Academic literature on the topic 'Gigartina skottsbergii'

Salmon paste contains nutritious components such as essential fatty acids (EPA, DHA), vitamin E and astaxanthin, which can be protected with the addition of red algae extracts. Phenolic extracts were prepared with an ethanol: water mixture (1:1) from the red seaweeds Gracilaria chilensis, Gelidium chilense, Iridaea larga, Gigartina chamissoi, Gigartina skottsbergii and Gigartina radula, obtained from the Pacific Ocean. Most algae had a high content of protein (>7.2%), fiber (>55%) and β-glucans (>4.9%), all expressed on a dry weight basis. Total polyphenols (TP), total flavonoids (TF), antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP) and antibacterial power of the extracts were measured. In addition, the nutritional components of the algae were determined. Results showed that the content of TP in the six algae varied between 2.6 and 11.3 mg EAG/g dw and between 2.2 and 9.6 for TF. Also, the extracts of G. skottsbergii, G. chamissoi, G. radula and G. chilensis showed the highest antiradical activity (DPPH, FRAP). All samples exhibited a low production of primary oxidation products, and protection of the essential components and the endogenous antioxidants tocopherols and astaxanthin, particularly in the case of G. skottsbergii, G. chamissoi, G. radula and G. chilensis. Furthermore, all algae had inhibitory activity against the tested microorganisms, coincident with their antioxidant capacity. Results show that the extracts may have future applications in the development and preservation of essential dietary components of healthy foods.

Gigartina skottsbergii is the currently accepted name for the large, peltate species of Gigartinaceae distributed in Argentina, Chile, and along the Antarctic Peninsula. However, phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences for more than twenty years indicate that two species are passing under the name G. skottsbergii, and both DNA sequences and morpho-anatomy indicate that the species are assignable to an undescribed genus. To formally validate the new genus and species, we performed next generation sequencing (NGS) on the lectotype material of G. skottsbergii to document its genetic identity and obtained its complete mitogenome and partial plastid genome. Phylogenetic analysis of rbcL and cox1 sequences of the lectotype along with recent collections of G. skottsbergii from southern South America and Antarctica, confirmed the generic distinction and the presence of two morphologically similar taxa. We propose Sarcopeltis gen. nov., containing the generitype S. skottsbergii comb. nov. from southern South America, and S. antarctica sp. nov. from the Antarctic Peninsula. Sarcopeltis is characterized by the following suite of features: 1) peg-like secondary haptera that adhere to the substratum, 2) absence of an envelope surrounding each cystocarp, 3) presence of extensive, terminal, tubular gonimoblast filaments that fuse with surrounding vegetative cells, and 4) tetrasporangia formed from secondary filaments entirely in the medulla. This study demonstrates that genetic analysis of type material, together with recently obtained DNA sequences from field collected specimens, can provide clear and objective taxonomic conclusions.

The marine realm and, in particular, the Antarctic benthos is largely unexplored and understudied. The chemical investigation reported herein reveals not only the biodiversity, but how that biodiversity manifests remarkable chemical diversity. In our continuing study of the nudibranch Austrodoris kerguelenensis, we have isolated a diverse suite of diterpenoid glyceride esters, palmadorins D - S (2.32 - 2.47), one of which is the first reported halogenated diterpene from a dorid nudibranch. Utilizing genomic data from collaborators, we have investigated the chemical diversity from phylogenetically unique specimens collected in close proximity to one another. Chemical groupings based on comparison of LC/MS metabolite fingerprints from individual organisms correlated well to the genetic data. Our research shows that A. kerguelenensis specimens from the same phylogroups elaborate near identical metabolite profiles to each other, but distinct from other phylogroups. Dendrilla membranosa is a dominant demosponge that prior studies have shown is rarely preyed upon and deters feeding against amphipods, the principal mesograzers of the Western Antarctic Peninsula. To assess the defensive nature of the pure compounds, artificial food pellets spiked with membranolides were evaluated in a feeding assay against the omnivorous amphipod Gondogeneia antarctica whereby only artificial pellets containing membranolide exhibited significant feeding deterrence. The research reported herein demonstrates that membranolides C and D were originally misassigned. Reevaluation of new extracts evolved additional fused furan membranolides G and H, and allowed for complete characterization of the four epimers. Extraction of sponge in CD3OD resulted in incorporation of a deuterated methyl group into fragment ions as evidenced from LC/MS chromatograms. Further chemical investigation of D. membranosa without the use of methanol revealed that these non-natural products arise from aplysulphurin, a known compound originally isolated from the sponge Aplysilla sulphurea, but later isolated from D. membranosa. These studies emphasize the importance of exploring the marine realm for the presence of antiviral compounds, not only for identification of small molecules but also as a source of potent macromolecules. Subfractions from Gigartina skottsbergii possesses strong anti-influenza activity toward both the A/Wyoming/03/2003 (H3N2) and A/California/04/2009 (H1N1) virus with EC50 values in the range of 5 to 10 μg/mL. The virus-inhibitory effect was selective, dose-dependent, strain-specific and the virus induced cytopathogenic effect (CPE) was reduced at non-toxic concentrations of the extract.

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Tissue engineering typically involves three major components, which are termed tissue engineering pillars: responsive cells (stem cells), scaffolds and signaling molecules (such as proteins and growth factors). Scaffolds are three-dimensional structures that provide cell support and serve as a guide for cell colonization, proliferation and differentiation. In recent years, synthetic and natural polymers have been investigated as biomaterials for a wide range of applications, including tissue regeneration and tissue engineering. However, national biomaterials, for the most varied applications, are not available, leading to dependence on external technology and causing an expanding market to be discredited on the national scene. In this sense, the present study aims to develop and characterize a new injectable scaffold from Gigartina skottsbergii algae found in the Latin American continent, which together with its bioproducts can be used in tissue engineering and cell therapy, with initial application in the medical area. To do so, a gel was synthesized and processed from G. Skottsbergii, which was analyzed and tested as a new scaffold. Thus, the viability and cell adhesion capacity of the scaffold were evaluated using the WST-1 colorimetric assay, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), against an immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblast (NIH/3T3) cell line. Data evaluation was performed using the two-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test with a significance level of p <0.05. In this sense, it is possible to observe the three-dimensional structure of the G. skottsbergii algae, as well as the NIH/3T3 cells in this structure. It is observed that the cells are in great quantity and strongly adhered to the algae structure, maintaining an elongated morphology and with extensions. In relation to the evaluation of the three-dimensional structure of the hydrogel from the G. Skottsbergii algae and the morphology of the NIH/3T3 cells seeded on it, large areas can be observed for the cellular adhesion, and laminar and filamentar structures that interconnect are seen, adhered to this structure it is possible to observe NIH/3T3 cells with elongated morphology and extensions. Also, it is observed that there was a greater cell viability in the group containing a 1/4 dilution of the gel from the G. Skottsbergii algae with 5 hours and culture and also with 48 hours of culture. Keywords: carrageenan, injectable hydrogel, Gigartina skottsbergii
A engenharia tecidual envolve tipicamente três componentes principais, os quais são denominados de pilares da engenharia tecidual: células responsivas (ex. células tronco), scaffolds e moléculas sinalizadoras (tais como proteínas e fatores de crescimento). Os scaffolds são estruturas tridimensionais que proporcionam um suporte para as células e servem de guia para a colonização, proliferação e diferenciação celular. Nos últimos anos, polímeros sintéticos e naturais, vêm sendo investigados como biomateriais para ampla gama de aplicações, incluindo regeneração tecidual e engenharia de tecidos. No entanto, biomateriais nacionais, para as mais variadas aplicações, não são disponíveis, levando à dependência de tecnologia externa e fazendo com que um mercado em ampla expansão seja desprestigiado no cenário nacional. Neste sentido, o presente estudo tem por objetivo desenvolver e caracterizar um novo scaffold injetável proveniente da alga rodofícea Gigartina skottsbergii encontrada no continente latino americano, o qual juntamente com os seus bioprodutos possa ser empregado em engenharia tecidual e terapia celular, com aplicação inicial na área médica. Para tanto, foi sintetizado e processado um gel a partir da alga G. Skottsbergii, o qual foi analisado e testado como um novo scaffold. Assim, foi avaliada a viabilidade e capacidade de adesão celular do scaffold, utilizando-se o ensaio colorimétrico de WST-1 e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), frente a uma linhagem celular imortalizada de fibroblastos embrionários de rato (NIH/3T3). A avaliação dos dados foi realizada utilizando a Análise de Variância (ANOVA) de duas vias seguido pelo teste de Tukey com nível de significância de p<0,05. Neste sentindo, foi possível observar a estrutura tridimensional da alga marinha, assim como o comportamento das células NIH/3T3 frente a esta estrutura. Observa-se que as células encontram-se em grande quantidade e fortemente aderidas a estrutura da alga, mantendo uma morfologia alongada e com prolongamentos. Com relação a avaliação da estrutura tridimensional do hidrogel proveniente da alga G. Skottsbergii e a morfologia das células NIH/3T3 semeadas sobre este, foram ser observadas grandes áreas para a adesão celular, onde são visualizadas estruturas laminares e filamentares que se interconectam, aderido a esta estrutura é possível observar células NIH/3T3 com morfologia alongada e prolongamentos. Alem disso, observou-se que houve uma maior viabilidade celular no grupo que continha uma diluição de 1/4 do gel proveniente da alga G. Skottsbergii com 5 horas e cultivo e com 48 horas de cultivo.