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Journal articles on the topic 'Giardia lamblia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Šarić, Mirela, Anke Vahrmann, Daniela Niebur, Verena Kluempers, Adrian B. Hehl та Henning Scholze. "Dual Acylation Accounts for the Localization of α19-Giardin in the Ventral Flagellum Pair of Giardia lamblia". Eukaryotic Cell 8, № 10 (2009): 1567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00136-09.

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ABSTRACT A Giardia-specific protein family denominated as α-giardins, represents the major protein component, besides tubulin, of the cytoskeleton of the human pathogenic parasite Giardia lamblia. One of its members, α19-giardin, carries an N-terminal sequence extension of MGCXXS, which in many proteins serves as a target for dual lipid conjugation: myristoylation at the glycine residue after removal of the methionine and palmitoylation at the cysteine residue. As the first experimental evidence of a lipid modification, we found α19-giardin to be associated with the membrane fraction of disrup

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2

Abbasi, Elnaz, Alireza Amouzandeh-Nobaveh, and Ehsanollah Ghaznavi-Rad. "The Frequency of the Intestinal Parasites Giardia Lamblia and Entamoeba Histolytica in Pediatric Diarrhea Specimens from Central Iran." Open Microbiology Journal 14, no. 1 (2020): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285802014010053.

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Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infections, particularly those caused by Giardia lamblia, are among the major health problems that exist worldwide, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of the intestinal parasites Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica that were isolated from samples of infectious diarrhea in pediatric patients from Central Iran. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 230 samples of infectious diarrhea that were collected from May 2015 to February 2016. Direct observation, the formalin-ether sedimentation met

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3

Suman, MSH, MM Alam, SB Pun, A. Khair, S. Ahmed, and RY Uchida. "PREVALENCE OF GIARDIA LAMBLIA INFECTION IN CHILDREN AND CALVES IN BANGLADESH." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 9, no. 2 (2013): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v9i2.13474.

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Giardia lamblia is highly infectious protozoan parasite capable of causing gastrointestinal illness in both humans and animals. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection in children < 5 years old and calves. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) has been used for the detection of Giardia lamblia. A total of 266 children and 15 calves diarrheic fecal samples were tested for Giardia lamblia during January 2011 to May 2012. The prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection among children was 3.8% while 13.3% in calves. Giardia lamblia was highest in

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4

Eagle, Kim, and Ann M. Dvorak. "Giardia lamblia." New England Journal of Medicine 328, no. 14 (1993): 1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199304083281406.

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5

SHEFF, BARBARA. "Giardia lamblia." Nursing 34, no. 4 (2004): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200404000-00056.

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6

Pickering, Larry K., and Paul G. Engelkirk. "Giardia lamblia." Pediatric Clinics of North America 35, no. 3 (1988): 565–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(16)36472-0.

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7

Sheff, Barbara. "Giardia lamblia." Nursing (Ed. española) 23, no. 1 (2005): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0212-5382(05)71348-0.

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8

Touz, María, Constanza Feliziani, and Andrea Rópolo. "Membrane-Associated Proteins in Giardia lamblia." Genes 9, no. 8 (2018): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9080404.

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The manner in which membrane-associated proteins interact with the membrane defines their subcellular fate and function. This interaction relies on the characteristics of the proteins, their journey after synthesis, and their interaction with other proteins or enzymes. Understanding these properties may help to define the function of a protein and also the role of an organelle. In the case of microorganisms like protozoa parasites, it may help to understand singular features that will eventually lead to the design of parasite-specific drugs. The protozoa parasite Giardia lamblia is an example

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9

Mahdavi, Milad, Abdolhossein Dalimi, and Fatemeh Ghaffarifar. "Identification of Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst in of the samples of raw surface water of Kan River in Tehran." Afghanistan Journal of Infectious Diseases 2, no. 2 (2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.60141/ajid/v.2.i.2/1.

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Background: Giardia and Cryptosporidium are considered the most important causal agents of non-bloody diarrhea, especially among primary school children, in many countries, including Iran. Many rivers are contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia lamblia cysts due to domestic wastewater or farm wastewater and also the living of rodents on their margins. The present study aims to evaluate Kan River contamination with Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst in Tehran by molecular method. Materials and Methods: Sampling was conducted from different parts of the Kan River in different s

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10

Wei, Chao Jun, Xi Feng Tian, Rodney D. Adam, and Si Qi Lu. "Giardia lamblia: Intracellular localization of alpha8-giardin." Experimental Parasitology 126, no. 4 (2010): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2010.05.028.

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11

Han, Jian, and Lesley J. Collins. "Reconstruction of Sugar Metabolic Pathways of Giardia lamblia." International Journal of Proteomics 2012 (October 18, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/980829.

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Giardia lamblia is an “important” pathogen of humans, but as a diplomonad excavate it is evolutionarily distant from other eukaryotes and relatively little is known about its core metabolic pathways. KEGG, the widely referenced site for providing information of metabolism, does not yet include many enzymes from Giardia species. Here we identify Giardia’s core sugar metabolism using standard bioinformatic approaches. By comparing Giardia proteomes with known enzymes from other species, we have identified enzymes in the glycolysis pathway, as well as some enzymes involved in the TCA cycle and ox

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12

Ibrahim, Amjed Qays. "Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia in Children in Kadhmiyah Hospital." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 36, no. 1 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v36i1.543.

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In this study we collect 1520 stool samples during the period from September to December 2010 from children whom their ages between 1 month - 12 years. The results showed that the total infection of Entamoeba histolytica was 9.80% , and Giardia lamblia was 1.77%. And the male ratio that infected with Entamoeba histolytica was 9.83% , while the female ratio was 9.74%; and the male infected with Giardia lamblia was 1.51% , while the female ratio was 2.18%. The result showed that the high average of infection with Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia in age group from 1 month to 2 years. And

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13

Haydar Abdul- Jaleel Rhadi [ H A Rhadi]. "Epidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica , Giardia lamblia and Blastocystis hominis in Basra Province \Iraq." Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 15, no. 3 (2021): 717–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v15i3.15396.

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To evaluate the intestinal parasites in (auditors) reviewers in Basra province. The present study recorded (188) persons infected with Entamoeba histolytica infection ( 21.19%) , Giardia lamblia (61) cases (6.8%), The highest infection with Entamoebahistolyticain May (27) cases ,Giardia lamblia in December (10) cases ,The lowest infection with Entamoeba histolytica in February.( 7) cases, Giardia lamblia (2) cases in August .the number infected with the parasite Entamoeba histolytica ( 100) male and 88 , 30male and 31 female infected with Giardia lamblia ;17 and 19 of male and female. The high

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14

Shukla, Geeta, Tarveen Kaur, Rakesh Sehgal, Praveen Rishi, and Vijay Prabha. "Protective potential of L. acidophilus in murine giardiasis." Open Medicine 5, no. 4 (2010): 456–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-009-0139-x.

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AbstractThis study describes the in vivo activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus in Giardia lamblia infected BALB/c mice. Experimentally, it was observed that daily administration of lactobacilli 7 days before or in simultaneous inoculation with Giardia trophozoites efficiently reduced G. lamblia infection in mice. More specifically, excretion of Giardia cysts were reduced significantly in probiotic-treated groups, and resolution of infection was observed by day 21 post-inoculation. It was also observed that the lactobacillus count increased tremendously and continuously in faeces of all probiot

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15

Hadi, Wed Shakir, Rabab Shaker Salman, Ali Abdulzahra Al-Fahham, et al. "Evaluation of IL-17 and IL-35 in patients with giardiasis in Thi-Qar province, Iraq." Journal of Medicine and Life 15, no. 9 (2022): 1096–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25122/jml-2021-0328.

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Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium, and Blastocystis are some parasites primarily responsible for human infections. Giardia lamblia, also known as Giardia intestinalis or Giardia duodenalis, is a common pathogenic protozoan found in the human duodenum and jejunum that causes giardiasis. This study collected stool and blood samples from patients with diarrhea aged less than 1 month to 15 years, from September 2020 to December 2020, in Thi-Qar province. Our study aimed to reveal the diagnosis of Giardia lamblia using direct microscopy examination and detect some immunologica

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16

Wed, Shakir Hadi, Shaker Salman Rabab, A. Al-Fahham Ali, and al. et. "Evaluation of IL-17 and IL-35 in patients with giardiasis in Thi-Qar province, Iraq." Journal of medicine and life 15, no. 9 (2023): 1096–99. https://doi.org/10.25122/jml-2021-0328.

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ABSTRACT Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium, and Blastocystis are some parasites primarily responsible for human infections. Giardia lamblia, also known as Giardia intestinalis or Giardia duodenalis, is a common pathogenic protozoan found in the human duodenum and jejunum that causes giardiasis. This study collected stool and blood samples from patients with diarrhea aged less than 1 month to 15 years, from September 2020 to December 2020, in Thi-Qar province. Our study aimed to reveal the diagnosis of Giardia lamblia using direct microscopy examination and detect some imm

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17

Nixon, Julie E. J., Amy Wang, Jessica Field, et al. "Evidence for Lateral Transfer of Genes Encoding Ferredoxins, Nitroreductases, NADH Oxidase, and Alcohol Dehydrogenase 3 from Anaerobic Prokaryotes to Giardialamblia and Entamoebahistolytica." Eukaryotic Cell 1, no. 2 (2002): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.1.2.181-190.2002.

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ABSTRACT Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica are amitochondriate, microaerophilic protists which use fermentation enzymes like those of bacteria to survive anaerobic conditions within the intestinal lumen. Genes encoding fermentation enzymes and related electron transport peptides (e.g., ferredoxins) in giardia organisms and amebae are hypothesized to be derived from either an ancient anaerobic eukaryote (amitochondriate fossil hypothesis), a mitochondrial endosymbiont (hydrogen hypothesis), or anaerobic bacteria (lateral transfer hypothesis). The goals here were to complete the molecula

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18

Fedorko, Daniel P., Esther C. Williams, Nancy A. Nelson, Leslie B. Calhoun, and Sizhuang S. Yan. "Performance of Three Enzyme Immunoassays and Two Direct Fluorescence Assays for Detection of Giardia lamblia in Stool Specimens Preserved in ECOFIX." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 7 (2000): 2781–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.7.2781-2783.2000.

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ECOFIX is a single-vial stool preservative that is both formalin- and mercury-free. We evaluated the abilities of three commercialGiardia lamblia-specific enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) (ProSpecT Giardia Microplate Assay [Alexon-Trend Inc.], Giardia Test [Techlab], and Premier Giardia lamblia [Meridian Diagnostics, Inc.]) and two commercial direct fluorescent-antibody (FA) assays for G. lamblia(Crypto/Giardia IF Test [Techlab] and Merifluor Cryptosporidium/Giardia [Meridian Diagnostics, Inc.]) to detectG. lamblia in 34 G. lamblia-positive and 44G. lamblia-negative stool specimens (determined by tr

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19

Kharazmkia, Ali, Javad Ghasemian Yadegari, Mohammad Mohammadian, Rehman Ali, and Hossein Mahmoudvand. "Antiparasitic effect of limonene, a monoterpene compound found in the essential oils against Giardia lamblia." Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology 12, no. 2 (2023): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2023.34.

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Introduction: The present work aimed to assess the anti-parasitic effects of limonene (LMN) against Giardia lamblia trophozoites and cysts. Methods: Anti-Giardia activities of LMN (25, 50, and 100 μg/mL) were assessed against G. lamblia cysts and trophozoites for 15-360 minutes. The effects of LMN on the apoptosis stimulation G. lamblia parasites were determined by colorimetric protease assay. Results: Giardia trophozoites were more sensitive to LMN than cysts. The best effect of LMN was seen at 100 μg/mL. LMN markedly triggered caspase-3 activity by 10.2%, 25.3%, and 36.1%, respectively (P &l

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20

Ali, Abdigani Mohamed, Ahmed Osman Ga'al, Amal Mohamoud Mohamed, Maryan Abdulkadir Said, and Ifrah Yusuf Elmi. "Prevalence of Giardia Lamblia among Children Attended at SOS Hospital." African Journal of Health and Medical Sciences (AFJHMS) 5, no. 1 (2020): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.59067/afjhms.v5i1.47.

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Background: Giardia lamblia is considered to be one of the leading causative agents of diarrhea, especially in children. Epidemiological surveys have shown that parasitic diarrhea in children is primarily due to G. lamblia infection Giardia lamblia can result in reduced physical fitness, delayed growth and gastrointestinal problems, such as abdominal pain, vitaminB12 deficiency and malabsorption about 200 million people have symptomatic giardiasis. In areas where sanitation and hygiene are poor the disease is most severeObjective: To identify prevalence of giardia lamblia among children attend

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21

Adam, Rodney D. "Biology of Giardia lamblia." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 14, no. 3 (2001): 447–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.14.3.447-475.2001.

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SUMMARY Giardia lamblia is a common cause of diarrhea in humans and other mammals throughout the world. It can be distinguished from other Giardia species by light or electron microscopy. The two major genotypes of G. lamblia that infect humans are so different genetically and biologically that they may warrant separate species or subspecies designations. Trophozoites have nuclei and a well-developed cytoskeleton but lack mitochondria, peroxisomes, and the components of oxidative phosphorylation. They have an endomembrane system with at least some characteristics of the Golgi complex and encop

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22

Adam, Rodney D. "The Giardia lamblia genome." International Journal for Parasitology 30, no. 4 (2000): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(99)00191-5.

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23

DuBois, Kelly N., Marla Abodeely, Mohammed Sajid, Juan C. Engel, and James H. McKerrow. "Giardia lamblia cysteine proteases." Parasitology Research 99, no. 4 (2006): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-006-0149-4.

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24

Kamda, Joel D. T., and Steven M. Singer. "Inhibition of dendritic cell IL-12 production by Giardia lamblia (44.1)." Journal of Immunology 178, no. 1_Supplement (2007): S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.44.1.

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Abstract Unlike most other enteric infections, Giardia lamblia infection does not typically induce mucosal inflammation. We therefore studied the response of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) to Giardia extracts. G. lamblia is only a weak activator of BMDCs. Compared to LPS, co-incubation of G. lamblia extract results in only moderate up-regulation of the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. In addition, G. lamblia extract causes minimal induction of IL-6 and TNF and no detectable IL-10 or IL-12. Interestingly, pre-exposure of BMDCs to G. lamblia extract inhibits the secretion of

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25

Groudan, Kevin, Kamesh Gupta, Jean Chalhoub, and Rohit Singhania. "Giardia lamblia Diagnosed Incidentally by Duodenal Biopsy." Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports 9 (January 2021): 232470962110016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23247096211001649.

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Giardia lamblia (also referred to as Giardia intestinalis and Giardia duodenalis) is the most common intestinal parasite in the world, affecting approximately 200 million people annually. Symptoms of Giardia include foul-smelling diarrhea, abdominal cramping, bloating, gas, and nausea. Although usually self-limiting, Giardia can progress to dehydration, malnutrition, and failure to thrive, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Early diagnosis and treatment is imperative to prevent and control infection of Giardia. Infectious Disease Society of America diagnostic guidelines recommend obt

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Yeo, Hye Rim, Mee Young Shin, Juri Kim, and Soon-Jung Park. "Giardia intraflagellar transport protein 88 is involved in flagella formation." Parasites, Hosts and Diseases 63, no. 1 (2025): 12–24. https://doi.org/10.3347/phd.24064.

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Intraflagellar transport (IFT) particles, a multi-protein apparatus composed of complex A and B, are known to be involved in homeostasis of flagella formation. IFT particles have recently become an interesting topic in Giardia lamblia, which has 4 pairs of flagella. In this experiment, we examined the function of giardial IFT components. When 7 components (IFT121, 140, 20, 46, 52, 81, and 88) of IFT were expressed in Giardia trophozoites as a tagged form with mNeonGreen, all of them were found in both flagella pores and cytoplasmic axonemes. In addition, motor proteins for IFT particles (kines

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27

Adam, R. D., T. E. Nash, and T. E. Wellems. "Telomeric location of Giardia rDNA genes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 11, no. 6 (1991): 3326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.11.6.3326-3330.1991.

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Giardia lamblia telomeres have been isolated from a library enriched for repaired chromosome ends by (i) screening with a Plasmodium falciparum telomere and (ii) differential hybridization with Bal 31-digested and total G. lamblia DNA. Analysis of three clones isolated by this strategy has identified multiple tandem repeats of the 5-mer TAGGG. An oligonucleotide containing these repeats recognizes Bal 31-sensitive bands in Southern hybridizations and detects all G. lamblia chromosomes in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis separations. An abrupt transition from the G. lamblia rDNA sequence to tel

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Adam, R. D., T. E. Nash, and T. E. Wellems. "Telomeric location of Giardia rDNA genes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 11, no. 6 (1991): 3326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.11.6.3326.

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Giardia lamblia telomeres have been isolated from a library enriched for repaired chromosome ends by (i) screening with a Plasmodium falciparum telomere and (ii) differential hybridization with Bal 31-digested and total G. lamblia DNA. Analysis of three clones isolated by this strategy has identified multiple tandem repeats of the 5-mer TAGGG. An oligonucleotide containing these repeats recognizes Bal 31-sensitive bands in Southern hybridizations and detects all G. lamblia chromosomes in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis separations. An abrupt transition from the G. lamblia rDNA sequence to tel

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Yu, Xingang, Auwalu Yusuf Abdullahi, Sheng Wu та ін. "Prokaryotic Expression of α-13 Giardin Gene and Its Intracellular Localization in Giardia lamblia". BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1603264.

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To study prokaryotic expression and subcellular localization of α-13 giardin in Giardia lamblia trophozoites, α-13 giardin gene was amplified and cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a(+). The positive recombinant plasmid was transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3) for expression by using IPTG and autoinduction expression system (ZYM-5052). The target protein was validated by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting and purified by Ni-NTA Resin. Rabbits were immunized with purified fusion proteins for preparation of polyclonal antibody; then the intracellular location of α-13 giardin was determined

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30

Shihab Ali Tahtouh, Mohanad. "The relationship between Giardia lamblia infection with Ghrelin hormone and Trefoil factor 3 in patients in Salah al-Din Governorate." Wasit Journal for Pure sciences 3, no. 4 (2024): 192–202. https://doi.org/10.31185/wjps.555.

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Giardiasis is considered one of the parasitic diseases affecting humans, caused by a flagellate protozoan known as Giardia lamblia. It is a common gastrointestinal pathogen that can lead to various clinical and other complications. Study aimed to diagnose infection with the G. lamblia in children aged (1-12 years) using a direct wet mount, and to determine Giardia lamblia by targeting the TPI gene using PCR, in addition to evaluating the relationship of infection of Giardia lamblia with (ghrelin and TFF3) using ELISA assay. By examining 238 stool samples for children suffering from diarrhea an

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Erlandsen, Stanley L., Edward Jarroll, Peter Wallis, and Harry van Keulen. "Development of Species-specific rDNA Probes for Giardia by Multiple Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization Combined with Immunocytochemical Identification of Cyst Wall Antigens." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 53, no. 8 (2005): 917–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/jhc.5c6656.2005.

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In this study, we describe the development of fluorescent oligonucleotide probes to variable regions in the small subunit of 16S rRNA in three distinct Giardia species. Sense and antisense probes (17–22 mer) to variable regions 1, 3, and 8 were labeled with digoxygenin or selected fluorochomes (FluorX, Cy3, or Cy5). Optimal results were obtained with fluorochome-labeled oligonucleotides for detection of rRNA in Giardia cysts. Specificity of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was shown using RNase digestion and high stringency to diminish the hybridization signal, and oligonucleotide prob

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Ropolo, Andrea S., Alicia Saura, Pedro G. Carranza, and Hugo D. Lujan. "Identification of Variant-Specific Surface Proteins in Giardia muris Trophozoites." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 8 (2005): 5208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.8.5208-5211.2005.

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ABSTRACT Giardia lamblia undergoes antigenic variation, a process that might allow the parasite to evade the host's immune response and adapt to different environments. Here we show that Giardia muris, a related species that naturally infects rodents, possesses multiple variant-specific surface proteins (VSPs) and expresses VSPs on its surface, suggesting that it undergoes antigenic variation similar to that of G. lamblia.

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Meliț, Lorena Elena, Cristina Oana Mărginean, Simona Mocan, Nicoleta Suciu, and Maria Oana Mărginean. "INFECȚIA CU HELICOBACTER PYLORI FAVORIZEAZĂ PREZENȚA GIARDIA LAMBLIA ÎN MUCOASA GASTRICĂ – PREZENTARE DE CAZ." Romanian Journal of Infectious Diseases 19, no. 3 (2016): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjid.2016.3.12.

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Helicobacter pylori și Giardia lamblia sunt răspândite în întreaga lume. Helicobacter pylori este un factor favorizant pentru prezența Giardia lamblia în stomac datorită neutralizării pH-ului gastric prin secreția de urează. Prezentăm cazul unui copil în vârstă de 5 ani, cu simptome gastro-intestinale intermitente în antecedentele personale patologice recente, care s-a internat în clinica Pediatrie 1 Târgu Mureș pentru dureri abdominale, grețuri, inapetență și hematemeză. Endoscopia digestivă superioară a evidențiat multiple sufuziuni hemoragice ale mucoasei gastrice, iar examenul histopatolog

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34

Bekele, Damtew. "Prevalence and distribution of Giardia lamblia infection among patients of children aged 5-11years treated in Sheno town health centers, North Shoa Oromia region, Ethiopia." Clinical Research and Studies 2, no. 1 (2023): 01–06. https://doi.org/10.31579/2835-2882/008.

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The presence sof Giardia lamblia in food and water remains to be a major global food safety concern because of its potential to cause illnesses in humans. The main objective of this study was to assess the distribution of Giardia lamblia on children age 5-11 years in Sheno Town, which is located in Oromia regional States, North Shoa Zone kimbibit Woreda 72 kilometers away from Addis Ababa. Three health services in the town were selected using purposive sampling method. Instruments employed were questionnaire, interview and observation and document analysis. Frequency and percentage, were also

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35

Pasley, James, James Daly, David McCullough, Tom McChesney, Eleanora Daly, and Suzanne Tank. "Circannual Incidence of Giardia Lamblia." Chronobiology International 6, no. 2 (1989): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07420528909064629.

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36

Bonner, Alice, and Rosemary Dale. "Giardia Lamblia: Day Care Diarrhea." American Journal of Nursing 86, no. 7 (1986): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3425392.

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37

Aldritt, S. M., P. Tien, and C. C. Wang. "Pyrimidine salvage in Giardia lamblia." Journal of Experimental Medicine 161, no. 3 (1985): 437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.161.3.437.

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We have found that the anaerobic protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia is incapable of de novo pyrimidine metabolism, as shown by its inability to incorporate orotate, bicarbonate, and aspartate into the pyrimidine nucleotide pool. Results from high performance liquid chromatography of pyrimidine and pyrimidine nucleoside pulse-labeled nucleotide pools and enzyme assays suggest that the parasite satisfies its pyrimidine nucleotide needs predominantly through salvage of uracil by a cytoplasmic uracil phosphoribosyltransferase. Exogenous uridine and cytidine are primarily converted to uracil by the

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38

BONNER, ALICE, and ROSEMARY DALE. "GIARDIA LAMBLIA DAY CARE DIARRHEA." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 86, no. 7 (1986): 818–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-198607000-00019.

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Nash, Theodore E. "TREATMENT OF GIARDIA LAMBLIA INFECTIONS." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 20, no. 2 (2001): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-200102000-00015.

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Alam, Samiah, Janet Yee, Manon Couture, et al. "Cytochrome b5 from Giardia lamblia." Metallomics 4, no. 12 (2012): 1255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2mt20152f.

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Lujan, Hugo D., and Maria C. Touz. "Protein trafficking in Giardia lamblia." Cellular Microbiology 5, no. 7 (2003): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00284.x.

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Davis-Hayman, Sara R., and Theodore E. Nash. "Genetic manipulation of Giardia lamblia." Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 122, no. 1 (2002): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-6851(02)00063-4.

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Elmendorf, Heidi G., Scott C. Dawson, and J. Michael McCaffery. "The cytoskeleton of Giardia lamblia." International Journal for Parasitology 33, no. 1 (2003): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(02)00228-x.

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Yolken, RobertH, and Beth Ungar. "ELISA DETECTION OF GIARDIA LAMBLIA." Lancet 326, no. 8464 (1985): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(85)90703-2.

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Baños Madrid, R., J. J. Martínez Crespo, and J. Mercader Martínez. "Diarrea crónica por Giardia lamblia." FMC - Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria 10, no. 2 (2003): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1134-2072(03)75842-3.

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Aggarwal, A., and T. E. Nash. "Giardia lamblia: RNA Translation products." Experimental Parasitology 64, no. 3 (1987): 336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(87)90044-0.

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Nash, Theodore E. "Antigenic variation in Giardia lamblia." Experimental Parasitology 68, no. 2 (1989): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(89)90104-5.

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Montañez, Cecilia, Lourdes Cervantes, César Ovando, and Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres. "Giardia lamblia: Isolation of RNA." Experimental Parasitology 68, no. 3 (1989): 354–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(89)90117-3.

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Cernikova, Lenka, Carmen Faso, and Adrian B. Hehl. "Five facts about Giardia lamblia." PLOS Pathogens 14, no. 9 (2018): e1007250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007250.

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Nenoff, P., Kathrein Wichmann, and J. Herrmann. "Giardia lamblia - Auslöser eines Analekzems." Aktuelle Dermatologie 28, no. 7 (2002): 248–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-33496.

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