Journal articles on the topic '"GIF animation"'

The purpose оf thіѕ research was tо analyze thе еffесtіvеnеѕѕ оf GIF аnіmаtіоn mеdіа in еnhаnсіng students' learning outcomes in Floor Gymnastics. Thе rеѕеаrсh mеthоdоlоgу uѕеd wаѕ ԛuаntіtаtіvе and іnvоlvеd соllаbоrаtіvе аnd раrtісіраtоrу ԛuаѕі-еxреrіmеntѕ. Thе study comprised twо grоuрѕ, Clаѕѕ VIII-D wіth 30 раrtісіраntѕ аѕ thе еxреrіmеntаl group аnd Clаѕѕ VIII-B with 30 раrtісіраntѕ аѕ thе соntrоl grоuр. Thе independent vаrіаblе was GIF аnіmаtіоn media, while the dependent variable was lеаrnіng success. Dаtа collection tесhnіԛuеѕ іnсludеd оbѕеrvаtіоn, tеѕtіng, and dосumеntаtіоn. Thе results of the t-tеѕt аnаlуѕіѕ rеvеаlеd thаt GIF Anіmаtіоn Media significantly іmрrоvеd students' learning achievement іn Floor Gуmnаѕtісѕ. Thе еxреrіmеntаl grоuр (Clаѕѕ VIII-D) had a higher average ѕсоrе of 82 соmраrеd tо the control grоuр (Clаѕѕ VIII-B) wіth an аvеrаgе ѕсоrе оf 71. Thе hуроthеѕіѕ tеѕtіng uѕіng thе "t" tеѕt оn both grоuрѕ іndісаtеd a t-соunt оf 4.843187. By соmраrіng the t-соunt wіth t-tаblе wіth df 58 аt a significant lеvеl of 5%, nаmеlу 1.672, it wаѕ found thаt t-соunt > t-tаblе (4.843187>1.672). Therefore, Hа wаѕ accepted, аnd Ho wаѕ rejected. In соnсluѕіоn, GIF Animation Media has a роѕіtіvе impact оn thе Flооr Gymnastics lеаrnіng achievement оf Class VIII ѕtudеntѕ аt SMPN 1 Rejang Lеbоng.

BackgroundMany challenges are encountered in both teaching and learning veterinary obstetrics. This may be due to outdated teaching materials, as the main model of content transmission remains centred around text and images.MethodsVisualisation methods such as three-dimensional (3D) and Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) tools were applied in an attempt to improve obstetrics education outcomes in the third-year class. Traditional teaching methods were utilised in the fourth-year and fifth-year students.ResultsThese supplementary tools significantly increased the third-year students’ final examination results compared with the results of fourth-year and fifth-year students (P<0.05). These examinations were designed to evaluate comprehension of the subject matter. Self-assessment questionnaire results further indicated that 3D animation and GIF promoted learning efficiency.ConclusionIncorporation of 3D animation learning tools into the veterinary curriculum is predicted to better prepare students for the management of obstetrical cases after graduation.

В данной статье представлен обзор существующих программных разработок для создания анимационных роликов и их сравнительный анализ. Для проведения сравнительного анализа были рассмотрены такие программы, как: MohoPro; AdobeAnimate; EasyGIFAnimator; TVPaintAnimation; AnimationPaper; Pencil2DAnimation; AutodeskMaya; iClone. Критериями для сравнительного анализа выступили: уровень качества анимации, уровень доступности и платности программ, ценовая категория, поддержка и новые версии, совместимость программ с конкретной операционной системой, системные требования, тип анимации, функциональные возможности, степень понятности интерфейса, создаваемый формат. Представлены результаты сравнительного анализа программных средств для создания 2d и 3d анимационных роликов. Определены преимущества и недостатки программных средств создания анимационных роликов. Сделаны выводы о существующих разработках в сфере создания анимационных роликов. This article provides an overview of existing software developments for creating animated videos and their comparative analysis. To conduct a comparative analysis, such programs as: Moho Pro; Adobe Animate; Easy GIF Animator; TVPaint Animation; Animation Paper; Pencil2D Animation; Autodesk Maya; iClone were considered. The criteria for the comparative analysis were: the level of animation quality, the level of availability and payment of programs, the price category, support and new versions, compatibility of programs with a specific operating system, system requirements, the type of animation, functionality, the degree of clarity of the interface, the format being created. The results of a comparative analysis of software tools for creating 2d and 3d animated videos are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of software tools for creating animated videos are determined. Conclusions are drawn about the existing developments in the field of creating animated videos.

Who Decides the Land is Sacred? 2018.gif animationArnold McBayThis work is born out of my recent studies in contemporary and historical visual poetry. While experimenting with my own ideas in visual poetry I gravitated towards creating animated visual poems.Who Decides the Land is Sacred is a consideration of the recent conflicts between indigenous peoples, oil companies and animal rights groups over land and animal rights have been much on my mind, especially the current tensions in the Shorthills Provincial Park just outside of St. Catharines, Ontario.The repeated moving line “Who Decides the Land is Sacred?” in the animation is a quote from the headline of a Vancouver Sun article (written by Douglas Todd) on the Supreme Court of Canada case “Ktunaxa Nation versus British Columbia” in which the SCC ruled against the indigenous group. This animation cycles in an infinite loop suggesting an interminable struggle as well as the elusive nature of resolving such conflicts. The ghost of the ecosystem looming in the form of a deer slowly disappears only to be reborn again. The three fragments of the animation shown in these three stills function as archaeological artefacts, fragments perhaps of a failed past and something lost. The media transformation from moving text to solitary frames stills the potential optimism one might read in the animated work.

This introduction to Jupyter Notebooks (JNBs) is an outcome of a year of learning, creating, and classroom testing JNBs in a variety of settings: a sabbatical with an urban violence reduction organization; an after school distance learning program for low to middle income high school students in Chicago; a general education computer-lab based math course; and finally two upper division courses for applied math majors at a liberal arts college. The examples include line graphs, histograms, and a pie chart of violent crime data created for a community organization, a high school/general education lab on computer music, a visualization of volumes computable by triple integrals, and creation of a .gif animation of a numerical solution to a 2-Dimensional PDE. In addition to executing and displaying output of computer code, JNBs can import data from files and external websites, interpret equations written in LaTeX, display PowerPoints in pdf format, and show videos posted on other websites. JNBs can also save output data, figures, and animations to files in a variety of formats. At a general education level, JNBs can enrich student learning experience by helping students overcome math anxiety through inclusion of the arts. At the undergraduate math major level, JNBs can create interesting visualizations/animations and support service learning projects. The appendix explains how to get started using JNBs. The learning curve for creating the JNBs described in this article is not that steep, and the low-hanging fruit from using JNBs for a wide-range of teaching contexts and for community service learning projects is plentiful.

This research aims to find out how to use video in online learning and find out obstacles in using animated videos in class IV MI Imam Syafi'I. Researchers used a qualitative approach with the teachers' assistance and fourth-grade students as subjects in the study. In collecting data using techniques, including observation techniques, interviews, questionnaires, and also documentation. For data analysis techniques used in researchers such as data reduction, data display, conclusion/drawing. Animated videos used by teachers when online learning are animated GIF types. The benefits of animated videos are to improve student understanding and increase student attractiveness during learning. Based on the research results, the use of media can help teachers to increase creative activities when carrying out learning activities so that students are not easily bored, lazy and students become excited and active when learning takes place online. Educators can see the understanding and enthusiasm of students through a questionnaire distributed by the homeroom teacher in the form of a link. Meanwhile, the delivery of material in online learning using animated videos has several obstacles during learning, such as inadequate signals and sometimes the student quota is also limited, so that making animated videos does not work well and the delivery of material in learning activities is also less than optimal

The paper presents an overview of modern free tools for dynamic visualization and gives recommendations for choosing tools depending on the research method, the form of presentation of the initial data, and the specifics of the phenomenon under study. For the convenience of using the materials of the work, the source codes are given both for the programs of computational experiments of classical problems, and for creating a graphical visualization of the simulation results. To animate the process described by analytical formulas, it is proposed to use the gif terminal of the gnuplot program or the Python visualization library. An example of applying this approach to solving the modified Verhulst-Pearl equation, which describes the change in the population under periodic external influence, is given. When studying non-stationary phenomena distributed in space, the results can be presented in video format. The problem of natural convection in a horizontal layer of fluid or gas was simulated in the program FreeFem++ for solving differential equations by the finite element method with the conversion of the results using the GhostScript and MEncoder programs into a video format. An example of using the finite difference method in modeling self-oscillating chemical reactions in the Qt environment with saving animation frames as graphic files is given. To display the results of modeling three-dimensional dynamic processes, it is proposed to use the Blender computer graphics program. Modeling and visualization of oscillations of an elastic pendulum using the built-in Blender Python API interpreter are presented. An approach is shown for dividing a computational experiment and visualizing its results, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of the use of computational resources. A universal Python-script is proposed for constructing three-dimensional object motion trajectories based on external source data.

The paper is designed as a review and analysis of the current situation in the field of information technology (IT). The relevance of the article arises from the need to popularize IT among young people, which is reflected in the documents of the Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation, as well as from the high demand for experts in the field of digital technologies and the need to increase the digitalization of Russia. According to GeekBrains (the first programming school in Russia, which appeared in 2010, and the leader in the field of training for digital professions, which operates in 85 regions of the Russian Federation and 21 countries of the world), the number of IT job vacancies in this country will grow up to 2 million by 2027. All large organizations are looking for specialists in different IT branches, which are described in this and the following research paper. In this article, which is the first part of the study, the capabilities and problems of the following advanced technologies are considered: artificial intelligence, Data Science and quantum computing. The concepts of technologies are analyzed from the viewpoints of their everyday use and professional application. The topics are closely related and complement each other in one way or another. The article follows the logic and chronology of events in the global IT sphere. The conclusion contains a description of the author's thought experiment about bringing machine intelligence to life, it accumulates the mentioned technologies while taking into account the laws of physics. The calculations for this experiment are given as well. The materials from one of the GeekBrains's educational shows “The Way to IT” were used, including the GIF animation, which is reproduced only on the website of the “Scientific Visualization” journal.

The article describes the framework of the methodology for teaching basic school students the technology of both processing digital photography and creating raster graphic images from scratch. As a software tool, it is proposed to use the free GIMP raster editor. Raster computer graphics is more complex in relation to vector graphics, since a large number of tools are used in raster graphics, and brush graphic tools (Brush, Pencil, Airbrush) are also actively used, the effective use of which requires user of basic artistic skills. The choice of the free graphic editor GIMP is due to a number of significant advantages of this software tool over analogues. These include the GNU GPL license for its use, cross-platform, relatively low system requirements, functionality close to professional raster editors, as well as a significant stack of educational and methodological literature on the technology of using GIMP in the educational process, that is generally not typical for free software. The complex user interface of the GIMP editor is due to the large number of tools and the full functionality of this software and can be mastered by basic school students, provided that an effective methodology for teaching raster graphics is used in the educational process. When creating a framework for teaching schoolchildren about raster graphics, the technology for using all groups of GIMP editor tools is demonstrated in the process of conducting practical work aimed at creating various raster graphics, the complexity of which gradually increases in proportion to the number of tools mastered by students. Also, the proposed teaching methodology takes into account all the main structural elements of professional raster graphics, namely: the technology for the effective use of the group of operations for selecting image fragments, the technology for the effective use of the group for the transformation operation, the technology for the effective use of the group of drawing tools, image layers, color channels, contours, built-in filters, creation of text elements, creation of GIF-animation.

Steadily gaining grounds as a professional practice, several associations have emerged aiming to cooperate in terms of financing and skills support for independent animation production. Such corporations have created benefits for practitioners such access to growing pool of talented artist and increasing access to technology. Yet still, the participation and visibility of women have consistently been low or non-existent. Even though the participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the agenda for social change has championed women empowerment for decades, Girls in Animation (GIA), is the only Indigenous NGO that has ever emerged to cater for the needs of women practising animation. Using a cases study approach, this study explores GIA and examines the concept of social innovation adopted by GIA in its purpose to effect change in promoting and supporting female animators.

Maqola ona tili darslarida zamonaviy texnologiyalarni rivojlantirish, o'quvchilarning dunyoqarashini kengaytirish va dars jarayonida kompyuter texnologiyalaridan samarali foydalanishga bag'ishlangan

On 22 May 2013, programmer Steve Wilhite was honoured with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 17th Annual Webby Awards in New York. Wilhite received this award chiefly in recognition of the Graphics Interchange Format, popularly known as GIF, which was developed by him and his team at CompuServe in the 1980s. This format is best known for the short animations that it enables, which have become a staple of the Internet, especially since platforms such as Facebook and WhatsApp started providing support for the format in their messaging services.

Modern packaging must be efficient, safe, and attractively designed, while also minimizing unnecessary waste. Eco-design principles, such as material reduction, reusability, and minimal environmental impact, were central to this study. We applied these principles to the development of innovative, multipurpose gift packaging and labels, optimizing material use, eliminating unnecessary printing, and integrating sustainable features such as a structural design which requires no gluing. Alongside choosing eco-friendly materials, namely corrugated cardboard and a biodegradable paper label, eco-design guidelines in packaging and label creation were followed. Packaging of unconventional shape without printing and different versions of labels for bottles and packaging were designed. Graphic elements included on the labels are the logo, illustration, 18th Century font, and lines of varying thicknesses. To provide additional information and enhance product appeal while reducing printing, an interactive element was incorporated. In the conducted study, the respondents of a survey and focus groups evaluated the quality, price range, and visual appeal of packaging and labels. For the augmented reality application, a label with a QR code was created. A scenario and a visual story board were created, and an animation activated via the QR code was produced. The usage experience was tested by the focus groups, who provided feedback on the animation and the overall experience. This iterative process ensured that the packaging and labels met both functional and experiential expectations.

Abstract Gia Alfina Pramudita (2024). This research aims to determine the implementation and impact of using Ubay animation media on learning Islamic jurisprudence and prayer material in class 1 of SDIT Teladan Imam Syafi'i. This research was carried out at SDIT Teladan Imam Syafi'I, Tanjung District, North Lombok Regency. The subjects in this research consisted of grade 1 teachers, school principals and grade 1 students. This research method used a qualitative case study type method with data collection techniques using observation, interviews, documentation and questionnaires. The results of the research are that the implementation of the use of Ubay Animation media in Fiqh lessons in class 1 of SDIT Teladan Imam Syafi'i has been carried out in accordance with the stages of the learning process while still paying attention to the condition of the students so that the learning process becomes more enjoyable. And with this research, it can be seen that the impact of implementing the use of Ubay animation media can make the learning process more enjoyable, make it easier for students to understand the material and can focus students on the prayer fiqh learning material. Keywords:Prayer Fiqh Learning, Learning Media, Ubay Animation.

The purpose of this research is to improve the physical education learning interest and analyze the response of students during the learning process using animation-based media gift. The products of this research are 1) report on the use of media-based learning animation and problem solving theory, research subjects students UPP Parepare third semester of the academic year 2016/2017 Prodi PGSD FIP UNM totaling 25 people. The procedure of this study include 1) the manufacture of lattice questionnaire interest in learning, 2) preparation of data collection equipment, 3) triangulation and verification of data, 4) data collection, data analysis and processing. Based on the results and discussion, it was concluded that the use of an animated picture media can increase student interest in understanding the material of PE, the results of the questionnaire statement showed 85.71% or higher qualification.

An active user’s response in the form of a comment on a news story implies not only a verbal response, but also a reaction expressed visually, using emoticons, emoji, GIF animations, images, pictograms or short videos. The study examines comments from Russian- and German-speaking users to a video posted on the corresponding news channels on YouTube. Common features and the presence of national specifics in the use of the visual component in users’ comments are found. A comparative analysis of comments by representatives of Russian and German linguistic cultures on the same news story released on Russian- and German-language news channels is conducted, which ensures equal conditions for users and, accordingly, symmetrical data for analysis.

Departemen Yi di PT X menggunakan sejumlah alat peraga sebagai alat bantu komunikasi dalam kegiatan presentasi dan kegiatan pengembangan. Kegiatan presentasi bertujuan untuk mengenalkan sistem pengereman kereta api, dari mulai bentuk, cara kerja, penggunaan, perawatan, sampai dengan trouble shooting, dan hal lain yang dianggap perlu. Kegiatan presentasi tersebut dilakukan untuk kepentingan marketing dan untuk kepentingan pelatihan baik untuk kalangan konsumen, maupun tamu undangan yang memiliki kepentingan yang sama. Sementara itu, untuk kepentingan pengembangan, model atau alat peraga tersebut digunakan untuk mempelajari produk tanpa harus marusak produk. Alat peraga atau model yang digunakan di perusahaan saat ini termasuk kedalam model statis yang berupa foto produk, gambar produk, gambar teknik, Lembar Urutan Proses / Lembar Urutan Kerja, gambar perakitan dan sofiware gif animator. Model-model tersebut diperjelas dengan melakukan demonstrasi cara kerja produk dilantai pabrik.

The relevance of studying emotive graphocode within the fields of linguistics and semiotics stems from the profound transformation of communicative practices in the era of digitalization. This research aims to uncover the semiotic nature of emotive graphocode by analyzing its various forms – such as emojis, stickers, memes, and GIF animations – and identifying the mechanisms that underpin its functionality in digital communication. Key objectives include defining the concept of emotive graphocode, classifying its types, examining its semiotic characteristics (iconicity, indexicality, and symbolicity), investigating the role of context, and exploring the impact of cultural and social factors on its formation and evolution. The methodological framework integrates semiotic analysis, content analysis of internet communication (including social networks, forums, and blogs), and a sociolinguistic approach, enabling the consideration of cultural and social specificities within the Russian-speaking segment of the internet. The scientific novelty of this research lies in the development of a comprehensive semiotic approach to emotive graphocode, encompassing its varied forms and functions. Practically, the findings can be applied to enhance text sentiment analysis systems, improve automatic emotion recognition tools, develop more effective digital communication strategies, and facilitate the interpretation of visual signs in educational contexts. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of emotive graphocode as a dynamic and multifaceted phenomenon in contemporary digital communication.

The study aims to analyze the expediency of using the capabilities of LMS Moodle for the implementation of blended learning in physics at a technical university in the study of quantum physics. The opportunities presented by the Moodle online environment are analyzed. It is demonstrated that online learning combined with in-person learning greatly improves learning outcomes. An instrument for e-learning in quantum physics in the Moodle environment is described and its educational capabilities are determined. The article examines the method of creating computer models using Easy Gif Animator. Modeling is examined as a means of promoting the formation of students’ cognitive activity. The use of modeling and thought experiments contributes to enhancing students’ understanding of real-life experiments and theories in physics. The study results support the hypothesis that the introduction of an electronic learning component in teaching quantum physics will increase students’ cognitive activity levels.

The aim of this article is to prove the advisability of using the e-learning of quantum physics in the Moodle environment to help students achieve better success in this difficult subject area. The possibilities of Moodle in a distance learning environment have been analysed. E-learning tool of quantum physics in the Moodle environment has been described, and its educational opportunities have been determined. The need for material models and thought models for teaching of quantum physics has been proven. Modeling method and thought experiments explain phenomena of physics help to better understand real experiments and the essence of physics theories. The method of creation of computer models using Easy Gif Animator has been discussed. The requirements for material models have been identified, and an example of material model of Large Hadron Collider has been demonstrated. Results showed that e-learning of quantum physics increases the level of students' cognitive activity. This technique can be used for teaching other sections of physics and other natural sciences.

The integration of visual charts within email communications provides significant advantages in capturing recipient attention, simplifying complex datasets, and enhancing the clarity and memorability of key messages. This research report explores various reliable techniques for incorporating charts into emails, highlighting embedding static images as the most universally compatible method. Utilizing HTML image tags ensures broad compatibility across email platforms, while leveraging online chart generation APIs, such as QuickChart.io and Image-Charts, simplifies the creation and embedding process by managing server-side rendering complexities.The choice of image format is crucial, with PNG recommended for detailed graphics and clarity preservation, JPEG beneficial for complex, photograph-like charts prioritizing smaller file sizes, and GIF suitable for simple animations or graphics with limited colors. Advanced considerations, including mobile optimization, cross-client compatibility, and accessibility through effective alternative text descriptions, are discussed as best practices to enhance user experience and inclusivity.Finally, the limitations of embedding interactive charts directly in emails due to email client restrictions are acknowledged, recommending alternative approaches like linking static chart images to interactive online versions. Overall, the report provides comprehensive guidance for effectively employing visual charts in email communications, ensuring messages stand out, engage recipients, and clearly convey critical data and insights.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) is an ongoing phenomenon that characterizes the landscape of the High Coast (63°04'N, 18°22'E, Sweden) / Kvarken archipelago (63°16'N, 21°10'E, Finland) UNESCO World Heritage site. GIA occurs as the Earth’s crust that was depressed by the continental ice sheet during the last glacial period is slowly rebounding towards isostatic equilibrium. The maximum rate of land uplift in the area is more than eight millimetres per year, which – along with the very different topographical reliefs of the opposite coasts – makes the region an excellent study area for land uplift as a phenomenon. As there is a marine area between the coasts, shore displacement is an essential part of the phenomenon in the study area.</p><p>The cartographic representation of GIA and shore displacement has classically relied on static maps representing isobases of the uplift rates and of ancient shorelines. However, to dynamically visualize and communicate the continuity and the nature of the phenomena, an animated map is required. To create a visually balanced, seamless animation, we need to create high-resolution image frames that represent digital elevation models (DEMs) together with extracted shorelines of different moments of time. To create these frames, we developed a mathematical model to transform the DEM in a given time for the past ~9300 years. We used the most recent LiDAR-derived DEMs of Finland and Sweden, and a bathymetric model of the Gulf of Bothnia as our initial data, along with a land uplift rate surface derived from geophysical measurements. We compared the current uplift rates with the shoreline observations of the ancient Baltic Sea stages, Litorina Sea and Ancylus Lake, and created a linear model between the elevations of the shorelines and the present-day uplift rates, as there was a near-linear correlation in both cases. Based on the current uplift rates and the elevations and the dating of the ancient shorelines, we derived an exponential model to describe the non-linear correlation between the elapsed time and the occurred land uplift. Near the present time, we adapted the formula proposed by Ekman (2001) to make the model more robust closer to the present day.</p><p>We assumed that although the uplift rate varies in time, the spatial relation of uplift rates remains the same. Furthermore, as the land uplift is an exponentially decelerating phenomenon occurring with a significantly lower annual rate than shortly after the de-glaciation (Eronen et al. 2001, Nordman et al. 2015), and with most of the total uplift already having occurred (Ekman 1991), we assumed a constant rate of uplift from the present day to the near geological future. We did not consider potential sea level changes caused by human-driven climate change in the predictions, as the geological time scale vastly exceeds the time range of the climate models. Neither did we take into account the historical transgression phases, as they did not appear dominating in the area.</p><p>The elevation and bathymetry data were harmonized and resampled into 4K (3840 × 2160) pixel dimensions to utilize the best commercially available screen resolutions and to avoid unnecessary sub-pixel level computations. This resulted in a spatial pixel size of about 200 metres. The initial spatial resolution of the DEMs of Finland and Sweden was 2 metres and 1 metre, respectively, while the bathymetric data had a spatial pixel size of 400 metres. This, along with the fact that the bathymetric data was partly modelled and inaccurate near the coastlines, meant that it had to be oversampled to generate plausible coastal bathymetry and to allow any future estimations of shore displacement. All the datasets were resampled to EPSG:3857 Pseudo-Mercator projection to facilitate any future use in web map applications. As the visualized area is only about 430 kilometres in the north-south direction, the use of this projection did not introduce cartographic issues.</p><p>The rendered frames required by the animation were produced with a programmatic conversion of raster files to RGB-images. The visualization of shore displacement was implemented by a discontinuity in elevation dependent colour scale at sea level. The bathymetry was visualized with a continuous colour scale in shades of blue until the elevation of zero metres. Elevations above zero were visualized with a colour scale starting from green to create an impression of a discrete shoreline (Figure 1).</p><p>The whole process from computing the DEMs to rendering the frames was implemented in Python, without the need for traditional GUI operated GIS or image processing software. The raster data was read and processed with GDAL and NumPy libraries, and the visualization was carried out using Matplotlib and Python Imaging Library. Each DEM was given the same elevation based colour scale and an individually created hillshading that was blended with the image by multiplication. The whole process was carried out as an open source solution.</p><p>The interval between the calculated frames was set to five years as, particularly at the Swedish coast, the shore displacement can appear abrupt with a longer time interval. The frame duration was set to 0.05 seconds, which means a 100-second duration for an animation of 10 000 years.</p><p>The resulting DEM reconstructions show good agreement with comparable data, such as the Litorina reconstructions by the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK). Also, the mathematical model appears to be in line with previous reconstructions conducted in the area (e.g. Nordman et al. 2015). So far, any continuous series of paleogeographic DEM reconstructions comparable to ours has not been published for this area. The animation provides an understandable way of perceiving the continuous but decelerating nature of the land uplift phenomenon and also highlights the differences in the post-glacial history of Finnish and Swedish coasts. To further improve the visualization, we must consider the removal of post-glacially developed features in the present day DEM, e.g. the various rivers that can both cause bias in the shore displacement and uplift estimations and appear visually distractive. In the very early frames of the animation, the retracting ice sheet must also be present. Also, a balanced addition of other cartographic elements, such as present-day hydrography and place names, can further improve the overall presentation.</p>

The research focuses on how fantasy is manifested as part of storytelling. Salman Rushdie’s Victory City (2023) and Amitav Ghosh’s Jungle Nama (2021) adopt ancient myths and histories that serve as remembrance tales. Both Rushdie and Ghosh evince a common interest in exploring social issues in their writings through an allegorical form. Rushdie’s Victory City is about the history of the Vijayanagar Empire, one of the most distinguished empires of medieval India (14th century to 16th century). Rushdie submitted his final edits of Victory City before the attack in New York City (Chautauqua) for his controversial novel The Satanic Verses. In the month of August 2022, he was stabbed in public by a youngster. He tweets that there is no freedom for authors to express themselves through writing. So, the research focuses on how fantasy serves as a tool for authors to express their views. His Victory City made him overcome all the negative criticism that he had encountered during the attack. Ghosh’s Jungle Nama also adopts the history of Sundarbans’ Forest goddess, Bon Bibi. Ghosh through his narration blends the myth and history of Bon Bibi who have been worshipped for centuries by the people of Sundarbans. Blending the real and imaginary in both fictions greatly challenges the differentiation between authenticity and fantasy. The supernatural phenomena in these narratives transport the reader from reality as a kind of escapism. During this, the characters in the fiction recall the past events and visions of the future in their present, and these aspects are also explored in the analysis. Victory City and Jungle Nama encounter the experience of mysticism in their narration which embarks on a voyage of difficulties and hindrances in the unreal world. Both these speculative fiction explore the concepts of fantasy and mystery so the theory of Magical Realism is applied to the strange creatures, other worlds, evils, demons, and demi-gods that exist in the fanciful setting which is also discussed.

Abstrak−Internet dapat digunakan sebagai media untuk melakukan bisnis dengan membangun sebuah website yang mempermudah dalam strategi promosi dan informasi produk. Tidak dapat disangkal bahwa tampilan sebuah situs web yang menarik dan mudah untuk digunakan akan lebih banyak dikunjungi orang. Agar tujuan akhir dari situs web tersebut dapat tercapai yaitu produk dapat dilirik oleh masyarakat luas melalui iklan web yang akan dirancang. merupakan ringkasan singkat dari makalah untuk membantu pembaca cepat memastikan tujuan penelitian dan sesuai dengan kebutuhan penelitian. Spanduk web adalah bentuk iklan yang dipakai di jaringan Internet. Bentuk iklan menarik perhatian ke penjelajah supaya tertarik mengunjungi situs web yang dimaksud. Spanduk ini biasanya dibuat menggunakan format gambar (JPG, GIF, PNG), skrip java dan objek multimedia lainnya. Spanduk modern bahkan sudah disertai penemuan suara dan animasi sehingga terlihat lebih menarik. Ada berbagai ukuran yang dipakai pada iklan mulai dari yang sangat kecil, melebar, memanjang hingga ada yang melintang. Y.S.I.Y (Your Smile Is Yours) usaha berbasis clothing yang dibuat pada tahun 2020 Semua artikel yang dibuat memiliki arti dan tujuan untuk lebih menyayangi diri sendiri dengan ilustrasi beraliran Pop Art. Pangsa pasar yang dituju adalah pegiat seni jalanan, olahraga jalanan dikalangan anak muda seperti Skateboard hingga komunitas sepeda BMX. Menggunakan sablon kualitas plastisol premium dan kaos kualitas cotton combed 30s. Rancang bangun iklan web banner pada penelitian yang sedang dirancang ini menggunakan pendekatan metode design sprint. . Pada metode design sprint dibagi menjadi 2 (dua) bagian yaitu design sprint planning dan design sprint phases and methods. Setiap bagian utama design sprint dapat dicabangkan kembali ke dalam langkah atau tahapan yang terstruktur. Metode design sprint merupakan metode yang tepat karena merancang ulang desain ini berfokus agar pengguna mengetahui semua fitur yang bisa lebih memanjakan pengguna, dengan kata lain, metode design sprint merupakan metode yang sangat komunikatif dan juga interaktif untuk mengeluarkan semua ide, inspirasi, kreativitas, hingga masalah yang ada, solusi kemudia diwujudkan ke dalam prototype dan harus divalidasi ke calon pengguna atau target pengguna yang telah ditentukan.Kata Kunci: Rancang bangun, Iklan, Pakaian, Promosi, Situs webAbstract− Internet can be used as a medium to do business by building a website that makes it easier to promote strategies and product information. There is no denying that the appearance of a website that is attractive and easy to use will attract more people to visit. So that the ultimate goal of the website can be achieved, namely the product can be glimpsed by the wider community through a web ad that will be designed. b is a short summary of the paper to help the reader quickly determine the research objectives and according to research needs. A web banner is a form of advertising used on the Internet. This form of advertising attracts the attention of explorers to visit the website in question. These banners are usually created using image formats (JPG, GIF, PNG), java scripts and other multimedia objects. Modern banners are even accompanied by sounds and animations so they look more attractive. There are various sizes used, ranging from very small, wide, elongated to some transverse. Y.S.I.Y (Your Smile Is Yours) clothing-based business created in 2020 All articles made have meaning and purpose to love yourself more with Pop Art style illustrations. The target market is street art activists, street sports among young people such as skateboarding to the BMX bicycle community. Using premium quality plastisol screen printing and cotton combed 30s quality t-shirts. The design of the web banner ad in this research that is being designed uses the design sprint method approach. . The design sprint method is divided into 2 (two) parts, namely design sprint planning and design sprint phases and methods. Each major part of the design sprint can be branched back into structured steps or stages. The design sprint method is the right method because redesigning this design focuses on letting users know all the features that can pamper the user more, in other words, the design sprint method is a very communicative and interactive method to bring out all ideas, inspiration, creativity, to problems. the existing solution, the solution is then realized into a prototype and must be validated to potential users or predetermined target users.Keywords: Plan, Advertising, Clothing, Promotion, Website

La Station forestière de Kamonon (SFK) de 100 hectares, créée en 1989, est une forêt protégée domaniale située à Lataha au Nord de la Côte d’Ivoire. Elle bénéficie d’une protection intégrale depuis sa création malgré l’absence de l’État entre 2002 et 2012. Or la gouvernance foncière est l’élément fondamental à l’origine de la déforestation en Côte d’Ivoire. Cette recherche veut montrer que la gouvernance foncière qui associe les parties prenantes pertinentes est nécessaire pour une gestion durable d’une forêt protégée domaniale comme celle de Kamonon. Pour y arriver, la recherche documentaire, l’enquête de terrain, des observations directes et le traitement d’images satellites multidates (2000, 2014 et 2021) et l’échantillonnage aléatoire stratifié et raisonné de 258 habitants dans 6 villages riverains de cette forêt ont été effectuées. Les résultats ont montré que les principaux acteurs de la gouvernance foncière sont le Centre national de Recherche agronomique (CNRA), des familles propriétaires foncières des villages de Lataha et de Séridjakaha de la SFK et l’ONG Animation Rurale de Korhogo ; la stratégie de gouvernance foncière est la convention verbale entre le CNRA et les familles suscitées : les familles cèdent gracieusement leur terre à la CNRA, en contrepartie, le CNRA s’engage à employer les membres des familles dans la surveillance, l’entretien, le suivi, etc. des activités rémunératrices. Cet accord initié au début de sa création fonctionne encore aujourd’hui. Le succès a été d’associer les populations autochtones au projet de création, de gestion et de protection de cette forêt. Toutefois, il convient de formaliser cette convention verbale.

Les autorités locales éprouvent souvent des difficultés dans la gestion des marchés de leurs territoires. Et pourtant ces marchésjouent un rôle important dans le développement des activités économiques et dans l’accroissement des recettes fiscales descommunes.L’objectif du présent travail est d’analyser la contribution des marchés au développement local dans la commune de Bonou.Pour y parvenir, des recherches documentaires ont été effectuées et un échantillon de 72 revendeuses a été interrogé. Cesrevendeuses ont été retenues par la méthode de choix raisonné. Des observations directes ont été réalisées ainsi que desentretiens avec le maire, des personnes ressources (chef du village, représentant des sages, sages du village, des représentantsdes groupements des femmes du marché) et des services techniques de la mairie (chef service de la planification et dudéveloppement, directeur administratif et financier, services des affaires domaniales et environnementales) impliquées dansl’animation des marchés. Le traitement des données et l’analyse des résultats ont été fait grâce au modèle SWOT.Il ressort des analyses que la commune de Bonou compte quatre (04) marchés dont deux (02) fonctionnels. Mais des contraintesd’ordre endogène et organisationnel freinent l’élan des élus locaux dans la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie de collecte des taxesdans les marchés de la Commune de Bonou. La gestion de ces marchés, la sécurité ainsi que le paiement des droits sontassurées par un groupe de personnes nommé ̎ sage ̏ . Alors ces marchés ne contribuent pas à la mobilisation des recettes fiscales,par conséquent au développement local. Pour ceux, l’aménagement des marchés et la mise en place d’un comité de gestiondes marchés formé d’un représentant d’acteurs s’avèrent nécessaire pour le bon fonctionnement de ces marchés.

Introduction : La greffe de cornée est une chirurgie qui consiste à remplacer une partie de la cornée malade d’un patient par une cornée saine, afin d’améliorer la vision ou de corriger des perforations oculaires. Avec l’avancée des études, des techniques de réanimation et de soutien vital, l’activité cérébrale est devenue le critère définissant la vie et la mort d’un individu, liant ainsi la mort à des critères neurologiques. Les soins aux patients en mort cérébrale, donneurs potentiels de cornée, se caractérisent par une activité complexe, mise en œuvre par l’équipe pluridisciplinaire travaillant dans une unité de soins intensifs pour adultes. Avec la systématisation des soins infirmiers sur le lieu de travail, l’infirmier assure que la qualité des soins sera permanente. Objectif : Application de la systématisation des soins infirmiers, selon la taxonomie de NANDA, chez un patient en état de mort cérébrale, pour la préservation de la cornée de ce donneur potentiel. Méthode : Il s’agit d’une Revue Intégrative de Littérature. Pour la collecte des données, trois étapes ont été utilisées : vérification des mots-clés, obtention de l’échantillon et synthèse des données. Résultats et discussion : 12 articles ont contribué positivement à la recherche, présentant des sujets tels que : Perte du donneur potentiel en raison du maintien des soins et nécessité de la systématisation des soins infirmiers ; Stratégie pour un diagnostic précoce de la mort cérébrale et l’Importance d’une commission pour le soutien aux soins. Après la lecture et l’identification, des catégories ont émergé dans la recherche, montrant de manière satisfaisante les conditions qui mettent en évidence les dons d’organes et de tissus. Conclusion : Il a été possible d’identifier l’absence de protocoles de systématisation des soins infirmiers dans l’Unité de Soins Intensifs, et comme conséquence la diminution des greffes de cornée, mise en évidence par l’absence de stratégies précoces pour le diagnostic de la mort cérébrale.

ABSTRACTIn recent years, the popularity of using animated GIFs on social media, especially on Instagram, has increased. The need for Instagram users to produce interesting stories becomes more attractive with the use of animated GIFs. The contextual images generated by animated GIFs are brief but can tell a story, making it easier for Instagram users to tell stories and get feedback from the audience who saw the story. This study aims to show the work process and results of the design and publication of animated GIFs on Instagram Stories. The method used in this study is a qualitative research method with a case study approach with the results in the form of a published animated GIF design and gaining insight into the results of the activities of the animated GIF users.Keywords: Animation, GIF, Design, Instagram Story.ABSTRAKBeberapa tahun terakhir, popularitas penggunaan animasi GIF di media sosial, khususnya di Instagram menjadi meningkat. Kebutuhan pengguna Instagram untuk menghasilkan story yang menarik menjadi lebih atraktif dengan penggunaan animasi GIF. Citra kontekstual yang dihasilkan oleh animasi GIF yang singkat namun dapat bercerita, membuat konten story pada Instagram pengguna menjadi lebih mudah dimengerti dan mendapat feedback dari audience yang melihat story tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan proses kerja dan hasil perancangan dan publikasi animasi GIF pada Instagram Story. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus dengan hasil berupa rancangan animasi GIF yang terpublikasi dan mendapatkan insight hasil aktivitas dari pengguna animasi GIF tersebut.Kata Kunci: animasi, GIF, Desain, Instagram Story.

It's unmistakable at this point that the impending arrival of Starfield is downright a leader send off for both Bethesda and Xbox, and that the two studios think of it as an essential component of their separate 2023 setups. With the first interactivity feature having furnished the players with a sample of what's to come, some have taken to poring over the shown film to attempt to sort out how the game could act by and by. One especially essential insight regarding Starfield comes from Reddit client _eldrone, who chose to feature the game's personality delivering innovation. They posted a short GIF that zeroes in on one of the characters' energized skin folds, facial animations, and skin kinks to contrast it and Bethesda's past mainline discharge, Fallout 4 . Bethesda gladly reported that Starfield's personality maker is its most aggressive execution yet, however the buck doesn't appear to stop at simple customization. As _eldrone legitimately called attention to, the game highlights the most exceptional face delivering innovation Bethesda's had at this point, which helps make the characters much more fascinating and authentic than they were in any of the studio's past RPGs. In correlation, Fallout 4's characters look dated and have a general absence of constancy, which isn't especially odd thinking about the game's age. https://issuu.com/sub4sub-pro-unlimited-coins-apk-2022 https://issuu.com/uchannel-mod-apk-unlimited-coins-2022 https://issuu.com/bigo-live-hack-new-unlimited-diamonds https://issuu.com/head-ball-2-unlimited-diamonds-hack-2022 https://issuu.com/ablo-unlimited-money-hack-2022 https://issuu.com/arena-of-valor-unlimited-money-2022 https://issuu.com/osm-mod-apk-unlimited-money-2022 https://issuu.com/uno-unlimited-money-2022 https://issuu.com/clipclaps-unlimited-coins-hack-2022 https://issuu.com/blockman-go-unlimited-gcubes-2022 What's especially essential is that every one of the characters in some random Bethesda game are successfully made utilizing the game's personality creation apparatuses. This suggests that the person loyalty support is a gauge, precise improvement that ought to apply to all characters in all cases, including NPCs and player manifestations the same. It's likewise going to be intriguing to perceive how these high level visual elements are utilized by Bethesda's modding local area, as Starfield will completely uphold mods all along. Too vivified as the game's NPCs may be, pretending fans ought to likewise make note of the way that Starfield is betting everything on RPG components no matter how you look at it. Keeping that in mind, not exclusively will characters look and quicken in a manner that is until recently never been found in a Bethesda game, however players will likewise get to partake in a wide assortment of exemplary person maker includes that were beforehand present in games like Oblivion, just to be taken out in Skyrim and Fallout 4. There's now been a significant number of great Starfield uncovers highlighted as a feature of its first legitimate interactivity exhibit. With the game scheduled to send off right on time in 2023, Bethesda and Xbox will undoubtedly have considerably more film to flaunt in the next few long stretches of time, and things are doing great up to this point.

This Source-Data file contains supplemental information of the article "Kinematics and convergent tectonics of the Northwestern South American plate during the Cenozoic" (González et al., 2023). The shared information includes a PDF document with a database, maps and 3D figures. Additionally, a GIF animation and the GPlates files used for the proposed paleotectonic restoration are included.

Annotatsiya: Maqola ona tili darslarida zamonaviy texnologiyalarni rivojlantirish, o‘quvchilarning dunyoqarashini kengaytirish va dars jarayonida kompyuter texnologiyalaridan samarali foydalanishga bag‘ishlangan.

<strong>Introduction</strong> This supporting information includes two figure S1-2 and four movies S1-S4, providing a raw CT image for the reader to analyze the grey value distribution, a testing procedure illustration, and animations of hydrate dissociation process and shear deformations in the main article. Figure S1 is uploaded with file name Figure S1-the No.476.cb. Detailed information includes the grey value distribution for the CT image. Figure S2 is uploaded with file name Figure S2.png. Detailed information includes the testing procedure illustration. Movie S1 is uploaded with file name Movie S1. gif. Detailed information includes vertical-sectional view of a specimen during the decomposition process. Movie S2 is uploaded with file name Movie S2. gif. Detailed information includes longitudinal cross-sectional X-ray CT images of #T-1 specimen during shear deformation. Movie S3 is uploaded with file name Movie S3. gif. Detailed information includes longitudinal cross-sectional X-ray CT images of #T-2 specimen during shear deformation. Movie S4 is uploaded with file name Movie S4. gif. Detailed information includes longitudinal cross-sectional X-ray CT images of #T-3specimen during shear deformation.

На основе дешифрирования разновременных аэрофотоснимков с 1957 г. по 1988 г. и космических снимков с 2005 г. по 2020 г. приведены данные о лавинопроявлениях в районах Центрального Кавказа (бассейны рек Баксан, Черек и Мамихдон). Факты схода лавин устанавливались в результате сравнения разновременных аэрокосмоснимков и их GIF-анимаций по особенностям теней заснеженных поверхностей от неровностей отложений лавин, наличию лавинных снежников в весенне-летний период, по характеру и ареалам растительности, а так же по уникальному космоснимку в момент схода ла- вины. Based on aerial photographs interpretation from 1957 to 1988 and satellite images interpretation from 2005 to 2020, data on avalanche phenomena in the regions of the Central Caucasus (basins of the Baksan, Cherek and Mamikhdon rivers) are presented. Avalanche facts were established as a result of comparing different-time aerospace images and their GIF animations on the features of shadows of the snowy areas from the irregularities of avalanche deposits, the presence of avalanche snow-patch in the spring-summer period, in nature and vegetation ranges, as well as on a unique space image at the time of avalanche.

The kidneys are the body's central homeostatic organs and are essential for maintaining arterial blood pressure, body fluid osmolality, electrolyte concentrations and acid‐base balance, as well as eliminating metabolic waste products. Within the basic sciences healthcare professional curriculum, it has been necessary to isolate the physiological processes that the kidney performs. But the healthcare professional student has to apply these concepts within the context of the whole organism, i.e. the human body, and in a time integrative fashion as none of these processes operate in isolation. The traditional educational approach has been to present these concepts in a stepwise manner, which implies they occur sequentially, yet in fact, they occur simultaneously. Presentation and mastery of renal physiology are challenged by, a) structural complexity of the glomerular filtration membrane, nephron tubular epithelium, renal microcirculation, and interstitial fluid; b) the integrated function of these components; and c) their responses to numerous neuro‐hormonal factors. To illustrate these dynamic concepts, we have developed and will present sophisticated animations depicting three of the most conceptually challenging mechanisms of renal physiology: a) the impact of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion on renal solute handling and clearance; b) the generation and maintenance of the solute concentration gradient within the medullary interstitium and its essential role in achieving water balance; and c) the micturition reflex, including its initiation by tension in the bladder wall and its modulation by autonomic function and higher centers of the brainstem and cerebral cortex. We have created animations and artwork, utilizing Inkscape™ to make the new images, Gimp™ to import frames to make a .gif, and Anime Studio™ software to create animations. By depicting the integrated function of the component processes, these animations are intended to foster comprehension of complex renal physiology. These animations are suitable for inclusion in lectures, small group study sessions, or individual study. Individual and small group sessions can use podcasts, which include the animations. These podcasts enable students to replay the animations at their leisure and, thus, facilitate mastery of renal physiology.Support or Funding InformationUNTHSC Innovations in Teaching Using Technology Grant

The economies of the Internet are largely driven by sharing. Much of it is often veiled in a celebratory discourse that emphasizes how sharing artifacts online through gift exchanges removes hierarchies and creates broader access to public knowledge, such as in projects of free culture and open source software development. The article critically interrogates these assumptions and the gift economy of open cultural production more generally. Using a practice called open source animation film making, developed by Blender, an organisation at the core of the largest open source 3D computer graphics community, this paper shows that the discourse surrounding free culture online has largely misunderstood the complexity and ambiguities of the economy below the cultural politics of openness. With the help of classical theories of gift and value I discuss issues of debt, obligation, status, discipline, and social hierarchies created by exchanging online a variety of digital artifacts of different value, such as software, culture, and labor. This article shows that the wealth of open cultural production relies on combining multiple dimensions of gifting with fiscal and hidden forms of capital, producing a culture of secrecy in parallel to that of openness.

При сравнении аэрофотоснимков 1983 и 1988 гг. был выявлен факт схода обвала со склона г. Гогутай (3 753 м). На основе анализа рельефа правого склона долины выявлены массивы ополз- ней, которые в литературе отмечены как сейсмогенные. Активность селевых процессов определялась по изменению контуров зон селевых отложений на трех конусах выноса и по изменениям русел на участке широкой поймы. Факты схода лавин устанавливались в результате сравнения разновременных космоснимков и их GIF-анимаций по наличию лавинных снежников в весенне-летний период, по характеру и ареалам растительности, а также по уникальному космоснимку в момент схода лавины. Гра- ницы лавиносборов определялись на основе карты уклонов склонов в сравнении с локальным рельефом местности, фотографиями с маршрутных обследований и контурами лавинных от- ложений на космоснимках. Всего выделено 60 лавиносборов (включающих более 200 путей схода лавин), суммарной площадью 23,4 км2. On the basis of route surveys data in 2008, 2010, 2016 and 2017, decryption of space images from 2015 to 2019 and aerial photographs from 1957 to 1988, the paper considers the activity of dangerous natural processes in the Yusengi Valley: mudfl ows, landslides, avalanches and rockslides. When comparing aerial photographs of 1983 and 1988, the fact of the rockslide from the slope of the mountain Gogutai (3 753 m) is revealed. On the basis of the relief analysis of the right slope of the valley, landslides masses that are known in literature as seismogenic have been identifi ed. The activity of mudfl ow processes was determined by the change in the contours of the zones of the mudfl ow deposits on the three debris cones and by the changes of the stream course in the wide fl oodplain area. The facts of the avalanche collapse were established as a result of the comparison of space images and their GIF animations taken at different times, which carried out in terms of the avalanche snow-patches presence during the spring and summer period, considering the nature and habitat of vegetation, and also the unique space image taken at the very moment of the avalanche collapse. The borders of avalanche catchments were determined on the basis of a map of slopes in comparison with the local terrain, photographs from route surveys and ontours of avalanche deposits on space images. A total of 60 avalanche catchments (including more than 200 avalanche paths), with a total area of 23.4 km2, have been isolated.

<strong>R&eacute;sum&eacute; : </strong> Dans la conjoncture actuelle, l&rsquo;on assiste &agrave; une suffocation des vieillots mod&egrave;les de gouvernance, &eacute;difi&eacute;s qu&rsquo;ils sont sur une conception unilat&eacute;rale et hi&eacute;rarchique de l&rsquo;action publique. Par cons&eacute;quent, la disparit&eacute; s&rsquo;agrandit entre acteurs territoriaux et citoyens, engendrant ultimement une crise de confiance qui se manifeste concr&egrave;tement par l&rsquo;inapp&eacute;tence &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;gard d&eacute;cideurs publics. Et &agrave; m&ecirc;me de mettre sur pied une d&eacute;mocratie locale qui jouera un r&ocirc;le vital dans la promotion et l&rsquo;animation du territoire en visant &agrave; renforcer le lien social, la participation citoyenne et le d&eacute;veloppement territorial. Cet article est bas&eacute; sur une &eacute;tude empirique &agrave; m&eacute;thode mixte qui utilise une approche quantitative bas&eacute;e sur l&rsquo;exploitation de donn&eacute;es chiffr&eacute;es collect&eacute;es &agrave; partir des questionnaires; diffus&eacute;s aupr&egrave;s des responsables et des citoyens de la commune de Rabat, et une approche qualitative fond&eacute;e sur l&rsquo;observation participative et les entretiens avec le personnel de la commune. L&rsquo;id&eacute;e v&eacute;hicul&eacute;e dans cet article consiste &agrave; pr&eacute;senter de fa&ccedil;on structur&eacute;e des pr&eacute;sentations sur le circuit de l&rsquo;information et de communication entre les diff&eacute;rents services de la commune de Rabat qui permettra de d&eacute;terminer la r&eacute;ceptivit&eacute; de l&rsquo;information aupr&egrave;s des citoyens de la commune. Il s&rsquo;agit &eacute;galement de comprendre l&rsquo;interd&eacute;pendance entre la communication locale &agrave; travers la relation hi&eacute;rarchique, le circuit de l&rsquo;information et les supports utilis&eacute;s. Cette interd&eacute;pendance sera d&eacute;terminante pour une meilleure d&eacute;finition de la strat&eacute;gie de communication de la commune territoriale de Rabat. <strong>Mots Cl&eacute;s :</strong> Markeing Territorial ; Communication Territoriale Gouvernance Territoriale, Receptivite De L&rsquo;information Action Publique.

This paper will compare the metaphoric structuring of the ecological concept of resilience—with its roots in Holling's 1973 paper; with psychological concepts of resilience which followed from research—such as Werner, Bierman, and French and Garmezy and Streitman) published in the early 1970s. This metaphoric analysis will expose the difference between complex adaptive systems models of resilience in ecology and studies related to resilience in relation to climate change; compared with the individualism of linear equilibrium models of resilience which have dominated discussions of resilience in psychology and economics. By examining the ontological commitments of these competing metaphors, I will show that the individualistic concept of resilience which dominates psychological discussions of resilience is incompatible with the ontological commitments of ecological concepts of resilience. Because the ontological commitments of the concepts of ecological resilience on the one hand, and psychological resilience on the other, are so at odds with one another, it is important to be clear which concept of resilience is being evaluated for its adequacy as a concept. Having clearly distinguished these competing metaphors and their ontological commitments, this paper will show that it is the complex adaptive systems model of resilience from ecology, not the individualist concept of psychological resilience, that has been utilised by both the academic discussions of adaptation to climate change, and the operationalisation of the concept of resilience by social movements like the permaculture, ecovillage, and Transition Towns movements. Ontological Metaphors My analysis of ontological metaphors draws on insights from Kuhn's (114) account of gestalt perception in scientific paradigm shifts; the centrality of the role of concrete analogies in scientific reasoning (Masterman 77); and the theorisation of ontological metaphors in cognitive linguistics (Gärdenfors). Figure 1: Object Ontological commitments reflect the shared beliefs within a community about the sorts of things that exist. Our beliefs about what exists are shaped by our sensory and motor interactions with objects in the physical world. Physical objects have boundaries and surfaces that separate the object from not-the-object. Objects have insides and outsides, and can be described in terms of more-or-less fixed and stable “objective” properties. A prototypical example of an “object” is a “container”, like the example shown in Figure 1. Ontological metaphors allow us to conceive of “things” which are not objects as if they were objects by picking “out parts of our experience and treat them as [if they were] discrete entities or substances of a uniform kind” (Lakoff and Johnson 25). We use ontological metaphors when we imagine a boundary around a collection of things, such as the members of a team or trees in a forest, and conceive of them as being in a container (Langacker 191–97). We can then think of “things” like a team or forest as if they were a single entity. We can also understand processes and activities as if they were things with boundaries. Whether or not we characterise some aspect of our experience as a noun (a bounded entity) or as a verb (a process that occurs over time) is not determined by the nature of things in themselves, but by our understanding and interpretation of our experience (Langacker 233). In this paper I employ a technique that involves examining the details of “concrete images” from the source domains for metaphors employed in the social sciences to expose for analysis their ontological commitments (Harrison, “Politics” 215; Harrison, “Economics” 7). By examining the ontological metaphors that structure the resilience literature I will show how different conceptions of resilience reflect different beliefs and commitments about the sorts of “things” there are in the world, and hence how we can study and understand these “things.” Engineering Metaphors In his discussion of engineering resilience, Holling (“Engineering Vs. Ecological” 33) argues that this conception is the “foundation for economic theory”, and defined in terms of “resistance to disturbance and the speed of return to the equilibrium” or steady state of the system. Whereas Holling takes his original example of the use of the engineering concept of resilience from economics, Pendall, Foster, &amp; Cowell (72), and Martin-Breen and Anderies (6) identify it as the concept of resilience that dominates the field of psychology. They take the stress loading of bridges to be the engineering source for the metaphor. Figure 2: Pogo stick animation (Source: Blacklemon 67, CC http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pogoanim.gif). In order to understand this metaphor, we need to examine the characteristics of the source domain for the metaphor. A bridge can be “under tension, compression or both forces at the same time [and] experiences what engineers define as stress” (Matthews 3). In order to resist these forces, bridges need to be constructed of material which “behave much like a spring” that “strains elastically (deforms temporarily and returns to its original shape after a load has been removed) under a given stress” (Gordon 52; cited in Matthews). The pogostick shown in Figure 2 illustrates how a spring returns to its original size and configuration once the load or stress is removed. WGBH Educational Foundation provides links to simple diagrams that illustrate the different stresses the three main designs of bridges are subject to, and if you compare Computers &amp; Engineering's with Gibbs and Bourne's harmonic spring animation you can see how both a bridge under live load and the pogostick in Figure 2 oscillate just like an harmonic spring. Subject to the elastic limits of the material, the deformation of a spring is proportional to the stress or load applied. According to the “modern theory of elasticity [...] it [is] possible to deduce the relation between strain and stress for complex objects in terms of intrinsic properties of the materials it is made of” (“Hooke’s Law”). When psychological resilience is characterised in terms of “properties of individuals [that] are identified in isolation” (Martin-Breen and Anderies 12); and in terms of “behaviours and attributes [of individuals] that allow people to get along with one another and to succeed socially” (Pendall, Foster, and Cowell 72), they are reflecting this engineering focus on the properties of materials. Martin-Breen and Anderies (42) argue that “the Engineering Resilience framework” has been informed by ontological metaphors which treat “an ecosystem, person, city, government, bridge, [or] society” as if it were an object—“a unified whole”. Because this concept of resilience treats individuals as “objects,” it leads researchers to look for the properties or characteristics of the “materials” which individuals are “made of”, which are either elastic and allow them to “bounce” or “spring” back after stress; or are fragile and brittle and break under load. Similarly, the Designers Institute (DINZ), in its conference on “Our brittle society,” shows it is following the engineering resilience approach when it conceives of a city or society as an object which is made of materials which are either “strong and flexible” or “brittle and fragile”. While Holling characterises economic theory in terms of this engineering metaphor, it is in fact chemistry and the kinetic theory of gases that provides the source domain for the ontological metaphor which structures both static and dynamic equilibrium models within neo-classical economics (Smith and Foley; Mirowski). However, while springs are usually made out of metals, they can be made out of any “material [that] has the required combination of rigidity and elasticity,” such as plastic, and even wood (in a bow) (“Spring (device)”). Gas under pressure turns out to behave the same as other springs or elastic materials do under load. Because both the economic metaphor based on equilibrium theory of gases and the engineering analysis of bridges under load can both be subsumed under spring theory, we can treat both the economic (gas) metaphor and the engineering (bridge) metaphor as minor variations of a single overarching (spring) metaphor. Complex Systems Metaphors Holling (“Resilience &amp; Stability” 13–15) critiques equilibrium models, arguing that non-deterministic, complex, non-equilibrium and multi-equilibrium ecological systems do not satisfy the conditions for application of equilibrium models. Holling argues that unlike the single equilibrium modelled by engineering resilience, complex adaptive systems (CAS) may have multi or no equilibrium states, and be non-linear and non-deterministic. Walker and Salt follow Holling by calling for recognition of the “dynamic complexity of the real world” (8), and that “these [real world] systems are complex adaptive systems” (11). Martin-Breen and Anderies (7) identify the key difference between “systems” and “complex adaptive systems” resilience as adaptive capacity, which like Walker and Salt (xiii), they define as the capacity to maintain function, even if system structures change or fail. The “engineering” concept of resilience focuses on the (elastic) properties of materials and uses language associated with elastic springs. This “spring” metaphor emphasises the property of individual components. In contrast, ecological concepts of resilience examine interactions between elements, and the state of the system in a multi-dimensional phase space. This systems approach shows that the complex behaviour of a system depends at least as much on the relationships between elements. These relationships can lead to “emergent” properties which cannot be reduced to the properties of the parts of the system. To explain these relationships and connections, ecologists and climate scientists use language and images associated with landscapes such as 2-D cross-sections and 3-D topology (Holling, “Resilience &amp; Stability” 20; Pendall, Foster, and Cowell 74). Figure 3 is based on an image used by Walker, Holling, Carpenter and Kinzig (fig. 1b) to represent possible states of ecological systems. The “basins” in the image rely on our understanding of gravitational forces operating in a 3-D space to model “equilibrium” states in which the system, like the “ball” in the “basin”, will tend to settle. Figure 3: (based on Langston; in Walker et al. fig. 1b) – Tipping Point Bifurcation Wasdell (“Feedback” fig. 4) adapted this image to represent possible climate states and explain the concept of “tipping points” in complex systems. I have added the red balls (a, b, and c to replace the one black ball (b) in the original which represented the state of the system), the red lines which indicate the path of the ball/system, and the black x-y axis, in order to discuss the image. Wasdell (“Feedback Dynamics” slide 22) takes the left basin to represents “the variable, near-equilibrium, but contained dynamics of the [current] glacial/interglacial period”. As a result of rising GHG levels, the climate system absorbs more energy (mostly as heat). This energy can force the system into a different, hotter, state, less amenable to life as we know it. This is shown in Figure 3 by the system (represented as the red ball a) rising up the left basin (point b). From the perspective of the gravitational representation in Figure 3, the extra energy in the basin operates like the rotation in a Gravitron amusement ride, where centrifugal force pushes riders up the sides of the ride. If there is enough energy added to the climate system it could rise up and jump over the ridge/tipping point separating the current climate state into the “hot earth” basin shown on the right. Once the system falls into the right basin, it may be stuck near point c, and due to reinforcing feedbacks have difficulty escaping this new “equilibrium” state. Figure 4 represents a 2-D cross-section of the 3-D landscape shown in Figure 3. This cross-section shows how rising temperature and greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in a multi-equilibrium climate topology can lead to the climate crossing a tipping point and shifting from state a to state c. Figure 4: Topographic cross-section of possible climate states (derived from Wasdell, “Feedback” 26 CC). As Holling (“Resilience &amp; Stability”) warns, a less “desirable” state, such as population collapse or extinction, may be more “resilient”, in the engineering sense, than a more desirable state. Wasdell (“Feedback Dynamics” slide 22) warns that the climate forcing as a result of human induced GHG emissions is in fact pushing the system “far away from equilibrium, passed the tipping point, and into the hot-earth scenario”. In previous episodes of extreme radiative forcing in the past, this “disturbance has then been amplified by powerful feedback dynamics not active in the near-equilibrium state [… and] have typically resulted in the loss of about 90% of life on earth.” An essential element of system dynamics is the existence of (delayed) reinforcing and balancing causal feedback loops, such as the ones illustrated in Figure 5. Figure 5: Pre/Predator model (Bellinger CC-BY-SA) In the case of Figure 5, the feedback loops illustrate the relationship between rabbit population increasing, then foxes feeding on the rabbits, keeping the rabbit population within the carrying capacity of the ecosystem. Fox predation prevents rabbit over-population and consequent starvation of rabbits. The reciprocal interaction of the elements of a system leads to unpredictable nonlinearity in “even seemingly simple systems” (“System Dynamics”). The climate system is subject to both positive and negative feedback loops. If the area of ice cover increases, more heat is reflected back into space, creating a positive feedback loop, reinforcing cooling. Whereas, as the arctic ice melts, as it is doing at present (Barber), heat previously reflected back into space is absorbed by now exposed water, increasing the rate of warming. Where negative feedback (system damping) dominates, the cup-shaped equilibrium is stable and system behaviour returns to base when subject to disturbance. [...]The impact of extreme events, however, indicates limits to the stable equilibrium. At one point cooling feedback loops overwhelmed the homeostasis, precipitating the "snowball earth" effect. […] Massive release of CO2 as a result of major volcanic activity […] set off positive feedback loops, precipitating runaway global warming and eliminating most life forms at the end of the Permian period. (Wasdell, “Topological”) Martin-Breen and Anderies (53–54), following Walker and Salt, identify four key factors for systems (ecological) resilience in nonlinear, non-deterministic (complex adaptive) systems: regulatory (balancing) feedback mechanisms, where increase in one element is kept in check by another element; modularity, where failure in one part of the system will not cascade into total systems failure; functional redundancy, where more than one element performs every essential function; and, self-organising capacity, rather than central control ensures the system continues without the need for “leadership”. Transition Towns as a Resilience Movement The Transition Town (TT) movement draws on systems modelling of both climate change and of Limits to Growth (Meadows et al.). TT takes seriously Limits to Growth modelling that showed that without constraints in population and consumption the world faces systems collapse by the middle of this century. It recommends community action to build as much capacity as possible to “maintain existence of function”—Holling's (“Engineering vs. Ecological” 33) definition of ecological resilience—in the face of failing economic, political and environmental systems. The Transition Network provides a template for communities to follow to “rebuild resilience and reduce CO2 emissions”. Rob Hopkins, the movements founder, explicitly identifies ecological resilience as its central concept (Transition Handbook 6). The idea for the movement grew out of a project by (2nd year students) completed for Hopkins at the Kinsale Further Education College. According to Hopkins (“Kinsale”), this project was inspired by Holmgren’s Permaculture principles and Heinberg's book on adapting to life after peak oil. Permaculture (permanent agriculture) is a design system for creating agricultural systems modelled on the diversity, stability, and resilience of natural ecosystems (Mollison ix; Holmgren xix). Permaculture draws its scientific foundations from systems ecology (Holmgren xxv). Following CAS theory, Mollison (33) defines stability as “self-regulation”, rather than “climax” or a single equilibrium state, and recommends “diversity of beneficial functional connections” (32) rather than diversity of isolated elements. Permaculture understands resilience in the ecological, rather than the engineering sense. The Transition Handbook (17) “explores the issues of peak oil and climate change, and how when looked at together, we need to be focusing on the rebuilding of resilience as well as cutting carbon emissions. It argues that the focus of our lives will become increasingly local and small scale as we come to terms with the real implications of the energy crisis we are heading into.” The Transition Towns movement incorporate each of the four systems resilience factors, listed at the end of the previous section, into its template for building resilient communities (Hopkins, Transition Handbook 55–6). Many of its recommendations build “modularity” and “self-organising”, such as encouraging communities to build “local food systems, [and] local investment models”. Hopkins argues that in a “more localised system” feedback loops are tighter, and the “results of our actions are more obvious”. TT training exercises include awareness raising for sensitivity to networks of (actual or potential) ecological, social and economic relationships (Hopkins, Transition Handbook 60–1). TT promotes diversity of local production and economic activities in order to increase “diversity of functions” and “diversity of responses to challenges.” Heinberg (8) wrote the forward to the 2008 edition of the Transition Handbook, after speaking at a TotnesTransition Town meeting. Heinberg is now a senior fellow at the Post Carbon Institute (PCI), which was established in 2003 to “provide […] the resources needed to understand and respond to the interrelated economic, energy, environmental, and equity crises that define the 21st century [… in] a world of resilient communities and re-localized economies that thrive within ecological bounds” (PCI, “About”), of the sort envisioned by the Limits to Growth model discussed in the previous section. Given the overlapping goals of PCI and Transition Towns, it is not surprising that Rob Hopkins is now a Fellow of PCI and regular contributor to Resilience, and there are close ties between the two organisations. Resilience, which until 2012 was published as the Energy Bulletin, is run by the Post Carbon Institute (PCI). Like Transition Towns, Resilience aims to build “community resilience in a world of multiple emerging challenges: the decline of cheap energy, the depletion of critical resources like water, complex environmental crises like climate change and biodiversity loss, and the social and economic issues which are linked to these. […] It has [its] roots in systems theory” (PCI, “About Resilience”). Resilience.org says it follows the interpretation of Resilience Alliance (RA) Program Director Brian Walker and science writer David Salt's (xiii) ecological definition of resilience as “the capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and still retain its basic function and structure.“ Conclusion This paper has analysed the ontological metaphors structuring competing conceptions of resilience. 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