survey carried out as part of a community odour annoyance study conducted in Ayigya Zongo, an urban poor community in the Kumasi Metropolis in Ghana. The study quantified the public perception (impact) of all odours in the community through a face-to-face interview survey utilizing a structured questionnaire protocol. Responses from the survey were analysed with SPSS software program (version 20.0). Methods, results, and conclusions of the study are each discussed.
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Lina, Lina. "STRATEGI PENGAWASAN PENYEDIAAN AIR MINUM DALAM RANGKA EFEKTIVITAS PEMANFAATAN SUMBER DAYA ALAM." JURNAL GREEN GROWTH DAN MANAJEMEN LINGKUNGAN 6, no. 2 (December 29, 2017): 54–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jgg.062.05.
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The water sector is a public service which has close links with poverty reduction. Inadequate infrastructure and facilities for drinking water and sanitation, especially in rural and suburban areas (peri-urban) adversely affect the health and environmental conditions that have a continuing impact on the level of the family economy. Provision of drinking water infrastructure and improved sanitation will have an impact on improving the quality of the environment and public health, and time can be saved from efforts to obtain drinking water and good sanitation. The third impact will further impact the community in the form of increased productivity. Theaim of this study include(1.) To determine the effectiveness of the management of drinking water supply systems in rural communities basedPamsimas receiver in the district. (2.) To find out the various components that can affect the effectiveness of water supply systems in rural communities based mimum Pamsimas receiver in the district. The method used in this is for descriptive theoretical research.conclusionIf the drinking water supply control strategies implemented in accordancewith thefunctionmanajememenuseofnatural resourceswill be effective in order to meet the water needs of the community . From the results of this study should be carried out supervisory functions of planning to terbangunya means awall should start from the village level to the district level (government departments associated with drinking water peyediaan). Water Agency business does not just manage the financial system alone , fermented well functioning and sustainability of facilities ( From spring to prime the public water distribution ) . Management of the environment is also a shared responsibility of theuser and BPSPM Preferably in the springs need for regular supervision so awake kelestarianya sehinngga water discharge can be maintained.
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Hasan, Arif. "A model for government-community partnership in building sewage systems for urban areas: The experiences of the Orangi Pilot Project – Research and Training Institute (OPP-RTI), Karachi." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 8 (April 1, 2002): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0181.
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Over 20 years the Orangi Pilot Project has been working to understand the problems of Orangi, a district of Karachi largely characterised by high-density informal settlement, and enable its residents to develop and implement solutions. Sanitation was identified as the major problem and a sewerage system was built. From this work was developed the “internal-external” concept for sanitation, which has 4 levels: sanitary latrines in houses; underground sewer in lane; neighbourhood collector sewer; and trunk sewer and treatment plant. The first three components are “internal” and can be undertaken by low-income communities; the “external” fourth component has to be funded and carried out by government or similar agency. Successful and unsuccessful attempts elsewhere to replicate this model have both confirmed the effectiveness and practicality of such community-based action and shown the – largely organisational – pitfalls that must be avoided.
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Hurd, J., M. Hennink, K. Robb, C. Null, D. Peprah, N. Wellington, H. Yakubu, and C. L. Moe. "Behavioral influences on risk of exposure to fecal contamination in low-resource neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7, no. 2 (February 14, 2017): 300–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.128.
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Rapid urbanization in low-resource countries has led to a growing sanitation crisis, with widespread fecal contamination and risk of adverse health outcomes. Understanding how to change sanitation behaviors and reduce exposure to fecal contamination is central to Sustainable Development Goal 6. This study examines behavioral influences on fecal contamination in six low-resource neighborhoods of Accra, Ghana. Qualitative data comprised 12 key informant interviews with community leaders and 16 focus group discussions with residents. Results identify behaviors that increase the presence of feces in urban neighborhoods and risk of exposure to fecal contamination. Significant barriers to access and use of public and private latrines led to a range of defecation and excreta management practices. These methods of fecal disposal, together with poor sanitation services (i.e. refuse collection, public drainage, public latrines), environmental conditions (i.e. wind, rain), and employment activities (i.e. fishing, hawking), exacerbate the spread of feces and risk of exposure to fecal contamination. The transfer of fecal contamination between public and private domains creates repeated risk of exposure to fecal contamination for residents during daily activities. This pervasiveness of fecal contamination in the environment, suggests the need for multi-sectoral approaches to reduce fecal contamination that go beyond provision of public or private latrines.
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Adugu, Emmanuel. "Contextualizing Action Research." International Journal of Adult Education and Technology 12, no. 2 (April 2021): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaet.2021040103.
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This article focuses on designing and conducting action research in diverse settings. Action research is a collaborative approach to problem solving. It involves consultative problem identification, reflects context, encourages reflexive examination, and ultimately encourages and empowers beneficiaries for desirable change. In that regard, it puts all stakeholders at the core of the change process. The process of change from research project conceptualization to analysis and policy implications is thus made more understandable and meaningful to community actors (beneficiaries). The chapter features three empirical models from diverse parts of the world. These are Model 1: Photo-voice as a form action research depicting an underused footbridge in Barbados; Model 2: DANIDA Community Water and Sanitation Project, Ghana; and REACH After School Enrichment Program, USA.
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Foggitt, Ella, Sally Cawood, Barbara Evans, and Patricia Acheampong. "Experiences of shared sanitation – towards a better understanding of access, exclusion and ‘toilet mobility’ in low-income urban areas." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 3 (May 10, 2019): 581–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.025.
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Abstract Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 6.2 calls for ‘adequate and equitable sanitation for all’. In dense, rapidly urbanising cities, the challenge of providing household sanitation means that many countries include shared, community and public toilets in their national strategies to meet global goals. However, shared sanitation is associated with several problems including poor management and exclusion. This study examines shared sanitation access and use by using innovative mapping methods in compound house units in Fante New Town, Kumasi, Ghana. This study reveals that 56% of house units have at least one toilet. Of the 47% of people living in these house units, almost a third were excluded from using the toilet. Tenure status was the main driver for exclusion, with nearly half of people reporting non-usage ‘not allowed’ to use the toilet by the landlord. This study outlines key policy interventions to address broader institutional and regulatory barriers to shared sanitation. At the settlement level, this includes the provision of safe, well-managed public toilets and engagement with landlords to improve house unit toilet access. At the national and global level, this study calls for nuanced indicators to assess the quality of access and to ensure shared sanitation works for everyone. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.
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Amosah, Jonah, Tahiru Lukman, and Raymond Aitibasa Atanga. "Portable Water Sources in Rural Communities the Experience of Togmaa Community in the Wa West District." American Journal of Arts and Human Science 2, no. 1 (February 13, 2023): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajahs.v2i1.1158.
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Surface waters are the main drinking water source for many rural communities in Ghana including Wa West District and Togmaa in particular. The water crisis in Togmaa is a threat to quality sanitation and health in the community. This necessitated the study. A case study approach enabled the researchers to delve much into the phenomenon under study. The methodology included the use of a mixed-method approach (qualitative and quantitative). The sampling technique used was simple random and purposive sampling. A semi-structured interview guide was used to gather data from 39 households as sampled for the study. Key informant interviews were also used to gather data from chiefs, assemblymen, Magazia (women leader) and the Wa West District Assembly. The study also used observation to observe the water sources in the community. Data gathered from Semi-structured interviews were coded and entered into the SPSS to generate results and presented in Microsoft word using pie charts, bar charts and tables. With the qualitative data using Key Informant Interviews were transcribed and classified under themes with quotes from respondents. The results and conclusions from the study revealed that Togmaa community lack a portable water source compelling resident to drink from polluted pounds; it was also found that community members’ enthusiasm to contribute to a borehole facility is thwarted by the poor household income status. Other findings revealed that the people of Togmaa believe the Government of Ghana has the main responsibility to provide them with a water facility, even though they are also willing to contribute their human resource and meagre incomes towards getting a befitting water facility.
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Stratton, Samuel J., Virginia Price Hastings, Darlene Isbell, John Celentano, Miguel Ascarrunz, Carol S. Gunter, and Joe Betance. "The 1994 Northridge Earthquake Disaster Response: The Local Emergency Medical Services Agency Experience." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 11, no. 3 (September 1996): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00042916.
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AbstractIntroduction:This paper describes the 1994 Northridge earthquake experience of the local emergency medical services (EMS) agency. Discussed are means that should improve future local agency disaster responses.Methods:Data reported are descriptive and were collected from multiple independent sources, and can be reviewed publicly and confirmed. Validated data collected during the disaster by the Local EMS Agency also are reported.Results:The experience of the Los Angeles County EMS Agency was similar to that of earthquake disasters previously reported. Communication systems, water, food, shelter, sanitation means, power sources, and medical supplies were resources needed early in the disaster. Urban Search and Rescue Teams and Disaster Medical Assistance Teams were important elements in the response to the Northridge earthquake. The acute phase of the disaster ended within 48 to 72 hours and public health then became the predominant health-care issue. Locating community food and water supplies near shelters, providing transportation to medical care, and public-health visits to shelter locations helped prevent the development of long-term park encampments. An incident command system for the field, hospitals, and government responders was necessary for an organized response to the disaster.Conclusion:Disaster preparedness, multiple forms of reliable communication, rapid mobilization of resources, and knowledge of available state and federal resources are necessary for a disaster response by a local EMS agency.
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Twinomucunguzi, Felix R. B., Philip M. Nyenje, Robinah N. Kulabako, Swaib Semiyaga, Jan Willem Foppen, and Frank Kansiime. "Reducing Groundwater Contamination from On-Site Sanitation in Peri-Urban Sub-Saharan Africa: Reviewing Transition Management Attributes towards Implementation of Water Safety Plans." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 21, 2020): 4210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104210.
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High urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has resulted in increased peri-urban groundwater contamination by on-site sanitation. The World Health Organization introduced Water Safety Plans (WSP) towards the elimination of contamination risks to water supply systems; however, their application to peri-urban groundwater sources has been limited. Focusing on Uganda, Ghana, and Tanzania, this paper reviews limitations of the existing water regime in addressing peri-urban groundwater contamination through WSPs and normative attributes of Transition Management (TM) towards a sustainable solution. Microbial and nutrient contamination remain prevalent hazards in peri-urban SSA, arising from on-site sanitation within a water regime following Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) principles. Limitations to implementation of WSPs for peri-urban groundwater protection include policy diversity, with low focus on groundwater; institutional incoherence; highly techno-centric management tools; and limited regard for socio-cultural and urban-poor aspects. In contrast, TM postulates a prescriptive approach promoted by community-led frontrunners, with flexible and multi-domain actors, experimenting through socio-technical tools towards a shared vision. Thus, a unified risk-based management framework, harnessing attributes of TM and IWRM, is proposed towards improved WSP implementation. The framework could assist peri-urban communities and policymakers in formulating sustainable strategies to reduce groundwater contamination, thereby contributing to improved access to safe water.
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Novianigsih, Erisa Permadani Bella, and Lailul Mursyidah. "Communication in the Implementation of the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision Program (PAMSIMAS) Tanjekwagir Village, Krembung District, Sidoarjo Regency." JKMP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Manajemen Publik) 7, no. 1 (May 17, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/jkmp.v7i1.1695.
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The Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision Program (PAMSIMAS) is a program of the Central Government and Local Governments with support from the World Bank, with the aim of increasing the supply of drinking water and sanitation and improving healthy living behavior among the community. In the implementation of the PAMSIMAS program in Tanjekwagir Village, there are several obstacles including the lack of supporting facilities, especially pipe connections and lack of budget funds. This study aims to analyze and describe the implementation of the PAMSIMAS program and the obstacles in implementing the PAMSIMAS program in Tanjekwagir Village. This type of qualitative descriptive research with the technique of determining the informant using purposive sampling. Research informants were the Head of Tanjekwagir Village, Head of BUMDes, Head of BPSPAM, and community users of the PAMSIMAS program. The research location is in Tanjekwagir Village, Krembung District, Sidoarjo Regency. The data collection techniques are observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques from Miles da Huberman (2011: 247) are data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the research on the implementation of the PAMSIMAS program in Tanjekwagir Village are reviewed using communication indicators that have several dimensions. First, tansimisi in the implementation of the PAMSIMAS program uses socialization media directly to the community and utilizes technology by creating a website so that it is easier for people to get information about the PAMSIMAS program in Tanjekwagir Village. Second, clarity in the implementation of the PAMSIMAS program is the target of this program, the PAMSIMAS program was created to provide access to clean water to the community so that people's clean and healthy living behavior can be improved for the better. Third, consistency in the implementation of the PAMSIMAS program is carried out by the Drinking Water Supply Facility Management Agency (BPSPAM) in accordance with PP No. 16 of 2005
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Krishnan, Sneha. "Humanitarian WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) technologies: exploring recovery after recurring disasters in Assam, India." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 29, no. 4 (June 27, 2020): 629–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-02-2019-0051.
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PurposeThis paper develops a theoretical understanding of learning during recovery from recurring disasters when humanitarian organizations deploy WASH technologies using examples from 2012–2013 floods in Assam, Northeastern India.Design/methodology/approachA mixed methods study was conducted in Assam, where Oxfam had responded after 2012 floods and erosion. Two surveys (n1 = 313; and n2 = 279) in 2013, along with 38 semi-structured interviews, 18 household interviews and 23 focus group discussions (FGDs) were undertaken. The quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and the qualitative data were interpreted thematically.FindingsOne of the product-level innovations included raised platforms with WASH facilities as a preparedness measure for future floods, enabled by a co-learning approach. Social learning within community members provided contextual inputs, while Oxfam learnt through its institutionalized learning mechanisms, namely real-time evaluations, knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) surveys and strong monitoring mechanisms. Despite these measures, the precarity of such geographies remains a major concern in increasing vulnerability, and hence this study advocates for an approach towards innovation that equally emphasizes and advances learning within community groups as well as organizations so that lessons can be captured and revisited in future programmes and promote wider application.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is exploratory, and longitudinal in nature, although the data and findings are fairly representative of the target population, they do not imply causality and attribution. Since the study relies on a case study, there are limitations of how the findings could be generalized in other similar contexts.Practical implicationsThis paper offers a new theoretical lens emphasizing context-specific understanding of short-term but rapid onset and cyclical emergencies resulting in local population displacement. It provides a bottom-up perspective on innovations and technologies deployed by external aid agencies as a commentary on recovery of community resilience from recurring disasters.Social implicationsThis paper reframes agency approaches in how they perceive community resilience and enable flood-affected and displaced communities to recover using innovations in WASH technologies.Originality/valueThis paper expands on the key lessons to be gleamed from the many interventions in humanitarian WASH technologies from learning perspective and benefits from reflections as a practitioner in the field.
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Alexander, D., N. Wilson, R. Gieseker, E. Bartlett, N. A. Rosseau, E. X. Amuzu, D. Ansong, O. I. Olopade, and C. O. Olopade. "Drinking water infrastructure in the Ashanti Region of Ghana: developing a model for sustainable interventions by non-governmental organizations." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 1 (November 19, 2014): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2014.205.
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Access to clean water plays a critical role in advancing health in low- and middle-income countries. Over the past decade, Ghana has met United Nations targets for expanding access to clean water. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have taken part in this achievement; however, they have done so with varying success. In 2013, researchers from the University of Chicago, accompanied by local partners, visited seven villages in the Ashanti Region in which a Ghanaian NGO had installed boreholes for drinking water access. Household and leader questionnaires were administered to examine the impact of the project on each community. Four additional villages, which utilize surface water, were visited to establish baseline health and sanitation characteristics. Water samples were collected from primary drinking water sources and tested for coliforms. Two out of seven NGO wells were non-functional and over 35% of respondents cited broken pipes as common problems. Nonetheless, over 60% of respondents reported that a borehole had reduced their water collection time by a median of 30 minutes daily. Coliform counts were lower in samples taken from boreholes relative to samples taken from communities using surface water. Finally, we found redundant water services in many communities and no formalized approach to borehole maintenance.
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Samuel, Kojo Abanyie, Ampadu Boateng, Musah Saeed Zango, Ebenezer, Biyogue Douti Nang, and Owusu George. "The roles of community-based water and sanitation management teams (WSMTs) for sustainable development: An example of the Bawku West District, Ghana." African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 13, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajest2019.2710.
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Ley, Christiane, Danielle Angert, Tessa Hudelson, and Jordan Harris. "Adapting Global Service-Learning Project and Community Partnership Outcomes Using a “Tele-engineering” Approach in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic." Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International Engagement 8, no. 1 (2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317408.
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The Water Supply in Developing Countries (WSDC) service-learning course at Purdue University has fostered a strong partnership with the La Vega region in the Dominican Republic since 2012. During this time, an interdisciplinary group of engineering and science students has helped design drinking water treatment systems and the group has developed water, sanitation, and health (WASH) education materials. These WASH education and water safety approaches often have been conducted in person in the past. However, with the state of the COVID-19 pandemic and the inability to travel in the fall and spring semesters of the 2020–2021 academic year, the students have been exploring (1) the impact of the pandemic on the community schools in the La Vega province, (2) the impact of the pandemic on the current water treatment systems, and (3) possible solutions to implement a “virtual installation” of a water treatment system at our newest partner school in the community of Desecho. The coronavirus pandemic has ushered in a new way that we may approach our service-learning experiences in the future. More specifically, in the future, it may be more effective to serve as a “virtual consulting firm” of engineers and consultants, rather than builders, for the implementation and design of the water treatment systems. In this way, we may facilitate a partnership that fosters community agency and solution-based approaches to technical issues are led by local community members.
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Rusnaini, Sasmita, Zulkifli Zulkifli, Darmawanto Darmawanto, Poiran Poiran, Nova Elsyra, and Hamirul Hamirul. "Peran Dinas Kesehatan Dalam Koordinasi Dan Pembangunan Penyediaan Air Minum Sanitasi Berbasis Masyarakat." Jurnal Akuntansi, Manajemen, Bisnis dan Teknologi (AMBITEK) 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.56870/ambitek.v2i1.40.
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The problem of clean water today is a concern in all regions including the Bungo Regency and this study aims to determine the role of the Health Office in the development of community-based water supply and sanitation. By using a descriptive method of qualitative approach and data collection techniques by interviewing informants as many as 17 people. With the results of the study of the Role of the Bungo District Health Office in the Regency of Bungo in evaluating the sources of community-based drinking water supply and the construction of Pamsimas. In accordance with the regulations and main tasks. There are still many community-based sources of drinking water whose quality is beyond the supervision of the Bungo District Health Office. In carrying out the implementation of supervising community-based drinking water supply the Bungo District Health Office is less than optimal, there are barriers such as inadequate human resources, with a less than optimal number of officers, facilities and infrastructure that have not supported good service. Obstacles faced by the Bungo District Health Office, there have been several attempts to overcome constraints, some of which have been carried out such as: Health Office, Applying to Bungo District Regent. In order to issue a circular letter to Rio and Lurah. Stopping Open Defecation is signed by Minister of Health, Governor and Regent, Public Works Agency, proposing additional personnel and proposing additional budget funds
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Ayu Apriani Wirawan, Ni Ketut Suzana. "Personal Responsibility Relationship to Environmental Responsibility Behavior." Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies 2, no. 10 (October 29, 2022): 2149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/eduvest.v2i10.628.
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This research discusses the role of an international organization called Junior Chamber International (JCI) in Indonesia which helps the provision and management of clean water and sanitation as one of the realizations of the global sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative approach with case study research methods. Data was collected by interviewing several relevant sources and observing various JCI activities. Other data were obtained from secondary data in the form of literature studies and various supporting documentation such as books and journals, data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and the DKI Provincial Government, as well as the results of periodic reports and various photo documentation of JCI's activities. Liberalism theory was chosen as an approach that is considered capable of providing answers to the positive changes formed and carried out by JCI in international relations cooperation to realize sustainable development. The results of the study show that JCI as an international organization is a platform for young professionals in their fields and can directly contribute in depth. JCI is also able to navigate the interests of stakeholders both towards the government, NGOs, other international organizations, and the community as targets in terms of efforts to realize the six sustainable development goals, namely the management and provision of access to clean water and sustainable sanitation
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Yembilah, Nicholas N.-Kang, and Simon Diedong Dombo. "An Environmental Perspective of Dracunculiasis and the Guinea Worm Eradication Programme on Human Behaviour in the Northern Region of Ghana." Sustainable Development Research 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): p48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/sdr.v3n1p48.
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This article examines the role dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease – GWD) and the Guinea Worm Eradication Programme (GWEP) played in changing community members’ behaviour towards the disease and their bio-physical environment. The research design that was used to collect data was the mixed method approach, in which questionnaire was administered, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was held, and key informant interviews conducted. Krejcie and Morgan’s formula for determining sample population for research was used to determine the sample population of the study area, which was 860. It was found that bedrock lithology made community members to resort to unsafe sources of drinking water which exposed them to GWD. It was also realized that the educational programmes which the GWEP brought along with it changed community members’ behaviour towards their bio-physical environment, which ultimately resulted in eradicating the disease in the study area. It was therefore recommended that in carrying out disease eradication or control programmes, the environmental protection agency should be involved in the process of educating community members on methods of improving on the integrity of their natural and built environment to enhance the overall health status of the community.
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Skran, Claudena. "Unhcr’s Gender Policy for Refugees and Returnees in Sierra Leone." African and Asian Studies 14, no. 1-2 (March 27, 2015): 108–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341332.
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The challenge of ensuring the full reintegration of refugee women and returnees in post-conflict societies is an important one, yet there is gap in the literature that evaluates interventions designed to assist them. This article seeks to narrow this gap by examining the gender policy of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (unhcr) as applied to reintegration programs in Sierra Leone, particularly in Kailahun district. Using Amartya Sen’s concept of agency, the paper begins with an exploration of the pre-war status of women and girls in Sierra Leone and their marginalization in flight and exile. The paper then argues that the conceptual framework ofunhcr’s Community Empowerment Projects (ceps) created a foundation for an open, democratic process that, in theory, could lead to enhanced well-being for women as beneficiaries and greater political agency for them as decision-makers. In practice, thecepsresulted in the implementation of projects that benefited women both directly and indirectly, especially in the areas of water and sanitation and education. The lack of emphasis on health projects, however, especially when compared to the strong support for rebuilding community buildings controlled by elders, shows the impact of traditional, patriarchal decision-making on thecepprocess. The paper further argues that special women’s centers constructed or supported byunhcr, though small in number, both enhanced the well-being of and promoted political agency for women; this intervention contributed to the high levels of females elected as local officials in Kailahun district in the 2012 elections.
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Marlow, Jennifer J., and Lauren E. Sancken. "Reimagining Relocation in a Regulatory Void: The Inadequacy of Existing us Federal and State Regulatory Responses to Kivalina’s Climate Displacement in the Alaskan Arctic." Climate Law 7, no. 4 (November 9, 2017): 290–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-00704004.
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Relocation requires reimagining the role of law and policy in assisting community relocation planning in predisaster contexts. For decades, the 467-person Inupiaq whaling village of Kivalina, Alaska, has navigated agency-led relocation processes and sought legal remedies to pursue relocation as a comprehensive means of addressing overcrowding, inadequate water and sanitation services, and the impacts of climate change on permafrost and coastline stability. Despite Kivalina’s highly successful efforts to create media and public awareness of its situation, no actionable relocation plans have emerged out of Kivalina’s formal engagement with traditional legal and policy avenues. This article examines three issues: (1) Kivalina’s current efforts to relocate within the context of its colonial past; (2) the limited us federal and state regulatory mechanisms available to Kivalina and other displaced Arctic tribal communities; and (3) ad hoc models that embrace the complexity of self-reliant relocation in predisaster contexts.
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Als, Daina, Sarah Meteke, Marianne Stefopulos, Michelle F. Gaffey, Mahdis Kamali, Mariella Munyuzangabo, Shailja Shah, et al. "Delivering water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to women and children in conflict settings: a systematic review." BMJ Global Health 5, Suppl 1 (July 2020): e002064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002064.
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BackgroundAccess to safe water and sanitation facilities and the adoption of effective hygiene practices are fundamental to reducing maternal and child morbidity and mortality globally. In armed conflict settings, inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure poses major health risks for women and children. This review aimed to synthesise the existing information on WASH interventions being delivered to women and children in conflict settings in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) and to identify the personnel, sites and platforms being used to deliver such interventions.MethodsWe conducted a systematic search for publications indexed in four databases, and grey literature was searched through the websites of humanitarian agencies and organisations. Eligible publications reported WASH interventions delivered to conflict-affected women or children. We extracted and synthesised information on intervention delivery characteristics, as well as barriers and facilitators.ResultsWe identified 58 eligible publications reporting on the delivery of WASH interventions, mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)/United Nations (UN) agency staff were reported to be involved in delivering interventions in 62% of publications, with the most commonly reported delivery site being community spaces (50%). Only one publication reported quantitative data on intervention effectiveness among women or children.DiscussionThis review revealed gaps in the current evidence on WASH intervention delivery in conflict settings. Little information is available on the delivery of water treatment or environmental hygiene interventions, or about the sites and personnel used to deliver WASH interventions. Limited quantitative data on WASH intervention coverage or effectiveness with respect to women or children are important gaps, as multiple factors can affect how WASH services are accessed differently by women and men, and the hygiene needs of adolescent girls and boys differ; these factors must be taken into account when delivering interventions in conflict settings.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019125221
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Odoom, Daniel. "Relevance of Cocoa Life Project Interventions to Community Development in Rural Ghana: Exploring the Views of Beneficiaries in Wassa East District." Journal of Development and Communication Studies 8, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 22–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jdcs.v8i1.2.
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This study investigated the relevance of Cocoa Life Project interventions implemented by World Vision Ghana to the development of beneficiary communities using the Wassa East District as a case. The views of members who were mostly farmers, gari processors, soap makers, and members of village savings and loans associations from beneficiary communities were considered in a sequential-dependence mixed method research approach. A total of 406 respondents were selected using stratified, simple random and convenience sampling methods, with 84.2 percent response rate for the quantitative data. Research instruments were interview schedule and focus group discussion guide. Means and standard deviation were used for quantitative analysis whilst thematic analysis was done for the qualitative data. The study observed that WVG’s project interventions were highly relevant to education, business development, financial literacy, microcredit facilities, agriculture, and livelihood diversification within beneficiary communities. Also, awareness creation was one of the main communication tools WVG relied upon in promoting community development in the district. Though the interventions led to behaviour change, there were concerns with the overall change in behaviour within the communities. Besides, beneficiary communities had diverse development needs which could only be understood through appropriate and well-planned development communication strategies and approaches. As part of the recommendations, WVG should collaborate with Mondelez International and local authorities to come out with measures to improve upon job creation, behaviour change at the community level, health care services, and water and sanitation in Cocoa Life communities.
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Eliab, Mwashuma Tony, and Dr Johnbosco Kisimbii. "Determinants of Performance of Water Projects in Urban Center in Kenya: A Case of Mji Wa Kale Sub-Location in Mombasa County." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Project Management 5, no. 2 (December 4, 2020): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jepm.492.
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Purpose: This study examined the determinants of the performance of water projects in urbanized centres based on a Case Study of Mji wa Kale in Mombasa County.Methodology: The study adopted to descriptive study with a target population of 10,069 people comprised of 10, 056 population of the sub-location (KNBS, 2019 Census), ten purified water service providers (purposive), and a respondent each from the region’s water supply regulators, i.e., Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS), Mombasa Water and Sanitation Company and Coast Water Works Agency. They were sampled using Solvins formula n = N / (1 + N e2) and simple random reduction to 15% to utilize a sample size of 70 respondents. Data was collected through the use of questionnaires and, where possible, interviews. Data analysis was through mean, frequencies, inferential statistics and descriptive methods through Statistical Package for Social Sciences - SPSS. Data was narrated and reported below frequency TablesFindings: The study found that technology uses in water supply influences the Performance of Water Projects in urbanized centres and that water services companies have the relevant technology skills required in the current trends on new innovative technologies in their supply to the commodity. The study concluded a significant relationship between the availability of natural water sources, consumer preferences of price, appropriate technology, stakeholder involvement, management skills and Performance of water projects in urbanized centres.Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: The study recommends that water management committees that have untrained community members should not be entrusted to manage these facilities, leading to mismanagement and unwarranted system breakdowns. The study also recommends that project leaders and members be trained on the effective use of scarce water supplied to reduce the losses in quantity and quality of water as delivered from source through to households for use to eventual disposal. There is a need to enhance transparency and accountability levels among the committee members. There is a need for close monitoring and evaluation of water projects by implementing organizations to enhance sustainability. Community participation right from conception and design of water projects to implementation is recommended to enhance water projects' community ownership. There is a need to encourage diversified livelihoods, especially those directly supported by water resources.
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Koranteng, Richard Twum Barimah, and Guoqing Shi. "Analyzing the Relevance of VRA Resettlement Trust Fund as a Benefit Sharing Mechanism." Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 4 (July 29, 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v11n4p99.
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The Volta River Authority Resettlement Trust Fund’ (VRA RTF) was established by the Ghanaian Government, with some threshold of assistance the VRA outfit. More than thirty years after the dam’s construction project got its finality, a scheme was subsequently introduce to ensure that earnings emanating from the dam’s activities would be of immense relevance to the deranged folks by providing socio-economic amenities like water and sanitation, infrastructural developmental projects among others. However, financing deficiencies appear to be an indispensable and integral setback as far as the pursuance of the Trust’s mission is concerned. The study set out to analyze the relevance of VRA RTF as a benefit sharing mechanism in Ghana, specifically, using the employees of VRA RTF in conjunction the resettlers belonging to Senchi Ferry Township (VRATFCs). Among other objectives, the study determined the distinctive relevance of RTFs to affected individuals, identified the key monetary and non-monetary benefit sharing mechanisms (BSMs) adopted by project developers for displaced individuals, in addition to the critical challenges confronting the smooth functioning of RTFs in Ghana. Both qualitative and quantitative methods of research was adopted for the study. Convenience sampling using questionnaire instrumentation was used to collect data from the staff of VRA RTF and chosen Senchi Ferry Township resettlers. A 5-Point Likert scale which was later fine-tuned into the Relative Importance Index (RII), SPSS Version 22.0 and Microsoft Excel were used for the data analysis. The results indicated the 6 distinctive relevance of RTFs at VRATFCs as water and sanitation, educational enhancement, health improvement, improvement of agricultural projects, community development via socio-cultural activities. To add to this, the 5 key monetary and non-monetary benefit sharing mechanisms as revealed by the participants’ were as follows: revenue sharing, development funds, property taxes, equity sharing as well as livelihood and restoration enhancement. More so, with reference to the critical challenges confronting the smooth functioning of RTFs at VRATFCs, 6 bottlenecks realized were as follows: improper costing of relocation packages (ineffective budgeting), inadequate compensation of displaced individuals, inactive involvement of the displaced individuals in the decision making process, insufficient grant allocation to the fund, clarity of rules and policies relating to fund disbursement, vis-à-vis questionable timing of the resettlement processes. It is recommended that the management of VRA RTF, well-informed resettlers and policy-makers at VRATFCs in Ghana and beyond strictly adheres to the establishment of project specific development funds, accountability and transparency regimes, active involvement of resettlers in the decision making process, increment of grant to the RTF, adequate compensation of displaced individuals, effective costing of relocation packages. This strategic initiatives will inadvertently go a long way to manage the issues identified during the study.
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Gaber, A., M. Antill, W. Kimball, and R. Abdel Wahab. "Planning Replicable Small Flow Wastewater Treatment Facilities in Developing Nations." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 10 (November 1, 1993): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0196.
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The implementation of urban village wastewater treatment plants in developing countries has historically been primarily a function of appropriate technology choice and deciding which of the many needy communities should receive the available funding and priority attention. Usually this process is driven by an outside funding agency who views the planning, design, and construction steps as relatively insignificant milestones in the overall effort required to quickly better a community's sanitary drainage problems. With the exception of very small scale type sanitation projects which have relatively simple replication steps, the development emphasis tends to be on the final treatment plant product with little or no attention specifically focused on community participation and institutionalizing national and local policies and procedures needed for future locally sponsored facilities replication. In contrast to this, the Government of Egypt (GOE) enacted a fresh approach through a Local Development Program with the United States AID program. An overview is presented of the guiding principals of the program which produced the first 24 working wastewater systems including gravity sewers, sewage pumping stations and wastewater treatment plants which were designed and constructed by local entities in Egypt. The wastewater projects cover five different treatment technologies implemented in both delta and desert regions.
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Yuningsih, Rahmi. "Strategi Promosi Kesehatan dalam Meningkatkan Kualitas Sanitasi Lingkungan." Aspirasi: Jurnal Masalah-masalah Sosial 10, no. 2 (December 29, 2019): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46807/aspirasi.v10i2.1391.
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Improvement of sanitation, environment and clean water, will substantially reduce the level of pain and severity of various diseases that can improve the degree of public health. But Indonesia still faces Open Defecation Free (ODF) which pollutes the environment. Indonesia ranks second after India (626 million people) as the country with the most ODF, which were 63 million people. In Serang Municipality, Banten Province, there are still 27.2% of people doing defecation in rivers, rice fields and others. The important factor causing it is the habit. The purpose of this paper is to discuss health promotion strategies consisting of advocacy efforts, social support and community empowerment in improving the quality of sanitation in Serang Municipality. The data is the result of group research conducted by researchers at the Research Center of the Expertise Agency of the DPR RI. The study was conducted in Serang Municipality in March 2019. Apart from the habitual problem, there are still many people who defecate in the absence of hygienic toilet facilities at home and ineffective communal toilet programs. The difficulty of getting clean water in the Serang Municipality has caused people further reluctant to make and use healthy latrines. The local government has implemented a health promotion strategy which includes advocacy for DPR and DPRD members to prioritize sanitation issues in Serang Municipality; increase social support from community leaders and conduct community empowerment. AbtrakPerbaikan terhadap sanitasi, lingkungan dan air bersih, secara substansial akan mengurangi tingkat kesakitan dan tingkat keparahan berbagai penyakit sehingga dapat meningkatkan derajat kesehatan masyarakat. Namun, Indonesia masih dihadapi masalah sanitasi yaitu perilaku Buang Air Besar Sembarangan (BABS) yang mencemari lingkungan. Indonesia berada di urutan kedua setelah India (626 juta orang) sebagai negara dengan perilaku BABS terbanyak yaitu 63 juta orang. Begitu pun dengan Kota Serang, masih terdapat 27,2% masyarakat melakukan BABS seperti di sungai, sawah dan lainnya. Penyebab utamanya adalah faktor kebiasaan. Tujuan penulisan ini untuk mengetahui strategi promosi kesehatan yang terdiri dari upaya advokasi, dukungan sosial dan pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam meningkatkan kualitas sanitasi di Kota Serang. Data dalam tulisan ini merupakan hasil penelitian kelompok bersama Tim Peneliti pada Pusat Penelitian Badan Keahlian DPR RI. Penelitian kualitatif dilakukan di Kota Serang pada bulan Maret 2019. Selain masalah kebiasaan, penyebab masih banyaknya masyarakat BABS adalah tidak tersedianya sarana jamban sehat di rumah dan tidak efektifnya program jamban komunal. Sulitnya mendapatkan air bersih di Kota Serang membuat masyarakat lebih enggan membuat dan menggunakan jamban sehat. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah daerah setempat melakukan strategi promosi kesehatan yang meliputi advokasi kepada anggota DPR dan DPRD agar memprioritaskan masalah sanitasi lingkungan di Kota Serang; meningkatkan dukungan sosial dari tokoh masyarakat serta melakukan kegiatan pemberdayaan masyarakat untuk tidak BABS.
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Elisa, Erlin. "Algoritma Classifier Untuk Menganalisis Faktor Pemilihan Hunian Tempat Tinggal." Computer Based Information System Journal 8, no. 2 (September 29, 2020): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33884/cbis.v8i2.2423.
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Batam City is the largest city in the RIAU archipelago, the population is also included in the island with the largest population when compared to other islands. According to data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), Batam City recorded the projected population growth in Batam in 2019 as many as 1,376,009 people. The development of the increasing population will gradually start to cause new problems, namely the problem of housing or housing. When viewed from the incident so far, the factors or reasons for choosing a residential place to live are not understood by the community so that when they buy, problems often occur, such as not matching the price or problems with developers such as difficult mortgage management and an unsuitable environment and many problems. other. This study will analyze the choice of residential housing with the C4.5 datamining technique and rapid mining as data testing tools, the results of this study show that the main factors for housing selection are clean water sanitation, accessibility, accessibility and price after testing the accuracy of C4.5 data. 25 sample data obtained 88.00% accuracy of the performance of this algorithm.
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Ngwa, Moise Chi, Alemu Wondimagegnehu, Ifeanyi Okudo, Collins Owili, Uzoma Ugochukwu, Peter Clement, Isabelle Devaux, et al. "The multi-sectorial emergency response to a cholera outbreak in Internally Displaced Persons camps in Borno State, Nigeria, 2017." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 1 (January 2020): e002000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002000.
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IntroductionIn August 2017, a cholera outbreak started in Muna Garage Internally Displaced Persons camp, Borno state, Nigeria and >5000 cases occurred in six local government areas. This qualitative study evaluated perspectives about the emergency response to this outbreak.MethodsWe conducted 39 key informant interviews and focus group discussions, and reviewed 21 documents with participants involved with surveillance, water, sanitation, hygiene, case management, oral cholera vaccine (OCV), communications, logistics and coordination. Qualitative data analysis used thematic techniques comprising key words in context, word repetition and key sector terms.ResultsAuthorities were alerted quickly, but outbreak declaration took 12 days due to a 10-day delay waiting for culture confirmation. Outbreak investigation revealed several potential transmission channels, but a leaking latrine around the index cases’ house was not repaired for more than 7 days. Chlorine was initially not accepted by the community due to rumours that it would sterilise women. Key messages were in Hausa, although Kanuri was the primary local language; later this was corrected. Planning would have benefited using exercise drills to identify weaknesses, and inventory sharing to avoid stock outs. The response by the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency was perceived to be slow and an increased risk from a religious festival was not recognised. Case management was provided at treatment centres, but some partners were concerned that their work was not recognised asking, ‘Who gets the glory and the data?’ Nearly one million people received OCV and its distribution benefited from a robust infrastructure for polio vaccination. There was initial anxiety, rumour and reluctance about OCV, attributed by many to lack of formative research prior to vaccine implementation. Coordination was slow initially, but improved with activation of an emergency operations centre (EOC) that enabled implementation of incident management system to coordinate multisectoral activities and meetings held at 16:00 hours daily. The synergy between partners and government improved when each recognised the government’s leadership role.ConclusionDespite a timely alert of the outbreak, delayed laboratory confirmation slowed initial response. Initial responses to the outbreak were not well coordinated but improved with the EOC. Understanding behaviours and community norms through rapid formative research should improve the effectiveness of the emergency response to a cholera outbreak. OCV distribution was efficient and benefited from the polio vaccine infrastructure.
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Isanovic, Sejla, Edward Frongillo, Shilpa Constantinides, Shiva Bhandari, Samin Sharraf, Emma Kenney, and Christine Blake. "Perspectives about Food Safety in Diverse Low- and Middle-income Countries." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac059.016.
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Abstract Objectives Concerns about unsafe food influence food choice and consumption of unsafe foods increase morbidity and mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Addressing unsafe food is dominated by mitigation of biological and chemical hazards through supply-side risk management, with less emphasis on individuals’ experiences and perspectives of food safety. We aimed to identify and categorize perspectives about food safety in five countries. Methods Five studies designed to address drivers of food choice in low- and middle-income countries provided transcripts from 17 focus groups discussions and 303 interviews in Kenya, Ghana, India, Guinea, and Vietnam. We analyzed transcripts using a priori and emergent coding techniques that involved a constant comparative method. Results Individuals constructed meaning about food safety through personal experience and social influences. Community and family members contributed knowledge about food safety. Concerns about food safety were influenced by reputations of and relationships with vendors. Concerns were amplified by mistrust of vendors’ purposeful adulteration, unsafe selling practices, and new methods to produce food. Individuals were reassured of food safety by positive relationships with vendors; home-cooked meals; implementation of policies and regulations being followed; vendor adherence to environmental sanitation and food hygiene practices; cleanliness of vendors’ appearance; vendors’ or producers’ agency to use risk mitigation strategies; and transparency in production, processing, and distribution of food. Conclusions Individuals’ perspectives about food safety influence food choice behaviors. The success of food-safety policies hinges on consideration of these perspectives. Funding Sources The Drivers of Food Choice (DFC) Competitive Grants Program, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the UK Government's Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office.
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Effendy, Rochmad, Rofiqul Amin, and Ginanjar Indra Kusuma Nugraha. "Meningkatkan Kinerja Kelembagaan Organisasi Air Minum Berbasis Masyarakat Himpunan Penduduk Pengguna Air Minum HIPPAM." ETHOS (Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian) 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 5252. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/ethos.v8i1.5252.
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Abstract. Clean water is an indicator of life and quality of human life. It is no wonder that the provision of clean water and sanitation is included in the sixth goal of the 17 items Sustainable Development Goals agreed in the UN General Assembly Resolution by 193 Member States and global civil society on 25 September 2015. Unfortunately this mulya goal has not been fully achieved, especially for residents of Malang Regency. Data released by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of Malang Regency shows that households that still use river / rain water as a necessity of life reached 0.44 and 0.54 in 2016 and 2017. Those included in this category are residents of Segenggeng Hamlet, Wonokerso Village Pakisaji District. As a result of the poverty that plagued which was then exacerbated by the contours of the land in their area which required them to dig 50 meters more to obtain ground water. For the process of managing this service, the Mangga 2 Water User Occupation Association (HIPPAM) was formed as a continuation of the Mangga 1 clean water supply program which was established in mid-2010 in the Wonokerso sub-village. The capacity of the built water reservoir can accommodate 15 thousand cubic meters to serve 365 households in 10 RTs and two RWs. However there are several obstacles encountered; (1) Institutional; This community-based clean water mining organization does not yet have a legal entity; (2) The financial administration and administration of the HIPPAM secretariat are simple and not yet neatly archived. (3) Structured formal communication with customers and stakeholders has not been carried out properly. This is evidenced by the large arrears in account payments. Through this Community Partnership Program a draft of the initial draft of the Statutes and by-laws has been prepared by a drafting team representing all elements of the community. They can do this after participating in a series of training activities from authorized sources. Also, the capacity of individual administrators has increased by providing some printed materials as guidelines for working with water services. The performance of the institution is also the case through the provision of a computer that functions for the operational SIM application for payment of drinking water tariffs. Communication with customers that had not previously been carried out has also been carried out.Keywords: HIPPAM; Provision of Community-Based Drinking Water; Community Self-Reliance Institutions; National Program for Community Empowerment in Urban AreasAbstrak. Air bersih merupakan indikator kehidupan dan kualitas kehidupan manusia. Tidak heran kalau penyediaan air bersih dan sanitasi (Clean water and Sanitation) dimasukkan dalam tujuan keenam dari 17 butir Sustainable Development Goals (tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan) yang telah disepakati dalam Resolusi Majelis Umum PBB oleh 193 Negara Anggota dan masyarakat sipil global tanggal 25 September 2015. Sayang tujuan mulya ini belum sepenuhnya tercapai terutama untuk warga Kabupaten Malang. Data yang dikeluarkan Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Kabupaten Malang menunjukkan rumah tangga yang masih menggunakan air sungai/ hujan sebagai kebutuhan kehidupan mencapai 0,44 dan 0,54 pada tahun 2016 dan 2017. Mereka yang termasuk dalam kategori ini adalah penduduk Dusun Segenggeng Desa Wonokerso Kecamatan Pakisaji. Akibat kemiskinan yang mendera yang kemudian diperburuk dengan kontur tanah di wilayah mereka yang mengharuskan mereka untuk menggali 50 meter lebih untuk memperoleh air tanah. Untuk proses pengelolaan layanan ini dibentuk Himpunan Pendudukan Pengguna Air Minum (HIPPAM) Mangga 2 sebagai kelanjutan dari program pengadaan air bersih Mangga 1 yang telah yang didirikan pertengahan 2010 di dusun Wonokerso. Kapasitas tandon air yang terbangun dapat menampung 15 ribu meter kubik dapat melayani 365 rumah tangga di 10 RT dan dua RW. Namum ada beberapa kendala yang dihadapi; (1) Kelembagaan ; organisasi pengambangan air bersih berbasis masyarakat ini belum memiliki badan hukum; (2)Administrasi keuangan dan ketata usahaan sekretariat HIPPAM yang sederhana dan belum rapi terarsipkan. (3) Komunikasi formal terstruktur dengan pelanggan dan stakeholder belum terlaksanan dengan baik. Ini dibuktikan dengan banyakanya tunggakan pembayaran rekening. Lewat Program Kemitraan Masyarakat ini telah tersusun sebuah naskah draft awal Anggaran Dasar dan Anggaran Rumah Tangga oleh tim penyusun yang mewakili semua unsur warga masyarakat. Mereka dapat melakukan ini setelah mengikuti serangkaian kegiatan pelatihan dari nara sumber yang berwenang. Juga kapasitas individu pengurus telah meningkat dengan memberikan beberapa materi cetak sebagai panduan kerja layanan air minum. Kinerja lembaga juga demikian lewat pemberian satu komputer yang berfungsi untuk operasional SIM aplikasi rekening pembayaran tarif air minum. Komunikasi dengan pelanggan yang sebelumnya belum pernah dilaksanakan juga telah dilakukan.Kata Kunci : HIPPAM; Penyediaan Air Minum Berbasis Masyarakat ; Lembaga Keswadayaan Masyarakat; Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Mandiri Perkotaan
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Devonald, Megan, Nicola Jones, and Sally Youssef. "‘We Have No Hope for Anything’: Exploring Interconnected Economic, Social and Environmental Risks to Adolescents in Lebanon." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 10, 2022): 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042001.
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Sustainable development is an effort to balance social progress with environmental equilibrium and economic growth. Young people affected by forced displacement are particularly vulnerable to the economic, environmental and social challenges of their surroundings. Using a framework that centres sustainable development on these three interconnected pillars, this article explores how the economic and environmental contexts in Lebanon impact adolescents’ and youth social development, drawing on qualitative data from adolescents in refugee and host community settings. The article highlights that adolescents face economic challenges because of the national economic crisis, exacerbated by COVID-19 lockdowns and service closures, poor labour market opportunities for youth—and for refugees in particular—and rising living costs. The environmental challenges facing adolescents include inadequate shelter (especially in collective shelters and informal tented shelters) and inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities. These economic and environmental conditions in turn influence adolescents’ social capabilities such as their physical and mental health, and voice and agency. The article concludes by highlighting the need for a more integrated approach to sustainable development that will allow both present and future generations in Lebanon to meet their own needs and live empowered lives. It outlines measures that could help achieve this approach, including: creating policies and programmes that promote investment in technical and soft skills-building to equip young people with the skills they need to take up jobs within the green economy; investing in adolescent-friendly social protection with linkages to environmental projects; and improved shelter, health and WASH facilities, particularly in response to the ongoing and future impacts of climate change.
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Arhin, Reuben Essel, Henry Kwadwo Hackman, Barry Kojo Whyte, and Alhassan Sa-eed. "MICROBIAL DIVERSITY AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF BACTERIA ON WASHROOM FOMITES IN A PUBLIC UNIVERSITY." European Journal of Health Sciences 5, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ejhs.497.
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Purpose: To determine the diversity and distribution of bacteria contaminants on washroom fomites in a public university and their resistance to common antibiotics.Methodology: A sanitation audit was conducted on 21 selected washrooms on seven different blocks in a university. Swabs were collected from 68 washroom fomites for bacterial isolation and biochemical identification. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for 22 Gram positive and 41 Gram negative bacteria species.Findings: Of 21 washrooms none had toiletries, 71% did not have flowing water and 90% were in the category of generally unclean. Of 169 bacteria isolated Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were the predominant species. Of 68 fomites all had bacterial contaminants with 83.8% having 2 to 3 co-occurring species. Gram positive bacteria isolated were resistant to augmentin (100%), meropenem (94%), penicillin (91%), cefuroxime (86%), vancomycin (86%), erythromycin (67%), cloxacillin (64%), tetracyclin (64%), ciprofloxacin (59%), cotrimoxazole (59%), ampicillin (50%) and gentamicin (36%). Gram negative bacteria isolated were resistant to meropenem (97%), ceftriaxone (95%), ampicillin (93%), cefuroxime (91%), cefotaxime (84%), vancomycin (82%), tetracyclin (80%), cotrimoxazole (78%), chloramphenicol (50%), ciprofloxacin (71%), amikacin (40%) and gentamicin (24%). Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Previous studies on bacteria on fomites in Ghana have focused on healthcare settings. This study focused on a university campus which is a non-healthcare setting with a high human presence and pressure on existing washroom facilities leading to contamination. The diversity of bacteria on the fomites are representative of clinically significant antibiotic resistant human enteric and skin flora carried by a seemingly healthy population and provide an indication of the potential antibiotic resistance burden in the user community.
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Augsburg, Britta, Orazio Pedro Attanasio, Robert Dreibelbis, Edward Nketiah-Amponsah, Angus Phimister, Sharon Wolf, and Sonya Krutikova. "Lively Minds: improving health and development through play–a randomised controlled trial evaluation of a comprehensive ECCE programme at scale in Ghana." BMJ Open 12, no. 10 (October 2022): e061571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061571.
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IntroductionMany children in developing countries grow up in environments that lack stimulation, leading to deficiencies in early years of development. Several efficacy trials of early childhood care and education (ECCE) programmes have demonstrated potential to improve child development; evidence on whether these effects can be sustained once programmes are scaled is much more mixed. This study evaluates whether an ECCE programme shown to be effective in an efficacy trial maintains effectiveness when taken to scale by the Government of Ghana (GoG). The findings will provide critical evidence to the GoG on effectiveness of a programme it is investing in, as well as a blueprint for design and scale-up of ECCE programmes in other developing countries, which are expanding their investment in ECCE programmes.Methods and analysisThis study is a cluster randomised controlled trial, in which the order that districts receive the programme is randomised. A minimum sample of 3240 children and 360 schools will be recruited across 72 district school cohort pairs. The primary outcomes are (1) child cognitive and socioemotional development measured using the International Development and Early Learning Assessment tool, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and tasks from the Harvard Laboratory for Development Studies; (2) child health (measured using height/weight for age, height-for-weight Z scores). Secondary outcomes include (1) maternal mental health, (using Kessler-10 and Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale) and knowledge of ECCE practices; (2) teacher knowledge, motivation and teaching quality (measured with classroom observation); (3) parental investment (using the Family Care Index and Home Observation Measurement of the Environment and the Child–Parent Relationship Scale); (4) water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices; (5) acute malnutrition (using mid-upper arm circumference). We will estimate unadjusted and adjusted intent-to-treat effects.Ethics and disseminationStudy protocols have been approved by ethics boards at the University College London (21361/001), Yale University (2000031549) and Ghanaian Health Service Ethics Review Committee (028/09/21). Results will be made available to participating communities, funders, the wider public and other researchers through peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations, social and print media and various community/stakeholder engagement activities.Trial registration numberISRCTN15360698, AEARCTR-0008500.
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Hasib, Enam, Taufique Joarder, Kharisma Nugroho, Kelly Perry, Jennifer Crum, and Amy Weissman. "Bridging the Knowledge Gap in Bangladesh for Effective Locally Driven Conditional Cash Transfer in Multisectoral Nutrition Programming." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab035_038.
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Abstract Objectives The USAID's Strengthening Multisectoral Nutrition Programming through Implementation Science Activity (MSNP) in Bangladesh gathered local knowledge to augment national data to ensure nutrition programming delivery was appropriately targeted. Such knowledge allowed MSNP's social protection conditional cash transfer (CCT) activity to reach most at-risk individuals. Methods Using structured field observation forms, six trained staff documented nutrition programming decision-making processes and MSNP project activities regarding appropriate beneficiary targeting in six districts. Numerous project documents were reviewed and site visits conducted to evaluate CCT implementation in action. Data were coded into three aspects of learning (challenges and methods to alleviate them, successes, and recommendations for future programming) and analyzed according to themes identified in research utilization literature. Results CCT, an incentive-based delivery mechanism targeting women based on locally collected data, positively influenced household decision-makers, including women, to provide effective health and nutrition care for themselves and their children. CCT, received upon completion of antenatal care visits and participation in nutrition education sessions, effectively supported the uptake of MSNP community workers’ nutrition advice led to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene practices in remote areas. Requiring CCT beneficiaries to open bKash accounts to ensure financial transparency and that funds reached the intended participants helped establish women as nutrition decision makers, improving financial inclusion for extreme-poor women. Conclusions CCT stimulates use of nutrition and health services, increasing household resources for nutrition-related behaviors and allowing women to exercise financial freedom. To improve evidence utilization in nutrition programming, national indicators must be complemented with local knowledge gathering processes, with local stakeholders and beneficiaries involved to ensure appropriate targeting and to transform knowledge into practice. Funding Sources United States Agency for International Development (USAID).