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1
Ademolu, K. O., A. B. Idowu, and O. A. Jayeola. "Changes in Haemolymph Biochemical values during different growth phases in African Giant Land Snail (Archachatina Marginata) Swainson." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v36i1.1200.
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The impact of growth phases on the haemolympy biochemical value of African giant land snail Archachatina marginata was studied. The growth phases were: snailet, juvenile and Adult based on the number of whorls on the shell and weight of the snails. Highest concentration of glucose and lipids were recorded at the juvenile phase (40.20mg/dl), while least values for glucose (20.00mg/dl) and lipids (37.80mg/dl)were recorded during snailer and adult phases respectively. A progressive increase in the concentration of protein was observed as the snails moved from snailetphase to adult phase, hence snails in adult phase had highest concentration of protein in their haemolymph. Growth phases significantly (p<0.05) affected the haemolymph mineral composition of the snails, juvenile phase had the highest values in ca2+,PO4+ and Na+, while the adult phase recorded the least concentration in ca2+, Na amd cl-2. Juvenile growth phase of A. marginata thus has better haemolymph biochemical values than both snailet and adult growth phases.
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Ademolu, K. O., A. B. Idowu, A. O. Jayeola, I. Osunsina, G. A. Dedeke, F. Oluwafemi, and E. Ibie. "Influence of Different Management Systems on Gut Microbes and Chemical Constituents of Giant Land Snail (Archachatina marginata)." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 39, no. 2 (January 1, 2021): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v39i2.726.
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The impact of management systems on the African giant land snail, Archachatina marginata found in Abeokuta, Nigeria was investigated. The gut microbial load, haemolymph biochemical values (proteins, lipids, glucose, Na+, Ca2+,K+, Cl- PO42+) and proximate composition (crude protein, fat, fibre, ash and carbohydrates) of the flesh were determined in these snails. There were significantly (P<0.05) higher colony forming units (cfu) in the gut of snails from the wild (5.24 x103) than the domesticated snails (3.13 x103). The aemolymph biochemical values and flesh proximate composition were significantly higher in the snails from the wild than the domesticated ones. However, antinutrients and mineral composition of the flesh were not significantly affected by the management systems. The implication of these results on snail meat value in Nigeria is discussed.
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Raimi, C. O., and A. C. Odeyemi. "Organoleptic evaluation of Archachatina marginata fed rumen content dietary inclusion." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 46, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v46i4.999.
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There is inadequate information on quality feedstuff for large scale production and all year round availability of snails in Nigeria.The research was conducted to investigate the organoleptic properties of the African giant land snails (Archachatina marginata). Thirtytwo snails were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments of varied levels of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% rumen content inclusion. Each treatment was replicated with four snails per pen in a completely randomized design. The snails were reared in mini paddock. Feed and water were supplied ad-libitum. At the end of the eight weeks period of feeding trials, two snails were harvested at random from the replicates of each of the four treatments, sacrificed, processed and analyzed. Based on appearance, taste and aroma of the snails fried and stewed with spices and the other one steamed with spices, preference ranking in descending order revealed 15% (6·85) rumen content inclusion had the highest mean preference followed by 5% (6·53) inclusion for the fried snail with spices and 0% (6.65) inclusion had the highest ranking followed by 15% (6.53) rumen content inclusion for the snail steamed with spices. The treatments had no appreciable effect on the nutrient composition and sensory quality of the snail meat. It can be concluded that growing snails can utilize rumen content inclusion thereby increasing the feed data base for snail production in the Tropics.
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Osemeobo, Gbadebo Jonathan. "Effects of Land-use and Collection on the Decline of African Giant Snails in Nigeria." Environmental Conservation 19, no. 2 (1992): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900030630.
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The African Giant Snail is a dependable source of animal protein for a large proportion of Nigerians. However, in the past few decades, the supply of this Snail and two others of different genera but similar use, has declined. The causes, examined in this paper, which affect its collection and decline in forest reserves are due to a combination of socio-economic and cultural factors: a cultural orientation of the rural dwellers towards the collection and utilization of snails for food, cash, traditional medicine, and sacrifice; indiscriminate destruction of snail habitats due to ignorance or neglect of the resource; and lack of incentives and inadequate data for snail management.Snail collection is a legitimate occupation of rural dwellers. However, because forestry laws in Nigeria regard snails as minor forest products, no legislative, conservational, or management, controls can be effected — hence their collection will continue in future because of their value to Mankind. As the African Giant Snail is fast approaching local endangered status, the fear exists that, unless effective conservation measures are taken urgently, the survival of this biotic resource would appear to be in jeopardy. It is suggested that: (a) representative forests in each ecological zone should be preserved for wildlife conservation; (b) smallholder snail-farming should be encouraged among rural and urban dwellers to de-emphasize its collection from the optimal wild source; and (c) research should be conducted on the ecology and biology of the major snail species to develop a database from which their management within the reserves can be effected.
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Mamadou, Karamoko, Amani N’dri Saint-Clair, Touré Alassane, Komoin Oka Clarisse, Otchoumou Atcho, Fantodji Agathe, and Kouassi Kouassi Philippe. "Prevalence Of African Giant Snails For Parasites In A South-East Region Of Côte d'Ivoire." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 21 (July 29, 2016): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n21p186.
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Two species of snails (Achatina achatina and Archachatina ventricosa), from surrounding forest of Azaguié’s district, were collected at the market of the locality aforementioned in order to identify their various parasites. For that, 50 snails of each species were sacrificed. Parasites were searched on the level of the flesh, between the flesh and the shell, the stomach, the intestine, the liver and the reproductive apparatus. The collected parasites were Balantidium spp, the larvae of Protostrongylus spp, the larvae of Dicrocoelium spp and Trichomonas spp. Our results showed that 52% of Achatina achatina and 74% of Archachatina ventricosa were parasitized. Among the parasites collected in the snail Achatina achatina, 95.8% were nematodes and 4.1% were trematodes. Whereas in the snail Archachatina ventricosa, 97.7% were protozoa, 8.8% nematodes and 0.4% consisting with trematodes. The prevalence of Protostrongylus spp (48%) were higher than that of Dicrocoelium spp (4%) in Achatina achatina. For the snail Archachatina ventricosa, the prevalence of parasite were dominated by Trichomonas spp (38%) and Protostrongylus spp (24%).
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Park, Youmie. "Mining Invertebrate Natural Products for Future Therapeutic Treasure." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 9 (September 2011): 1934578X1100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100600944.
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This review focuses on biologically active entities from invertebrate sources, especially snails. The reader will encounter several categories of compounds from snails including glycosaminoglycans, peptides, proteins (glycoproteins), and enzymes which possess diverse biological activities. Among glycosaminoglycans, acharan sulfate which was isolated from a giant African snail Acahtina fulica is reviewed extensively. Conotoxins which are also called conopeptides are unique peptide mixtures from marine cone snail. Conotoxins are secreted to capture its prey, and currently have the potential to be highly effective drug candidates. One of the conotoxins is now in the market as a pain killer. Proteins as well as glycoproteins in the snail are known to be involved in the host defense process from an attack of diverse pathogens. Carbohydrate-degrading enzymes characterized and purified in snails are introduced to give an insight into the applicability in glycobiology research such as synthesis and structure characterization of glycoconjugates. It seems that simple snails produce very complicated biological compounds which could be an invaluable source in future therapeutics as well as research areas in natural medicine.
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OLA, S. I., O. AKINLADE, and G. O. BAMIDELE. "MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF GIANT AFRICAN LAND SNAIL Archachatina marginata ovum (Pfeiffer) (Pulmonata: Achatinidae) FOUND IN ILE-IFE, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA." Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment 16, no. 1 (November 22, 2017): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v16i1.1666.
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The morphometry of the reproductive organs of the giant African land snail, Archachatina marginata ovum from wild collection at Ile-Ife, southwest Nigeria, was assessed during March - May (early rainy season) and August – October (late rainy season) of 2010. A total 134 snails were dissected and clas-sified into one of five different reproductive states (low mating readiness; high mating readiness; egg production; gravid and post reproductive). The five states were observed in snails collected during the early rainy season, whereas the gravid state was not observed in the collections during late rainy sea-son. Albumen gland was considerably enlarged at egg production state forming about 60 % of the total weight of the reproductive system, while vas deferens was significantly longer in snails at high mating readiness state. The sizes of the reproductive organs were not substantially related to the size of the snail as the coefficient of determination (r2) of the relationship were in most cases below 0.5. The over-all results indicated that variations in the morphology of the reproductive organs of A. marginata ovum are mostly state dependent and less related to the size of the snail and thus could be used reliably to categorise the snails into reproductive states.
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Cano-Pérez, Eder, Jaison Torres-Pacheco, Luis Barraza-Quiroz, Jorge Morelos-Muñoz, and Doris Gómez-Camargo. "Population characterization and parasitological assessment of the giant African snail (Achatina fulica) in urban areas of Cartagena, Colombia." F1000Research 10 (March 22, 2021): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.28002.2.
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Background: The giant African snail, Achatina fulica, is an invasive species recognized for being a serious agricultural pest and an intermediary vector for diverse parasites that cause diseases in humans. The knowledge of the state of African snail populations in urban areas is of great ecological and public health importance. Therefore, our objective was to characterize the status of giant African snail populations present in the city of Cartagena, Colombia, including the assessment of nematode parasites in the specimens. Methods. Sites were visited following information from citizens affected by the presence of the African snail. The specimens were collected and transported to the laboratory; subsequently, they were weighed, measured, and classified by size. Dissections of lung tissue and soft organs were performed to search for and identify nematode parasites. Size measurement between the sampled sites was statistically compared and density and biomass indicators were established. Results. In total, 204 snails were collected distributed among four sites within Cartagena city. Of these, 50% were juvenile specimens (10-40 mm). The size of the specimens showed significant differences between the sampling areas. The calculated density was between 0.0019-0.68 ind/m2 and the biomass between 3.92-48.75 kg/ha. No presence of nematode parasites was observed in these specimens. Conclusions. Densities and biomasses of A. fulica in Cartagena do not reach levels considered highly harmful. On the other hand, although no parasites were found in these snails, it is relevant to continue with studies on the human health risks that represent the presence of this invasive species in urban areas of Cartagena.
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Cano-Pérez, Eder, Jaison Torres-Pacheco, Luis Barraza-Quiroz, Jorge Morelos-Muñoz, and Doris Gómez-Camargo. "Population characterization and parasitological assessment of the giant African snail (Achatina fulica) in urban areas of Cartagena, Colombia." F1000Research 10 (February 5, 2021): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.28002.1.
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Background: The giant African snail, Achatina fulica, is an invasive species recognized for being a serious agricultural pest and an intermediary vector for diverse parasites that cause diseases in humans. The knowledge of the state of African snail populations in urban areas is of great ecological and public health importance. Therefore, our objective was to characterize the status of giant African snail populations present in the city of Cartagena, Colombia, including the assessment of nematode parasites in the specimens. Methods. Sites were visited following information from citizens affected by the presence of the African snail. The specimens were collected and transported to the laboratory; subsequently, they were weighed, measured, and classified by size. Dissections of lung tissue and soft organs were performed to search for and identify nematode parasites. Size measurement between the sampled sites was statistically compared and density and biomass indicators were established. Results. In total, 204 snails were collected distributed among four sites within Cartagena city. Of these, 50% were juvenile specimens (10-40 mm). The size of the specimens showed significant differences between the sampling areas. The calculated density was between 0.0019-0.68 ind/m2 and the biomass between 3.92-48.75 kg/ha. No presence of nematode parasites was observed in these specimens. Conclusions. Densities and biomasses of A. fulica in Cartagena do not reach levels considered highly harmful. On the other hand, although no parasites were found in these snails, it is relevant to continue with studies on the human health risks that represent the presence of this invasive species in urban areas of Cartagena.
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Okon, B., L. A. Ibom, A. Dauda, A. E. Bassey, M. O. Awodiran, and M. O. Etukudo. "Chromosome numbers, evolutionary relationships and divergence among three breeds of giant african land snails in Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, no. 4 (December 27, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i4.614.
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A number of studies have been carried out on the reproductive and growth performance of these breeds of giant African land snails, but not much is documented on chromosome, evolutionary relationships and divergence studies. Forty snails and 10 of each breed of giant African land snails Archachatina marginata (AM), Achatina achatina (AA) and Achatina fulica (AF) and two varieties of A. marginata [A. marginata var. saturalis (AMS) and A. marginata var. ovum (AMO)] were used for the chromosomes numbers analyses. Slides for chromosome identification were prepared using the ovotestes and the cells were examined for spread atmetaphase. The haploid (n) chromosome numbers obtained revealed and confirmed that AF, AA, AMS and AMO snails have 27, 30, 28 and 28 chromosomes respectively. Also 13 amino acid sequences were retrieved from the National Centre for Biotechnology Information with accession numbers: ALD09273, AAY62497, ACA 10148 and AKQ 76237 for AM; AKQ 76253, AKQ 76250, CDL 67813, CDL 67813 and AKQ 76249 for AA and SP/P35903, PDB/5CZL, KZM 80032 and YP009049167 for AF snails. The evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbour-Joining method. Phylogenetic tree analysis by Neighbour- Joining (NJ) was constructed using 10 out of the 13 amino acid sequences. The reliability of the tree was calculated by boostrap confidence value with 1000 boot strapiterations using MEGA 7 software.The phylogenetic trees showed that these snail breeds are highly divergent. A. achatina was separately related to itself; whereas A. marginata slightly mingled with A. fulica. The degrees of divergence obtained signified that they have evolved from different ancestors. The evolutionary distances were computed with the remaining three amino acid sequences using the Poisson Correction method. Very high and far apart average genetic distances of 0.923±0.018, 0.926±0.018 and 0.926±0.017 were obtained for AA vs AF, AF vs AM and AA vs AM snails respectively, confirming that these snail breeds are genetically far apart between themselves. The results obtained for chromosome numbers, evolutionary relationship and average genetic distances might be apanacea in further selection and molecular classification of giant African land snails (GALS) in Nigeria.
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Amobi, Maduabuchi Inwele, and Bede Izuchukwu Ezewudo. "Utilisation of common leafy vegetables in the diets of giant West African snail Archachatina marginata (Swainson, 1821) (Stylommatophora: Achatinidae)." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 6, no. 12 (2019): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.061217.
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A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of utilisation of three leafy vegetable diets (bitter leaf Vernonia amygdalina, fluted pumpkin leaf Telfairia occidentalis and pawpaw leaf Carica papaya) on the growth performance of giant West African snail Archachatina marginata. A total of 90 A. marginata were used for the study. 30 snails were also subjected to three different dietary treatments in three replicates of 10 snails per replicate and fed with the fresh leaves of these vegetables over a period of 12 weeks. Results obtained recorded significant differences (P < 0.05) in terms of weight gain, shell length, shell circumference and shell thickness. On the whole, Archachatina marginata fed on fluted pumpkin leaf performed better in terms of mean weight gain when compared with those fed on bitter and pawpaw leaves. On the other hand, snails fed on pawpaw leaf had the best mean shell length gain, mean shell circumference and mean shell thickness when compared with those fed on bitter and fluted pumpkin leaves. The result clearly showed that the tested leafy vegetables can be successfully utilised as diets for rearing of A. marginata. For farmers to achieve better result, the inclusion of fluted pumpkin and pawpaw leaves in the diets of Archachatina marginata is highly recommended in snail rearing businesses.
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Ama, John. "TOXICITY EFFECT OF RADIOGRAPHIC DEVELOPER EFFLUENT ON GIANT AFRICAN SNAIL (Achatina fulica)." Journal of Radiography and Radiation Sciences 35, no. 1 (July 13, 2021): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.48153/jrrs/2021/upiz1092.
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Background: The decline in the population of snails, a source of protein of people living in the high forest zone due to environmental pollution and the hazard caused by the disposal of radiographic developer effluent into streams, bushes or forests and public sewer systems makes the assessment of the effect on giant African snails (Achatina fulica) from environmental pollution due to radiographic developer effluent very important. Materials and Methods: Ninety 5 months old, 12 months old and 24 months old giant African snails were randomly divided into 6 groups of 15 snails for each age group based on the dose of developer effluent to be administered. One group from each age group was designated the control and the remaining, the experimental group. Range finding test was performed at effluent concentrations of 100 %, 50 %, 25 %, 12.5 %, 6.25 %, 3.125 %, 1.6 % and 0 % (control) in 150 ml of distilled water. The effluent solution was administered on the feed and soil of the experimental snails only. Results: Behavioural changes occurred between 0.2 – 1.0 % concentration and mortality at 24 – 96 hours exposure to the effluent solutions. The percentage (%) mortality of the giant African snails increased as the effluent concentration increased from 0.2 - 1.0 % and at an increased exposure time of 24 – 96 hours. The estimated 96 hours LD for the 5, 12 and 24 months old giant African snails were 0.20 - 0.23, 0.23 - 0.25 and 0.30 - 0.26 respectively. Conclusion: Radiographic developer effluent is harmful to the giant African snails, with the % mortality increasing with an increase in concentration and exposure time to the developer effluent. Legislation is recommended to ensure the safe disposal of radiographic developer effluents into the Nigerian environment considering the importance of giant African snails (Achatina fulica) to the ecosystem and the economy.
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Valente, R., J. I. Diaz, E. Lorenti, O. D. Salomón, and G. T. Navone. "Nematodes from Achatina fulica Bowdich, 1822 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in Argentina." Helminthologia 53, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helmin-2015-0071.
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SummaryThe aim of this study is to describe the nematode cysts and larvae found in Achatina fulica, the giant African snail, in the northeast of Argentina. A total of 373 snails were collected from the cities of Puerto Iguazú and Corrientes. Cysts (N= 2958) containing nematodes identified as L3 Strongyluris sp. were found in the mantle cavity of 87 snails from Puerto Iguazú City (Prevalence 23 %; Mean Intensity= 34; Mean Abundance= 8). The shell size correlated with prevalence, mean intensity and mean abundance (p < 0.05) indicating that there is an exposure-infection constant rather than an accidental one. In other hand, the absence of infection in the smallest shell size suggests a threshold of size to be infected. Taking into account that there exist records of A. fulica infected by nematodes of medical and veterinary importance such as Angiostrongylus and Aelurostrongylus in some Brazilian states near Puerto Iguazú, we emphasize the need for snail surveillance.
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Okeniyi, F. A., O. A. Osinowo, O. A. Ladokun, A. K. Akinloye, O. S. Bamidele, and D. M. Sanni. "Bacteria and digestive enzymes in the alimentary tract of the giant African land snails, Archarchatina marginata and Achatina achatina." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 42, no. 2 (January 16, 2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v42i2.2616.
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A study was carried out to investigate the bacteria flora in the gut of the Giant African Land Snails (GALS), Archarchatina marginata and Achatina achatina. Microflora cultures from snail gut contents were prepared to isolate and identify microorganisms within the snail digestive tract. Enzyme assays were carried out on a few of the microorganisms to determine the presence and level of enzymatic activities. Results showed that a wide range of bacteria inhabit the alimentary tract of GALS. Bacteria isolates from the stomach (Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas syringae) and mouth regions (Aeroccus viridiaris and Azobacter chroococcum) in the two species of GALS effectively digested starch, cellulose and casein. However, Bacillus species from the stomach region in A. achatina exhibited the highest enzymatic activities for cellulase (10.00 µmol/min/ml at 18 h), protease (23.97 µmol/min/ml at 18 h) and amylase (9.56 µmol/min/ml at 24 h) during incubation Consequently, results from the present study confirmed that amylolytic, cellulolytic and proteolytic bacteria within the digestive tract of the two species of GALS do aid in the snail's digestive processes.
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Ovat, I. O., P. E. Esor, and O. I. Iwara. "Effects of different feeding regimes on the growth performance of the giant African land snail Archachatina marginata (Swainson)." Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences 16, no. 1 (May 22, 2020): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/joafss.v16i1.3.
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Effects of various feeding regimes on the growth performance of the giant African land snail, Archachatina marginata were studied using one hundred and twenty (120 Juvenile snails) weighing 0.66g +1 per snails for a period of 90 days. The treatments were. T1 -Grower starter, T2 - Grower mash, T3 - cocoyam and cassava leaves and T4 - Ripe pawpaw fruits. The Completely Randomized Design was used with four treatments and each replicated three times. The snails were confined in wooden hutch boxes. Data was collected on weekly body weight feed intake, shell length and shell width. Results obtained showed that snails fed with broiler starter diet (T1) had significantly (P<0.05) higher performance in terms of weight gain, feed intake, shell length and the aperture, while pawpaw fruits T4 recorded the least values. The highest values for feed intake was observed in T1 (135.5g) followed by T2 (78.2g), while the least feed intake was observed in T4 (55.7g). Snails fed with T1 recorded the highest weight gain (60.1g) followed by T2 and T3.The lowest weight gain was obtained in T4 (37.9g). Shell length was highest in T1 (20.7mm), closely followed by T2 (19.2mm). The aperture recorded the highest mean values in T1 (20.1mm). The least operculum was recorded in T4 (12.9mm). Therefore, the broiler starter T1 should be used to feed growing snails to improve their performance.
Keywords: Snails, Broiler Starter, Grower mesh, Cocoyam leaves, Cassava leaves, Pawpaw fruits, hutch boxes
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Dododawa, Z., and B. N. Ejidike. "Influence of two management systems on the growth performance of adult African giant land snails (Archachatina marginata)." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 11, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i2.2073.
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African gaint land snails are important as means of alleviating acute protein shortage in Nigeria livestock Industries. The present study aimed to study the influence of intensive and extensive management systems on the growth Performance of adult African Giant Land Snails (Archachatina marginata) was carried out in the wildlife domestication unit of the Department of Forest Resources and Wildlife Management, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Ninety African giant land snails (A. marginata) of average body weight 160.31g ± 0.38g were used for the study. The snails were grouped into two- Group A and Group B. 45 snails in group A were raised in an intensive system of management while 45 snails in group B were raised in an extensive system of management. The data collected on weight gain, shell length increment and shell width increment during the experiment were subjected to student t-Test at 5% significant level. Results showed that there was a significant difference at (p<0.05) in the weight gain. The intensive management system had a higher weight gain of 128.96g with mean value of 4.96 while the extensive management system had a weight gain of 88.37g with mean value of 3.40. There was no significant difference at (p>0.05) in the shell length increment. The snails in the extensive management system had the higher shell length increment of 5.32cm with mean value of 0.20 while the snails in the intensive management system had a shell length increment of 2.43cm with mean value of 0.09. There was a significant difference at (p<0.05) in the shell width increment. The snails in the extensive management system had the higher shell width increment of 9.31cm with mean value of 0.36 while the snails in the intensive management system had a shell width increment of 4.30cm with mean value of 0.17. The snails in the intensive system had a Feed Conversion Ratio of 5.03. For better growth performance of A. marginata in terms of weight gain, snail farmers should raise their snails in an intensive system of management and formulated diet should be used in feeding the snails along side with natural feed such as leaves and fruits.
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Kel, D., Hasan Gökçe, D. Bilgiç, D. Ağaoğulları, I. Duman, M. L. Öveçoğlu, Eyup Sabri Kayali, Ismail Akin Kiyici, Simeon Agathopoulos, and F. N. Oktar. "Production of Natural Bioceramic from Land Snails." Key Engineering Materials 493-494 (October 2011): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.493-494.287.
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There are thousands of land snail species, ranging in size from 1 mm to the Giant African Snail growing up to a foot long. Two species, known as escargot, helix aspersa and helix pomatia, are commercially important. Helix pomatia is abundant in Turkey. Those snails are exported usually without shells. Shells are damped to trash sites or used as substitute food for animals. The shell is rich in calcium carbonate and some other minor minerals. Thus, snails’ shells can be used as a source for bioceramic production. So far, in the literature there are lot of papers about converting calcite and aragonite structures to hydroxyapatite (HA), like corals, sea shells, sea urchin and other sea creatures. However, there is very limited information about converting land snail shells to HA and other bioceramic phases. The aim of this work was to produce various phases of bioceramic materials from land snails’ shells which are left as a residue waste after their export procedures. Empty local land snails’ shells (helix pomatia) were collected in Istanbul. They were washed, dried, crushed and ball milled until a powder of 100 µm particles size was obtained. Raw powders were stirred at 80°C for 15 min on a hotplate. A second part of the raw powder was stirred with an ultrasonic stirrer at 80°C for 15 min in an ultrasonic equipment. Equivalent amount of H3PO4 was added drop by drop into the solution. The reaction lasted for 8h. Then, to evaporate the liquid part, the mixtures were put into an incubator at 100°C for 24 h and the resultant dried sediments were collected. The produced powders were analyzed with X-ray diffraction, IR and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The experimental results confirmed the formation of various Ca-phosphates, specifically monetite, fluorapatite and some other minor calcium phosphate phases. Bioceramic production from land snail is a reliable and economic way comparing to other tedious methods of producing synthetic HA and other various bioceramics phases.
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ABIONA, J. A., A. C. ESHORUN, and F. M. MSHELBWALA. "EFFECTS OF AESTIVATION DURATION ON REPRODUCTIVE TRACT DIMENSION AND SPERMATOZOA PRODUCTION OF GIANT AFRICAN LAND SNAIL (Archachatinamarginata) DURING DRY SEASON." Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment 17, no. 2 (May 16, 2019): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v17i2.1837.
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Aestivation is a process of metabolic suspension which plays a key role in the survival of land snails during a period of drought. Human shave also used this process to transport the animal for commercial purpose. To examine the effect of this physiological process on reproductive apparatus, thirty (30) Giant African Land snail (Archachatinamarginata) with average weight of 130 -150g were used for this study. The snails were allotted to three different treatments with ten (10) replicate each after four weeks of acclimatization period which include: zero (0) week, three (3) weeks and six (6) weeks of aestivation. Parameters measured were: Internal organ weight, ovo-testis weight, reproductive tract length (cm) and weight (g). Also gonado-somatic index and spermatozoa concentration were also determined. Results showed that aestivation duration had significant influence on organ weight, ovo-testis weight, reproductive tract length and weight and spermatozoa concentration. However, gonado-somatic index (GSI) was not significantly influenced. It was observed that organ weight decreased as aestivation duration increased. For ovo-testis, snails with aestivation duration of six weeks had smaller weight compared to the control (0 week) while those at three weeks aestivation duration were not significantly different from the control group and those of six weeks aestivation duration. For reproductive tract weight, there was a significant(P<0.01)decrease in weight of the tract for both snails under three and six weeks aestivation duration compared to the control group (0 week). Spermatozoa count also decreased as aestivation duration increased. It can therefore be concluded that aestivation duration had significant effect on organ weight, ovo-testis weight, reproductive tract weight and spermatozoa concentration. For quick target of reproduction and snail economic value, it is recommended that aestivation duration should not be allowed to reach three weeks and above for whatever reason.
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Ugwuowo, L. C., and N. H. Anyaokei. "Tolerance of African giant land snails (Archachatina marginata) to varying levels of table Salt." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i4.106.
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An experiment was conducted to determine the growth response of African giant land snail Archachatina marginata fed diets containing different levels of sodium chloride. One hundred and twenty snails were subjected to four dietary treatments of T1, T2, T3 and T4 with 0%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75% sodium chloride respectively. The treatments were replicated thrice with 10 snails per replicate. The measured parameters included weight gain, feed intake, shell length, shell circumference and shell thickness. Feed cost, cost of feed per kg weight gain and feed conversion ratio were also calculated. Results showed that there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, feed cost and shell thickness but there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in cost of feed per kg weight gain, shell length and shell circumference in the snails fed the treatment diets. Treatment 2 had the highest average daily weight gain (0.07±0.01), average daily feed intake (0.91±0.08) and feed cost (7.19±0.64) but the lowest feed conversion ratio (13.15±61.76) while treatment 1 had the lowest average daily weight gain (0.04±0.01), average daily feed intake (0.70±0.20) and feed cost (5.54±0.18) but the highest feed conversion ratio (15.86±0.5). This shows that inclusion of sodium chloride above 0.25% in the diet of Archachatina marginata affects both the feed intake and weight gain of the snails.
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Adewole, A. M., F. A. Olajubu, and O. G. Nathaniel. "Different processing additives is efficacious on microbial loads and antibiotics sensitivity pattern of giant African land snail (Archachatina marginata)." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, no. 5 (December 31, 2020): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i5.1573.
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Snails are harvested for food in many parts of the world but are susceptible to environmental contaminations and pollutants due to the continuous ingesting of bacteria from the soil and the environment which they are found. Thus, the study has been designed to investigate the distribution and prevalence of micro-organisms in snails in humid tropics of Nigeria. Fifteen samples of Archachatina marginata were collected from Melege village, Ose local government area, Ondo State, Nigeria. The foot and head were analyzed microbiologically for bacterial loads before and after processing with five cleansing reagents: lime, alum, vinegar, salt and ash. Lime proved most effective reagent for decontaminating snail meats as it had the highest reduction of microbial load after processing (57.1%), followed by salt (44%) and the least was alum (20%). The mean microbial load on the head ranged between 9-22cfu/cm2 before and 4-12cfu/cm2 after processing, while foot ranged between 13-19cfu/cm2 before and 8-14cfu/cm2 after processing. Eight isolates belonging to nine genera including Micrococcus luteus [10(21.31%)] most predominant, followed by Escherichia coli [8(13.11%)], Proteus vulgaris [8(13.11%)], Klebsiella spp [6(16.39%)], Bacillus spp [6(9.84%)], Aeromonas spp [5(11.48%)], Streptococcus pyogenes [6(8.2%)], and least was Enterobacter spp [4(6.56%)] respectively. Results showed different pathogenic bacteria in snails. The presence of higher number of pathogenic Klebsiella spp and Escherichia coli among others, encountered in Archachatina marginata is an indication of public health hazard and also a warning signal for possible occurrence of food borne. The result showed lime as the most effective reagent in processing snail meat. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates showed that all the bacteria isolated were susceptible to Gentamicin (GEN), only Proteus vulgaris and Bacillus spp were susceptible to Ceftazidime (CAZ) and Cloxacillin (CXC) respectively and all the were resistant to Ampicillin (AMP). The presence of these microorganisms showed that snail's samples harbor some potential pathogenic bacteria of medical importance and washing with some cleansing additives, especially lime is recommended for proper decontamination. The resistance of the organisms to some of the drugs portrayed the global increased concern over the continuous use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine and the resultant effects.
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Okon, B., L. A. Ibom, A. Dauda, A. E. Bassey, N. B. Idiong, and P. O. Onwuka. "Influence of breeds and number of whorls on phenotypic traits and correlations among giant African land snails in Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 45, no. 2 (December 25, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v45i2.476.
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Six hundred adult mature black-skinned snails with four and five whorls on the shellcomprising of 200 each of the breeds; Archachatina marginata, Achatina achatina and Achatina fulica were used for the study. Phenotypic traits measured from the snails included body weight (BDW), shell length (SHL), shell width (SHW), aperture length (APL), aperture width (APW), spiral length (SPL), spiral width (SPW), diagonal length (DAL), length between the aperture and first spiral (LAS). The data obtained were used to estimate simple statistics (mean, standard error and coefficient of variations) and correlation oefficients. The results showed high significant (p<0.01) breed effects on phenotypic traits as A.nmarginata snails with four (288.700g) and 5(394.500g) whorls were phenotypically and genotypically heavier, larger and wider than A. achatina (127.0g and 182.000g) and A. fulica (48.850g and 65.050g) with four and five whorls respectively. There were also high significant (p<0.01) disparity number of whorls effects on body weight and other phenotypic traits studied. There was only one strong, negative and significant (p<0.01) phenotypic correlation (r ) between SHL and LAS (r = – 0.650) recorded for A. achatina snails with four whorls while A. achatina snails with five whorls recorded few strong, negative and significant(P<0.01) phenotypic correlations between BDW and SHW (r = – 0.613), SHL and LAS (r = –0.641), SHW and APW (r = – 0.602). Similarly, A. fulica snails with four whorls recorded few strong, negative and significant (p<0.01) phenotypic correlations between BDW and SHW (r = – 0.627), SHL and APL (r = – 0.639), SHW and APW (r = – 0.657) and only one strong, negative and significant (p<0.01) phenotypic correlation between SHL and LAS (r = – 0.605) for A. fulica snails with five whorls. Again, Am snails with four whorls had only one strong, negative and significant(p<0.01) phenotypic correlation between BDW and SHL (r = – 0.720). The only two low, positive and significant (p<0.05) phenotypic correlations recorded in this study were between APL and APW ((r = 0.544) and between SPL and DAL (r = 0.583) for A. marginata snails with four and five whorls respectively. Thus, the breed type and number of whorls on snail shells strongly influenced estimates of phenotypic traits and correlation coefficients of giant African land snails in Nigeria. Also, that estimates of correlation coefficients of mature giant African land snails with higher whorls were (4 and 5) are scarcely strong, positive and significant. The study revealed and confirmed that A. marginata snails are phenotypically and genotypically heavier, larger and wider than A. achatina and A. fulica snails with 4 and 5 whorls. These estimates are recommended as strong and efficient tools for selection and up grading or improvement of giant African land snails genetic traits in Nigeria.
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AKEGBEJO-SAMSONS, Y., and O. AKINNUSI. "EFFECTS OF POPULATION DENSITY ON THE GROWTH AND EGG-LAYING CAPACITY OF THE AFRICAN GIANT LAND SNAIL Archachatina marginata (Swainson) RAISED IN CAPTIVITY." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 27 (January 3, 2021): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v27i.1979.
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The effects of the population density of adult African, giant land snail, Archachatina marginata on the egg-laying capacity and the growth of the brooders and hatchlings were investigated for 9 months. Ten culture pens were stocked with snails at 20%, 40%, 50%, 80% and 100% capacity with each group in 2 replicates. Average weight gain of brooders was highest in pens stocked at 40% population density while the lowest was in pen stocked at 100%. Average number of eggs laid per snail and average number of eggs per pen followed the same trend in the study. The highest average number of eggs laid per pen was obtained in pens stocked at 60% population density (586) while the least was from pens at 20% population density. The result was the same for the average number of eggs laid per snail i.e. 7.5 eggs in pens stocked at 60% and 4.1 eggs in pens stocked at 20%. There was no significant difference in the weights of hatchlings in the different pens.
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REES, W. J. "The Giant African Snail." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 120, no. 3 (August 21, 2009): 577–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1950.tb00664.x.
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Parvate, Yadnya A., and Yadnya A. Parvate. "EFFECT OF CLOVE OIL ON THE BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF OVOTESTIS AND HEPATOPANCREAS OF Achatina fulica." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 8, no. 5 (October 25, 2020): 628–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2020.8(5).628.635.
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The giant African snail Achatina fulica is widespread across the subtropical and tropical countries and has picked up the global pest status. Its voracious feeding capacity and protandrous reproduction makes it almost invincible once established. Measures to combat its menace have for long focussed on chemical molluscicides. However the rising environmental sensitivity in the past few decades has attracted the use of natural compounds to target this pest. The current study was aimed to evaluate the impact of clove oil on the biochemical profile of its ovotestis and hepatopancreas. The snails were randomly divided into three groups i.e., control, vehicle treated group (1% Tween 80) and clove oil treated group. Snails in the clove oil treated group were subjected to subacute doses of clove oil (20% and 60% of LD50 value/24 hrs) by topical application. The activity levels of vital enzymes namely acetylcholinesterase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, protease and lactic dehydrogenase were pertinently altered in the ovotestis and hepatopancreas of the clove oil treated snails as compared to the control. Contents of important biomolecules like DNA, RNA, protein, and phospholipids were reduced, the level of lipid peroxidation was significantly enhanced with a concomitant decrease in glutathione content in clove oil treated groups vis-a-vis control in both the tissues studied, highlighting the toxic effect of clove oil to the snail. Thus it is suggested that clove oil can be used in controlling the population of this harmful pest.
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Aluko, F. A., E. A. Adesina, A. M. Akanji, A. M. Ogungbesan, E. S. Apata, and G. A. Adeleke. "Qualitative Characterization of Archachatina marginata Varieties in the Derived Savannah Zone of Ogun State, Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 9 (August 15, 2017): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n9p237.
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The Giant African Land Snail is one of the largest land snails in the world. In Nigeria, farmers still can not identify the breed Archachatina marginata (Am) and its varieties. In this study, Archachatina marginata varieties were characterized using qualitative characters. A total of 304 animals comprising of 93 Archachatina marginata marginata (Amm), 163 Archachatina marginata suturalis (Ams) and 48 Archachatina marginata ovum (Amo) was used. Five qualitative parameters were collected on each snail and recorded. These parameters are shape of snail (SS), shell colour (SC), colour of labium (CL), foot colour (FC), number of whorls (NW). Data were analysed using simple descriptive statistics; frequency counts and percentages. The orange labium was more than white labium. 87.0%, 86.50%, 77.08% was orange labium in Amm, Ams and Amo respectively. 70.96% of Amm had brown foot, 54.16% of Amo had brown foot, 50.92% are black foot and 49.08% brown foot in the Ams All the varieties were sinistral (100%) in shape. 100% of the shell colour of Amm was yellow shell with black straight streaks. 52.69%, 68.08%, 64.58% had 3+2 whorls in Amm, Ams and Amo respectively. This study has revealed that these snails can be identified by these qualitative characteristics apart from shell colour. The labium and foot colour can be used to identify these varieties. The labium and foot colour has also indicated that there are still variations among the varieties. Therefore, there is a need for further studies on these varieties of Archachatina marginata.
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Abiona, John Adesanya, Taiwo Gabriel Olaoye, Monsuru Oladimeji Abioja, and Okanlawon Mohammed Onagbesan. "Effect of zinc oxide on liveweight, reproductive organ dimensions and spermatozoa production of Archachatina marginata during dry season." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 51, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2018-0017.
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Abstract Demand for Giant African Land Snail in Nigeria is so high such that it is very difficult to meet up with the supply as a protein source. However, during dry season, production at intensive level is often challenged with decline in growth and reproduction despite interventions to boost production. This study therefore evaluates the effect of zinc oxide on liveweight, reproductive organ dimensions and spermatozoa production of Giant African Land Snail (Archachatina marginata) during dry season. Thirty-two (32) snails with an average weight of 100 – 180 g were used for this experiment. The snails were allotted to four different feeding treatments which included concentrate diet only, concentrate +10 mg/kg of zinc oxide, concentrate +15 mg/kg of zinc oxide and concentrate +20 mg/kg of zinc oxide, respectively. Each treatment contained eight replicates. After nine weeks, five snails were selected from each treatment and dissected. Variables monitored were: weekly weight gain, shell circumference, shell length and shell diameter. Other reproductive data collected after dissections were: organ weight, reproductive tract weight, albumen weight, ovo-testis weight, gonado-somatic index (GSI) and spermatozoa concentration. The result showed that dietary zinc oxide significantly (P < 0.001) influenced feed intake, shell parameters, organ weight ovo-testis weight, albumen weight, gonado-somatic index, reproductive tract weight and spermatozoa concentration. Snailsfed zinc oxide supplemented diet had better shell measurements, organ weight, ovo-testis weight, albumen weight, gonadosomatic index and reproductive tract weight. Considering spermatozoa concentration, 10 mg/kg of zinc oxide inclusion into concentrate diet gave the highest concentration. The results of the present study showed that dietary zinc oxide positively influenced feed intake, shell measurements, organ weight, ovo-testis and albumen weight. Similarly, gonado-somatic index and spermatozoa production were also positively influenced. Therefore, 10 mg/kg inclusion of zinc oxide is recommended for better reproductive tract development, and spermatozoa production at the desirable economic level during the dry season production of Archachatina marginata.
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Ismi, Nur, and Munawwar Khalil. "Penambahan atraktan ekstrak bekicot, keong mas, dan siput air tawar dalam pakan untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan benih Ikan kerapu macan (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)." Acta Aquatica: Aquatic Sciences Journal 1, no. 1 (October 30, 2014): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/aa.v1i1.291.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh pemberian atraktan ekstrak bekicot, keong mas, siput air tawar dan (kontrol) terhadap pertumbuhan benih ikan kerapu macan (E. fusscoguttatus). Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) non faktorial dengan empat perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertambahan panjang tertinggi terdapat pada pemberian ekstrak keong mas (perlakuan B) yaitu sebesar 0,73 ± 0,15 cm dan terendah pada (perlakuan D) kontrol yaitu sebesar 0,48 ± 0,16 cm. Pertambahan bobot tubuh tertinggi terdapat pada pemberian ekstrak keong mas (perlakuan B) yaitu sebesar 1,10 ± 0,68 gram dan terendah pada (perlakuan D) kontrol yaitu sebesar 0,57 ± 0,30 gram. Hasil analisis statistik dengan uji F menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh pemberian ekstrak bekicot, keong mas, siput air tawar dan kontrol berbeda sangat nyata terhadap pertambahan panjang benih ikan kerapu macan dan berbeda sangat nyata terhadap pertambahan bobot benih ikan kerapu macan. Sedangkan hasil uji BNT yang diperoleh, setiap perlakuan memberikan pengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan dan tidak berpengaruh terhadap kelangsungan hidup. Kelangsungan hidup benih ikan kerapu macan selama penelitian mencapai 100 %, dimana tidak ditemukannya ikan yang mati selama penelitian. Kualitas air selama penelitian yaitu: suhu berkisar 27,0- 29,0 0C, salinitas 26,0-32,0 ppt, oksigen terlarut 4,9- 7,8 ppm dan pH berkisar 7,0- 8,2.The study aims to analys the effect of attractant of giant African land snail, golden snails and freshwater snails for the growth of grouper (Epinephalus fusscoguttatus) fingerling. The research design used the randomized block design (RAK) non- factorial with four treatments and three replications. The result showed that the highest length in fingerling was found in golden snails extract reatment (treatment B ), equal to 0.73 ± 0.15 cm and the lowest was found in the treatment D (control), equal to 0.48 ± 0.16 cm. The highest weight gain in fingerling was found in golden snails extract treatment (treatment B) which was equal to 1.10 ± 0.68 g, whereas the lowest was in the treatment number D (control), equal to 0.57 ± 0.30 g. Statistical analysis with F test showed that the effect of the attractant from giant african land snail, golden snails, freshwater snails and control were differ very significantly to the length and weight of the fingerling, while the LSD test showed that any treatment was effected on the growth, but not effected the survival rates of fingerling . The survival rate of fingerling was 100 %. Water quality during the research were 27,0- 29.0 0C for temperature, 26.0 to 32.0 ppt for salinity, 4,9- 7.8 ppm for dissolved oxygen and pH range were 7,0- 8.2.
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Okocha, C. N., and D. N. Onunkwo. "Comparative study of three species of giant African land snail." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 45, no. 2 (December 25, 2020): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v45i2.478.
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A comparative study was carried out on three breeds of snails in South Eastern Nigeria to assess their growth performance and body morphology. The three breeds used were A. Fulica, A. achatina and A. marginata. Four experimental diets were formulated to contain Concentrate + Pawpaw (Diet I), Concentrate + Moringa oleifera (Diet II), Concentrate + Moringa oleifera + African spinach + Amaranthus hybridus (Diet III) and Concentrate + Moringa oleifera + Amaranthus spinosus (Diet IV). Fifteen 6-month old growing snails of each breed were assigned per dietary treatment and each dietary treatment was replicated three times to contain five snails per replicate, given a total of one hundred and eighty snails. The experiment involved a 3 x 4 factorial experiment in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Feed and water were given ad libitum throughout the duration of the experiment which lasted (56 days). Parameters measured were body parameters which include body weight, body width, body length, aperture length and aperture width; growth performance parameters obtained were initial weight, final weight, average weekly weight gain, average weekly feed intake and feed conversion ratio. The results showed that the A. achatina and A. marginata similarly recorded higher values in body parameters than the A. fulica. The A. marginata however was longer (12.69 cm) than the 8.95 and 12.32 cm recorded for A. fulica and A. marginata gain was only influenced by interaction effect of the breed x diet. The A. marginata and A. fulica revealed higher foot weight 58.81% and 57.59% respectively in relation to their live weight, which was associated with lower % shell weight (17.17 and 22.33% respectively), whereas, the higher shell weight (36.18%). The highest foot weight (57.50%) was observed in snails fed diet I, associated with relatively high live weight and highly reduced offal weight, which makes it comparatively better in improving carcass. Based on overall interaction effects, diet I is recommended for A. fulica, while diet III for A. marginata and diet II for A. marginata. The A. marginata performed better than the A. achatina and A. fulica in body size (body length) and foot weight, thus recommended.
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Ugbede-Ohuoba, Elizabeth, Thomas M. Okonkwo, Iro Nkama, J. I. Eze, and Samaila James. "Shelf-life Prediction Modeling and Physicochemical Changes of Canned African Giant Snail (Achachatina achatina) Based Products during Storage Using Sensory and Kinetic Data." Journal of Food Research 10, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v10n2p11.
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Canned African giant snails (brine, egusi and sauce) of low acidity (pH 4.5) were produced using Thermal Death Time (TDT) techniques. Sixty cans of each product were stored for 6 months at normal temperature (30oC). The physicochemical and sensory properties of these products were evaluated monthly. And also, 28 cans of each product were equally evaluated at accelerated storage temperatures stress (50, 60, 70 & 80oC) for 6 weeks. Changes in pH and overall acceptability were described by first and second order kinetics respectively. The extent of proteolysis, peroxidase activities, and extent of fat hydrolysis i.e peroxide and thiobabituric acid values did not change significantly (P > 0.05) during storage. Regression analysis was used to fit models for Gibbs free energy of activation for physicochemical changes as a function of temperature and to predict models for overall acceptability as a function of pH. Shelf-life prediction models were fitted based on sensory and pH kinetic data. Shelf-lives of 27.6 months, 27-25 months and 18-16.8 months were estimated for snail in brine (SIB) snail in egusi (SES) and snail in sauce (SIS) respectively during storage at 30OC.
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Ademolu, K. O., D. E. Onadeko, F. M. Mselbwala, and A. Oropo. "Nutritional value of the visceral mass of three giant African land snail species ( and )." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, no. 4 (December 27, 2020): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i4.497.
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Edible snails are very important as food and adequate information is available on their nutritional, medicinal, and economic benefits. Though themore commonly consumed portion is the flesh, some people however consume the visceral mass, hence the need to determine its nutritional benefits. Two structures of the visceral mass (albumen gland and common hermaphrodite duct) of Archachatina marginata, Achatina achatina and Achatina fulica were analyzed to determine their proximate, mineral, and antinutrient compositions.The albumen glands in the three snail species had higher protein (36.81±0.02% -42.69±0.02%) and carbohydrate contents (0.62±0.01% - 0.72±0.02%) than hermaphroditic duct, while the hermaphroditic ducts had the higher moisture content (78.46±0.02 ±0.01% - 80.55±0.01%). A margin at a had the highest total nutrients value and the highest total anti-nutrients value;A. achatina had the lowest total nutrients value and A. fulica had the lowest total ant-nutrients value. This study showed that the edible parts of the visceral mass are nutritious and suitable to be used as food and feed.
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Meyer, Wallace M., Kenneth A. Hayes, and Amanda L. Meyer. "Giant African snail, Achatina fulica, as a snail predator." American Malacological Bulletin 24, no. 1 (March 2008): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4003/0740-2783-24.1.117.
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Ramdwar, Marcus. "Farmers’ Experiences with the Giant African Snail Infestation: A Case Study in the Orange Grove Farming District, Trinidad West Indies." International Journal of Social Science Studies 7, no. 1 (January 16, 2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v7i1.3972.
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The giant African snail was confirmed to be present in Trinidad in October, 2008. The study presents a case study on the farmers’ experiences with the giant African snail in Orange Grove, an active agricultural district in Trinidad which confirmed the presence of the snail in 2016, eight years after it was confirmed on the island. A qualitative approach was undertaken for this investigation. A semi-structured survey instrument was administered to thirty (30) participants who were impacted by the presence of the snail in their crop production fields. A purposive and convenience sampling strategy was used to select the participants for the study. Additionally, prolonged engagement and persistent observation techniques were used to capture the farmers’ experiences with the snail infestation in their crop fields for a period of ten (10) months. The information gathered from the study was analyzed using thematic analysis. The main themes derived from the analysis were “crop production practices influence on the giant African snail infestation”, “unmanaged and excessive weed growth” and “current approaches for controlling the giant African snail”. The study concluded that uncoordinated approaches for the management of the snail population and the lack of collective action among the members of the farming community could sustain the pest population in this farming area. Strategic planning and collective synchronized action among the farmers are crucial to containing, suppressing and eradicating the snail population within this crop farming area.
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Ciomperlik, Matthew A., David G. Robinson, Ian H. Gibbs, Angela Fields, Timothy Stevens, and Bret M. Taylor. "Mortality to the Giant African Snail,Lissachatina fulica(Gastropoda: Achatinidae), and Non-Target Snails using Select Molluscicides." Florida Entomologist 96, no. 2 (June 2013): 370–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/024.096.0257.
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Chae, Yooeun, and Youn-Joo An. "Nanoplastic ingestion induces behavioral disorders in terrestrial snails: trophic transfer effects via vascular plants." Environmental Science: Nano 7, no. 3 (2020): 975–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9en01335k.
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This study investigated the transfer of plastic debris in a terrestrial environment from the soil to a plant (the mung bean, Vigna radiata), and then to a consumer (the African giant snail, Achatina fulica).
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Akinnusi, F. A. O., O. O. Oni, and K. O. Ademolu. "Nutritional analysis of the albumen gland of giant African land snail (Archachatina marginata) from six Southwest states, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 5 (December 31, 2020): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i5.1267.
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The albumen gland is a vital part of visceral mass of giant African land snail (GALS) and its very rich in nutrients. As with other parts of snails, its composition is influenced by diet, location, age and species. The chemical compositions of albumen gland of GALS across the south western states of Nigeria have not been evaluated despite their diverse climatic conditions. Three hundred and sixty (360) Archachatina marginata were obtained from six south west states (60 snails/ state) and the albumen gland samples were analyzed for their proximate composition (crude protein, fat, ash, fibre and carbohydrate), minerals content (K+, Ca2+, P, Na+, Mg2+, Cl-, Fe2+), anti-nutrients and vitamins composition. The crude protein of the gland ranged between 12.93% and 24.40% with Ekiti state recording the highest value and Osun the least. The fat content was low (1.14%-2.29%) and no fibre was detected in the albumen gland. Snails from Ekiti and Ondo states had significantly higher Ca2+, P and Mg2+ than other states. No Vitamin C was detected in the gland across the states while Vitamin A values ranged from 38.68 (Lagos) to 45.51 (Ondo). Least anti-nutrient concentrations were recorded by snails from Ondo and Ekiti states, while Lagos state recorded the highest (except flavonoid and oxalate). Albumen glands of snails from Ekiti and Ondo states are thus more nutritious than that from other states and can be safely consumed by both man and farm animals. La glande albumen est une partie vitale de la masse viscérale de l'escargot terrestre géant africain (le 'GALS') et elle est très riche en nutriments. Comme pour d'autres parties d'escargots, sa composition est influencée par le régime alimentaire, l'emplacement, l'âge et l'espèce. Les compositions chimiques de la glande albumine de 'GALS' dans les États du sudouest du Nigéria n'ont pas été évaluées malgré leurs conditions climatiques diverses. Trois cent soixante (360) Archachatinamarginata ont été obtenus de six états du sud-ouest (60 escargots / état) et les échantillons de glande albumen ont été analysés pour leur composition immédiate (protéines brutes, graisses, cendres, fibres et glucides), teneur en minéraux (K+, Ca2+, P, Na+, Mg2+, Cl-, Fe2+), composition anti-nutriments et vitamines. La protéine brute de la glande variait entre 12,93% et 24,40%, l'état d'Ekiti enregistrant la valeur la plus élevée et Osun le moins. La teneur en matières grasses était faible (1,14% -2,29%) et aucune fibre n'a été détectée dans l'albumen. Les escargots des états d'Ekiti et d'Ondo avaient des Ca2+, P et Mg2+ significativement plus élevés que les autres états. Aucune vitamine C n'a été détectée dans la glande à travers les États alors que les valeurs de vitamine A variaient de 38,68 (Lagos) à 45,51 (Ondo). Les plus faibles concentrations d'anti-nutriments ont été enregistrées par les escargots des états d'Ondo et d'Ekiti, tandis que l'état de Lagos a enregistré les plus élevées (sauf les flavonoïdes et l'oxalate). Les glandes d'albumen des escargots des états d'Ekiti et d'Ondo sont donc plus nutritives que celles des autres états et peuvent être consommées en toute sécurité par l'homme et les animaux de ferme.
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Ekine, O. A., and D. N. Onunkwo. "Comparative study of the carcass characteristics and nutrient composition of three species of giant African land snail." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 3 (December 17, 2020): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i3.150.
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A comparative study was carried out on three breeds of snails in southeastern Nigeria to assess their carcass characteristic and carcass nutrient compositions. The three breeds used were Achatina fulica, Achatina achatina and Archachatina marginata. Four experimental diets were formulated to contain concentrate + pawpaw (Diet I), concentrate + Moringa oleifera (Diet II), concentrate + Moringa oleifera+ African spinach + Amaranthus hybridus (Diet III) and concentrate + Moringa oleifera+Amaranthus spinosus (Diet IV). Fifteen 6-month old growing snails of each breed was assigned per dietary treatment and each dietary treatment was replicated three times to contain five snails per replicate, given a total of one hundred and eighty snails. The experiment involved a 3 x 4 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD). Feed and water were given ad libitum throughout the duration of the experiment which lasted (56 days). At the end of the experiment, a total of seventy-two (72) snails were starved and slaughtered for carcass evaluation. Carcass nutrient compositions were measured including dry matter, moisture content, ash, crude fibre, crude protein, fat and nitrogen free extract. The results showed that the highest foot weight (57.50%) was observed in snails fed diet I, associated with relatively high live weight and highly reduced offal weight, which makes it comparatively better in improving carcass. The A. fulica, A achatina and A. marginata obtained best carcass composition respectively on diets I, III and II due to interaction effect of breed x diet. The A. achatina and A. marginata had higher dry matter (91.64 and 92.07 respectively) than the A fulica (90.09). The A. marginata carcass had the higher (p<0.05) crude protein (32.78%), highest ash (9.17%) and a moderate fat content (1.59%). Based on overall interaction effects, diet I is recommended for A. fulica, while diet III for A. marginata and diet II for A. marginata. The A. marginata performed better than the A. achatina and A. fulica in highest crude protein, highest ash and a moderate fat content and is thus recommended.
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Patiño Montoya, Angie, Sebastian Giraldo Ocampo, and Alan Giraldo López. "Perception of giant African snail (Achatina fulica) in urban community from Colombia." Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín 72, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 8717–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v72n1.73085.
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In Colombia, the control of giant African snail populations (Achatina fulica) has been enforced for the past eight years according to the Environmental, Housing, and Territorial Development Ministry (MAVDT from its initials in Spanish). During this period, the environmental authorities have carried out a series of campaigns for snail eradication and to raise awareness in the general community to involve it in the control of this invasive species. In order to inquire about the perception of the citizens of Cali, Colombia, have of the giant African snail and their role as primary stakeholders in the local control programs, a structured survey was done, and the dependency on the sociodemographic characteristics was established through Fisher’s exact test. 316 people took part in the survey; over 80% of the individuals recognized the giant African snail and their form of control, but over 90% of them did not participate in the control campaigns. The perception of the giant African snail varied noticeably with the respondents’ age and was independent of socio-economic and educational level. In conclusion, it was detected a solid dissociation between people and the actions carried out by the environmental authority. It is recommended to take into account people’s concept of invasive species control in other cities as a fundamental instrument in the construction of a more dynamic and inclusive control model.
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Andrade-Porto, Sanny Maria de, Kelly Cristina Pereira de Souza, Melissa Querido Cárdenas, Rosemary A. Roque, Daniel Mansur Pimpão, Cleusa Suzana Araújo, and José Celso de Oliveira Malta. "Occurrence of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Railliet, 1898) larvae (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae) infecting Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica Bowdich, 1822 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the Amazon region." Acta Amazonica 42, no. 2 (June 2012): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672012000200010.
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Achatina fulica or "giant African snail" is an exotic species, considered to be one of the world's hundred most invasive species, causing serious environmental damages. In the present study we report, for the first time, the occurrence of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infecting A.fulica in the Amazon region. This nematode is described parasitizing mainly the pulmonary system of felines, which causes "aelurostrongilose", also known as feline cardio-pulmonary strongyloidosis. New morphometric data of third stage larvae are presented herein. The present study demonstrated that 40% of all the snails were infected by A. abstrusus. Achatina fulica specimens were collected from three different areas in Manaus namely: rural; east and west areas. The east area presents the highest prevalence of 80%. The large number of A.fulica found in inhabited areas increases the chances of emergent zoonoses, which highlights the need of further studies so as to better control this disease.
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Hamzat, R. A., A. J. Omole, B. B. Babatunde, M. O. Adejumo, and O. G. Longe. "Comparative value of kola testa, corn-bran and rice- bran with maize for mature african giant land snail (Archachatina marginata)." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 34, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v34i2.1203.
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This study was designed to compare the effect of kola testa, which is rich in fibre with maize the conventional energy source and other sources of fibre such as corn bran and rice bran. A total of two hundred and forty African giant land snails (Archachatina marginata) with an average live weight of 177.69 ± 10.87g were assigned to four dietary treatments: a maize-based diet (Diet 1) served as control, in a completely randomized design. The other diets were kola testa - based (Diet 2), corn bran-based (Diet 3) and rice bran-based (Diet 4) diets. The percentage of each test ingredient and that of maize was 31.30g/100g Each treatment consisted of sixty growing snails, which were subdivided into 3 replicates of 20 snails each. The snails received the diets over a period of 20 weeks. Weight gain was significantly higher (P<0.05) for the kola testa-based diet in comparison with the corn and rice bran-based diets. Depression of magnesium and iron in the shell, flesh and fluid of snails fed corn and rice bran diets was observed. The trial revealed that kola testa-based diet compared favorably well with the corn and rice bran-based diets.
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Etengeneng, Agbor Esther, Lamye Glory Moh, and Suffo Kamela Arnaud Landry. "The Effects of Using Chemicals to Remove Slime from African Giant Land Snails Flesh during Processing on Some Nutritional and Biochemical Parameters." International Journal of Food Science 2021 (April 21, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6691609.
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The effects of chemicals commonly used in Cameroon to eliminate slime from the flesh of the African giant land snail, Archachatina marginata, during processing on some nutritional and biochemical parameters were investigated. Groups of snails were processed with these chemicals at three different concentrations. Proximate analysis of all the treated snail groups was carried out, and groups with the highest concentration of each chemical were used to compose diets for experimental rats. Thirty weanling male Wistar albino rats ( 31.25 ± 3.09 g ) aged 21days old were distributed into four groups and fed with 10% protein based diets of A. marginata named D1 (washed with only water), D2 (lime C-treated), D3 (alum C-treated), and D4 (salt C-treated). The crude protein contents of the treated groups reduced significantly when compared with the control (CW), with lime C-treated (LC) having the least here and in crude fiber, but higher (LC, LB, and LA) in dry matter. There was a significant reduction in the crude lipid of alum C-treated (AC) and salt A-treated (SA). In vivo studies showed a general decrease in food consumption, weight gained, efficiency of feed utilization (EFU), true protein digestibility (TD) (except D2), and hematological indices (RBCs (red blood cells), PCV (packed cell volume) of the treated groups (D2, D3, D4) when compared to the control (D1). On the other hand, an increase in the relative weight of the liver (RWL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and total cholesterol was observed with some of the treated diets; meanwhile, protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio (NPR), relative weight of the kidneys (RWK), HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were not affected by these diets. These chemicals should only be used at low concentrations or not at all because of its toxicity at high concentrations.
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Merlin, Tchowan Guy, Ngoula Ferdinand, Kenfack Augustave, and Tchoumboue Joseph. "Effects of Protein Levels on the Growth Performance of Giant African Land Snails (Achatina achatina) in Captivity." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 4 (March 5, 2018): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n4p278.
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In order to preserve and conserve the Giant African Land Snails, a study was carried out between September 2015 and January 2017 at the University of Buea (South-West Region, Cameroon), to assess the effect of protein level on the characteristics of growth of Achatina achatina in captivity. 90 young snails of one month old, weighing between 1 and 1.5 g, of shell length between 15.5-23.85 mm and shell diameter between 12.60-16.85 mm and free from wounds or shell defects were divided into 3 groups of 5 snails each and 6 replicates in cages equipped with feeders and drinking troughs. Each treatment was randomly assigned to one of the experimental feed with variable protein levels (20, 22 and 24%) in addition to pawpaw leaves as a staple feed. These were previously weighed as well as the remnants using a 0.5g precision balance. The cultured substrates were watered daily (0.50 liter/substrate). At the beginning of the test, and then every week, the snails were weighed, and shell measurements done using a digital caliper of 0.05 mm accuracy. The animals were monitored for fourteen months. The results show that feed intake (3.01±1.57), weight gain (24.50±5.72), daily weight gain (0.058±0.016), gain of shell length (30.26±4.19) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in snails receiving 24% protein in the diet compared to snails from the other treatments. The highest consumption index was recorded in snails receiving 20% protein in the diet but the statistical analyses did not find any significant difference. In conclusion, the protein level of 24% can be retained in the diet of growing snails.
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M.Jayashankar, M. Jayashankar, R. Arun Kumar, M. S. Reddy M.S.Reddy, G. Venu G.Venu, and S. Ramakrishna S. Ramakrishna. "Shell banding pattern and chromosomal studies on the giant African snail, Achatina fulica (Bowdich) (Achatinidae: Gastropoda)." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 7 (October 1, 2011): 549–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/july2014/175.
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Da Silva Alves, Maria Aparecida, Neiva Sales Rodrigues, Renata Freitag, and Jakson Bofinger. "Ocorrência do Caramujo Africano Achatina Fulica (Bowdich, 1822) em Várzea Grande-MT: Estudo de Caso na Sede do Ministério da Agricultura." UNICIÊNCIAS 21, no. 2 (November 6, 2017): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-5141.2017v21n2p93-98.
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O objeto de estudo é o Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822), uma espécie exótica introduzida no Brasil, frequentemente encontrada em ambientes antrópicos. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo verificar a ocorrência do caramujo africano (A. fulica) na área do Ministério da Agricultura, Várzea Grande/ MT, e investigar os conhecimentos da população sobre o molusco. Utilizou-s como metodologia a observação durante dois meses, entre 05h00min e 06h00min da manhã, horário de maior atividade do molusco, e foi aplicado um questionário composto por dez perguntas sobre o molusco aos residentes próximos da área de cultivo das hortaliças, e aos funcionários do órgão público. Os resultados demonstraram que o público-alvo possui pouca informação sobre o caramujo africano; 64% disseram que não conhecem o molusco, 36,2% dos entrevistados não sabiam que esses animais podem causar doenças, 83,33% desconheciam a alimentação de A. fulica, 83% responderam que os animais eram mais visualizados no período chuvoso e 47,22% responderam que não acreditavam na existência de um método de controle eficaz. O desenvolvimento de estratégias eficientes para o controle e erradicação de A. Fulica, fundamentalmente, deve contar com envolvimento da sociedade em parceria com o Poder Público.Palavras-chave: Espécies Invasoras Exóticas. Molusco. Informação.AbstractThe Giant African Snail, Achatina fulica, is an exotic species introduced in Brazil, often found in anthropic environments. This study aimed to verify the occurrence of A. fulica in the area of the Ministry of Agriculture, Várzea Grande-MT, and investigate the knowledge of the population about themollusk. The methodology considered the mollusks observation for two months, between 5-6 am, considered the main period of snails activity, and a questionnaire was applied which was composed of 10 questions about the mollusk considering the residents that live nearby, and employees of the public body. The results showed that respondents have low information about the Giant African Snail, 64% said did not know the mollusk, 36.2 % did not know that these mollusks can cause disease, 83.33 % were unaware of the mollusks alimentary items, 83 % answered that the animals were most viewed in the rainy season and 47.22 % answered that they did not recognize any effective method of control. For the development of efficient strategies for A. fulica control is fundamental the involvement of society in partnership with the government.Keywords: Invasive Exotic Species. Mollusk. Information.
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Sodipe, O. G., O. A. Osinowo, M. O. Ozoje, A. B. Idowu, and S. A. Onadeko. "Effect of Soil Moisture Level on the growth of the Giant African Land Snails, Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina in different season." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 38, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v38i1.713.
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This study focused on the evaluation of the effect of soil moisture on the feed intake and weight gain of the Giant African Land snails, Achatina achatina and Archachatina marginata in different seasons using a 2 x 2 x 4 factorial experiment with soil moisture at two levels (low 25ml of water/ week and high 100ml water/week), species at two levels (Achatina achatina and Archachatina marginata) and season at four levels (cold dry, hot dry, hot wet and cold wet) constituting the three factors. Result showed that there was a significant seasonal differences (P<0.001) for weekly feed intake of snails in which values of 3.85, 2.53, 3.88 and 4.44g were recorded in cold dry, hot dry, hot wet and cold wet seasons, respectively. Monthly weight gains of 5.41g recorded for Archachatina marginata was significantly higher (P<0.001) than the value of 1.94g recorded for Achatina achatina. There was significant interaction (P<0.001) between soil moisture level and species on monthly weight gains of the snails. The feed intake and weight gain of snails (4.28 g and 6.43 g) in the high soil moisture treatment was significantly (P<0.01) higher than those in the low soil moisture treatment (3.07 g and 5.30 g). In conclusion, it is evident that species, season and soil moisture level affected the feed intake and weight gain of the Giant African Land Snails
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BHATTACHARYYA, BADAL, MRINMOY DAS, HIMANGSHU MISHRA, D. J. NATH, and SUDHANSU BHAGAWATI. "Bioecology and management of giant African snail, Achatina fulica (Bowdich)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT PROTECTION 7, no. 2 (October 15, 2014): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijpp/7.2/476-481.
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Tranter, John A. "The giant African land snail, Achatina fulica, and other species." Journal of Biological Education 27, no. 2 (June 1993): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00219266.1993.9655315.
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Avendaño, José M., and Edgar Linares. "Morphometry giant African snail Achatina fulica (Gastropoda : Achatinidae ) in Colombia." UNED Research Journal 7, no. 2 (December 15, 2015): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v7i2.1155.
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The giant African snail is currently one of the most aggressive and invasive species that has colonized many countries outside its natural environment. We recorded four shell measures and the weight of 3 157 individuals of Achatina fulica collected in Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Meta, Norte de Santander and Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Larger and heavier individuals were collected in the Meta and Boyacá departments while the highest density per square meter was recorded in Cundinamarca. We found a strong, positive and highly significant (p<0.01) correlation among measured variables. During development maximum sizes of shell, opening and body weight are correlated, and shell length increases faster than the other measures, leading to a marked elongation of the individuals. The settling time of the populations was also reflected in the size of individuals.
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Lustrino, D., VM Tunholi-Alves, VM Tunholi, MP Marassi, and J. Pinheiro. "Lipids analysis in hemolymph of African giant Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822) exposed to different photoperiods." Brazilian Journal of Biology 70, no. 1 (February 2010): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842010000100018.
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The influence of different photophases (0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours) on the triglycerides and total cholesterol contents in the hemolymph of A. fulica was evaluated, since there is no information in the literature about the influence of this factor on lipids metabolism in mollusks. After 2 and 4 weeks of exposure the snails were dissected. The cholesterol content at the 2nd and 4th weeks post exposure only varied significantly in the groups exposed at 24 hours and 0 hour of photophase, respectively. Probably, such increase may be a result of a rise in cholesterol biosynthesis and/or remodelling of cell membranes. There were no significant differences among the content of triglycerides in the snails exposed to 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours of photophase during two weeks. The snails exposed to intermediate photophase (6 and 12 hours) had the triglycerides content increased, ranging over values near to those observed in the group exposed to 0 hour. Results showed that triglycerides metabolism in A. fulica are more influenced by photoperiod than cholesterol metabolism. A negative relation is maintained between the triglycerides content in the hemolymph and the different photophases, with lower mobilisation of triglycerides under shorter photophases.
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M. Jayashankar, M. Jayashankar, G. S. S. Murthy G.S.S.Murthy, D. K. Krishnappa D.K.Krishnappa, and M. S. Reddy M.S.Reddy. "Incidence of Life Stages of Strongylid Nematodes in the Giant African Snail, Achatina Fulica (Bowdich) in Bangalore Region." Global Journal For Research Analysis 3, no. 4 (June 15, 2012): 193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/apr2014/67.
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Adami, Chiara, Paolo Monticelli, and Dario d'Ovidio. "Challenges encountered while attempting anaesthesia of giant African snails (Acathina fulica)." Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 46, no. 5 (September 2019): 713–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2019.03.007.
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