Journal articles: 'Giardia lamblia – Control'

1

Suman, MSH, MM Alam, SB Pun, A. Khair, S. Ahmed, and RY Uchida. "PREVALENCE OF GIARDIA LAMBLIA INFECTION IN CHILDREN AND CALVES IN BANGLADESH." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 9, no. 2 (January 24, 2013): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v9i2.13474.

Full text

Abstract:

Giardia lamblia is highly infectious protozoan parasite capable of causing gastrointestinal illness in both humans and animals. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection in children < 5 years old and calves. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) has been used for the detection of Giardia lamblia. A total of 266 children and 15 calves diarrheic fecal samples were tested for Giardia lamblia during January 2011 to May 2012. The prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection among children was 3.8% while 13.3% in calves. Giardia lamblia was highest in children between 24 and 60 months of age (8.7%). Giardia lamblia infection was higher in male (4.7%) than in female (2.0%). Male calves (14.3%) have slightly higher prevalence than female calves (12.5%). The highest prevalence (33.3%) of Giardia lamblia infection in calves was between the ages 6 and 9 months. This is the first study to determine the prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection in calves using ELISA method in Bangladesh. A larger scale study is needed for accurate estimates of prevalence of Giardia lamblia to undertake an appropriate control strategy in future.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v9i2.13474

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Groudan, Kevin, Kamesh Gupta, Jean Chalhoub, and Rohit Singhania. "Giardia lamblia Diagnosed Incidentally by Duodenal Biopsy." Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports 9 (January 2021): 232470962110016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23247096211001649.

Full text

Abstract:

Giardia lamblia (also referred to as Giardia intestinalis and Giardia duodenalis) is the most common intestinal parasite in the world, affecting approximately 200 million people annually. Symptoms of Giardia include foul-smelling diarrhea, abdominal cramping, bloating, gas, and nausea. Although usually self-limiting, Giardia can progress to dehydration, malnutrition, and failure to thrive, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Early diagnosis and treatment is imperative to prevent and control infection of Giardia. Infectious Disease Society of America diagnostic guidelines recommend obtaining stool studies to diagnose Giardia; when stool studies are negative but suspicion remains high, duodenal aspirate microscopy is the only alternative diagnostic strategy suggested. We report a patient diagnosed incidentally with Giardia from a duodenal biopsy specimen obtained during a workup for a gastrointestinal bleed. There are limited cases of Giardia diagnosed by duodenal biopsy reported in the literature. We review studies that suggest duodenal biopsy can be a very sensitive strategy for the diagnosis of Giardia.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Shukla, Geeta, Tarveen Kaur, Rakesh Sehgal, Praveen Rishi, and Vijay Prabha. "Protective potential of L. acidophilus in murine giardiasis." Open Medicine 5, no. 4 (August 1, 2010): 456–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-009-0139-x.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThis study describes the in vivo activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus in Giardia lamblia infected BALB/c mice. Experimentally, it was observed that daily administration of lactobacilli 7 days before or in simultaneous inoculation with Giardia trophozoites efficiently reduced G. lamblia infection in mice. More specifically, excretion of Giardia cysts were reduced significantly in probiotic-treated groups, and resolution of infection was observed by day 21 post-inoculation. It was also observed that the lactobacillus count increased tremendously and continuously in faeces of all probiotic-fed mice, and was significantly higher as compared with that in control mice. Histological analysis of microvilli membrane integrity revealed that probiotic administration also protected mice against parasite-induced mucosal damage, whereas Giardia-infected mice had severe villous atrophy, oedema, vacuolation and ileitis. Immunologically, the anti-Giardia serum IgG level was not stimulated significantly by probiotic treatment administered both prior to and simultaneous with Giardia infection, but remained high after the infection peak. Taken together, the data demonstrates the anti-giardial effect of the probiotic in vivo by modulation of the intestinal epithelial cells, inhibiting the colonization of Giardia trophozoites and thereby reducing the severity of Giardia infection.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Maria, Fantinatti*. "Zoonotic potential of Giardia lamblia and control of giardiasis." Insights in Veterinary Science 3, no. 1 (February 7, 2019): 001–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.ivs.1001013.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Meliț, Lorena Elena, Cristina Oana Mărginean, Simona Mocan, Nicoleta Suciu, and Maria Oana Mărginean. "INFECȚIA CU HELICOBACTER PYLORI FAVORIZEAZĂ PREZENȚA GIARDIA LAMBLIA ÎN MUCOASA GASTRICĂ – PREZENTARE DE CAZ." Romanian Journal of Infectious Diseases 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjid.2016.3.12.

Full text

Abstract:

Helicobacter pylori și Giardia lamblia sunt răspândite în întreaga lume. Helicobacter pylori este un factor favorizant pentru prezența Giardia lamblia în stomac datorită neutralizării pH-ului gastric prin secreția de urează. Prezentăm cazul unui copil în vârstă de 5 ani, cu simptome gastro-intestinale intermitente în antecedentele personale patologice recente, care s-a internat în clinica Pediatrie 1 Târgu Mureș pentru dureri abdominale, grețuri, inapetență și hematemeză. Endoscopia digestivă superioară a evidențiat multiple sufuziuni hemoragice ale mucoasei gastrice, iar examenul histopatologic al mucoasei gastrice antrale a identificat coexistența infecției cu Helicobacter pylori și Giardia lamblia. Evoluția pacientului a fost favorabilă sub terapia de eradicare a infecției cu Helicobacter pylori și tratamentul antiparazitar administrat, endoscopia de control arătând o mucoasă fără modificări vizibile macroscopic, iar reevaluare histopatologică evidențiind modificări regenerative ale mucoasei gastrice. Particularitatea cazului este reprezentată de identificarea prezenței parazitozei cu Giardia lamblia în mucoasa gastrică, mediu fiziologic acid, alcalinizat de ureaza secretată de Helicobacter pylori, asigurând astfel condiții favorabile dezvoltării acestui parazit la un copil în vârstă de 5 ani, dintr-un mediu socio-economic favorabil, cu simptome gastro-intestinale intermitente în antecedentele personale patologice recente.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Li, Erqiu, Ping Zhou, Ziva Petrin, and Steven M. Singer. "Mast Cell-Dependent Control of Giardia lamblia Infections in Mice." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 11 (November 2004): 6642–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.11.6642-6649.2004.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT Mast cells are important for protective immunity to intestinal helminth infections and as mediators of allergic disease. Their role in protozoan infections is less well described. We have therefore analyzed mast cell responses and parasite control in mice infected with the protozoan Giardia lamblia. We also measured immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses to the parasite, as IgA can have a protective role in this model. c-kitw/wv mice failed to make parasite-specific IgA, mount a mast cell response, or eliminate the infection. Anti-c-kit-treated C57BL/6 mice had normal IgA responses, lacked mast cell responses, had reduced interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA in the small intestine, and failed to control the infection within 10 days. IL-9-deficient mice had a significant but reduced mast cell response and still controlled the infection within 2 weeks. Interestingly, IL-6-deficient mice had enhanced mast cell responses yet failed to rapidly control the infection. However, prevention of mast cell responses in IL-6-deficient mice by anti-c-kit treatment did not lead to parasite elimination. Both IL-6- and IL-9-deficient mice had normal IgA production. IL-6-deficient mice had significant serum levels of mast cell mediators, histamine and mast cell protease 1, following infection. Together, these results show that mast cells are important for the rapid control of Giardia infections in mice. Furthermore, they show that IL-6 is not necessary for these mast cell responses. Instead, they suggest that mast cell production of IL-6 appears to be important for control of this infection.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Elena, Meliț Lorena, Cristina Oana Mărginean, Simona Mocan, Nicoleta Suciu, and Maria Oana Mărginean. "THE INFECTION WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI FAVORS THE PRESENCE OF GIARDIA LAMBLIA IN THE GASTRIC MUCOSA – CASE PRESENTATION." Romanian Journal of Infectious Diseases 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjid.2016.3.5.

Full text

Abstract:

Helicobacter pylori and Giardia lamblia are common worldwide. Helicobacter pylori is a favoring factor for the presence of Giardia lamblia in the stomach due to the neutralization of the gastric pH through the secretion of urease. We present the case of a 5-year-old child, with intermittent gastro-intestinal symptoms in the recent personal pathological history, admitted in the Pediatrics Clinic 1 Târgu Mureș for abdominal pain, nausea, loss of appetite and hematemesis. The superior digestive endoscopy revealed multiple hemorrhagic lesions of the gastric mucosa, and the pathological exam of the antral gastric mucosa identified the coexistence of Helicobacter pylori and Giardia lamblia. The evolution of the patient was favorable under the eradication therapy of the infection with Helicobacter pylori and the antiparasitic drugs, the control endoscopy revealing a gastric mucosa without macroscopically obvious modifications, and the pathological re-evaluation pointed out regenerative modifications of the gastric mucosa. The particularity of the case is represented by the identification of the parasite Giardia lamblia in the gastric mucosa, a physiologically acid environment, alkalinized by the urease secreted by Helicobacter pylori, therefore providing favorable conditions for the development of this parasite in a 5-year-old child, from a favorable socio-economic environment, with intermittent gastrointestinal symptoms in his recent personal pathological history.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Singer, Steven M., and Theodore E. Nash. "T-Cell-Dependent Control of Acute Giardia lamblia Infections in Mice." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.1.170-175.2000.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACTWe have studied immune mechanisms responsible for control of acuteGiardia lambliaandGiardia murisinfections in adult mice. Association of chronicG. lambliainfection with hypogammaglobulinemia and experimental infections of mice withG. murishave led to the hypothesis that antibodies are required to control these infections. We directly tested this hypothesis by infecting B-cell-deficient mice with eitherG. lambliaorG. muris. Both wild-type mice and B-cell-deficient mice eliminated the vast majority of parasites between 1 and 2 weeks postinfection withG. lamblia. G. muriswas also eliminated in both wild-type and B-cell-deficient mice. In contrast, T-cell-deficient andscidmice failed to controlG. lambliainfections, as has been shown previously forG. muris. Treatment of wild-type or B-cell-deficient mice with antibodies to CD4 also prevented elimination ofG. lamblia, confirming a role for T cells in controlling infections. By infecting mice deficient in either αβ- or γδ-T-cell receptor (TCR)-expressing T cells, we show that the αβ-TCR-expressing T cells are required to control parasites but that the γδ-TCR-expressing T cells are not. Finally, infections in mice deficient in production of gamma interferon or interleukin 4 (IL-4) and mice deficient in responding to IL-4 and IL-13 revealed that neither the Th1 nor the Th2 subset is absolutely required for protection fromG. lamblia. We conclude that a T-cell-dependent mechanism is essential for controlling acuteGiardiainfections and that this mechanism is independent of antibody and B cells.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Zhou, Ping, Erqiu Li, Nannan Zhu, Jason Robertson, Theodore Nash, and Steven M. Singer. "Role of Interleukin-6 in the Control of Acute and Chronic Giardia lamblia Infections in Mice." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 3 (March 2003): 1566–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.3.1566-1568.2003.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT In this study, we investigated the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in Giardia lamblia infections in mice. Elevated IL-6 expression was found in wild-type mice 15 days postinfection. Furthermore, IL-6-deficient mice controlled infections only slowly although normal immunoglobulin A production was observed. Thus, IL-6 is necessary for early control of acute G. lamblia infections.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Bartlett, A. V., S. J. Englender, B. A. Jarvis, L. Ludwig, J. F. Carlson, and J. P. Topping. "Controlled trial of Giardia lamblia: control strategies in day care centers." American Journal of Public Health 81, no. 8 (August 1991): 1001–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.81.8.1001.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Abd AL-Khaliq, Israa Mohammad. "Effect of Bifidobacterium Probiotic in the Treatment of Giardiasis Infection in Mice." Baghdad Science Journal 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 0849. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2019.16.4.0849.

Full text

Abstract:

Metronidazole therapy is recommended in the treatment of giardiasis,athough some clinical reports mention the resistance to this drug from many pathogens. Many studies were applied to show the effect of probiotic to prevent or to heal diseases of gastrointestine, but only few is known about probiotic activity against infections of protozoa. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of Bifidobacterium against infection with Giardia lamblia in experimental mice. It was found that daily application of viable Bifidobacterium cells with a single dose (0.1ml∕mice∕day) significantly reduced the shedding of Giardia lamblia parasite cysts in feces, and infection completely disappeared at the day (15th) post inoculation with this probiotic. Also, it was noticed that Giardia cysts were reduced in the group treated with metronidazole, and infection cured at day (17th) from treatment, while the control group showed shedding cysts of this parasite. Histopathologically, the effect of Bifidobacterium in vivo by gut cells modulation prevents the colonization of Giardia, leading to reduce the infection with this parasite.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Shukla, Geeta, and Ramandeep Kaur Sidhu. "Lactobacillus casei as a probiotic in malnourished Giardia lamblia-infected mice: a biochemical and histopathological study." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 57, no. 2 (February 2011): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w10-110.

Full text

Abstract:

The study describes the in vivo activity of Lactobacillus casei in malnourished Giardia lamblia -infected BALB/c mice. By experimentation, it was found that daily administration of the probiotic 7 days before inoculation with Giardia trophozoites in malnourished mice efficiently reduced both the severity and duration of giardiasis. More specifically, excretion of Giardia cysts and trophozoites counts were reduced, while faecal lactobacilli counts increased significantly in probiotic-fed malnourished mice, compared with control mice. Interestingly, it was also observed that oral feeding of the probiotic to malnourished mice abrogated all the anthropometric and biochemical anomalies. Histologically, morphological and cellular alteration of microvillus membrane integrity revealed that probiotic administration ameliorated the mucosal damage in malnourished, probiotic-inoculated, Giardia-infected mice compared with the severe microvillus atrophy, œdematous and vacuolated epithelial cells, and ileitis in malnourished Giardia-infected mice. The results clearly show the antigiardial effect of the probiotic in vivo by modulating the gut cells to inhibit the colonization and multiplication of Giardia trophozoites, thus reducing the severity and duration of murine giardiasis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Li, Sen, Yang Zou, Xue-Liang Zhang, Ping Wang, Xiao-Qing Chen, and Xing-Quan Zhu. "Prevalence and Multilocus Genotyping of Giardia lamblia in Cattle in Jiangxi Province, China: Novel Assemblage E Subtypes Identified." Korean Journal of Parasitology 58, no. 6 (December 29, 2020): 681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.681.

Full text

Abstract:

Giardia lamblia is a common enteric pathogen associated with diarrheal diseases. There are some reports of G. lamblia infection among different breeds of cattle in recent years worldwide. However, it is yet to know whether cattle in Jiangxi province, southeastern China is infected with G. lamblia. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the prevalence and examine the multilocus genotypes of G. lamblia in cattle in Jiangxi province. A total of 556 fecal samples were collected from 3 cattle breeds (dairy cattle, beef cattle, and buffalo) in Jiangxi province, and the prevalence and genotypes of G. lamblia were determined by the nested PCR amplification of the beta-giardin (bg) gene. A total of 52 samples (9.2%) were positive for G. lamblia. The highest prevalence of G. lamblia was detected in dairy cattle (20.0%), followed by that in beef cattle (6.4%), and meat buffalo (0.9%). Multilocus sequence typing of G. lamblia was performed based on sequences of the bg, triose phosphate isomerase and glutamate dehydrogenase loci, and 22, 42, and 52 samples were amplifiable, respectively, forming 15 MLGs. Moreover, one mixed G. lamblia infection (assemblages A and E) was found in the present study. Altogether, 6 novel assemblage E subtypes (E41*-E46*) were identified for the first time. These results not only provided baseline data for the control of G. lamblia infection in cattle in this southeastern province of China, but also enriched the molecular epidemiological data and genetic diversity of G. lamblia in cattle.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Kulakova, Liudmila, Steven M. Singer, John Conrad, and Theodore E. Nash. "Epigenetic mechanisms are involved in the control of Giardia lamblia antigenic variation." Molecular Microbiology 61, no. 6 (September 2006): 1533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05345.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Chabra, Aroona, Bahman Rahimi-Esboei, Emran Habibi, Taha Monadi, Mohammad Azadbakht, Taher Elmi, Hossein Keshavarz valian, Javad Akhtari, Mahdi Fakhar, and Farshad Naghshvar. "Effects of some natural products from fungal and herbal sources on Giardia lamblia in vivo." Parasitology 146, no. 9 (April 22, 2019): 1188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182019000325.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractGiardia lamblia (G. lamblia) is the most widely known protozoan parasite that causes human gastrointestinal infection worldwide. Some natural compounds exhibited pivotal effects against different infectious diseases. In this research, the antigiardial activity and cytotoxicity of fungal chitosan, nano-chitosan, Rhamnus cathartica (R. cathartica) and emodin were evaluated in Balb/c mice. Genotyping of G. lamblia was assessed by PCR-RFLP technique. Different concentrations of mentioned compounds were used to check their antigiardial and cytotoxicity effects on human intestinal epithelial cells (HT-29) after 24, 48 and 72 h. The G. lamblia strain used in the current work was genotyped and revealed as an AII assemblage. All the concentration showed acceptable activity against G. lamblia cysts and trophozoites in comparison to the negative and positive controls (furazolidone and metronidazole) in vitro (P < 0.05). Giardia lamblia cysts were susceptible after treatment in all experiments in vivo in comparison to negative control (P < 0.05). Approximately, in most of the concentration, nano-chitosan and emodin were more effective than chitosan and R. cathartica, respectively (P < 0.05). The effects of exposure times in antigiardial and cytotoxicity effects were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The maximum mortality rate (100%) was achieved at 100 and 50 µg kg−1 concentrations after 48 and 72 h of exposure time, respectively. Our results provide significant information about the new antigiardial agent and proposed the nano-chitosan and emodin for the development of new drugs against G. lamblia in the future.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Santos, Jairo Ivo dos, and Cidônia de Lourdes Vituri. "Some hematimetric findings in human Giardia lambia infection." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 38, no. 2 (April 1996): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651996000200002.

Full text

Abstract:

Up to now few reports about haematological alterations induced by Giardia lamblia infection have been described. Because there are questions on this matter still not answered, we carried out a study to evaluate some erythrometric and leucometric parameters in a sample that consisted of 55 patients exclusively infected with G. lamblia and of 55 sex and age matched parasite-free individuals. The haematological parameters evaluated were: mean corpuscular volume (MCV), hemoglobin concentration, and relative and absolute number of eosinophils and lymphocytes. No significant differences in the mean values of MCV, hemoglobin levels and absolute relative lymphocyte numbers between the two groups could be detected. When the giardiasis and control groups were separated by pediatric (0-18 years old) and adult (older than 18 years) classes, a very significant difference in both relative and absolute number of eosinophils in the adult class was observed. With respect of the pediatric class, no differences, either in relative and absolute number of eosinophils, could be observed. Our findings suggest that, during G. lamblia infection, some kind of parasite allergen(s) could be secreted and be responsible for the increasing of eosinophil counts in peripheral blood of adults.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Langford, T. Dianne, Michael P. Housley, Marianne Boes, Jianzhu Chen, Martin F. Kagnoff, Frances D. Gillin, and Lars Eckmann. "Central Importance of Immunoglobulin A in Host Defense against Giardia spp." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 1 (January 2002): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.1.11-18.2002.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT The protozoan pathogen Giardia is an important cause of parasitic diarrheal disease worldwide. It colonizes the lumen of the small intestine, suggesting that effective host defenses must act luminally. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies are presumed to be important for controlling Giardia infection, but direct evidence for this function is lacking. B-cell-independent effector mechanisms also exist and may be equally important for antigiardial host defense. To determine the importance of the immunoglobulin isotypes that are transported into the intestinal lumen, IgA and IgM, for antigiardial host defense, we infected gene-targeted mice lacking IgA-expressing B-cells, IgM-secreting B-cells, or all B-cells as controls with Giardia muris or Giardia lamblia GS/M-83-H7. We found that IgA-deficient mice could not eradicate either G. muris or G. lamblia infection, demonstrating that IgA is required for their clearance. Furthermore, although neither B-cell-deficient nor IgA-deficient mice could clear G. muris infections, IgA-deficient mice controlled infection significantly better than B-cell-deficient mice, suggesting the existence of B-cell-dependent but IgA-independent antigiardial defenses. In contrast, mice deficient for secreted IgM antibodies cleared G. muris infection normally, indicating that they have no unique functions in antigiardial host defense. These data, together with the finding that B-cell-deficient mice have some, albeit limited, residual capacity to control G. muris infection, show that IgA-dependent host defenses are central for eradicating Giardia spp. Moreover, B-cell-dependent but IgA-independent and B-cell-independent antigiardial host defenses exist but are less important for controlling infection.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Rivero, Maria R., Cecilia V. Vranych, Mariano Bisbal, Belkys A. Maletto, Andrea S. Ropolo, and Maria C. Touz. "Adaptor protein 2 regulates receptor-mediated endocytosis and cyst formation in Giardia lamblia." Biochemical Journal 428, no. 1 (April 28, 2010): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20100096.

Full text

Abstract:

The parasite Giardia lamblia possesses PVs (peripheral vacuoles) that function as both endosomes and lysosomes and are implicated in the adaptation, differentiation and survival of the parasite in different environments. The mechanisms by which Giardia traffics essential proteins to these organelles and regulates their secretion have important implications in the control of parasite dissemination. In the present study, we describe the participation of the heterotetrameric clathrin-adaptor protein gAP2 (Giardia adaptor protein 2) complex in lysosomal protein trafficking. A specific monoclonal antibody against the medium subunit (gμ2) of gAP2 showed localization of this complex to the PVs, cytoplasm and plasma membrane in the growing trophozoites. gAP2 also co-localized with clathrin in the PVs, suggesting its involvement in endocytosis. Uptake experiments using standard molecules for the study of endocytosis revealed that gAP2 specifically participated in the endocytosis of LDL (low-density lipoprotein). Targeted down-regulation of the gene encoding gμ2 in growing and encysting trophozoites resulted in a large decrease in the amount of cell growth and cyst wall formation, suggesting a distinct mechanism in which gAP2 is directly involved in both endocytosis and vesicular trafficking.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Olariu, Tudor Rares, Octavian Mazilu, Rodica Mihaescu, Titus Ududec, Romulus Timar, Sorin Bolintineanu, Cristina Petrescu, and Camelia Vidita Gurban. "Assessment of Giardia lamblia Infection Prevalence Using Lugol�s Iodine Staining Technique." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 3 (April 15, 2018): 665–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.3.6171.

Full text

Abstract:

Parasitic diseases have a worldwide distribution and represent an important public health problem. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in a Child Day Care Center from Western Romania using direct wet mount and concentration procedures of stool samples. One hundred sixty-four children aged 2-8 years were investigated. Stool examinations were performed using the iodine staining for the identification of protozoan cysts and the Willis-Hung concentration method for the identification of helminth eggs. Routine laboratory investigations were also conducted to evaluate the eosinophil count in the infected children. Intestinal parasitic infections were diagnosed in 47 cases (28.6%). Giardia lamblia (25%), Entamoeba coli (5.5%), Blastocystis hominis (1.2%), Ascaris lumbricoides (0.6%) and Trichuris trichiura (0.6%) were the only parasites identified. Among the children with parasitic infections we have determined association of two parasites in 7 (14.9%). We have found that in children with giardiasis the eosinophil values were increased (5.54�4.21%) compared to controls (3.69�1.48%) (p[0.01). Our findings suggest that giardiasis may be significantly prevalent in children attending day care centers in Western Romania. Efficient educational programs should be timely implemented in child care centers with the aim of providing appropriate infection control measures.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Radwan, Eman H., Amel Abd El Rahman Hassan, Wael M. Lotfy, Ahmed Abd El-Mawgood, and Hala M. Mashaal. "The Prevalence of Intestinal Parasite Infection in El Behara Schoolchildren." International Journal of Limnology 1, no. 1 (June 15, 2019): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2691-3208.ijli-19-2853.

Full text

Abstract:

This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasite in schoolchildren in Damanhur, Egypt and some of its villages. The pathogenic enteric protozoa have been progressively involved in bargaining the soundness of a great many individuals, for the most part in creating nations. Mediations are being set up to control the dreariness and mortality because of these protozoan contaminations. A portion of these mediations target school going kids with regards to class based wellbeing intercession. The present examination concentrated on exploring the commonness of intestinal protozoan contaminations among younger students chose networks comprising of urban, urban-poor and per urban settlements in the Damanhour and a few towns. In the present work Giardia lamblia was the second usually identified protozoan with a diseases rate 10.4% among the analyzed cases. In the present examination generally speaking level of parasitic contaminations among the kids was 57.3%. It's viewed as Enterobius vermicularis was the most usually identified protozoan as it spoke to 4.1% of the parasitic diseases in the considered cases pursued by Ascaris lumbricoides; 1.4% and Giardia lamblia contaminations as they spoke to 0.6%; separately. The protozoa like Giardia and Cryptosporidium are regularly present in surface waters and cause episodes in this manner legitimately affecting human wellbeing.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Ribeiro, M. R. S., D. R. Oliveira, F. M. S. Oliveira, M. V. Caliari, F. S. Martins, J. R. Nicoli, M. F. Torres, M. E. R. Andrade, V. N. Cardoso, and M. A. Gomes. "Effect of probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii in experimental giardiasis." Beneficial Microbes 9, no. 5 (September 18, 2018): 789–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2017.0155.

Full text

Abstract:

The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii in experimental treatment of giardiasis and its impact on intestinal integrity and some functions of gerbils infected with Giardia lamblia. 28 gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), aged 4-6 weeks, were divided into four groups: untreated and uninfected control (CT); infected with G. lamblia (IGL); treated with S. boulardii (SB); and infected with G. lamblia and treated with S. boulardii (ITSB). The SB and ITSB groups received S. boulardii 15 days prior to being infected with G. lamblia. The treatment continued until completion of the experiment (22nd day). The IGL and ITSB groups were gavage-inoculated with G. lamblia ensuring one-week infection. 4 h before euthanasia, all animals were gavaged with a solution containing diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA) marked with technetium-99mTc DTPA to determine intestinal permeability. The small intestine was removed for histopathological, morphometric analysis and count of trophozoites adhered to the mucosa. The selected probiotic caused an approximate reduction of 70% of parasite load, which was determined by attached trophozoites (P<0.01) and immune-marked trophozoites (P<0.05). Treatment with S. boulardii (SB and ITSB groups) also increased the height of the intestinal villi and crypt depth compared to the CT and IGL groups (P<0.05). The area of mucus production and the number of goblet cells of the SB and ITSB groups were higher compared to the CT and IGL groups (P<0.01). The animals treated with S. boulardii also exhibited a significant increase of intraepithelial lymphocytes counts (P<0.01). There was no difference in the intestinal permeability between the groups studied. The efficacy of S. boulardii in reducing damages caused by Giardia was demonstrated, with an approximate reduction of 70% of the parasite load, suggesting its use as a coadjuvant in giardiasis treatment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Manouana, Gédéon P., Gedeon Bingoulou Matsougou, Natalie Byrne, Philipp Hofmann, mirabeau Mbong Ngwese, Pau A Nguema Moure, Jeannot Fréjus Zinsou, et al. "PO 8444 CHARACTERISATION OF PATHOGENS CAUSING DIARRHOEA IN CHILDREN UNDER FIVE IN LAMBARÉNÉ, GABON." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (April 2019): A38.1—A38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.99.

Full text

Abstract:

BackgroundDiarrhoeal disease remains the second leading cause of death in children under five years, being associated with about 525,000 deaths every year. The most common pathogens worldwide are Shigella spp/EIEC, rotavirus, adenovirus 40/41, ST-ETEC and Cryptosporidium spp. Public health interventions rely on estimates of pathogen-specific burden for prioritisation. Sadly, comprehensive data on the aetiology of diarrhoea in children is lacking for Gabon. This study aimed to identify the spectrum of pathogens found in Lambaréné, Gabon and provide baseline data on their prevalence, needed for implementation of effective control measures.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted at Albert Schweitzer and Georges Rawiri Regional hospitals in Lambaréné from February 2017 to February 2018. A consecutive sample of children under 5 year old with diarrhoea or a history of diarrhoea within the previous three days were prospectively studied. A single stool sample was collected from each study participant and processed using commercial rapid immunoassays to detect antigens of rotavirus, adenovirus, and Cryptosporidium spp. Multiplex PCR was used for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia and Cyclospora cayetanensis detection, and characterisation of E. coli strains.ResultsOut of 188 participants who provided stool samples, one or more pathogens could be detected in 34.6% of the cases. The most prevalent parasites were Giardia lamblia (14.9%), Cryptosporidium spp. (11.7%), and Cyclospora cayetanensis (2.7%). Enteric viruses also were identified in these children: 10.6% and 1.6% of rotavirus and adenovirus, respectively. Multiple pathogens were detected in 5.3% of samples.ConclusionThis analysis of the causes of diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age in our setting showed three main pathogens: Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium spp. and rotavirus. Our study confirms major agents of acute diarrhoeal diseases in children, highlights research needs (Cryptosporidium) and supports the introduction of new tools such as the implementation of the rotavirus vaccine in the national immunisation programme.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Sun, Chin-Hung, Shih-Che Weng, Jui-Hsuan Wu, Szu-Yu Tung, Li-Hsin Su, Meng-Hsuan Lin, and Gilbert Aaron Lee. "DNA topoisomerase IIIβ promotes cyst generation by inducing cyst wall protein gene expression in Giardia lamblia." Open Biology 10, no. 2 (February 2020): 190228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.190228.

Full text

Abstract:

Giardia lamblia causes waterborne diarrhoea by transmission of infective cysts. Three cyst wall proteins are highly expressed in a concerted manner during encystation of trophozoites into cysts. However, their gene regulatory mechanism is still largely unknown. DNA topoisomerases control topological homeostasis of genomic DNA during replication, transcription and chromosome segregation. They are involved in a variety of cellular processes including cell cycle, cell proliferation and differentiation, so they may be valuable drug targets. Giardia lamblia possesses a type IA DNA topoisomerase (TOP3β) with similarity to the mammalian topoisomerase IIIβ. We found that TOP3β was upregulated during encystation and it possessed DNA-binding and cleavage activity. TOP3β can bind to the cwp promoters in vivo using norfloxacin-mediated topoisomerase immunoprecipitation assays. We also found TOP3β can interact with MYB2, a transcription factor involved in the coordinate expression of cwp1-3 genes during encystation. Interestingly, overexpression of TOP3β increased expression of cwp1 - 3 and myb2 genes and cyst formation. Microarray analysis confirmed upregulation of cwp1-3 and myb2 genes by TOP3β. Mutation of the catalytically important Tyr residue, deletion of C-terminal zinc ribbon domain or further deletion of partial catalytic core domain reduced the levels of cleavage activity, cwp1-3 and myb2 gene expression, and cyst formation. Interestingly, some of these mutant proteins were mis-localized to cytoplasm. Using a CRISPR/Cas9 system for targeted disruption of top3β gene, we found a significant decrease in cwp1-3 and myb2 gene expression and cyst number. Our results suggest that TOP3β may be functionally conserved, and involved in inducing Giardia cyst formation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Montalvo Corral, Maricela, Lucinda Puebla Clark, Guadalupe López Robles, Itzel Reyes Duarte, Guillermo López Cervantes, and Silvia Yolanda Moya Camarena. "Conjugated linoleic acid enhances intestinal mucosal innate immunity against parasite Giardia lamblia in a murine model." Nova Scientia 10, no. 21 (October 15, 2018): 228–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21640/ns.v10i21.1578.

Full text

Abstract:

Introduction: Giardia lamblia, a protozoan intestinal parasite is able to evade or suppress defense mechanisms, such as innate response. Antigen presenting cells (APC) like dendritic cells may orchestrate an immune response and support a more effective adaptive defense. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a dietary lipid, has shown biological activity on APC. The aim was to evaluate the effect of CLA in intestinal innate response measuring the frequency of mucosal APC populations in Giardia lamblia murine infection.Method: The giardiasis infection model was established in C3H/HeN mice (n=32), and parasite load was followed at 0, 2, 6 and 8 days post infection (dpi). APC obtained from small intestine by enzymatic digestion were assessed by flow cytometry. Oral supplementation with CLA (50:50 of cis-9, trans-11-CLA and trans-10, cis-12-CLA isomers) and placebo control begun three days before infection and continued during first week post infection.Results: Infection kinetics showed a peak of trophozoites at 6 dpi in acute phase. Parasite load was lower in CLA group in comparison with control infected group (p<0.05). Conjugated linoleic acid stimulates innate immune response, percentage of intestinal CD11chiMHC-IIhi increases after 2 dpi, meanwhile CD11chiMHC-IIhiCD103+ APC was higher after three days of CLA supplementation than control (p<0.05). Also, the CD11c+ F4/80+ population shown a percentage increases after 6 and 8 dpi by the effect of treatment and time of infection (p<0.05).Conclusion: In conclusion CLA increased percentages of small intestine APC phenotypes CD11chiMHCIIhi, CD11chiMHCIIhiCD103+ and CD11c+ F4/80+, and reduced G. lamblia parasitic load. Further studies are needed to elucidate potential mechanisms involved in CLA immunomodulatory effect and its contribution in adaptive immune response.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

El-Kady, Asmaa M., Iman A. M. Abdel-Rahman, Samer S. Fouad, Khaled S. Allemailem, Taghrid Istivan, Sheren F. M. Ahmed, Al Shaimaa Hasan, Heba A. Osman, and Hatem A. Elshabrawy. "Pomegranate Peel Extract Is a Potential Alternative Therapeutic for Giardiasis." Antibiotics 10, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060705.

Full text

Abstract:

Giardiasis is a major diarrheal disease affecting approximately 2.5 million children annually in developing countries. Several studies have reported the resistance of Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) to multiple drugs. Therefore, identifying an effective drug for giardiasis is a necessity. This study examined the antiparasitic effect of Punica granatum (pomegranate) and evaluated its therapeutic efficacy in rats infected with G. lamblia. In vitro study showed high efficacy of pomegranate peel ethanolic extract in killing G. lamblia cysts as demonstrated by eosin vital staining. We showed that treating infected rats with pomegranate extract resulted in a marked reduction in the mean number of G. lamblia cysts and trophozoites in feces and intestine respectively. Interestingly, the number of G. lamblia trophozoites and cysts were significantly lower in the pomegranate extract-treated group compared to the metronidazole-positive control group. Moreover, pomegranate extract treatment significantly induced nitric oxide (NO) and reduced serum IL-6 and TNF-α, compared to infected untreated rats. Histological and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of the jejunum and duodenum of pomegranate extract-treated animals confirmed the antiparasitic effect of the extract, and demonstrated the restoration of villi structure with reduction of villi atrophy, decreased infiltration of lymphocytes, and protection of intestinal cells from apoptotic cell death. In conclusion, our data show that the pomegranate peel extract is effective in controlling G. lamblia infections, which suggests that it could be a viable treatment option for giardiasis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Bienz, Marianne, Wen Juan Dai, Monika Welle, Bruno Gottstein, and Norbert Müller. "Interleukin-6-Deficient Mice Are Highly Susceptible to Giardia lamblia Infection but Exhibit Normal Intestinal Immunoglobulin A Responses against the Parasite." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 3 (March 2003): 1569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.3.1569-1573.2003.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT In the present study, interleukin-6 (IL-6)-deficient mice were infected with Giardia lamblia clone GS/M-83-H7. Murine IL-6 deficiency did not affect the synthesis of parasite-specific intestinal immunoglobulin A. However, in contrast to wild-type mice, IL-6-deficient animals were not able to control the acute phase of parasite infection. Reverse transcription-PCR-based quantitation of cytokine mRNA levels in peripheral lymph node cells exhibited a short-term up-regulation of IL-4 expression in IL-6-deficient mice that seemed to be associated with failure in controlling the parasite population. This observation suggests a further elucidation of IL-4-dependent, Th2-type regulatory processes regarding their potential to influence the course of G. lamblia infection in the experimental murine host.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Kamda, Joel Désiré, and Steven M. Singer. "Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-Dependent Inhibition of Dendritic Cell Interleukin-12 Production by Giardia lamblia." Infection and Immunity 77, no. 2 (December 1, 2008): 685–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00718-08.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT Dendritic cell interactions with pathogenic microbes initiate and direct the development of subsequent adaptive responses. The protozoan pathogen Giardia lamblia infects the mammalian small intestine, leading to nutrient malabsorption and diarrhea but rarely causing inflammation. In order to begin to understand how the innate immune system responds to this parasite and shapes the eventual adaptive response, we examined the interaction between parasites and murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs). DCs incubated with live parasites or parasite extracts displayed enhanced levels of CD40. The expression of CD80 and CD86 also increased, but less than was seen with lipopolysaccharide-activated DCs. Small amounts of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha were secreted by these DCs, whereas no IL-10 or IL-12 could be detected. Coincubation of DCs with parasite extracts along with known Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands resulted in enhanced secretion of IL-10 and reduced secretion of IL-12. The levels of major histocompatibility complex class II, CD80, and CD86 were also reduced compared to DCs stimulated with TLR ligands alone. Finally, studies with an extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway inhibitor, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, and anti-IL-10 receptor antibody revealed that the PI3K pathway is the dominant mechanism of inhibition in DCs incubated with both lipopolysaccharide and Giardia. These data suggest that this parasite actively interferes with host innate immunity, resulting in an immune response able to control the infection but devoid of strong inflammatory signals.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

El-Beshbishi, SamarN, AyatA ElBlihy, RaefaA Atia, Ahmed Megahed, and FatmaA Auf. "Human leukocyte antigen class-II DRB1 alleles and Giardia lamblia infection in children: A case-control study." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 13, no. 2 (2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.275413.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Marcial-Quino, Jaime, Francisco Fierro, Ignacio De la Mora-De la Mora, Sergio Enríquez-Flores, Saúl Gómez-Manzo, America Vanoye-Carlo, Itzhel Garcia-Torres, Edgar Sierra-Palacios, and Horacio Reyes-Vivas. "Validation of housekeeping genes as an internal control for gene expression studies in Giardia lamblia using quantitative real-time PCR." Gene 581, no. 1 (April 2016): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2016.01.018.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Gascón, J., M. Vargas, D. Schellenberg, H. Urassa, C. Casals, E. Kahigwa, J. J. Aponte, H. Mshinda, and J. Vila. "Diarrhea in Children under 5 Years of Age from Ifakara, Tanzania: a Case-Control Study." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 12 (2000): 4459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.12.4459-4462.2000.

Full text

Abstract:

A matched case-control study was conducted in the Maternal and Child Health Clinic (MCH) in Ifakara, Tanzania, during the rainy season in order to elucidate the risk factors for and etiology of diarrheal diseases in children under 5 years of age. Cases (103) and controls (206) were matched for sex and age group. Precoded questionnaires with demographic details, clinical history, and physical signs were completed. Stools samples were collected for bacterial, parasitological, and viral studies. A high number of siblings (odds ratio [OR], 0.86; P = 0.027), the number of siblings surviving (OR, 0.82; P = 0.007), the birth order (OR, 0.85; P = 0.018) and the distance from the house to the water source (OR, 0.33; P = 0.011) were associated with the risk of diarrhea. There were high rates of enteropathogen isolates in stool samples from children without diarrhea (52.23%).Shigella species were the only enteropathogen statistically related with diarrhea (OR, 2.90; P < 0.029). Enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, and enteroaggregative strains ofEscherichia coli were not related with diarrhea, and neither were Giardia lamblia or Salmonellaspecies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Yakovleva, V. K., Gleb Borisovich Fedoseev, M. V. Eliseeva, V. I. Trofimov, V. K. Yakovleva, G. B. Fedoseev, M. V. Eliseeva, and V. I. Trofimov. "Effect of t reat ment of parasite s a nd inte stinaldisbiosis in t he c ourse of a sthma." Russian Journal of Allergy 8, no. 5 (October 15, 2011): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja777.

Full text

Abstract:

Background. The results of observation of patients with bronchial asthma (ВА), parasitic invasion and intestine disbacteriosis before and after treatment have been described in the article. Methods. The basic group (ВА(+)) included 46 patients with ВА, parasitic invasion, disbacteriosis of intestine or their combination. The control group included 18 patients without disbacteriosis and parasitic invasion. The following examination was done: PS was assessed by ACTtest (asthma Control Test), respiratory function (RF ), helminthoovoscopy of faeces, P CR of faeces for lamblia Giardia, bacteriologic examination of faeces. Results. Complex treatment resulted in improvement of B A symptoms, decreased number of B A relapses and decreased number of hospitalization. Also the increasing of F EF 25 and F EF 50 was evaluated. S ame tendency was not traced in B A group and in patients with isolated lambliosis. Conclusion. Treatment of helminthiasis and intestine disbacteriosis improves the overall bronchial asthma treatment outcome.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Al-Ezzy, Ali Ibrahim Ali, Walaa Najm Abood, and Rawaa Abulkhaleq Hussein. "C - reactive protein As An Immunopathological Prognostic Marker For Giardia Lamblia And Entamoeba Histolytica Associated Diarrhea Among Children Of Baghdad Governorate." International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research 1, no. 1 (February 28, 2015): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7439/ijasr.v1i1.1713.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) is one of the classic acute phase proteins. The study of induction of acute phase reactants synthesis in parasitic infections would aid in understanding the host parasite relationship.Methods: Seventy three children with parasitic diarrhea that proved through clinical and microbiological investigation were selected. Thirteen of selected children were infected with G.lamblia and the rest sixty were infected with E.histolytica . Nineteen of the control group was females while the rest eleven were males. Venous Blood were collected from patients and control group for detection of CRP level via latex agglutination test. Results : The high rate of infection was detected among the age group (19-36) months. The highest level of CRP was (192 mg/dl) while the lowest one was (12 mg/dl) with a mean level (51.20 mg/dl). the mean level of CRP in control group was (3.7500 mg/dl). positive significant correlations between CRP level and the age of infected children (r=0.290,p=0.013), the chronic infection with G.lamblia and E.histolytica (r=0.760,p=0.000) . Positive significant correlation between the age group and the chronic infection with G.lamblia and E.histolytica (r=0.493,p=0.000) . Significant difference was detected between the patients group and control group regarding the CRP level (p>0.05).Conclusion: This study proved that CRP level was increased in association with the age and chronic presentation of diarrhea caused by G.lamblia and E.histolytica and can be used as a non specific immunological marker for monitoring of clinical presentation of G.lamblia and E.histolytica associated diarrheal .

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Carvalho-Costa, Filipe Anibal, Alessandra Queiroga Gonçalves, Sandra Laranjeira Lassance, Luanda Macedo da Silva Neto, Carla Alexandra Almeida Salmazo, and Marcio Neves Bóia. "Giardia lamblia and other intestinal parasitic infections and their relationships with nutritional status in children in Brazilian Amazon." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 49, no. 3 (June 2007): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652007000300003.

Full text

Abstract:

The objective of this survey was to assess the relationships between intestinal parasitism, nutritional status and hemoglobin level in children with Indian ascendancy living in an urban area in Brazilian Amazon. We carried out a cross-sectional survey obtaining anthropometric, parasitological and socioeconomic data, and hemoglobin measurements of children aged six to 84 months. Anthropometric data were expressed as z-scores for weight for age (WAZ), height for age (HAZ), weight for height (WHZ) and mid upper circumference for age (MUACZ) parameters. Parasitological examinations were performed through Ritchie (n = 307), Kato-Katz (n = 278), Baermann-Moraes (n = 238) and Safranin-methylene blue methods (n = 307). Hemoglobin measurements were obtained with a Hemocue® photometer (n = 282). Socioeconomic data were used in order to classify children in three family income strata (n = 242). Multiple linear regression analysis showed independent interactions between Giardia lamblia and WAZ (beta = -0.195, SE = 0.138, p = 0.003), WHZ (beta = -0.161, SE = 0.133, p = 0.018) and MUACZ (beta = -0.197, SE = 0.143, p = 0.011), controlling for age, sex, family income, Ascaris lumbricoides, and hookworm infection. Also, the multivariate model showed that the only variable associated with hemoglobin levels was age. Intestinal parasitism control should increase children's possibilities of full development in the studied area.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Carranza, Pedro G., Pablo R. Gargantini, César G. Prucca, Alessandro Torri, Alicia Saura, Staffan Svärd, and Hugo D. Lujan. "Specific histone modifications play critical roles in the control of encystation and antigenic variation in the early-branching eukaryote Giardia lamblia." International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 81 (December 2016): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2016.10.010.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Dórea, Regina Coeli Cunha, Ednir Salata, Carlos Roberto Padovani, and Gilberto Lupi dos Anjos. "Control of parasitic infections among school children in the peri-urban area of Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 29, no. 5 (October 1996): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86821996000500004.

Full text

Abstract:

Tide prevalence of intestinal parasitosis ivas investigated in a primaiy school located in Rubiâo Júnior, a peri-urban district of Botucatu, São Paulo slate, Brazil, in order to assess the effect of treatment and practical measures of prophylaxis in the control of parasitic infections among 7-to- 18-year-old school children of a low socio-economic status. The first series of parasitological examinations included 219 school children, ef which 123 (56.1 %) were found to be infected with one or more parasite species. Eighty- four children canying pathogenic parasites were submitted to various anti-parasitic treatment schedules. We re-evaluated 15 (89 %) students after 4 to 6 months post- chemotherapy. The results indicate that the combination of treatment with prophylactic measures has been successful in the control of parasitic infections, since reinfection rates were generally low (< 5-3 %), except for Giardia lamblia infections (18.6 %), and a marked reduction oti the prevalence rates was obsewed with a significant percentage of cure (> 73-1 %) in children infected with most parasite species. The reasons for the apparent failure in the control of infections caused by Hymenolepis nana and Strongyloides stercoralis are discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Yousif Abd Elbagi, Yasir, Ahmed Bakheet Abd Alla, and Mohammed Baha Eldin Saad. "The relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and intestinal parasites in individuals from Khartoum state, Sudan: a case-control study." F1000Research 8 (December 12, 2019): 2094. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.21397.1.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: In developing countries, Helicobacter pylori infection is common, as are intestinal parasites. Socioeconomic circumstances and low personal hygiene lead to the spread of these infections. This research aimed to evaluate the relationship between intestinal parasites and H. pylori in Khartoum, Sudan. Methods: This study was conducted in various hospitals in Khartoum between June and October 2018. The study involved 200 individuals: 100 patients with H. pylori as a case group and 100 healthy individuals as a control group. A stool sample was taken from each individual, and wet preparation, saturated sodium chloride flotation and formal ether concentration were used to detect intestinal parasites. Results: The results showed that 23% of H. pylori patients and 10% of healthy individuals had gastrointestinal parasites; Entamoeba histolytica was found in 12% of H. pylori cases followed by Entamoeba coli (7%) and Giardia lamblia (4%). Control group: Entamoeba histolytica in 5% followed by G. lamblia in 3% and E. coli in 2% of individuals. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of intestinal parasites between groups (P = 0.013). The prevalence rate of intestinal parasites among men and women was 24% and 22%, respectively, in the case group, and 9% and 11%, respectively, in the control group. In the case group, the highest prevalence rates (40% and 38%) were found among the age groups 1-15 and 46-60 years old, respectively, while the lowest rate (10.7%) was found among the 31-45 age group. In the control group, the highest prevalence rate (15%) was among the 31-45 age group, the lowest prevalence rate (8%) was found among the 16-30 age group. Conclusion: Together, we found that intestinal parasites are more common in patients with H. pylori. We also noticed that the rate of infection was not affected by gender while the age group was affected.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Yousif Abd Elbagi, Yasir, Ahmed Bakheet Abd Alla, and Mohammed Baha Eldin Saad. "The relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and intestinal parasites in individuals from Khartoum state, Sudan: a case-control study." F1000Research 8 (January 18, 2021): 2094. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.21397.2.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: In developing countries, Helicobacter pylori infection is common, as are intestinal parasites. Socioeconomic circumstances and low personal hygiene lead to the spread of these infections. This research aimed to evaluate the relationship between intestinal parasites and H. pylori in Khartoum, Sudan. Methods: This study was conducted in various hospitals in Khartoum between June and October 2018. The study involved 200 individuals: 100 patients with H. pylori as a case group and 100 healthy individuals as a control group. A stool sample was taken from each individual, and wet preparation, saturated sodium chloride flotation and formal ether concentration were used to detect intestinal parasites. Results: The results showed that 23% of H. pylori patients and 10% of healthy individuals had gastrointestinal parasites; Entamoeba histolytica was found in 12% of H. pylori cases followed by Entamoeba coli (7%) and Giardia lamblia (4%). Control group: Entamoeba histolytica in 5% followed by G. lamblia in 3% and E. coli in 2% of individuals. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of intestinal parasites between groups (P = 0.013). The prevalence rate of intestinal parasites among men and women was 24% and 22%, respectively, in the case group, and 9% and 11%, respectively, in the control group. In the case group, the highest prevalence rates (40% and 38%) were found among the age groups 1-15 and 46-60 years old, respectively, while the lowest rate (10.7%) was found among the 31-45 age group. In the control group, the highest prevalence rate (15%) was among the 31-45 age group, the lowest prevalence rate (8%) was found among the 16-30 age group. Conclusion: Together, we found that intestinal parasites are more common in patients with H. pylori. We also noticed that the rate of infection was not affected by gender while the age group was affected.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Abebaw, Aynework, Getaneh Alemu, and Animen Ayehu. "Prevalence of intestinal parasites and associated factors among children from child centres in Bahir Dar city, northwest Ethiopia." Tropical Doctor 50, no. 3 (May 7, 2020): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049475520920161.

Full text

Abstract:

Data concerning the burden of parasites among populations living in overcrowded circumstances have paramount importance for the success of interventions aimed at eliminating such disease. A cross-sectional study was therefore conducted from February to May 2019 among 217 children at child centres in Bahir Dar city. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and stool samples were processed for parasitological investigation. A total of 53 (24.4%) children were infected with at least a single species of intestinal parasite. Giardia lamblia (7.8%) was the most frequent, followed by Hymenolepis nana (6%). Children with untrimmed fingernails (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.422, P = 0.027) were significantly more prone to infection. Similarly, children with no habit of hand washing after soil contact (AOR = 2.752, P = 0.014) or after defecation (AOR = 3.087, P = 0.026) were significantly associated with parasitic infection. The prevalence of intestinal parasites at child centres in Bahir Dar is of public health importance; therefore, control programmes should target these children.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Amer, Omar S. O., Esam S. Al-Malki, Mohamed I. Waly, Abdulaziz AlAgeel, and Mahmoud Y. Lubbad. "Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients of King Fahd Medical City in Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia: A 5-Year Retrospective Study." Journal of Parasitology Research 2018 (July 26, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8076274.

Full text

Abstract:

This study is a retrospective analysis of the recorded intestinal parasitic infections for in- and outpatients visiting King Fahd Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from 2013 to 2017. In this study, a total of 5987 in- and outpatient were examined for intestinal parasitic infection. 30 patients out of 5987 were infected with 6 species of intestinal parasites with prevalence rate 0.5%. These parasites were Entamoeba histolytica (P = 0.27%), Cryptosporidium sp. (P = 0.1%), Giardia lamblia (P = 0.07%), Trichuris trichiura (P = 0.03%), Hymenolepis nana (P = 0.02%), and Chilomastix mesnili (P = 0.02%). The prevalence of infection in both males and females was 0.38% and 0.58%, respectively. Also, the prevalence of infection in different years and age groups as well as different seasons was provided. Intestinal parasitic infections are still a public health problem in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. Updating the epidemiologic survey of these parasites at regular intervals using the appropriate statistical methods is necessary to develop effective prevention and control strategies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Karpiscak, M. M., L. R. Sanchez, R. J. Freitas, and C. P. Gerba. "Removal of bacterial indicators and pathogens from dairy wastewater by a multi-component treatment system." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0827.

Full text

Abstract:

Microbial removal by a multi-component treatment system for dairy and municipal wastewater is being studied in Arizona, USA. The system consists of paired solids separators, anaerobic lagoons, aerobic ponds and constructed wetlands cells. The organisms under study include: total coliform, fecal coliform, enterovirus, Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium perfringens, coliphage, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum. Organism removal rates from dairy wastewater varied from 13.2 per cent for fecal coliform to 94.9 per cent for coliphage. It appears that the much higher turbidity of the dairy wastewater, nearly 1,300 NTU, decreased the treatment systems' ability to remove some microbial indicators and pathogens. Information from this study can be used to determine the adequacy of multi-component treatment systems for the control of wastewater-borne pathogens, both in municipal treatment systems as well as in confined animal feeding operations (CAFO). This information also can assist municipalities and the CAFO industry in the implementation of rational and efficient treatment strategies for appropriate reuse of wastewaters.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Angel Núñez, Fidel, Dora E. Ginorio, and Carlos M. Finlay. "Control de la calidad del diagnóstico coproparasitológico en la provincia de Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 13, no. 1 (January 1997): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x1997000100016.

Full text

Abstract:

Se realizó un estudio sobre la calidad del diagnóstico coproparasitológico en 77 laboratorios de la red de salud pública de la provincia Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. El procedimiento se basó en la entrega a cada jefe de laboratorio de un modelo de encuesta, y una bolsa de nylon conteniendo 10 viales plásticos con distintos especímenes parasitarios, preservados en formaldehído al 7%. Recogidos los resultados en las primeras 72 horas después de su entrega, se realizó la evaluación mediante una escala de puntuación establecida. La mayoría de los laboratorios aprobaron (70%); sin embargo aún existen centros, sobre todo policlínicas, con calificaciones deficientes. Los municipios con resultados más desfavorables fueron, Lisa, Marianao y Habana del Este, alcanzándose mejores resultados en los hospitales que en las policlínicas. En el análisis de Protozooarios, el mejor diagnosticado fué Giardia lamblia, con solo un centro que erró al identificarlo. Las mayores dificultades se presentaron en Blastocystis hominis con 61% de fallas, Endolimax nana, con 24,6%, y Entamoeba histolytica, con 22%. Entre los helmintos, la mayor aprobación fué en Trichuris trichiura y los errores diagnósticos predominaron con Fasciola hepatica y Taenia sp., ambos con 66,2% de fallas. Dados los resultados obtenidos, hemos organizado una intervención educativa en la red de laboratorios de la provincia.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

GERSTEL, L., M. P. RODRIGO, B. ADIEGO, F. J. LUQUERO, M. J. REVILLO, F. J. CASTILLO, A. BARRASA, and M. VALENCIANO. "Is Rotavirus contributing to an increase of diarrhoea in a region of Spain?" Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 7 (January 12, 2009): 950–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268808001805.

Full text

Abstract:

SUMMARYDiarrhoeal illnesses are the most frequent of notifiable diseases in Aragon. Physicians notify diarrhoea cases with presumed infectious origin on a weekly basis. Following an increase in 2005–2006, we aimed to identify the responsible organism(s) in order to inform control measures. We described seasonality of diarrhoea notifications for 1998–2004 and 2005–2006. We calculated correlations between diarrhoea notifications and enteric pathogens diagnosed in two Aragonese laboratories, and applied linear regression using coefficients of determination (r2). In 2005–2006 the winter peak of diarrhoea notifications increased from 2494 to 3357 weekly cases (34·6%) and the peak in Rotavirus diagnoses from 15 to 39 weekly cases. The correlation of diarrhoea notifications with Rotavirus was 0·05 in 1998–2004 and 0·42 in 2005–2006. The model for 1998–2004 included Salmonella enterica, Giardia lamblia and Clostridium difficile (r2=0·08) and for 2005–2006 Rotavirus and Astrovirus (r2=0·24). Our results suggest that Rotavirus contributed to the increase of diarrhoea notifications. We recommend determining the disease burden of Rotavirus in order to guide vaccination policies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Peng, H. W., H. L. Chao, and P. C. Fan. "Imported Opisthorchis viverrini and parasite infections from Thai labourers in Taiwan." Journal of Helminthology 67, no. 2 (June 1993): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00012967.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractIn order to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites among labourers from Thailand in Taiwan, the stool samples from 1364 Thai labourers were examined by the formalin-ether concentration method and 18·0% were found to be infected with one or more parasites. The infection rates of hookworm, Opisthorchis viverrini, Strongyloides stercoralis, Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana, Capillaria philippinensis, Schistosoma japonicum, Echinostoma sp., Entamoeba coli, Giardia lamblia, and Entamoeba histolytica, were 7·6%, 7·0%, 3·2%, 0·5%, 0·3%, 0·1%, 0·1%, 0·l%,0·l%, 0·4%, 0·2%, and 0·1% respectively. The prevalence was highest among the 21–25 age group (24·8%). Among the 245 infected persons, 91% were infected with one parasite, 8% with two parasites and 1% with three parasites. The finding that parasitic infections are prevalent among Thai labourers demonstrates the need for control measures in foreign labourers in Taiwan and further studies to determine the susceptibility of O. viverrini to the snail hosts of Clonorchis sinensis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Cardoso, Luciana Ventura, Katia Jaira Galisteu, Arlindo Schiesari Júnior, Luana Aparecida Oliveira Abou Chahla, Rafaela Moreira da Silva Canille, Marcus Vinicius Tereza Belloto, Célia Franco, Irineu Luiz Maia, Andréa Regina Baptista Rossit, and Ricardo Luiz Dantas Machado. "Enteric parasites in HIV-1/AIDS-infected patients from a Northwestern São Paulo reference unit in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 44, no. 6 (November 21, 2011): 665–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822011005000057.

Full text

Abstract:

INTRODUCTION: We describe the epidemiology of intestinal parasites in patients from an AIDS reference service in Northeastern São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Retrospective evaluation was done for all HIV-1/AIDS-positive patients whose Hospital de Base/São José do Rio Preto laboratorial analysis was positive for enteroparasites after diagnosis of HIV-1 infection, from January 1998 to December 2008. Statistical analysis was performed using the R statistical software version 2.4.1. The level of significance adopted was 5%. RESULTS: The most frequent protozoan was Isospora belli (4.2%), followed by Giardia lamblia (3.5%), Entamoeba coli (2.8%), and Cryptosporidium parvum (0.3%). Ancylostoma duodenale (1.4%) was the most frequently detected helminth, while Taenia saginata and Strongiloides stercoralis were found in 0.7% of the samples. The results showed that diarrhea was significantly associated with giardiasis and isosporiasis. However, no association was observed between CD4+ cell counts, viral load, and the characteristics of any particular parasite. CONCLUSIONS: Our data may be useful for further comparisons with other Brazilian regions and other developing countries. The data may also provide important clues toward improving the understanding, prevention, and control of enteric parasites around the world.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Ullah, Farhat, Muhammad Ayaz, Abdul Sadiq, Farman Ullah, Ishtiaq Hussain, Muhammad Shahid, Zhanibek Yessimbekov, Anjana Adhikari-Devkota, and Hari Prasad Devkota. "Potential Role of Plant Extracts and Phytochemicals Against Foodborne Pathogens." Applied Sciences 10, no. 13 (July 2, 2020): 4597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10134597.

Full text

Abstract:

Foodborne diseases are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality, especially in low-income countries with poor sanitation and inadequate healthcare facilities. The foremost bacterial pathogens responsible for global outbreaks include Salmonella species, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Vibrio, Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium botulinum. Among the viral and parasitic pathogens, norovirus, hepatitis A virus, Giardia lamblia, Trichinella spiralis, Toxoplasma and Entamoeba histolytica are commonly associated with foodborne diseases. The toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens also cause these infections. The currently available therapies for these infections are associated with various limited efficacy, high cost and side-effects. There is an urgent need for effective alternative therapies for the prevention and treatment of foodborne diseases. Several plant extracts and phytochemicals were found to be highly effective to control the growth of these pathogens causing foodborne infections in in vitro systems. The present review attempts to provide comprehensive scientific information on major foodborne pathogens and the potential role of phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of these infections. Further detailed studies are necessary to evaluate the activities of these extracts and phytochemicals along with their mechanism of action using in vivo models.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Costa-Cruz, Julia Maria, Margareth Leitão Gennari Cardoso, and Daldy Endo Marques. "Intestinal parasites in school food handlers in the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 37, no. 3 (June 1995): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651995000300002.

Full text

Abstract:

In order to verify the presence of intestinal parasites in food handlers, stool samples were collected from 104 cooks and their helpers that were working in food preparation in 20 public elementary schools, in various areas of the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The samples were collected during the months of November and December, 1988, in plastic flasks containing a 10% formaldehyde solution and processed by the Hoffmann, Pons & Janer method. The sediment was examined using triplicate slides. All individuals were females aged between 24 to 69 years. Intestinal parasites were found in 85.0% of the studied schools and 47.1% of the studied food handlers (cooks and helpers) were found to be positive. Among the 49 infected food handlers, 32 (65.3%) carried a single parasite and 17 (34.7%) carried two parasites. The following intestinal parasites were found: Giardia lamblia (21.1%), Entamoeba coli (21.1%), hookworms (9.6%), Ascaris lumbricoides (5.8%), Entamoeba histolytica (2.9%), Hymenolepis nana (1.9%), Strongyloides stercoralis (1.0%). These data emphasize the need for a rigid semi-annual control in all school food handlers, including diagnosis, specific treatment and orientation about the mechanisms of transmission of the intestinal parasites.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Huang, David B., and Jing Zhou. "Effect of intensive handwashing in the prevention of diarrhoeal illness among patients with AIDS: a randomized controlled study." Journal of Medical Microbiology 56, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46867-0.

Full text

Abstract:

Patients with AIDS frequently develop diarrhoeal illness. In this randomized, controlled study, 260 patients were screened for those who had not had diarrhoea in the preceding 3 months and who had received a stable highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen for at least 6 weeks prior to the study enrolment. A total of 148 patients met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled: 75 patients were randomly assigned to an intensive handwashing intervention (i.e. handwashing after defecation, after cleaning infants who had defecated, before preparing food, before eating, and before and after sex) and 73 patients were randomly assigned to the control group. Patients in both groups were called weekly by telephone to determine compliance with handwashing and to determine the number of diarrhoeal episodes for the preceding week. Patients were observed for 1 year. Patients assigned to the intensive handwashing intervention group washed their hands more frequently compared with the control group (seven vs four times a day, respectively; P <0.05) and developed fewer episodes of diarrhoeal illness (1.24±0.9 vs 2.92±0.6 new episodes of diarrhoea, respectively; P <0.001) during the 1 year observation. The most common pathogens identified in both groups in patients who developed diarrhoeal illness were Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica and Shigella flexneri. These data suggest that intensive handwashing reduces diarrhoeal illness in patients with AIDS.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Elkanah, S. O., D. S. Elkanah, L. D. Fumlack, Jasini Wahedi, and S. L. Kela. "HOUSEFLIES (MUSCA DOMESTICA) AS POTENTIAL CARRIERS OF HUMAN INTESTINAL PARASITES IN JALINGO METROPOLIS." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 4, no. 3 (September 24, 2020): 402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0403-302.

Full text

Abstract:

House flies (Musca domestica) are nuisance pest because of their ubiquitous nature in the mechanical transmission of parasites to man. This study identifies the pathogenic parasites associated with house fly in Jalingo, Nigeria. A total of 200 flies were collected from 4 locations (Abattoir, Jalingo Main Market, Kasuwan Bera and Mile-Six Market) within Jalingo metropolis between August, 2019 and November, 2019. Three species of flies were identified during the study namely; Musca spp, Sacophage spp and Stomoxys spp. The house flies were analyzed for the presence pathogenic parasites using standard laboratory techniques. The results showed that the parasites E. histolytica 25(28.74 %), Taenia spp 25(28.74 %), A. lumbricoides 20(22.99 %), Giardia lamblia 8(9.20 %) and Trichuris trichiura 9(10.34 %) are associated with the house flies. The results showed no significant variation (X2= 0.61, p>0.05) between the parasites species. It can be concluded that house flies in Jalingo harbor pathogenic parasites on their bodies. The fact that houseflies have been incriminated to be mechanical transmitters of pathogenic diseases to man because of their anthropogenic lifestyles, measures must be taken to control fly population in order to avert both the present and future outbreak of disease conditions emanating from the flies activities.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Lawryshyn, Y. A., and B. Cairns. "UV disinfection of water: the need for UV reactor validation." Water Supply 3, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0075.

Full text

Abstract:

Disinfection by ultraviolet light (UV) has received wide endorsement as an important contribution to the multiple barrier approach for protection of public health. UV can be used both to disinfect wastewater discharged to the environment, and to disinfect that water when it is picked up again for human consumption. UV readily blocks infectivity by such chlorine-resistant pathogens as Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia and Legionella pneumophila. Multiple disinfectant use is now being discussed to broaden the spectrum of pathogens that can be inactivated by using disinfectants in their most strategically advantageous dose and function. Optimizing multiple barrier strategies requires attention to validation of the concepts and technologies involved. UV technology validation ensures that the equipment can deliver the target UV design dose, and that the monitoring/control technology modulates the dose appropriately with changes in water quality or operating conditions. The bioassay approach for UV reactor validation is recommended over analytical and numerical models. Analytical models, which provide an average dose estimate, have been shown to be inadequate. Numerical models, which utilize Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and UV light intensity models to predict reactor performance, can be accurate when used by skilled professionals but require significant validation and/or calibration against bioassay data.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Almirall, Pedro, Angel A. Escobedo, Yohana Salazar, Maydel Alfonso, Ivonne Ávila, Sergio Cimerman, and Isabel V. Dawkins. "Parental Perceptions of Giardiasis: A Study in an Outpatient Paediatric Hospital Setting in Havana, Cuba." ISRN Preventive Medicine 2013 (December 3, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/364647.

Full text

Abstract:

Background. Giardia lamblia is an important cause of diarrhoeal disease throughout the world. Giardiasis— a mild and self-limiting disease that this protozoan causes— is perceived as a harmful disease. Aim. To explore the general level of awareness about giardiasis, clinical features, mode of transmission, prevention, and consequences and describe the sources and channels of information caregivers would prefer using to be informed about this disease. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among caregivers attending to the outpatient paediatric hospital setting in Havana. Results. A total of 202 caregivers were interviewed. Nearly 73% considered giardiasis as a modern problem, and 39% considered that it could be a fatal disease. Although 76.7% were aware that small intestine is the organ affected, other localizations were cited. Abdominal pain and diarrhoea were recognized as the commonest symptoms. Around one-third could identify that giardiasis may spread through drinking unboiled water and unwashed vegetables other incorrect ways were mentioned; respondents with more than 12 years of formal education were more likely to have better knowledge. Discussion. Strategies to control giardiasis need to be through an integrated approach aiming at boosting caregivers’ knowledge and encouraging healthcare workers to act as a readily available source for health information.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Giardia lamblia – Control'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles