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1

Hedden, Peter. "The Current Status of Research on Gibberellin Biosynthesis." Plant and Cell Physiology 61, no. 11 (2020): 1832–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcaa092.

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Abstract Gibberellins are produced by all vascular plants and several fungal and bacterial species that associate with plants as pathogens or symbionts. In the 60 years since the first experiments on the biosynthesis of gibberellic acid in the fungus Fusarium fujikuroi, research on gibberellin biosynthesis has advanced to provide detailed information on the pathways, biosynthetic enzymes and their genes in all three kingdoms, in which the production of the hormones evolved independently. Gibberellins function as hormones in plants, affecting growth and differentiation in organs in which their
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2

Rodríguez-Ortiz, Roberto, M. Carmen Limón, and Javier Avalos. "Regulation of Carotenogenesis and Secondary Metabolism by Nitrogen in Wild-Type Fusarium fujikuroi and Carotenoid-Overproducing Mutants." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 2 (2008): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01089-08.

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ABSTRACT The fungus Fusarium fujikuroi (Gibberella fujikuroi MP-C) produces metabolites of biotechnological interest, such as gibberellins, bikaverins, and carotenoids. Gibberellin and bikaverin productions are induced upon nitrogen exhaustion, while carotenoid accumulation is stimulated by light. We evaluated the effect of nitrogen availability on carotenogenesis in comparison with bikaverin and gibberellin production in the wild type and in carotenoid-overproducing mutants (carS). Nitrogen starvation increased carotenoid accumulation in all strains tested. In carS strains, gibberellin and bi
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3

Janas, Krystyna M., and Jiři Šebánek. "Effect of cotyledons and epicotyl upon the activity of endogenous gibberellins in roots of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seedlings." Acta Agrobotanica 34, no. 2 (2013): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1981.017.

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In 11-day-old flax seedlings, the level of endogenous gibberellins in roots decreased within 12 hours after the excision of cotyledons and the epicotyl; however, 24 to 48 hours after excision the gibberellin level increased again. The decrease in the gibberellin level within the first 12 hours after excision suggests a participation of the cotyledons and the epicotyl in the biosynthesis of endogenous gibberellins.
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4

Han, Jennifer, Jan E. Murray, Qingyi Yu, Paul H. Moore, and Ray Ming. "The Effects of Gibberellic Acid on Sex Expression and Secondary Sexual Characteristics in Papaya." HortScience 49, no. 3 (2014): 378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.3.378.

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The vegetative forms of male (XY), female (XX), and hermaphrodite (XYh) papaya (Carica papaya L.) plants are phenotypically identical. However, the flower and inflorescence morphology of each sex type is unique. Gynodioecious varieties SunUp, SunUp Diminutive mutant, and dioecious AU9 were used to test the response of papaya to gibberellic acid (GA3). Exogenous applications of GA3 on female and hermaphrodite flowers of papaya did not yield any sex reversal phenotype but caused a significant increase in peduncle elongation and inflorescence branch number in all treated plants. An increase in fl
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5

Candau, Reyes, Javier Avalos, and Enrique Cerdá-Olmedo. "Regulation of Gibberellin Biosynthesis in Gibberella fujikuroi." Plant Physiology 100, no. 3 (1992): 1184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.100.3.1184.

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6

Johnson, Stephen W., and Ronald C. Coolbaugh. "Light-Stimulated Gibberellin Biosynthesis in Gibberella fujikuroi." Plant Physiology 94, no. 4 (1990): 1696–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.94.4.1696.

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7

Hanson, James R. "Exploiting a Step in Diterpenoid Biosynthesis by the Fungus Fusarium Fujikuroi." Journal of Chemical Research 41, no. 2 (2017): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/174751917x14850069001130.

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The scope of the microbiological transformation of ent-kaurenoid diterpenes by the fungus Fusarium (Gibberella) fujikuroi which utilise the ent-kaurene and ent-kauren-19-oic acid oxidases and the ring contraction of ring B to gibberellin is reviewed. Constraints arising from the presence of 3α, 15α and 18-hydroxyl groups are noted. The development of a group of potential plant growth regulators which inhibit the ring contraction step in gibberellin biosynthesis is described.
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8

Wiseman, Nadine J., and Colin G. N. Turnbull. "Effects of photoperiod and paclobutrazol on growth dynamics of petioles in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa)." Functional Plant Biology 26, no. 4 (1999): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp98001.

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Petiole elongation of strawberry plants (Fragaria × ananassa) is modified by photoperiod, and gibberellins may mediate this response. To test the relationship further, we measured petiole growth dynamics under short and long days, in comparison with responses to paclobutrazol, which reduces gibberellin biosynthesis. Growth rate in short days was lower after 2 days, and at its maximum was 60% of long-day controls. Petiole length at maturity was 75%, and was accounted for primarily by decreased cell length. Subsequent leaves showed similar patterns, but in the third leaf, cell number was also re
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9

Tudzynski, B. "Biosynthesis of gibberellins in Gibberella fujikuroi : biomolecular aspects." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 52, no. 3 (1999): 298–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530051524.

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10

Moncur, M. W., G. F. Rasmussen, and O. Hasan. "Effect of paclobutrazol on flower-bud production in Eucalyptusnitens espalier seed orchards." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 1 (1994): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-007.

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Eucalyptusnitens (Dean & Maiden) Maiden grafts growing as espaliers at Ridgley, Tasmania, and Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, were treated with paclobutrazol as a single collar drench application. Umbel production was enhanced for 3 years at Ridgley and 2 years at Canberra. Canberra grafts were also treated by trunk injection, which proved effective only in the 1st year. Untreated grafts did not produce an appreciable number of umbels until year 3. Paclobutrazol reduced the level of endogenous gibberellins. Close association between gibberellin levels and increases in reproductive
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11

Bon, David J. Y. D., Lewis N. Mander, and Ping Lan. "Syntheses of Gibberellins A15and A24, the Key Metabolites in Gibberellin Biosynthesis." Journal of Organic Chemistry 83, no. 12 (2018): 6566–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.8b00876.

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12

Sabovljevic, Aneta, Marko Sabovljevic, and D. Grubisic. "Gibberellin influence on the morphogenesis of the moss Bryum argenteum Hedw. in in vitro conditions." Archives of Biological Sciences 62, no. 2 (2010): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1002373s.

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The moss Bryum argenteum Hedw. was treated with gibberellins as well as some inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis in order to investigate their influence on B. argenteum morphogenesis. Generally, gibberellins have not been chemically identified in bryophytes, while other groups of classical phytohormones (auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene) have been chemically identified in these plants. The in vitro culture of the moss Bryum argenteum was established from sterilized spores. The apical shoots of untreated gametophytes grown in vitro were used to investigate the influence of diff
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13

Ali, Mohammed Shaiq, Mark K. Baynham, and James R. Hanson. "Inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis in Gibberella fujikuroi by 19-norgibberell-16-enes." Phytochemistry 30, no. 7 (1991): 2227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)83619-v.

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14

Bömke, Christiane, Maria C. Rojas, Peter Hedden, and Bettina Tudzynski. "Loss of Gibberellin Production in Fusarium verticillioides (Gibberella fujikuroi MP-A) Is Due to a Deletion in the Gibberellic Acid Gene Cluster." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 24 (2008): 7790–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01819-08.

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ABSTRACT Fusarium verticillioides (Gibberella fujikuroi mating population A [MP-A]) is a widespread pathogen on maize and is well-known for producing fumonisins, mycotoxins that cause severe disease in animals and humans. The species is a member of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex, which consists of at least 11 different biological species, termed MP-A to -K. All members of this species complex are known to produce a variety of secondary metabolites. The production of gibberellins (GAs), a group of diterpenoid plant hormones, is mainly restricted to Fusarium fujikuroi (G. fujikuroi MP-
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15

Michniewicz, M., and K. Kriesel. "Dynamics of gibberellin-like substances in the development of buds, newly formed shoots and adventitious roots of willow cuttings(Salix viminalis L.)." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 41, no. 2 (2015): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1972.023.

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It was stated that adventitious roots as well as shoots formed from the buds of willow cuttings contained two GA-like substances. One of them was different in roots and in shoots. The amount of Ga-like substance in roots was much higher than in shoots. The level of these substances increased very intensively in roots while in shoots rather slightly and only in the earlier stages of their growth. The results of later experiments and of others presented here shown that adventitious roots of willow cuttings are the sites of gibberellin biosynthesis. Possible explanation of existing of different g
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16

Avalos, Javier, Rafael Fernández-Martín, M. Mar Prado, and Enrique Cerdá-Olmedo. "Gibberellin biosynthesis inGibberella." Acta Botanica Gallica 146, no. 1 (1999): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12538078.1999.10515801.

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17

Baynham, Mark K., Julia M. Dickinson, and James R. Hanson. "7-hydroxy-6,7-seco-kaurenes as inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis in Gibberella fujikuroi." Phytochemistry 27, no. 3 (1988): 761–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)84089-5.

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18

Pizarro, Alberto, and Carmen Díaz-Sala. "Effect of polar auxin transport and gibberellins on xylem formation in pine cuttings under adventitious rooting conditions." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 67, no. 1-2 (2020): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22238980-20191120.

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Maturation-related decline of adventitious root formation is one of the major factors affecting adventitious rooting in forest tree species. We demonstrate that inhibition of polar auxin transport promoted cambium and xylem differentiation in rooting-competent hypocotyl cuttings from Pinus radiata under conditions of adventitious root formation. Treatments with bioactive gibberellins inhibited rooting while at the same time inducing both the differentiation of a continuous ring of cambium and xylem formation. Treatments with inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis did not affect the rooting res
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19

Sandmann, Gerhard, Peter Böger, Gerhard Sandmann, and Peter Böger. "Interference of Dimethazone with Formation of Terpenoid Compounds." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 41, no. 7-8 (1986): 729–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1986-7-812.

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Abstract Dimethazone is a bleaching herbicide without any peroxidative activity. In addition to the inhibition of chlorophylls, carotenes, and xanthophylls, decreased formation of other prenyl lipids (phytol and α-tocopherol) can be observed in the presence of dimethazone. Application of this herbicide to pea plants results in the inhibition of longitudinal growth of the newly formed internodes which can be reversed by gibberellic acid. Apparently, dimethazone also decreases the endogenous gibberellin levels.As the formation of all the compounds assayed is inhibited to the same extent and as I
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20

TAKANO, Hirotaka, Satoru INOUE, Hiromichi OSHIO, Katsuzo KAMOSHITA, Kiroku KOBAYASHI, and Akira OGOSHI. "Effect of Diniconazole Isomers on Biosyntheses of Sterol and Gibberellin in Gibberella fujikuroi." Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 58, no. 5 (1992): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.58.691.

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21

Graebe, J. E. "Gibberellin Biosynthesis and Control." Annual Review of Plant Physiology 38, no. 1 (1987): 419–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.38.060187.002223.

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22

Samsoedin, Renni R., Ichiro Honda, Tadashi Yanagisawa, Masatomo Kobayashi, Yuji Kamiya, and Nobutaka Takahashi. "Gibberellin Biosynthesis in Bambusoideae." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 60, no. 9 (1996): 1497–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.60.1497.

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23

Yamaguchi, Shinjiro. "Gibberellin Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis." Phytochemistry Reviews 5, no. 1 (2006): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11101-005-4248-0.

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24

Tudzynski, B., H. Kawaide, and Y. Kamiya. "Gibberellin biosynthesis in Gibberella fujikuroi: cloning and characterization of the copalyl diphosphate synthase gene." Current Genetics 34, no. 3 (1998): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940050392.

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25

Rojas, M. C., P. Hedden, P. Gaskin, and B. Tudzynski. "The P450-1 gene of Gibberella fujikuroi encodes a multifunctional enzyme in gibberellin biosynthesis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98, no. 10 (2001): 5838–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.091096298.

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26

Kosakivska, I. V. "GIBBERELLINS IN REGULATION OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT UNDER ABIOTIC STRESSES." Biotechnologia Acta 14, no. 2 (2021): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech14.02.005.

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Background. Gibberellins (GAs), a class of diterpenoid phytohormones, play an important role in regulation of plant growth and development. Among more than 130 different gibberellin molecules, only a few are bioactive. GA1, GA3, GA4, and GA7 regulate plant growth through promotion the degradation of the DELLA proteins, a family of nuclear growth repressors – negative regulator of GAs signaling. Recent studies on GAs biosynthesis, metabolism, transport, and signaling, as well as crosstalk with other phytohormones and environment have achieved great progress thanks to molecular genetics and func
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27

Tatineni, Anuradha, Nihal C. Rajapakse, R. Thomas Fernandez, and James R. Rieck. "Effectiveness of Plant Growth Regulators under Photoselective Greenhouse Covers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 125, no. 6 (2000): 673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.125.6.673.

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Responses to selected chemical growth retardants (daminozide, paclobutrazol, and prohexadione-Ca) and GA1 and GA3 under photoselective greenhouse covers with various phytochrome photoequilibrium estimates (φe) were evaluated using `Bright Golden Anne' chrysanthemum [Dendranthema ×grandiflora Kitam. (syn. Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)] as the model plant to better understand the height control mechanism by far red (FR) light depleted environments. Plant height linearly decreased as φe increased from 0.72 to 0.83. The rate of height decrease of daminozide treated plants was less than that of
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Nishijima, Takaaki, Naoki Katsura, Masaji Koshioka, et al. "Effects of Gibberellins and Gibberellin-biosynthesis Inhibitors on Stem Elongation and Flowering of Raphanus sativus L." Engei Gakkai zasshi 67, no. 3 (1998): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2503/jjshs.67.325.

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29

Vo�, Thorsten, Jessica Schulte, and Bettina Tudzynski. "A new MFS-transporter gene next to the gibberellin biosynthesis gene cluster of Gibberella fujikuroi is not involved in gibberellin secretion." Current Genetics 39, no. 5-6 (2001): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940100218.

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30

Tudzynski, Bettina, Peter Hedden, Esther Carrera, and Paul Gaskin. "The P450-4 Gene of Gibberella fujikuroi Encodes ent-Kaurene Oxidase in the Gibberellin Biosynthesis Pathway." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 8 (2001): 3514–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.8.3514-3522.2001.

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ABSTRACT At least five genes of the gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis pathway are clustered on chromosome 4 of Gibberella fujikuroi; these genes encode the bifunctional ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase/ent-kaurene synthase, a GA-specific geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, and three cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. We now describe a fourth cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene (P450-4). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of extracts of mycelia and culture fluid of a P450-4 knockout mutant identified ent-kaurene as the only intermediate of the GA pathway. Incubations with radiolabeled precu
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31

Hasan, H. A. H. "Gibberellin and auxin production by plant root-fungi and their biosynthesis under salinity-calcium interaction." Plant, Soil and Environment 48, No. 3 (2011): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4207-pse.

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Rhizosphere and rhizoplane of fababean (Vicia faba), melochia (Corchorus olitorius), sesame (Sesamum indicum) and soyabean (Glycine max) plants are inhabited with fungi, mostly Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium corylophilum, P. cyclopium, P. funiculosum and Rhizopus stolonifer. All fungal species have the ability to produce gibberellin (GA) but F. oxysporum was found to produce both GA and indole-acetic acid (IAA). The optimum period for GA and IAA production by F. oxysporum was 10 days in the mycelium and 15 days in the filtrate at 28°C. The contents of GA
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32

Hanson, James R., and Christine L. Willis. "The effect of some Ent-kaurene alcohols on gibberellic acid biosynthesis in Gibberella fujikuroi." Phytochemistry 31, no. 8 (1992): 2709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83616-7.

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33

Sekhar, K. N. Chandra, and V. K. Sawhney. "Regulation of the fusion of floral organs by temperature and gibberellic acid in the normal and solanifolia mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 4 (1990): 713–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-093.

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The flowers of a single gene homozygous recessive solanifolia (sf/sf) mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) possess separate sepals, petals and stamens, and a gynoecium that consists of several carpels with separate styles. In contrast, in the normal tomato (cv. Pearson), floral organs of each whorl are either partially or completely fused. Different temperature conditions and gibberellic acid treatments had no effect on the ontogenetic fusion of sepals and petals of the mutant and normal flowers. However, low temperatures and gibberellic acid induced the separation of stamens and pistil
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34

Hedden, Peter, and Stephen G. Thomas. "Gibberellin biosynthesis and its regulation." Biochemical Journal 444, no. 1 (2012): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20120245.

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The GAs (gibberellins) comprise a large group of diterpenoid carboxylic acids that are ubiquitous in higher plants, in which certain members function as endogenous growth regulators, promoting organ expansion and developmental changes. These compounds are also produced by some species of lower plants, fungi and bacteria, although, in contrast to higher plants, the function of GAs in these organisms has only recently been investigated and is still unclear. In higher plants, GAs are synthesized by the action of terpene cyclases, cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxyg
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35

Hedden, P. "Recent advances in gibberellin biosynthesis." Journal of Experimental Botany 50, no. 334 (1999): 553–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/50.334.553.

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36

Hedden, Peter, and William M. Proebsting. "Genetic Analysis of Gibberellin Biosynthesis." Plant Physiology 119, no. 2 (1999): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.119.2.365.

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37

Fernández-Martn, Rafael, Fernando Reyes, Carlos E. Domenech, et al. "Gibberellin Biosynthesis ingibMutants ofGibberella fujikuroi." Journal of Biological Chemistry 270, no. 25 (1995): 14970–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.25.14970.

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38

Davidson, Sandra E., James B. Reid, and Chris A. Helliwell. "Cytochromes P450 in gibberellin biosynthesis." Phytochemistry Reviews 5, no. 2-3 (2006): 405–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11101-006-9005-5.

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39

Gulden, Robert H., Sheila Chiwocha, Suzanne Abrams, Ian McGregor, Allison Kermode, and Steven Shirtliffe. "Response to abscisic acid application and hormone profiles in spring Brassica napus seed in relation to secondary dormancy." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 11 (2004): 1618–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-119.

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The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) has been implicated in the inception and maintenance of seed dormancy, while gibberellins promote dormancy breakage and germination in some species. We investigated whether osmotic stress induced secondary dormancy in Brassica napus L. is associated with changes in ABA sensitivity and metabolism, as well as changes in gibberellin levels. Seeds of two genotypes, one with low dormancy potential (LDP) and one with high dormancy potential (HDP) for secondary dormancy, were exposed to a dormancy-inducing osmotic treatment for up to 4 weeks and then germinated i
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40

Shiraiwa, Nobutaka, Kaori Kikuchi, Ichiro Honda, et al. "Characterization of Endogenous Gibberellins and Molecular Cloning of a Putative Gibberellin 3-Oxidase Gene in Bunching Onion." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 136, no. 6 (2011): 382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.136.6.382.

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To clarify the role of gibberellin (GA) in the growth of bunching onion (Allium fistulosum), identification of endogenous GAs and expression analysis of a putative gibberellin 3-oxidase (AfGA3ox1) were conducted. GA1, GA3, GA4, GA9, GA20, and GA34 were identified with levels of GA4 and GA9 being higher than those of GA1, GA3, and GA20. The young seedlings were clearly elongated by exogenous GA4 treatment but not by GA3. These results indicate that the 13-non-hydroxylation pathway of GA biosynthesis may be predominant in shoots with GA4 playing an important role in the growth of bunching onion.
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Bidadi, Haniyeh, Shinjiro Yamaguchi, Masashi Asahina, and Shinobu Satoh. "Effects of shoot-applied gibberellin/gibberellin-biosynthesis inhibitors on root growth and expression of gibberellin biosynthesis genes in Arabidopsis thaliana." Plant Root 4 (2010): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3117/plantroot.4.4.

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42

Giordano, Walter, Enrique Cerdá-Olmedo, Javier Avalos, Rafael Fernández-Martı́n, and Carlos E. Domenech. "Lovastatin inhibits the production of gibberellins but not sterol or carotenoid biosynthesis in Gibberella fujikuroi." Microbiology 145, no. 10 (1999): 2997–3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-145-10-2997.

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43

Szymaniak, Daria, Juliusz Pernak, Tomasz Rzemieniecki, et al. "Synthesis and characterization of bio-based quaternary ammonium salts with gibberellate or l-tryptophanate anion." Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly 151, no. 9 (2020): 1365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00706-020-02672-9.

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Abstract Numerous biologically active acids can be transformed into an ionic form in a facile way and combined with appropriate quaternary ammonium cation to improve their application properties or biological activity. This study describes the synthesis of new quaternary ammonium salts with anions of gibberellic acid, a common plant growth regulator from the gibberellin group, or l-tryptophan, an important precursor of auxin biosynthesis. The surface-active tetrapentylammonium ion and natural substances such as acetylcholine, choline, and quinine were the sources of cations. Novel salts of gib
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44

Urakami, Eriko, Isomaro Yamaguchi, Tadao Asami, Udo Conrad, and Yoshihito Suzuki. "Immunomodulation of gibberellin biosynthesis using an anti-precursor gibberellin antibody confers gibberellin-deficient phenotypes." Planta 228, no. 5 (2008): 863–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-008-0788-z.

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45

Lange, Theodor, Peter Hedden, and Jan E. Graebe. "Gibberellin biosynthesis in cell-free extracts from developing Cucurbita maxima embryos and the identification of new endogenous gibberellins." Planta 189, no. 3 (1993): 350–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00194431.

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46

Shah, Faheem Afzal, Jun Ni, Jing Chen, et al. "Proanthocyanidins in seed coat tegmen and endospermic cap inhibit seed germination in Sapium sebiferum." PeerJ 6 (April 26, 2018): e4690. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4690.

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Sapium sebiferum, an ornamental and bio-energetic plant, is propagated by seed. Its seed coat contains germination inhibitors and takes a long time to stratify for germination. In this study, we discovered that the S. sebiferum seed coat (especially the tegmen) and endospermic cap (ESC) contained high levels of proanthocyanidins (PAs). Seed coat and ESC removal induced seed germination, whereas exogenous application with seed coat extract (SCE) or PAs significantly inhibited this process, suggesting that PAs in the seed coat played a major role in regulating seed germination in S. sebiferum. W
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47

Sun, Hao, Huiting Cui, Jiaju Zhang, et al. "Gibberellins Inhibit Flavonoid Biosynthesis and Promote Nitrogen Metabolism in Medicago truncatula." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (2021): 9291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179291.

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Bioactive gibberellic acids (GAs) are diterpenoid plant hormones that are biosynthesized through complex pathways and control various aspects of growth and development. Although GA biosynthesis has been intensively studied, the downstream metabolic pathways regulated by GAs have remained largely unexplored. We investigated Tnt1 retrotransposon insertion mutant lines of Medicago truncatula with a dwarf phenotype by forward and reverse genetics screening and phylogenetic, molecular, biochemical, proteomic and metabolomic analyses. Three Tnt1 retrotransposon insertion mutant lines of the gibberel
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48

Nagel, Raimund, and Reuben J. Peters. "Investigating the Phylogenetic Range of Gibberellin Biosynthesis in Bacteria." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 30, no. 4 (2017): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-01-17-0001-r.

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Certain plant-associated microbes can produce gibberellin (GA) phytohormones, as first described for the rice fungal pathogen Gibberella fujikuroi and, more recently, for bacteria, including several rhizobia and the rice bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. The relevant enzymes are encoded by a biosynthetic operon that exhibits both a greater phylogenetic range and scattered distribution among plant-associated bacteria. Here, the phylogenetic distribution of this operon was investigated. To demonstrate conserved functionality, the enzymes encoded by the disparate operon from X.
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Liao, Xiong, Mengsi Li, Bin Liu, et al. "Interlinked regulatory loops of ABA catabolism and biosynthesis coordinate fruit growth and ripening in woodland strawberry." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 49 (2018): E11542—E11550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812575115.

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Fruit growth and ripening are controlled by multiple phytohormones. How these hormones coordinate and interact with each other to control these processes at the molecular level is unclear. We found in the early stages of Fragaria vesca (woodland strawberry) fruit development, auxin increases both widths and lengths of fruits, while gibberellin [gibberellic acid (GA)] mainly promotes their longitudinal elongation. Auxin promoted GA biosynthesis and signaling by activating GA biosynthetic and signaling genes, suggesting auxin function is partially dependent on GA function. To prevent the repress
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Kaneko, Miyuki, Hironori Itoh, Yoshiaki Inukai, et al. "Where do gibberellin biosynthesis and gibberellin signaling occur in rice plants?" Plant Journal 35, no. 1 (2003): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01780.x.

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