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Journal articles on the topic 'Giant nonlinearities'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 29 May 2022

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1

Yaremko, A. M., E. F. Venger, and H. Ratajczak. "Giant nonlinearities of organic based crystals." Synthetic Metals 102, no. 1-3 (June 1999): 1565–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(98)00736-x.

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2

Houver, S., A. Lebreton, T. A. S. Pereira, G. Xu, R. Colombelli, I. Kundu, L. H. Li, et al. "Giant optical nonlinearity interferences in quantum structures." Science Advances 5, no. 10 (October 2019): eaaw7554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw7554.

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Second-order optical nonlinearities can be greatly enhanced by orders of magnitude in resonantly excited nanostructures. These resonant nonlinearities continually attract attention, particularly in newly discovered materials. However, they are frequently not as heightened as currently predicted, limiting their exploitation in nanostructured nonlinear optics. Here, we present a clear-cut theoretical and experimental demonstration that the second-order nonlinear susceptibility can vary by orders of magnitude as a result of giant destructive, as well as constructive, interference effects in complex systems. Using terahertz quantum cascade lasers as a model source to investigate interband and intersubband nonlinearities, we show that these giant interferences are a result of an unexpected interplay of the second-order nonlinear contributions of multiple light and heavy hole states. As well as of importance to understand and engineer the resonant optical properties of nanostructures, this advanced framework can be used as a novel, sensitive tool to elucidate the band structure properties of complex materials.

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3

Moisset, Charles, Richard-Nicolas Verrone, Antoine Bourgade, Gebrehiwot Tesfay Zeweldi, Marco Minissale, Laurent Gallais, Carine Perrin-Pellegrino, et al. "Giant ultrafast optical nonlinearities of annealed Sb2Te3 layers." Nanoscale Advances 2, no. 4 (2020): 1427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9na00796b.

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4

Schmidt, H., and A. Imamoglu. "Giant Kerr nonlinearities obtained by electromagnetically induced transparency." Optics Letters 21, no. 23 (December 1, 1996): 1936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.21.001936.

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5

WANG, GUANGHUI, and QI GUO. "GIANT THIRD-ORDER NONLINEARITIES IN ANHARMONIC QUANTUM WELLS." Modern Physics Letters B 22, no. 08 (March 30, 2008): 569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984908015103.

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Third-harmonic generation (THG) and its origin are investigated in an anharmonic quantum well by the perturbation theory. The calculated results show that the nonlinear effect roots in an anharmonic oscillation of electrons deviate asymmetrically or symmetrically from an ideal harmonic oscillation, and the more the deviation is, the larger the nonlinearities will be. In addition, the nonlinear coefficient is also relative to the anharmonic-oscillation frequency in the model. The most important point is that the THG coefficient may be obtained over 10-10 (m/V)2, about ten orders of magnitude greater than those in bulk GaAs.

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6

Maksymov, Ivan S., and Andrew D. Greentree. "Coupling light and sound: giant nonlinearities from oscillating bubbles and droplets." Nanophotonics 8, no. 3 (January 25, 2019): 367–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2018-0195.

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AbstractNonlinear optical processes are vital for fields including telecommunications, signal processing, data storage, spectroscopy, sensing and imaging. As an independent research area, nonlinear optics began with the invention of the laser, because practical sources of intense light needed to generate optical nonlinearities were not previously available. However, the high power requirements of many nonlinear optical systems limit their use, especially in portable or medical applications, and so there is a push to develop new materials and resonant structures capable of producing nonlinear optical phenomena with low-power light emitted by inexpensive and compact sources. Acoustic nonlinearities, especially giant acoustic nonlinear phenomena in gas bubbles and liquid droplets, are much stronger than their optical counterparts. Here, we suggest employing acoustic nonlinearities to generate new optical frequencies, thereby effectively reproducing nonlinear optical processes without the need for laser light. We critically survey the current literature dedicated to the interaction of light with nonlinear acoustic waves and highly nonlinear oscillations of gas bubbles and liquid droplets. We show that the conversion of acoustic nonlinearities into optical signals is possible with low-cost incoherent light sources such as light-emitting diodes, which would usher new classes of low-power photonic devices that are more affordable for remote communities and developing nations, or where there are demanding requirements on size, weight and power.

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7

Brunel, Jérémie, Isabelle Ledoux, Joseph Zyss, and Mireille Blanchard-Desce. "Propeller-shaped molecules with giant off-resonance optical nonlinearities." Chemical Communications, no. 10 (2001): 923–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b101425k.

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8

Butenko, A. V., V. M. Shalaev, and M. I. Stockman. "Fractals: giant impurity nonlinearities in optics of fractal clusters." Zeitschrift f�r Physik D Atoms, Molecules and Clusters 10, no. 1 (March 1988): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01425583.

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9

Chouhan, Romita, Mukul Gupta, P. K. Sen, and Pratima Sen. "Giant dispersive and absorptive optical nonlinearities in TiO2 thin films." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 37, no. 2 (January 14, 2020): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.377851.

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10

Tan, Rong, Gao-xiang Li, and Zbigniew Ficek. "Cavity-induced giant Kerr nonlinearities in a drivenV-type atom." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 42, no. 5 (February 16, 2009): 055507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/42/5/055507.

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11

Acharyya, Jitendra Nath, D. Narayana Rao, Mohammad Adnan, C. Raghavendar, R. B. Gangineni, and G. Vijaya Prakash. "Giant Optical Nonlinearities of Photonic Minibands in Metal–Dielectric Multilayers." Advanced Materials Interfaces 7, no. 11 (May 6, 2020): 2000035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admi.202000035.

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12

Zhuo, Z. C., B. S. Ham, J. B. Kim, and X. M. Su. "Group velocity control of a light pulse using giant nonlinearities." Journal of Modern Optics 59, no. 1 (January 10, 2012): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2011.639465.

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13

Fu, Yue, Rashid A. Ganeev, Ganjaboy S. Boltaev, Sandeep Kumar Maurya, Vyacheslav V. Kim, Chen Zhao, Anuradha Rout, and Chunlei Guo. "Low- and high-order nonlinear optical properties of Ag2S quantum dot thin films." Nanophotonics 8, no. 5 (March 15, 2019): 849–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2018-0213.

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AbstractThin films containing small-sized quantum dots (QDs) and nanoparticles have shown strong optical nonlinearities caused by the confinement effect. Here, we report the study of third-order optical nonlinearities of silver sulfide (Ag2S) QD thin films using 800 and 400 nm, 30 fs pulses. The absorption spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy are used to characterize the synthesized 80 and 500 nm Ag2S QD films. The giant enhancement of nonlinearities is observed up to three to six orders of magnitude larger compared to those for the bulk and liquid Ag2S samples. We also demonstrate the efficient high-order harmonic generation in the plasmas produced during ablation of the Ag2S QD thin films. The analysis of the dynamics of the QD-containing plasma spreading allowed optimization of the delay between the heating and the driving pulses for an enhancement of harmonics conversion efficiency.

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14

Wu, Ying, and Xiaoxue Yang. "Giant Kerr nonlinearities and solitons in a crystal of molecular magnets." Applied Physics Letters 91, no. 9 (August 27, 2007): 094104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2775094.

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15

Li, Gordon Han Ying, C. Martijn de Sterke, and Alessandro Tuniz. "Omnidirectional field enhancements drive giant nonlinearities in epsilon-near-zero waveguides." Optics Letters 45, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 6514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.412761.

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16

Takagahara, T., and E. Hanamura. "Giant-Oscillator-Strength Effect on Excitonic Optical Nonlinearities Due to Localization." Physical Review Letters 56, no. 23 (June 9, 1986): 2533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.56.2533.

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17

Stroud, D., and X. Zhang. "Cubic nonlinearities in small-particle composites: local-field induced giant enhancements." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 207, no. 1-3 (June 1994): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4371(94)90354-9.

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18

XIAO, XUN. "GIANT THIRD-ORDER KERR NONLINEARITIES AND SLOW OPTICAL SOLITONS IN DOUBLE QUANTUM-WELL." Modern Physics Letters B 24, no. 17 (July 10, 2010): 1899–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984910024171.

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We show the formation of slow optical solitons in the asymmetric coupled double quantum wells (CQW) via a two-photon Raman resonance. With the consideration of real parameters in AlGaAs -based CQW, we indicate the possibility to have cancelation of the linear absorption, giant Kerr nonlinearities, and slow group velocity propagation of the weak probe pulse at the same one-photon detuning frequency around several THz .

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19

Paiella, R. "Self-Mode-Locking of Quantum Cascade Lasers with Giant Ultrafast Optical Nonlinearities." Science 290, no. 5497 (December 1, 2000): 1739–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5497.1739.

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20

Taghizadeh, Alireza, Kristian S. Thygesen, and Thomas G. Pedersen. "Two-Dimensional Materials with Giant Optical Nonlinearities near the Theoretical Upper Limit." ACS Nano 15, no. 4 (March 16, 2021): 7155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c00344.

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21

Yang, Wen-Xing, Ting-Ting Zha, and Ray-Kuang Lee. "Giant Kerr nonlinearities and slow optical solitons in coupled double quantum-well nanostructure." Physics Letters A 374, no. 2 (December 2009): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2009.11.002.

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22

Wang, Guanghui, Qi Guo, Lijun Wu, and Xiangbo Yang. "Giant second-order optical nonlinearities in anharmonic-oscillator potential wells: Perturbation theory calculations." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 39, no. 1 (July 2007): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2007.01.010.

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23

Ivanov, Alex L., Hartmut Haug, Steffen Knigge, and Dieter Jäger. "Mesoscopic Semiconductor Switching Element with Giant Electro-Optical Nonlinearities due to Intrinsic Photoconductivity." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 34, S1 (January 1, 1995): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjaps.34s1.15.

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24

Zhou, Feng, Ibrahim Abdelwahab, Kai Leng, Kian Ping Loh, and Wei Ji. "2D Perovskites with Giant Excitonic Optical Nonlinearities for High‐Performance Sub‐Bandgap Photodetection." Advanced Materials 31, no. 48 (October 8, 2019): 1904155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201904155.

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25

Borgohain, Nitu, Milivoj Belic, and S. Konar. "Giant parabolic nonlinearities at infrared in Λ-type three level multiple quantum wells." Annals of Physics 361 (October 2015): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aop.2015.06.006.

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26

Rudenko, Oleg V. "Giant nonlinearities in structurally inhomogeneous media and the fundamentals of nonlinear acoustic diagnostic techniques." Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk 176, no. 1 (2006): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufnr.0176.200601e.0077.

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27

Wang, Chuan, Yong Zhang, and Guang-Sheng Jin. "Polarization-entanglement purification and concentration using cross-Kerr nonlinearity." Quantum Information and Computation 11, no. 11&12 (November 2011): 988–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic11.11-12-8.

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We present an entanglement purification protocol and an entanglement concentration protocol in this paper, resorting to cross-Kerr nonlinearities and interference of two coherent beams. Our purification protocol can be used to purify photon pairs not only from an ideal entangled source but also from a parametric down-conversion source by the measurement on the interference of two coherent beams without giant cross-Kerr media. Our quantum nondemolition detection can also used to concentrate photon pairs in less entangled pure states efficiently. Our protocols are more flexibilities in distinguishing the phases of the coherent states during homodyne detection.

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28

Chen, Shumei, Franziska Zeuner, Martin Weismann, Bernhard Reineke, Guixin Li, Ventsislav Kolev Valev, Kok Wai Cheah, Nicolae Coriolan Panoiu, Thomas Zentgraf, and Shuang Zhang. "Giant Nonlinear Optical Activity of Achiral Origin in Planar Metasurfaces with Quadratic and Cubic Nonlinearities." Advanced Materials 28, no. 15 (February 23, 2016): 2992–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201505640.

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29

Kang, H. Z., T. H. Zhang, H. H. Ma, C. B. Lou, S. M. Liu, J. G. Tian, and J. J. Xu. "Giant enhancement of surface second-harmonic generation using photorefractive surface waves with diffusion and drift nonlinearities." Optics Letters 35, no. 10 (May 6, 2010): 1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.35.001605.

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30

Bois, P., E. Rosencher, J. Nagle, E. Martinet, P. Boucaud, F. H. Julien, D. D. Yang, and J. M. Lourtioz. "Compositionally asymmetrical multiquantum wells: “Pseudo-molecules” for giant optical nonlinearities in the infrared (9–11 μm)." Superlattices and Microstructures 8, no. 4 (January 1990): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0749-6036(90)90333-3.

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31

Pei, Lang, Weidong Xiang, Xiuli Zhao, Xiaojuan Liang, Xinyu Yang, Haitao Liu, Zhaoping Chen, et al. "Sol–gel synthesis of silver nanocrystals embedded in sodium borosilicate monolithic transparent glass with giant third-order optical nonlinearities." Materials Research Bulletin 59 (November 2014): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2014.06.034.

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32

Tohari, Mariam, Andreas Lyras, and Mohamad AlSalhi. "Giant Self-Kerr Nonlinearity in the Metal Nanoparticles-Graphene Nanodisks-Quantum Dots Hybrid Systems Under Low-Intensity Light Irradiance." Nanomaterials 8, no. 7 (July 12, 2018): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8070521.

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Hybrid nanocomposites can provide a promising platform for integrated optics. Optical nonlinearity can significantly widen the range of applications of such structures. In the present paper, a theoretical investigation is carried out by solving the density matrix equations derived for a metal nanoparticles-graphene nanodisks-quantum dots hybrid system interacting with weak probe and strong control fields, in the steady state. We derive analytical expressions for linear and third-order nonlinear susceptibilities of the probe field. A giant self-Kerr nonlinear index of refraction is obtained in the optical region with relatively low light intensity. The optical absorption spectrum of the system demonstrates electromagnetically induced transparency and amplification without population inversion in the linear optical response arising from the negative real part of the polarizabilities for the plasmonic components at the energy of the localized surface plasmon resonance of the graphene nanodisks induced by the probe field. We find that the self-Kerr nonlinear optical properties of the system can be controlled by the geometrical features of the system, the size of metal nanoparticles and the strength of the control field. The controllable self-Kerr nonlinearities of hybrid nanocomposites can be employed in many interesting applications of modern integrated optics devices allowing for high nonlinearity with relatively low light intensity.

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33

Anh, Nguyen Tuan, Nguyen Huy Bang, and Doai Van Le. "Giant cross-Kerr nonlinearity in a four-level Y-type atomic system." Photonics Letters of Poland 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v13i3.1084.

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We found the analytical expression for cross-Kerr nonlinear coefficient in a four-level Y-type atomic system. The analytical model is applied to 85Rb atoms and shown that under electromagnetically induced transparency, cross-Kerr nonlinear coefficient is enhanced by several orders of magnitude. At the same time, the amplitude and the sign of cross-Kerr nonlinear coefficient are controlled with respect to the intensity and the frequency of the coupling laser field. The analytical model can be useful to explain the experimental results and to study related effects in nonlinear optics. Full Text: PDF ReferencesC. Ottaviani, D. Vitali, M. Artoni, F. Cataliotti, P. Tombesi, "Polarization Qubit Phase Gate in Driven Atomic Media", Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 197902 (2003). CrossRef C. Zhu, G. Huang, "Giant Kerr Nonlinearity, Controlled Entangled Photons and Polarization Phase Gates in Coupled Quantum-Well Structures", Opt. Express 19, 23364 (2011). CrossRef C. Hang, G. Huang, "Giant Kerr nonlinearity and weak-light superluminal optical solitons in a four-state atomic system with gain doublet", Opt. Express 18(3), 2952 (2010). CrossRef M. Fleischhauer, I. Mamoglu, and J. P. Marangos, "Electromagnetically induced transparency: Optics in coherent media", Rev. Mod. Phys. 77, 633 (2005). CrossRef H. Schmidt, And A. Imamogdlu, "Giant Kerr nonlinearities obtained by electromagnetically induced transparency", Opt. Lett., 21(23), 1936 (1996). CrossRef H. Kang And Y. Zhu, Phys. "Observation of Large Kerr Nonlinearity at Low Light Intensities", Rev. Lett., 91, 093601 (2003). CrossRef J. Kou, R. G. Wan, Z. H. Kang, H. H. Wang, L. Jiang, X. J. Zhang, Y. Jiang, and J. Y. Gao, "EIT-assisted large cross-Kerr nonlinearity in a four-level inverted-Y atomic system", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 27(10), 2035 (2010). CrossRef X. Yang, S. Li, C. Zhang, and H. Wang, "Enhanced cross-Kerr nonlinearity via electromagnetically induced transparency in a four-level tripod atomic system", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 26(7), 1423 (2009). CrossRef C. Ottaviani, D. Vitali, M. Artoni, F. Cataliotti and P. Tombesi, "Polarization Qubit Phase Gate in Driven Atomic Media", Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 197902 (2003). CrossRef H. Sun, Y. Niu, S. Jin and S. Gong, "Phase control of cross-phase modulation with electromagnetically induced transparency", J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 40, 3037 (2007). CrossRef L.V. Doai, P.V. Trong, D.X. Khoa, and N.H. Bang, "Electromagnetically induced transparency in five-level cascade scheme of 85Rb atoms: An analytical approach", Optik, 125, 3666 (2014). CrossRef D. X. Khoa, P. V. Trong, L. V. Doai and N. H. Bang, "Electromagnetically induced transparency in a five-level cascade system under Doppler broadening: an analytical approach", Phys, Scr. 91, 035401 (2016). CrossRef D.X. Khoa, L.C. Trung, P.V. Thuan, L.V. Doai and N.H. Bang, "Measurement of dispersive profile of a multiwindow electromagnetically induced transparency spectrum in a Doppler-broadened atomic medium", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34 (6), 1255 (2017). CrossRef D. X. Khoa, L. V. Doai, D. H. Son, and N. H. Bang, "Enhancement of self-Kerr nonlinearity via electromagnetically induced transparency in a five-level cascade system: an analytical approach", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B., 31, 1330 (2014). CrossRef L.V. Doai, N.L.T. An, D.X. Khoa, V.N. Sau and N.H. Bang, "Manipulating giant cross-Kerr nonlinearity at multiple frequencies in an atomic gaseous medium", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 36, 2856 (2019). CrossRef D. X. Khoa, L. V. Doai, L. N. M. Anh, L. C. Trung, P. V. Thuan, N. T. Dung, and N. H. Bang, "Optical bistability in a five-level cascade EIT medium: an analytical approach", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, Vol. 33, 735 (2016). CrossRef N. T. Anh, L. V. Doai, and N. H. Bang, "Manipulating multi-frequency light in a five-level cascade-type atomic medium associated with giant self-Kerr nonlinearity", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 35, 1233 (2018). CrossRef N. T. Anh, L. V. Doai, D. H. Son, and N. H. Bang, "Manipulating multi-frequency light in a five-level cascade EIT medium under Doppler broadening", Optik 171, 721 (2018). CrossRef D.A. Steck, Rb85 D Line Data: http://Steck.Us/Alkalidata/rubidium85numbers.pdf CrossRef

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34

Schertzer, D., and E. Falgarone. "MFGA-IDT2 workshop: Astrophysical and geophysical fluid mechanics: the impact of data on turbulence theories." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 3, no. 4 (December 31, 1996): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-3-229-1996.

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Abstract. 1 Facts about the Workshop This workshop was convened on November 13-15 1995 by E. Falgarone and D. Schertzer within the framework of the Groupe de Recherche Mecanique des Fluides Geophysiques et Astrophysiques (GdR MFGA, Research Group of Geophysical and Astrophysical Fluid Mechanics) of Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, (French) National Center for Scientific Research). This Research Group is chaired by A. Babiano and the meeting was held at Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, by courtesy of its Director E. Guyon. More than sixty attendees participated to this workshop, they came from a large number of institutions and countries from Europe, Canada and USA. There were twenty-five oral presentations as well as a dozen posters. A copy of the corresponding book of abstracts can be requested to the conveners. The theme of this meeting is somewhat related to the series of Nonlinear Variability in Geophysics conferences (NVAG1, Montreal, Aug. 1986; NVAG2, Paris, June 1988; NVAG3, Cargese (Corsica), September, 1993), as well as seven consecutive annual sessions at EGS general assemblies and two consecutive spring AGU meeting sessions devoted to similar topics. One may note that NVAG3 was a joint American Geophysical Union Chapman and European Geophysical Society Richardson Memorial conference, the first topical conference jointly sponsored by the two organizations. The corresponding proceedings were published in a special NPG issue (Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 1, 2/3, 1994). In comparison with these previous meetings, MFGA-IDT2 is at the same time specialized to fluid turbulence and its intermittency, and an extension to the fields of astrophysics. Let us add that Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics was readily chosen as the appropriate journal for publication of these proceedings since this journal was founded in order to develop interdisciplinary fundamental research and corresponding innovative nonlinear methodologies in Geophysics. It had an appropriate editorial structure, in particular a large number of editors covering a wide range of methodologies, expertises and schools. At least two of its sections (Scaling and Multifractals, Turbulence and Diffusion) were directly related to the topics of the workshop, in any case contributors were invited to choose their editor freely. 2 Goals of the Workshop The objective of this meeting was to enhance the confrontation between turbulence theories and empirical data from geophysics and astrophysics fluids with very high Reynolds numbers. The importance of these data seems to have often been underestimated for the evaluation of theories of fully developed turbulence, presumably due to the fact that turbulence does not appear as pure as in laboratory experiments. However, they have the great advantage of giving access not only to very high Reynolds numbers (e.g. 1012 for atmospheric data), but also to very large data sets. It was intended to: (i) provide an overview of the diversity of potentially available data, as well as the necessary theoretical and statistical developments for a better use of these data (e.g. treatment of anisotropy, role of processes which induce other nonlinearities such as thermal instability, effect of magnetic field and compressibility ... ), (ii) evaluate the means of discriminating between different theories (e.g. multifractal intermittency models) or to better appreciate the relevance of different notions (e.g. Self-Organized Criticality) or phenomenology (e.g. filaments, structures), (iii) emphasise the different obstacles, such as the ubiquity of catastrophic events, which could be overcome in the various concerned disciplines, thanks to theoretical advances achieved. 3 Outlines of the Workshop During the two days of the workshop, the series of presentations covered many manifestations of turbulence in geophysics, including: oceans, troposphere, stratosphere, very high atmosphere, solar wind, giant planets, interstellar clouds... up to the very large scale of the Universe. The presentations and the round table at the end of the workshop pointed out the following: - the necessity of this type of confrontation which makes intervene numerical simulations, laboratory experiments, phenomenology as well as a very large diversity of geophysical and astrophysical data, - presumably a relative need for new geophysical data, whereas there have been recent astrophysical experiments which yield interesting data and exciting questions; - the need to develop a closer intercomparison between various intermittency models (in particular Log-Poisson /Log Levy models). Two main questions were underlined, in particular during the round table: - the behaviour of the extremes of intermittency, in particular the question of divergence or convergence of the highest statistical moments (equivalently, do the probability distributions have algebraic or more rapid falloffs?); - the extension of scaling ranges; in other words do we need to divide geophysics and astrophysics in many small (nearly) isotropic subranges or is it sufficient to use anisotropic scaling notions over wider ranges? 4 The contributions in this special issue Recalling that some of the most useful insights into the nature of turbulence in fluids have come from observations of geophysical flows, Van Atta gives a review of the impacts of geophysical turbulence data into theories. His paper starts from Taylor's inference of the nearly isotropy of atmospheric turbulence and the corresponding elegant theoretical developments by von Karman of the theory of isotropic turbulence, up to underline the fact that the observed extremely large intermittency in geophysical turbulence also raised new fundamental questions for turbulence theory. The paper discusses the potential contribution to theoretical development from the available or currently being made geophysical turbulence measurements, as well as from some recent laboratory measurements and direct numerical simulations of stably stratified turbulent shear flows. Seuront et al. consider scaling and multiscaling properties of scalar fields (temperature and phytoplankton concentration) advected by oceanic turbulence in both Eulerian and Lagrangian frameworks. Despite the apparent complexity linked to a multifractal background, temperature and fluorescence (i.e. phytoplankton biomass surrogate) fields are expressed over a wide range of scale by only three universal multifractal parameters, H, \\alpha and C_l. On scales smaller than the characteristic scale of the ship, sampling is rather Eulerian. On larger scales, the drifting platform being advected by turbulent motions, sampling may be rather considered as Lagrangian. Observed Eulerian and Lagrangian universal multifractal properties of the physical and biological fields are discussed. Whereas theoretical models provide different scaling laws for fluid and MHD turbulent flows, no attempt has been done up to now to experimentally support evidence for these differences. Carbone et al. use measurements from the solar wind turbulence and from turbulence in ordinary fluid flows, in order to assess these differences. They show that the so-called Extended Self-Similarity (ESS) is evident in the solar wind turbulence up to a certain scale. Furthermore, up to a given order of the velocity structure functions, the scaling laws of MHD and fluids flows axe experimentally indistinguishable. However, differences can be observed for higher orders and the authors speculate on their origin. Dudok de Wit and Krasnosel'skikh present analysis of strong plasma turbulence in the vicinity of the Earth's bow shock with the help of magnetometer data from the AMPTE UKS satellite. They demonstrate that there is a departure from Gaussianity which could be a signature of multifractality. However, they point out that the complexity of plasma turbulence precludes a more quantitative understanding. Finally, the authors emphasise the fact that the duration of records prevents to obtain any reliable estimate of structure functions beyond the fourth order. Sylos Labini and Pietronero discuss the problem of galaxy correlations. They conclude from all the recently available three dimensional catalogues that the distribution of galaxies and clusters is fractal with dimension D ~ 2 up to the present observational limits without any tendency towards homogenization. This result is discussed in contrast to angular data analysis. Furthermore, they point out that the galaxy-cluster mismatch disappears when considering a multifractal distribution of matter. They emphasise that a new picture emerges which changes the standard ideas about the properties of the universe and requires a corresponding change in the related theoretical concepts. Chilla et al. investigate with the help of a laboratory experiment the possible influence of the presence of a large scale structure on the intermittency of small scale structures. They study a flow between coaxial co-rotating disks generating a strong axial vortex over a turbulent background. They show that the cascade process is preserved although strongly modified and they discuss the relevance of parameters developed for the description of intermittency in homogeneous turbulence to evaluate this modification.

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35

Jacobs, Kurt, and Andrew J. Landahl. "Engineering Giant Nonlinearities in Quantum Nanosystems." Physical Review Letters 103, no. 6 (August 5, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.103.067201.

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36

Yavuz, D. D., and D. E. Sikes. "Giant Kerr nonlinearities using refractive-index enhancement." Physical Review A 81, no. 3 (March 29, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.81.035804.

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37

Rebić, Stojan, Jason Twamley, and Gerard J. Milburn. "Giant Kerr Nonlinearities in Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics." Physical Review Letters 103, no. 15 (October 8, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.103.150503.

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38

Pereira, M. F., V. Anfertev, Y. Shevchenko, and V. Vaks. "Giant controllable gigahertz to terahertz nonlinearities in superlattices." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (September 29, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72746-5.

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Abstract Optical nonlinearities are of perpetual importance, notably connected with emerging new materials. However, they are difficult to exploit in the gigahertz–terahertz (GHz–THz) range at room temperature and using low excitation power. Here, we present a clear-cut theoretical and experimental demonstration of real time, low power, room temperature control of GHz–THz nonlinearities. The nonlinear susceptibility concept, successful in most materials, cannot be used here and we show in contrast, a complex interplay between applied powers, voltages and asymmetric current flow, delivering giant control and enhancement of the nonlinearities. Semiconductor superlattices are used as nonlinear sources and as mixers for heterodyne detection, unlocking their dual potential as compact, room temperature, controllable sources and detectors. The low input powers and voltages applied are within the range of compact devices, enabling the practical extension of nonlinear optics concepts to the GHz–THz range, under controlled conditions and following a predictive design tool.

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39

Povarov, K. Yu, A. Reichert, E. Wulf, and A. Zheludev. "Giant dielectric nonlinearities at a magnetic Bose-Einstein condensation." Physical Review B 92, no. 14 (October 20, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.92.140410.

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40

Walther, Valentin, Robert Johne, and Thomas Pohl. "Giant optical nonlinearities from Rydberg excitons in semiconductor microcavities." Nature Communications 9, no. 1 (April 3, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03742-7.

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41

Li, Maofan, Yanming Xu, Shiguo Han, Jinlong Xu, Zhenda Xie, Yi Liu, Zhiyun Xu, Maochun Hong, Junhua Luo, and Zhihua Sun. "Giant and Broadband Multiphoton Absorption Nonlinearities of a 2D Organometallic Perovskite Ferroelectric." Advanced Materials, July 23, 2020, 2002972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.202002972.

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42

Zapf, D., J. Kantelhardt, and W. Köhler. "Nonlinearities in shadowgraphy experiments on non-equilibrium fluctuations in polymer solutions." European Physical Journal E 45, no. 4 (April 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epje/s10189-022-00195-1.

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Abstract Giant thermal and solutal non-equilibrium fluctuations are observed in shadowgraphy experiments on liquid mixtures subjected to a temperature gradient. For large temperature differences, both the temperature and the composition dependence of the relevant thermophysical parameters and the nonlinear terms in the diffusion equation need to be taken into account, leading to a nonlinear concentration profile. For temperature differences exceeding the inverse of the Soret coefficient, in our example approximately 10 K, the usual data evaluation yields increasingly wrong diffusion and Soret coefficients that are off by almost a factor of two for a temperature difference of 50 K. A local model that treats the measured shadowgraph signal as a superposition of the contributions from every layer of the sample is able to capture the essential trend and yields a good agreement with experimental data. The results are important for the application of shadowgraphy as a tool for the measurement of Soret and diffusion coefficients, where large temperature gradients promise a good signal-to-noise ratio. Graphical abstract

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43

Zapf, D., J. Kantelhardt, and W. Köhler. "Nonlinearities in shadowgraphy experiments on non-equilibrium fluctuations in polymer solutions." European Physical Journal E 45, no. 4 (April 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epje/s10189-022-00195-1.

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Abstract Giant thermal and solutal non-equilibrium fluctuations are observed in shadowgraphy experiments on liquid mixtures subjected to a temperature gradient. For large temperature differences, both the temperature and the composition dependence of the relevant thermophysical parameters and the nonlinear terms in the diffusion equation need to be taken into account, leading to a nonlinear concentration profile. For temperature differences exceeding the inverse of the Soret coefficient, in our example approximately 10 K, the usual data evaluation yields increasingly wrong diffusion and Soret coefficients that are off by almost a factor of two for a temperature difference of 50 K. A local model that treats the measured shadowgraph signal as a superposition of the contributions from every layer of the sample is able to capture the essential trend and yields a good agreement with experimental data. The results are important for the application of shadowgraphy as a tool for the measurement of Soret and diffusion coefficients, where large temperature gradients promise a good signal-to-noise ratio. Graphical abstract

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44

Mukherjee, Rohit, and S. Konar. "Effects of giant Kerr and quintic nonlinearities on electromagnetically induced grating in multiple quantum wells." European Physical Journal D 75, no. 10 (October 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjd/s10053-021-00272-8.

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45

Mukherjee, Rohit, and S. Konar. "Effects of giant Kerr and quintic nonlinearities on electromagnetically induced grating in multiple quantum wells." European Physical Journal D 75, no. 10 (October 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjd/s10053-021-00272-8.

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46

Tang, Yuxiang, Yanbin Zhang, Qirui Liu, Ke Wei, Xiang’ai Cheng, Lei Shi, and Tian Jiang. "Interacting plexcitons for designed ultrafast optical nonlinearity in a monolayer semiconductor." Light: Science & Applications 11, no. 1 (April 14, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41377-022-00754-3.

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AbstractSearching for ideal materials with strong effective optical nonlinear responses is a long-term task enabling remarkable breakthroughs in contemporary quantum and nonlinear optics. Polaritons, hybridized light-matter quasiparticles, are an appealing candidate to realize such nonlinearities. Here, we explore a class of peculiar polaritons, named plasmon–exciton polaritons (plexcitons), in a hybrid system composed of silver nanodisk arrays and monolayer tungsten-disulfide (WS2), which shows giant room-temperature nonlinearity due to their deep-subwavelength localized nature. Specifically, comprehensive ultrafast pump–probe measurements reveal that plexciton nonlinearity is dominated by the saturation and higher-order excitation-induced dephasing interactions, rather than the well-known exchange interaction in traditional microcavity polaritons. Furthermore, we demonstrate this giant nonlinearity can be exploited to manipulate the ultrafast nonlinear absorption properties of the solid-state system. Our findings suggest that plexcitons are intrinsically strongly interacting, thereby pioneering new horizons for practical implementations such as energy-efficient ultrafast all-optical switching and information processing.

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Wang, Guanghui, Xiangming Hu, Qingping Hu, and Liang Hu. "Giant second-order cross nonlinearities via direct perturbation to the dark state in coherent population trapping." Physical Review A 101, no. 2 (February 12, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.101.023816.

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48

Mu, Yue, Lu Qin, Zeyun Shi, and Guoxiang Huang. "Giant Kerr nonlinearities and magneto-optical rotations in a Rydberg-atom gas via double electromagnetically induced transparency." Physical Review A 103, no. 4 (April 12, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.103.043709.

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49

Pistore, Valentino, Hanond Nong, Pierre-Baptiste Vigneron, Katia Garrasi, Sarah Houver, Lianhe Li, A. Giles Davies, et al. "Millimeter wave photonics with terahertz semiconductor lasers." Nature Communications 12, no. 1 (March 3, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21659-6.

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AbstractMillimeter wave (mmWave) generation using photonic techniques has so far been limited to the use of near-infrared lasers that are down-converted to the mmWave region. However, such methodologies do not currently benefit from a monolithic architecture and suffer from the quantum defect i.e. the difference in photon energies between the near-infrared and mmWave region, which can ultimately limit the conversion efficiency. Miniaturized terahertz (THz) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) have inherent advantages in this respect: their low energy photons, ultrafast gain relaxation and high nonlinearities open up the possibility of innovatively integrating both laser action and mmWave generation in a single device. Here, we demonstrate intracavity mmWave generation within THz QCLs over the unprecedented range of 25 GHz to 500 GHz. Through ultrafast time resolved techniques, we highlight the importance of modal phases and that the process is a result of a giant second-order nonlinearity combined with a phase matched process between the THz and mmWave emission. Importantly, this work opens up the possibility of compact, low noise mmWave generation using modelocked THz frequency combs.

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