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Fernandes, Ana Verina Faria. "Ginseng (Panax ginseng): mito ou verdade científica?" Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/2440.
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Trabalho apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas.<br>O ginseng (Panax ginseng) é uma espécie botânica utilizada há milhares de anos pela Medicina tradicional chinesa para aumentar a longevidade e melhorar a qualidade de vida. A planta medicinal (fármaco) é constituída pelas raízes secas (inteiras ou fragmentadas) de plantas com 4 a 6 anos de idade, quando o seu teor global de ginsenósidos (saponósidos triterpénicos tetracíclicos poli-hidroxilados) - a principal classe de compostos bioactivos do ginseng - atinge a concentração máxima.
Estudos científicos parecem indicar que o ginseng aumenta a capacidade de resistência às doenças, à fadiga e ao stress. Estão ainda descritas as suas actividades antiviral, antiagregante e antioxidante e de tónico cardíaco.
As acções manifestadas por esta planta medicinal originaram a criação de um novo grupo de fármacos denominados de adaptogénios. Estes produtos são caracterizados por serem capazes de normalizar lentamente o organismo, quando este se encontra sob stress ou com as resistências naturais diminuídas por infecções, ou mesmo quando haja perda de vitalidade física e intelectual por efeito do envelhecimento. Contudo, é de referir que o uso continuado deste fármaco pode originar a “síndrome de abuso do ginseng”, com efeitos idênticos aos causados pelo emprego de corticosteróides tais como nervosismo, insónia, hipertensão arterial, urticária e diarreia matinal.
Este trabalho pretende rever a literatura científica disponível no que concerne aos estudos científicos já realizados ao ginseng, em particular os relacionados com os seus ginsenósidos e respectivas actividades biológicas. Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is a botanical species used for thousands of years by traditional Chinese medicine to increase longevity and improve life quality. The medicinal plant (drug) is constituted by the dry roots (whole or in fragments) from 4 to 6 years old plants. At that age, their overall content of ginsenosides (polyhydroxylated tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins) - the main class of bioactive compounds in ginseng - reaches its maximum.
Scientific studies seem to indicate that ginseng increases the resilience to disease, fatigue and stress. Other activities reported are antiviral, antiaggregant, antioxidant and cardiotonic.
The actions expressed by this medicinal plant originated the creation of a new group of drugs named adaptogens. These drugs can slowly rebalance the human body when stressed or with a diminished resistance due to infections. They can also be used when physical or intellectual vitality is somewhat decreased due to aging. However, the prolonged use of this drug can lead to “ginseng abuse syndrome”, causing identical effects to those observed with the use of corticosteroids including nervousness, insomnia, hypertension, skin eruptions and morning diarrhea.
This paper aims to review the available scientific literature regarding the studies already conducted with ginseng, especially ones associated to its ginsenosides and their corresponding biological activities.
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Larsson, Erica. "Ginseng som behandling mot fatigue. En litteraturstudie om ginsengs effekt och säkerhet." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för integrativ medicinsk biologi (IMB), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-179320.
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Shah, Manisha. "Clinical ginseng research a critical review /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31969811.
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Zeuske, Dorit. "Morphologisch-anatomische Untersuchungen an Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae) und die Bedeutung arbuskulärer Mycorrhizapilze im Ginsenganbau." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/diss/z2001/0082/.
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Mooney, Emily H. "Genetic and evolutionary consequences of harvest in American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L. (Araliaceae)." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5117.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2007.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 185 p. : ill., col. map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Shah, Manisha. "Clinical ginseng research: a criticalreview." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31969811.
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Maréchal, Emmanuel. "Ginseng : utilisation en pratique sportive." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR2P050.
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Ma, Jie. "Chemical profile of ginseng, Epimedium, Rhodiola and Siberian ginseng extracts and stability of their formulated products." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2013. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/chemical-profile-of-ginseng-epimedium-rhodiola-and-siberian-ginseng-extracts-and-stability-of-their-formulated-products(82ecfb44-910c-4284-8db4-98ffb20755ff).html.
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Rhodiola rosea, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Epimedium and Panax species have been used in complementary and alternative medicine for thousands of years and are used worldwide for their range of curative effects. In order for any herb preparation to be considered medicinally effective, it must be given at a sufficient dosage level, as well, for therapeutic purposes, the correct plant species is most important. Due to the lack of quality control, many herb-containing products that are made available to consumers on the market today may contain misidentified plant species, counterfeit ingredients, an insufficient quantity of the known active compounds and spiking with marker compounds. Therefore, better regulation and effective control of commercial herbal products are needed. There are three major aims for this research programme: 1) Development of analytical methods for the detection of major biological marker compounds of Rhodiola rosea, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Epimedium and Panax species and establishment of their HPLC profiles. 2) The developed methods from above to be used to evaluate raw materials and commercial products containing the Rhodiola rosea, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Epimedium and Panax species. 3) Establish Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography methods for each single herb and analyze multiple chemical constituents simultaneously in formulated products containing Rhodiola rosea, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Epimedium and Panax species. 4) To determine if the proposed developed methods are practical for use, and furthermore, with respect to selected commercial products to clarify that their content matches the claim on their label. Traditionally, single marker compounds are used for the evaluation and determination of herbs. This presents a restriction and consequently many counterfeit products are found on the market. Therefore HPLC profile analysis for the multiple chemical constituent is needed for a more accurate identification of herb species and provides significance for the analysis of formulated products. R. rosea, E. senticosus, Epimedium and Panax species were included in this study as these four herbs are often used in different mixture combinations to make the so called “energy formula”. This includes the simultaneous analysis of up to twenty active ingredients from these four herbs, namely, salidroside, tyrosol, eleutheroside B, E, rosarin, rosavin, rosin, rosiridin, Rg1, Re, epimedin A, B, C, icariin, Rb1, Rc, Rb2 and Rd. A rapid and effective method for the determination of phenylpropanoids, phenylethanol and monoterpenoids from R. rosea, eleutherosides B and E from E. senticosus, flavonol glycosides from Epimedium species and ginsenosides from Panax species in one injection using the reverse-phase Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography was successfully developed and used to evaluate the botanical combination. This breakthrough example will lead the industry to optimum quality control methods, especially for formulated botanical products. As well, the results will provide herbalists with more confidence in accepting the so called “standardized botanical extracts”. This developed method can simultaneously analyse Rhodiola, Eleutherococcus, Epimedium and Panax containing products to ensure the correct species.
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Correa, Junior Cirino [UNESP]. "Estudo agronômico de fáfia (Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng) Pedersen: sazonalidade na produção de raízes e conteúdo de' Beta'- ecdisona em diferentes acessos de São Paulo, Paraná e Mato Grosso do Sul." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103303.
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correajunior_c_dr_botfca.pdf: 1376199 bytes, checksum: 8b5ae120482fb2d6bf25bdb13965ed40 (MD5)<br>O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar estudos sobre as características agronômicas e fitoquímicas da Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pederson e de sua inter-relação sócio-ambiental, num trecho da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, onde cresce espontaneamente. A coleta dos acessos (A) foi realizada ao longo dos rios Paranapanema (Rosana, SP = A4), Paraná (Ilha de Santa Terezinha, PR = A1; Taquaruçu, MS = A3), Ivaí (Querência do Norte, PR = A2), nos estados do Paraná, São Paulo e Mato Grosso do Sul. Um experimento foi instalado no município Querência do Norte-PR para avaliar o desenvolvimento da espécie em altura (em viveiro e campo) e a produção de raízes (peso fresco, peso seco) e conteúdo de -ecdisona das raízes. Com relação a - ecdisona, os extratos foram preparados na UEM e as determinações em foram feitas no TECPAR. Também foi feito um levantamento da situação socioeconômica dos coletores e elaborado o fluxograma do produto. As colheitas foram realizadas a partir do oitavo até o décimo quarto mês após o plantio, em intervalos de dois meses (E). Na produção de mudas o acesso com maior taxa de brotação dos propágulos foi o A2, com 94%, seguida do A3 com 84%; A1 com 73%; e o A4 com 71%. Quanto ao desenvolvimento das mudas em viveiro, o acesso que apresentou maior velocidade de crescimento foi o A4 (média 37,4 cm), seguido do A2 (média 28,9 cm), A3 (média 27,4 cm) e o A1 (média 23,3 cm). Em relação ao desenvolvimento da parte aérea, a diferença entre os acessos existente no momento da instalação do experimento deixou de ser significativa a partir da segunda avaliação. A altura média de todos os acessos de foi 1,61m na 4ª avaliação. Com relação à produção de raízes, verificou-se que as maiores produtividades, tanto em peso fresco quanto seco, foram alcançadas aos 12 e aos 14 meses...<br>The aim of this study was to determine some agricultural and phyto-chemical characteristics of Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pederson and the interaction of the cultivation of this species with social and environmental aspects. The study was carried out in its natural habitat: the flooded lowlands of the Paraná river basin. The gathering of the accessions for collection purposes (A) was performed along the rivers Paranapanema (Rosana, SP = A4), Paraná (Ilha de Santa Terezinha, PR = A1; Taquaruçu, MS = A3), and Ivaí (Querência do Norte, PR = A2), in the states of Paraná, São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul. An field trial was set up in the municipality of Querência do Norte- PR to evaluate the development of the species in terms of the height development (in nursery and under field conditions) and the production of roots (fresh weight, dry weight) and -ecdisone content in roots. The extracts to determine the latter were prepared at UEM (State University of Maringá) and the content was obtained with HPLC - equipment at TECPAR (Institute of Technology of Paraná). A survey about the social and economic situation of the collectors was also undertaken and a production-to-consumption flowchart for the product was drawn. Harvesting of the roots was carried out in a two-month interval (E), starting eight months after planting until fourteen month after planting. During the nursery phase, the accession that resulted the highest rate of sprouting of the propagative material (cuttings from the cormlike tissues) was accession 2, with 94%, followed by A3 with 84%; A1 with 73%; and A4 with 71%. In relation to seedling development under field conditions, the accession that showed the fastest growth rate was accession A4 (average of 37.4 cm), followed by A2 (average of 28.9 cm), A3 (average of 27.4 cm) and A1 (average 23.3 cm). In terms of development... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Segret, Léa. "Traitement pré récolte en vue de développer des opérations culturales permettant d'optimiser la teneur en principes actifs de plants de ginseng." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0003.
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France ginseng est une jeune entreprise qui cultive un ginseng "Made in France" de façon pérenne et rentable en France. Cette entreprise a développé un concept innovant de production de plante médicinale. En vue d'accélérer son développement et d'optimiser ses connaissances et ses techniques, un ambitieux programme de recherche et développement est lancé. Les objectifs du projet proposé porteront sur l'identification de facteurs agronomiques favorisant l'accumulation des ginsénosides et la qualité du produit obtenu. Plus précisément, il s'agira de définir et justifier via la physiologie de la feuille et de la racine, les conditions permettant d'obtenir ces meilleures teneurs et compositions en ginsénosides. A cette fin, des essais en conditions de cultures sous ombrières sur 2 sites de production ou en conditions contrôlées seront mis en place et conduits sur des plants de 1 à 4 ans. Divers traitements post-récolte seront associés à ces essais de production<br>France ginseng is a young company that cultivates ginseng "Made in France" in a sustainable and profitable way in France. This company has developed an innovative concept of medicinal plant production. In order to accelerate its development and to optimize its knowledge and techniques, an ambitious program of research and development is launched. The objectives of the proposed project will focus on the identification of agronomic factors improving the accumulation of ginsenosides and the quality of the product obtained. More precisely, the aim is to define and justify via the physiology of the leaf and the root, the conditions allowing to obtain the best contents and compositions in ginsenosides. For this purpose, tests under shade-culture conditions on 2 production sites in field or in controlled conditions in a greenhouse will be set up and conducted on plants of 1 to 4 years. Various post-harvest treatments will be associated with these production trials
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James, Addison Davis. "Confessions of an American Ginseng Addict." TopSCHOLAR®, 2015. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1529.
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Confessions of an American Ginseng Addict uses the Lazy Branch Holler in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky as a setting for a creative nonfiction work, which uses history, confession, remembrances, and digressions to tell the story of a man dealing with loss, mental health issues, environmental sustainability, and the power of ginseng. In the style of Desert Solitaire and Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, the narrative is a discursive work of raw unadulterated gonzo writing.
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Correa, Junior Cirino. "Estudo agronômico de fáfia (Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng) Pedersen : sazonalidade na produção de raízes e conteúdo de' Beta'- ecdisona em diferentes acessos de São Paulo, Paraná e Mato Grosso do Sul /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103303.
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Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar estudos sobre as características agronômicas e fitoquímicas da Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pederson e de sua inter-relação sócio-ambiental, num trecho da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, onde cresce espontaneamente. A coleta dos acessos (A) foi realizada ao longo dos rios Paranapanema (Rosana, SP = A4), Paraná (Ilha de Santa Terezinha, PR = A1; Taquaruçu, MS = A3), Ivaí (Querência do Norte, PR = A2), nos estados do Paraná, São Paulo e Mato Grosso do Sul. Um experimento foi instalado no município Querência do Norte-PR para avaliar o desenvolvimento da espécie em altura (em viveiro e campo) e a produção de raízes (peso fresco, peso seco) e conteúdo de -ecdisona das raízes. Com relação a - ecdisona, os extratos foram preparados na UEM e as determinações em foram feitas no TECPAR. Também foi feito um levantamento da situação socioeconômica dos coletores e elaborado o fluxograma do produto. As colheitas foram realizadas a partir do oitavo até o décimo quarto mês após o plantio, em intervalos de dois meses (E). Na produção de mudas o acesso com maior taxa de brotação dos propágulos foi o A2, com 94%, seguida do A3 com 84%; A1 com 73%; e o A4 com 71%. Quanto ao desenvolvimento das mudas em viveiro, o acesso que apresentou maior velocidade de crescimento foi o A4 (média 37,4 cm), seguido do A2 (média 28,9 cm), A3 (média 27,4 cm) e o A1 (média 23,3 cm). Em relação ao desenvolvimento da parte aérea, a diferença entre os acessos existente no momento da instalação do experimento deixou de ser significativa a partir da segunda avaliação. A altura média de todos os acessos de foi 1,61m na 4ª avaliação. Com relação à produção de raízes, verificou-se que as maiores produtividades, tanto em peso fresco quanto seco, foram alcançadas aos 12 e aos 14 meses... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine some agricultural and phyto-chemical characteristics of Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pederson and the interaction of the cultivation of this species with social and environmental aspects. The study was carried out in its natural habitat: the flooded lowlands of the Paraná river basin. The gathering of the accessions for collection purposes (A) was performed along the rivers Paranapanema (Rosana, SP = A4), Paraná (Ilha de Santa Terezinha, PR = A1; Taquaruçu, MS = A3), and Ivaí (Querência do Norte, PR = A2), in the states of Paraná, São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul. An field trial was set up in the municipality of Querência do Norte- PR to evaluate the development of the species in terms of the height development (in nursery and under field conditions) and the production of roots (fresh weight, dry weight) and -ecdisone content in roots. The extracts to determine the latter were prepared at UEM (State University of Maringá) and the content was obtained with HPLC - equipment at TECPAR (Institute of Technology of Paraná). A survey about the social and economic situation of the collectors was also undertaken and a production-to-consumption flowchart for the product was drawn. Harvesting of the roots was carried out in a two-month interval (E), starting eight months after planting until fourteen month after planting. During the nursery phase, the accession that resulted the highest rate of sprouting of the propagative material (cuttings from the cormlike tissues) was accession 2, with 94%, followed by A3 with 84%; A1 with 73%; and A4 with 71%. In relation to seedling development under field conditions, the accession that showed the fastest growth rate was accession A4 (average of 37.4 cm), followed by A2 (average of 28.9 cm), A3 (average of 27.4 cm) and A1 (average 23.3 cm). In terms of development... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Orientador: Lin Chau Ming<br>Coorientador: Diógenes A. G. Cortez<br>Doutor
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Sadler, Tony. "The influence of climate, dormancy and seed germination in understanding the commercial limitations of growth of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and Panax quinquefolius L. and the mass micropropagation of these species /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18300.pdf.
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Hackney, Erin Elizabeth. "The effects of small population size, breeding system, and gene flow on fruit and seed production in American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L., Araliaceae)." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1170.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 84 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Mahmod, Chenar. "Is ginseng effective against tiredness and fatigue?" Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-24354.
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Bakgrund: Ginseng klassas som ett traditionellt växtbaserat läkemedel som säljs inom egenvården på apotek samt hälsokostbutiker. Det påstås att ginseng har en uppiggande effekt och anses vara effektivt mot trötthet. Trötthet finns i olika former och grader samt beror på olika faktorer. Fatigue är också en typ av trötthet men beror på en bakomliggande sjukdom och anses vara mer utmattande än trötthet. Ordet används också för att skilja det från så kallad normal trötthet. Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete är att genom systematiska sammanställningar och meta-analyser analysera om det finns bevis som stödjer påståendet om att ginseng ska vara effektivt mot trötthet och fatigue.Mål: Hitta systematiska sammanställningar samt meta-analyser genom identifiering av relevant litteratur genom en databassökning, bedöma kvaliteten genom PRISMA och sammanställa resultat för att besvara syftets frågeställning.Metoder: Litteratursökning genom relevanta databaser samt värdera de med hjälp utav PRISMA. Slutligen ska litteraturen sammanställas. Resultat: 4 systematiska sammanställningar samt 1 meta-analys ingick i analysen. De bedömdes vara av medel till hög kvalitet enligt PRISMA. Resultaten variera beroende på vilken typ av ginseng som deltagarna fick. Majoriteten av resultaten från de enskilda studierna tyder på att amerikansk och asiatisk ginseng är effektivt mot fatigue. Röd ginseng är däremot inte lika effektiv. Nio utav de sammanlagda nitton studierna gjordes på friska individer och endast två utav studierna rapporterade att ginseng hade en signifikant förbättring på trötthet.Slutsats: Amerikansk ginseng, följt av asiatisk ginseng, visade sig vara bra mot fatigue. Däremot hade röd ginseng ingen effekt på fatigue i samma grad som amerikansk och asiatisk. Dock är det svårt att påstå hur det fungerar mot just trötthet, då trötthet har många grader och beror på olika faktorer samt att det inte finns tillräckligt med belägg av bra kvalitet som kan styrka påståendet om att det skulle fungera mot trötthet, som inte är orsakad av någon bakomliggande sjukdom som fatigue.<br>Background: Ginseng is classified as a traditional herbal medicine sold in the self-care section at pharmacies and health food stores. It is claimed that ginseng has a revitalizing effect and is considered effective against tiredness. Tiredness exists in various forms and degrees and depends on various factors. Fatigue is also a type of tiredness but depends on an underlying disease and is more exhausting than tiredness. The word is also used to distinguish it from so-called normal tiredness.Purpose: The aim of this work is to find systematic reviews and meta-analyzes to see if there is evidence supporting the claim that ginseng is effective against tiredness and fatigue.Objective: Find systematic reviews and meta analyzes by identifying relevant literature through a database search, assessing the value of the studies through PRISMA and compiling results to answer the purpose of this work. Method: Literature search through relevant databases and assess the studies based on PRISMA’s checklist. Finally the studies should be compiled.Results: 4 systematic reviews and 1 meta-analysis were obtained. They were to be of average to high quality according to the PRISMA checklist. The results vary depending on the type of ginseng that was given to the participants. Most of the studies indicate that American and Asian ginseng are effective against fatigue. However, the studies indicate that red ginseng is not effective. Conclusion: In conclusion ginseng is effective in people with fatigue, depending on the type of ginseng it is. American ginseng, followed by Asian ginseng, proved to be good against fatigue that’s caused by an underlying illness. However, red ginseng had no effect on fatigue to the same extent as American and Asian. Also, it is difficult to claim how it works against people who are only feeling tired, as normal tiredness has many degrees and depends on various factors and that there is not enough evidence of good quality that can substantiate the claim that it would work against tiredness that’s not caused by an underlying illness.
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Chan, Hoi Huen. "The vascular modulation effect of Panax ginseng." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2013. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1518.
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Ng, Ho-yee Janet. "Effects of Panax ginseng on selected aerodynamic measures and fundamental frequency range of healthy females." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36208413.
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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2002.<br>"A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, May 10, 2002." Also available in print.
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Anderson, Seona Margaret. "Loss and change : a social history of wild plant use in Taz, Udege and Nanai communities of the Russian Far East." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272159.
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Leung, Kar Wah. "Ginseng pharmacology : signaling pathways of ginsenoside-Rg1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2006. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/766.
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Reay, Jonathon. "Neurocognitive and gluco-regulatory effects of Panax ginseng." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2007. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/2834/.
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Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) has long been used in the Far East to aid in the recovery and prevention of illness. Ginseng, an over-the-counter herbal product in the UK, is amongst these herbal CAMs currently available to the general public. Ginseng is renowned for its rejuvenating properties and its purported ability to aid cognitive function and well-being. Despite the huge global market for ginseng there is little in the way of human research, utilising standardised ginseng extracts and well controlled methodology to support many of these claims. Additionally, ginseng's underlying mechanisms of action are poorly understood. The present thesis documents 5 double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trials investigating the effects of Panax ginseng, following acute and chronic ingestion, on behaviour, mood and indices of glucose regulation in young healthy volunteers. The results of the five studies making this thesis suggest that both acute and chronic dosing with Panax ginseng is capable of modulating mood and cognitive performance in healthy young volunteers. Chapters 2 and 3 also demonstrate, for the first time, Panax ginseng's ability to modulate blood glucose levels following a single acute dose in overnight fasted healthy volunteers. In chapters 2 and 3, significant reductions in blood glucose levels and concomitant improvements in mental arithmetic (working memory) performance were reported. Chapter 4 revealed for the first time Panax ginseng's positive effects on traditional measures of working memory, thus posing the suggestion that previous failures to report working memory effects (using traditional working memory tasks) may have been due to poor task selection. Chapter 5 revealed an unexpected superimposed relationship between chronic and acute ingestion of Panax ginseng. The pattern of results suggests that following chronic dosing, an acute dose can further modulate cognition and mood (suggestive of a psychological dependence). The final chapter documents a different profile of cognitive and mood effects following a non-standardised Panax ginseng extract, thus highlighting the need for caution when generalising results across ginseng types and beyond the specific parameters of the methodologies utilised in any given study. Methodological differences between studies may go some way in explaining the inconsistent data patterns reported between studies, research groups and ginseng extracts. These data further highlight the need for well-controlled studies utilising standardised ginseng extracts and the need for the integration of 'theory driven' research in order to fractionate any behavioural effect. Such methodologies will inevitably lead to greater consistency between behavioural studies, at least in the first instance within the restricted population of volunteers utilised in the present thesis.
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Woods, Matthew Alan, and n/a. "Characterisation of photoinhibition in the obligate shade plant ginseng." University of Otago. Department of Biochemistry, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090417.121807.
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Obligate shade plants possess adaptations that enable them to photosynthesise in the low light environment of the forest floor. Adaptations that facilitate light scavenging may compromise capacity for high rates of photosynthesis. This study compares the responses of obligate shade and facultative shade plant species upon exposure to elevated light. The obligate shade plants were two commercially grown medicinal herb species of ginseng, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and Panax quinquefolius L.; and goldenseal - Hydrastis canadensis L. Comparison was made to Arabidopsis thaliana and Pisum sativum L. as facultative shade species. Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng) and Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng) are obligate shade plants found in broadleaf forests of Eastern Asia and North America, respectively. Studies on these plants have shown optimal growth at light intensities between 200-300 [mu]mol photons. m⁻�. s⁻�, or 10-15% of full sunlight, and at intensities greater than 500 [mu]mol photons. m⁻�. s⁻� characteristic photoinbibitory symptoms develop. An atypical response to methyl viologen in photosynthetic electron transport assays was observed in ginseng in both isolated thylakoid membranes and whole leaves. No correlation was found between detectable superoxide dismutase activity and altered methyl viologen reactions. In a mutagenesis study using the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, a unique amino acid residue in the terminal electron acceptor PsaC, found only in ginseng, was changed and found to have no effect on methyl viologen reactions. Electron transfer to methyl viologen was examined in both isolated thylakoid membranes and whole leaves using chlorophyll a fluorescence and the apparent ability for methyl viologen to act as an electron acceptor was observed to differ between ginseng species. Obligate shade species were observed to possess alternate pools of photosystem II centres that potentially provide a mechanism to maximise photosynthetic gain under low light and during short periods of increased illumination. In experiments designed to identify physiological processes that contribute to increased susceptibility to photoinhibition in obligate shade plants, responses were observed and characterised following a moderate increase in illumination (140 to 400 [mu]mol photons. m⁻� . s⁻�) using chlorophyll a fluorescence induction curve analysis. The obligate shade species exhibited varied responses to elevated light and showed increased susceptibility, to photoinhibition. Photoprotective non-photochemical dissipative capacity was quantified and found to be comparable between all species studied.
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Pokladnik, Randi Jeannine. "Roots and Remedies of Ginseng Poaching in Central Appalachia." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1219935888.
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Catalan, Aiane Aparecida da Silva. "Panax ginseng em dietas de poedeiras comerciais semi-pesadas." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2011. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2581.
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Previous issue date: 2011-02-28<br>Panax ginseng, a medicinal plant known as the plant that "cure all ills" is indicated as adaptogenic, immune stimulant, restorative physical and mental health, increased resistance to exogenous stress factors, among others. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of a commercial Panax ginseng product on performance, egg quality, biochemical, hematological, immunological and behavioral profile of hens during initial hen s laying cycle 1. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments which consisted in different levels of Panax ginseng (T1 control (without Panax ginseng); T2 1.9; T3 3.8; T4 5.7 and T5 7.6 mg/hen/day) in a total of 70 birds housed in 35 cages with seven replicates per treatment. The basal diets were prepared using corn and soybean meal in agreement with the nutritional values established by the breeder manual. To predict the effect of different levels of Panax ginseng on performance, egg quality, biochemical, hematological, and immunological traits the regression analysis was used. The Dunnett test was used in each Panax ginseng levels to compare to the control treatment. Ethological parameters were evaluated using chi-square analysis. Performance and egg quality were not influenced by dietary treatments, except specific gravity in the first period that was lower in 5.7 mg/hen/day levels and the eggshell weight that was higher in 7.6 mg/hen/day level in comparison with the control treatment in the fourth period. In sensorial analysis, egg yolk color alteration, but not flavor, texture and taste was observed after 30 days of utilization of Panax ginseng. No significant difference was found in hen s hematological profile in all periods evaluated. In metabolic parameters, higher level of phosphorus in hens receiving 7.6 mg/hen/day of Panax ginseng at second and third period and albumin was observed only in the last period when compared to the control group. Cholesterol level was higher in hens receiving 1.9 and 3.8 mg/hen/day of Panax ginseng in comparison with the control treatment. No significant difference among treatments was found in antibody titer after vaccination. In ethological parameters vigilant behavior was more frequent in control group, preening in the group receiving 7.6 mg/hen/day and drinking in the intermediate levels of Panax ginseng (3.8 and 5.6 mg/hen/day). The supplementation with Panax ginseng up to 7.6 mg/hen/day do not change the performance, egg quality, hematological profile and immunological status. Only small variations in the metabolic parameters and behavior frequency of the hens receiving Panax ginseng could be expected.<br>Panax ginseng, uma planta medicinal conhecida como a planta que cura todos os males é indicada como adaptogênica, imunoestimulante, revigorante físico e mental, aumenta a resistência a fatores de estresse exógeno, entre outros. Neste trabalho foi avaliado a ação de um produto comercial a base de Panax ginseng sob o desempenho produtivo, a qualidade dos ovos (interna, externa e sensorial), o perfil hematológico e bioquímico, parâmetros imunológicos e comportamentais de poedeiras na fase inicial de postura 1. As dietas experimentais foram fornecidas as aves durante 30 dias. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos que consistiram em diferentes doses de Panax ginseng (T1 controle (sem Panax ginseng); T2 1,9 mg/ave/dia; T3 3,8 mg/ave/dia; T4 5,7 mg/ave/dia; T5 7,6 mg/ave/dia) num total de 70 aves, distribuídas em 35 gaiolas, divididas em sete repetições por tratamento. As dietas basais foram formuladas a base de milho e farelo de soja, atendendo as exigências das aves. Para predizer os efeitos das doses de Panax ginseng sobre os parâmetros produtivos, metabólicos e hematológicos foi utilizada análise de regressão polinomial. Foi utilizado o teste de Dunnett, em cada nível de inclusão do Panax ginseng, para comparação com a ração controle. Para a análise da frequência de comportamentos foi utilizado o teste de qui-quadrado. A suplementação da dieta com o produto a base de Panax ginseng não alterou as variáveis de desempenho. As variáveis de qualidade de ovos não foram afetadas pela inclusão de Panax ginseng, exceto a gravidade específica no primeiro período que foi menor na dose 5,7 mg/ave/dia e o peso da casca que foi significativamente maior na dose de 7,6 mg/ave/dia em comparação ao tratamento controle no quarto período de avaliação. Na análise sensorial foi observada alteração na cor da gema dos ovos após 30 dias de utilização do Panax ginseng, mas não no sabor, textura e aroma. No perfil hematológico das poedeiras não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos em nenhuma das fases. No perfil metabólico foram observadas maiores níveis de fósforo nas aves que receberam 7,6 mg/ave/dia de ginseng em comparação com o grupo controle nos períodos dois e três de avaliação e de albumina somente neste último período. Os níveis de colesterol foram maiores nas aves recebendo dosagens de 1,9 e 3,8 mg/ave/dia de Panax ginseng em relação ao grupo controle. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para os títulos de anticorpos após a inoculação da vacina. Nas variáveis etológicas os comportamentos de vigiar foram mais frequentes no grupo controle, o comportamento de higiene no grupo com a maior dose de Panax ginseng (7,6mg/ave/dia) e o comportamento de beber água nas doses intermediárias (3,8 e 5,6 mg/ave/dia). A suplementação com Panax ginseng até 7,6 mg/ave/dia não altera o desempenho, a qualidade dos ovos, o perfil hematológico e status imunológico. Apenas pequenas variações no perfil metabólico e na freqüência de alguns comportamentos podem ser esperadas.
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Zhou, Shanshan. "Integrating multi-omics to investigate the correlation between the quality and efficacy of ginseng." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2019. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/693.
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Ginseng, the root and rhizome of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. (Araliaceae), is one of the most famed dietary and medicinal herbs worldwide due to its multifaceted efficacies. Ginsenosides and carbohydrates are demonstrated the major bioactive components of ginseng. Ginseng materials are always formed under various conditions, e.g. different growth years or different post-harvest processing/handling manners. These conditions can impact chemical profiles and thereby cause different quality and efficacy of ginseng. To address this issue, it will be necessary to understand the correlation between the quality and efficacy of ginseng materials formed under different conditions. Previous studies have attempted to investigate how growth years and post-harvest processing/handling manners affect the quality and efficacy of ginseng. In the most of these cases, several chemical components and biological parameters were selected as the indicators for evaluating the quality and efficacy of ginseng, respectively. However, it has been well recognized that the therapy of ginseng is featured by "multiple components against multiple targets". Therefore, several selected indicators may fail to comprehensively characterize the quality and efficacy of ginseng, thus cannot accurately reveal their correlations. Instead, holism-based approaches should be employed. In this study, we integrated chemomics, metabolomics and gut microbiota genomics to investigate the correlation between the quality and efficacy of ginseng in the conditions of growth years, steam-processing and sulfur-fumigation. First, chemomics approach was developed to qualitatively and quantitatively determine major ginsenosides and carbohydrates (poly-, oligo- and monosaccharides) by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) and high performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD) for characterizing the overall quality of ginseng. Second, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS)-based metabolomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing-based gut microbiota genomics coupled with biochemical parameters determination were performed to evaluate anti-fatigue and anti-obesity activities of the different ginseng on animal models. Third, the obtained multi-omics data were processed by multivariate statistical analysis and then were integrated to discuss the correlation between the quality and efficacy of ginseng materials in different conditions. The results indicated that: 1) ginseng with 4-6 growth years possessed different anti-fatigue activity in multiple targets due to the different effects of ginsenosides and carbohydrates on endogenous metabolism and gut microbiota; 2) steam-processing qualitatively and quantitatively altered ginsenosides and carbohydrates in ginseng, resulting in different anti-obesity activity between white ginseng and red ginseng, and the mechanisms potentially involve chemically structural/compositional specificity to gut microbiota; 3) SO2 residual content caused by sulfur-fumigation did not correlate with the quality, efficacy and toxicity changes of sulfur-fumigated ginseng, more specifically, less SO2 residue did not indicate higher quality, better efficacy nor weaker toxicity. The research provides scientific insights for guiding the clinical and dietary practice of ginseng and offers new methodology for comprehensively exploring the correlation between the quality and efficacy of herbal medicines
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羅天佑. "熟三七滋補成分的研究". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2011. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1318.
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易佩穎. "三七根不同部位中皂苷類成分的UPLC-MS分析". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2011. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1323.
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Fiebig, Andrea E. "Inflorescence development of North American ginseng, abscission zones and ethephon." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ40411.pdf.
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Humphreys, Jennifer Diane. "North American ginseng and the stress response during acute exercise." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60438.pdf.
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Assinewe, Valerie Ann. "Phytochemical variation and immunopharmacology of Panax quinquefolius L. (American ginseng)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2002. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ66118.pdf.
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Chang, Yuan Shiun. "Chemical and pharmacological studies of Panax quinquefolius and Panax ginseng /." Ann Arbor : University Microfilms International, 1991. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/016055810.pdf.
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Thomsen, Michael. "Immunomodulatory effects of traditional Chinese herbal formulation, ginseng and dang gui ten combination (PS10)." Australasian Digital Thesis Program, 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au/public/adt-VSWT20061128.123722.
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Thesis (MSc) - Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Swinburne University of Technology, 2006.<br>Typescript. Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science, Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Swinburne University of Technology, 2006. Includes bibliographical references (p. 208-242).
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Quesnel, François. "Variables associated with Phytophthora and Cylindrocarpon root rots of American ginseng." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0010/MQ31860.pdf.
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Obae, Samuel G. "Genetic characterization, ginsenoside analysis and micropropagation of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.)." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/11231.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2010.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 160 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Abreu, Anna Karolina de Carvalho. "Efetividade do Ginseng no tratamento de fadiga relacionada ao câncer : revisão sistemática." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2017. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/25267.
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, 2017.<br>Submitted by Raquel Almeida (raquel.df13@gmail.com) on 2017-11-22T20:15:25Z
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Previous issue date: 2017-11-24<br>A fadiga relacionada ao câncer é definida como uma sensação subjetiva de cansaço ou exaustão física, emocional e/ou cognitiva, angustiante, persistente, que não está associada a realização de atividades recentes, mas sim a própria doença e/ou ao tratamento. Por afetar diretamente a qualidade de vida dos pacientes com câncer, diversos estudo vem sendo desenvolvidos a fim de identificar uma intervenção efetiva para redução ou controle deste sintoma. O ginseng, devido as suas propriedades farmacológicas e fisiológicas, incluindo a sua capacidade de diminuir a fadiga, tem sido alvo de estudos em diversos países. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a efetividade do ginseng para o tratamento de fadiga relacionada ao câncer. Trata-se de revisão sistemática, cujo protocolo foi registrado no International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) sendo identificado pelo número CRD42016049804. As buscas foram realizadas nas seguintes bases eletrônicas de dados: PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, LILACS, Scopus e CINAHL; além do Google Acadêmico para busca na literatura cinzenta. Apenas estudos clínicos que avaliaram o uso de ginseng para reduzir a fadiga foram incluídos e analisados. As buscas resultaram num total de 601 artigos potencialmente relevantes. Após a remoção de duplicatas, 323 artigos foram selecionados dos quais 15 foram submetidos a leitura na íntegra. Apenas três estudos, publicados em inglês entre os anos de 2010 e 2015, foram incluídos. O ginseng americano (Panax quinquefolius) foi utilizado em doses de 750 mg/dia, 1.000 mg/dia e 2.000 mg/dia, e o ginseng asiático (Panax ginseng) na dose de 800 mg/dia. Em todos os estudos, as doses mais elevadas de ginseng mostraram-se efetivas na redução da fadiga relacionada ao câncer. Limitações importantes no que concerne a heterogeneidade da amostra e as escalas utilizadas para mensurar os níveis de fadiga relacionada ao câncer foram apresentadas. No entanto, os resultados dessa revisão demonstram que o ginseng pode ser uma substância importante para o manejo desse sintoma. Todavia, o desenvolvimento de estudos que possibilitem melhor compreensão da atividade biológica em relação à fadiga e estratégias que busquem maximizar os efeitos positivos do ginseng se fazem necessários.<br>Cancer-related fatigue is defined as a subjective feeling of physical, emotional, and/or cognitive distressing, persistent fatigue or exhaustion that is not associated with recent activities, but rather the disease itself and/or the relevant treatment. Because it directly affects the quality of life of cancer patients, several studies have been developed in order to identify an effective intervention to reduce or control this symptom. Ginseng, due to its pharmacological and physiological properties, including its ability to reduce fatigue, has been the subject of studies in several countries. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ginseng for the treatment of cancer-related fatigue. It is a systematic review, whose protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), identified by the number CRD42016049804. The searches were carried out in the following electronic databases (beyond Google Scholar so as to include gray literature): PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, LILACS, Scopus, and CINAHL. Only clinical studies that evaluated the use of ginseng to reduce fatigue were included and analyzed. The searches resulted in a total of 601 potentially relevant articles. After the removal of duplicates, 323 articles were selected, of which 15 were read in full. Only three studies, published in English between the years 2010 and 2015, were included. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) was used at doses of 750 mg/day, 1,000 mg/day and 2,000 mg/day, and Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) at a dose of 800 mg/day. In all studies, higher doses of ginseng were shown to be effective in reducing fatigue. Important limitations regarding the heterogeneity of the sample and the scales used to measure levels of cancer-related fatigue were also presented. Nevertheless, the results of this review demonstrate that ginseng may be an important substance for the management of this symptom. However, more studies that lead to a better understanding of the biological activity in relation to fatigue and strategies that seek to maximize the positive effects of ginseng are necessary.<br>La fatiga relacionada con el cáncer se define como una sensación subjetiva de agotamiento o extenuación física, emocional y/o cognitiva, angustiante, persistente, que no está relacionada con la realización de actividades recientes, sino con la propia enfermedad y/o el tratamiento. Por afectar directamente la calidad de vida de los pacientes con cáncer, numerosos estudios se han desarrollado con el objetivo de identificar una intervención efectiva para la reducción o control de este síntoma. El ginseng, gracias a sus propiedades farmacológicas y fisiológicas, incluyendo su capacidad para disminuir la fatiga, ha sido el objeto de estudios en diferentes países. Por lo tanto, este estudio ha tenido como objetivo evaluar la efectividad del ginseng para el tratamiento de la fatiga relacionada con el cáncer. Se trata de una revisión sistemática, cuyo protocolo se ha registrado en el International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), identificado por el número CRD42016049804. Las búsquedas se realizaron en las siguientes bases electrónicas de datos: PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, LILACS, Scopus y CINAHL; además del Google Académico para la búsqueda en la literatura gris. Solo se incluyeron y analizaron estudios clínicos que evaluaron el uso de ginseng para reducir la fatiga. Las búsquedas resultaron en un total de 601 estudios probablemente relevantes. Después de la eliminación de los duplicados, 323 artículos han sido seleccionados, de los cuales 15 fueron sometidos a una lectura en su totalidad. Solo se incluyeron tres estudios, publicados en inglés, entre los años 2010 y 2015. El ginseng americano (Panax quinquefolius) ha sido utilizado en dosis de 750 mg/día, 1.000 mg/día y 2.000 mg/día, y el ginseng asiático (Panax ginseng) en la dosis de 800 mg/día. En todos los estudios, las dosis más altas de ginseng se han revelado efectivas, en la reducción de la fatiga. Se han observado limitaciones importantes en cuanto a la heterogeneidad de la muestra y las escalas utilizadas para tomar las medidas de los niveles de fatiga relacionada con el cáncer. Sin embargo, los resultados de esta revisión sistemática indican que el ginseng puede ser una sustancia importante para el manejo de este síntoma. El desarrollo de estudios que posibiliten una mejor comprensión de la actividad biológica en relación a la fatiga y estrategias que busquen maximizar los efectos positivos del ginseng, no obstante, se hacen necesarios.
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Ho, Siu-hong. "Isolation and characterization of Panax Ginseng repetitive DNA sequences for DNA fingerprinting /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19737816.
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Lacerda, Luciana Florêncio de. "Desenvolvimento e aperfeiçoamento de estratégias para a conservação e propagação in vitro de Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng) Pedersen e Lippia filifolia (Mart. and Schauer ex Schauer), com ênfase ao uso do óleo mineral e biorreatores de imersão temporária." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2017. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/31729.
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, 2017.<br>Submitted by Raquel Almeida (raquel.df13@gmail.com) on 2017-07-03T19:00:15Z
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Previous issue date: 2018-04-25<br>Pfaffia glomerata e Lippia filifolia apresentam importantes propriedades medicinais e fazem parte da lista de espécies que podem ser distribuídas aos usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver e aperfeiçoar estratégias para a conservação e propagação in vitro de Pfaffia glomerata e Lippia filifolia, com ênfase ao uso do óleo mineral e o uso de biorreatores de imersão temporária. Para os estudos de micropropagação utilizou-se como material vegetal microestacas (1,0 cm) contendo uma gema lateral, as quais foram inoculadas em diferentes sistemas de cultivo: meio semissólido, líquido estacionário, líquido sob agitação e líquido em biorreatores de imersão temporária, modelos RITA® e BIT Embrapa®. Após 30 dias de cultivo, a percentagem de sobrevivência, a altura, a taxa de multiplicação e a taxa de enraizamento das brotações, além do peso da massa fresca (g) e seca (g) dos brotos regenerados nos cinco sistemas de cultivo foram avaliados. Já para a conservação in vitro dois experimentos foram realizados. No primeiro deles, microestacas de aproximadamente 1,0 cm de altura com pelo menos uma gema lateral foram avaliadas as quais foram inoculadas em meio de MS e mantidas, inicialmente sob uma camada de óleo mineral contendo diferentes volumes (5, 10 e 15 mL) sobre as estacas e colocadas sobre diferentes temperaturas (15, 20 e 25°C). A caracterização anatômica foi realizada com o auxilio do corante Azul de Toluidina e para as análises histoquímicas foram utilizados o Reagente de Schiff/ ácido periódico - PAS para polissacarídeos neutros e o Xylidine Ponceau para proteínas totais. Nos resultados referentes a micropropagação, verificou-se que P. glomerata apresentou altas taxas de multiplicação nos sistemas de cultivo líquido com agitação e líquido em biorreatores de imersão temporária modelo RITA®, e semissólido. O cultivo em biorreatores de imersão temporária modelo RITA® proporcionou melhores resultados para ganho de massa fresca e seca, altura e taxa de enraizamento. Para a multiplicação de L. filifolia o sistema de cultivo semissólido proporcionou uma alta taxa de sobrevivência e formação de plantas com altura média de 7,0 cm. Variações morfológicas foram verificadas nas plantas cultivadas no sistema de cultivo líquido com e sem agitação. O sistema de biorreatores de imersão temporária modelo RITA® apresentou resultados superiores quando comparados ao modelo Embrapa. De maneira geral, a L. filifolia apresentou dificuldades de enraizamento in vitro. O resultado do primeiro experimento de conservação mostrou que as duas espécies estudadas apresentaram médias de sobrevivência em óleo mineral acima de 90 %, sugerindo ser uma alternativa para a conservação das espécies. No experimento de conservação, verificou-se que P. glomerata pode ser mantida por até 12 meses sob temperatura de 15 °C e imersa sob óleo mineral, com sobrevivência média acima de 90%. A L. filifolia obteve uma menor taxa de sobrevivência com média de 24,9% na temperatura de 15 °C, após os 12 meses de conservação. Anatomicamente as folhas de P. glomerata no tratamento de 5 mL apresentaram folhas mais espessas, com células do parênquima do tipo paliçádico, as células do mesofilo apresentaram arranjo compacto com poucos espaços intercelulares. No tratamento com 15 mL de óleo mineral, as células da epiderme e do mesofilo foram mais volumosas com paredes celulares delgadas. O caule das plantas que estavam conservadas em óleo mineral, independente do tratamento, não apresentou fistula. Para a L. filifolia no tratamento com 5mL de óleo mineral as folhas se apresentaram delgadas com epiderme contendo células volumosas, arredondadas e achatadas. O mesofilo apresentou parênquima clorofiliano com células paliçádicas, com células arredondadas e achatadas com espaços intercelulares. Foi verificado a presença de tricomas em ambas as faces epidérmicas. No tratamento com 10 mL de óleo mineral, foi possível observar um desarranjo das células que compõe o cilindro vascular, com células adjacentes aos feixes vasculares. As plantas conservadas em 15 mL de óleo mineral apresentaram epiderme espessa e mesofilo com células volumosas e compactas com vários espaços intercelulares. No caule, os tratamentos com óleo mineral apresentaram células de maior volume quando comparados com o controle. No tratamento com 5 mL, as células do cortex apresentaram formato alongado e vários espaços intercelulares. Os feixes vasculares são menores. Histoquimicamente evidenciou-se que o amido e as proteínas aparecem como material de reserva na folha e no caule das duas espécies.<br>Pfaffia glomerata and Lippia filifolia have important medicinal properties and are part of the list of species that can be distributed to users of the Unified Health System (SUS). In this sense, the objective of the present work was to develop and improve strategies for the in vitro conservation and propagation of Pfaffia glomerata and Lippia filifolia, with emphasis on the use of mineral oil and the use of temporary immersion bioreactors. For the micropropagation studies, microcuttings (1.0 cm) containing a lateral yolk were used as plant material, which were inoculated in different culture systems: semisolid medium, stationary liquid, liquid under stirring and liquid in temporary immersion bioreactors, RITA® and BIT Embrapa® models. After 30 days of cultivation, the percentage of survival, height, multiplication rate and shoot rooting rate, as well as the weight of the fresh (g) and dry mass (g) of the regenerated shoots in the five cropping systems were evaluated . For the in vitro conservation, two experiments were performed. In the first one, microseconds of approximately 1.0 cm in height with at least one lateral yolk were evaluated which were inoculated in MS medium and initially maintained under a layer of mineral oil containing different volumes (5, 10 and 15 mL) On the cuttings and placed at different temperatures (15, 20 and 25 ° C). The anatomical characterization was performed with the aid of the Toluidine Blue dye and for the histochemical analyzes the Schiff Reagent / periodic acid - PAS was used for neutral polysaccharides and Xylidine Ponceau for total proteins. In the micropropagation results, it was verified that P. glomerata showed high multiplication rates in the liquid culture systems with agitation and liquid in temporary immersion bioreactors RITA model, and semi-solid. The cultivation in RITA® temporary immersion bioreactors provided better results for fresh and dry mass gain, height and rooting rate. For the multiplication of L. filifolia the semi-solid cultivation system provided a high survival rate and formation of plants with a mean height of 7.0 cm. Morphological variations were verified in plants cultivated in the liquid culture system with and without agitation. The RITA® temporary immersion bioreactor system presented superior results when compared to the Embrapa model. In general, L. filifolia presented difficulties in in vitro rooting. The results of the first conservation experiment showed that the two species studied presented survival averages in mineral oil above 90%, suggesting that it is an alternative for the conservation of the species. In the conservation experiment, it was found that P. glomerata can be maintained for up to 12 months at a temperature of 15 ° C and immersed under mineral oil, with a mean survival above 90%. L. filifolia had a lower survival rate with a mean of 24.9% at 15 ° C after 12 months of storage. Anatomically the leaves of P. glomerata in the treatment of 5 mL presented thicker leaves, with cells of the parenchyma of the paliçádico type, the cells of the mesofilo presented compact arrangement with few intercellular spaces. In the treatment with 15 ml of mineral oil, the cells of the epidermis and the mesophyll were more voluminous with thin cell walls. The stem of the plants that were conserved in mineral oil, regardless of the treatment, did not present fistula. For L. filifolia in the treatment with 5mL of mineral oil the leaves were thin with epidermis containing bulky, rounded and flattened cells. The mesophyll presented chlorophyllic parenchyma with paliçadic cells, with rounded and flattened cells with intercellular spaces. The presence of trichomes on both epidermal faces was verified. In the treatment with 10 mL of mineral oil, it was possible to observe a derangement of the cells that make up the vascular cylinder, with cells adjacent to the vascular bundles. The plants preserved in 15 mL of mineral oil presented thick and mesophilic epidermis with voluminous and compact cells with several intercellular spaces. In the stem, the treatments with mineral oil presented cells of greater volume when compared with the control. In the 5 mL treatment, the cortex cells presented an elongated shape and several intercellular spaces. The vascular bundles are smaller. Histochemically showed that the starch and the proteins appear as reserve material in the leaf and stem of the two species.
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Ng, Wai Yee. "Ginsenosides on the growth and proliferation of glial tumor cells." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2008. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/998.
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Yue, Ying Kit. "The ginsenosides : yin and yang in angiogenesis." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2007. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/787.
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Chan, Kwok-yin. "A review on the effects of ginsenoside on cardiovascular diseases and the phytochemistry of ginsenoside extracts from panax notoginseng." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B23424886.
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Dias, Fernanda Carolina Ribeiro. "Extrato hidroalcoólico da raiz de Pfaffia glomerata (spreng.) Pedersen interfere em parâmetros reprodutivos e fertilidade de camundongos machos adultos." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2018. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/19123.
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Previous issue date: 2018-02-23<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais<br>As folhas e raízes de Pfaffia glomerata são usadas como afrodisíacos, tranquilizantes e antirreumáticos. Devido à ausência de dados científicos experimentais faz-se necessário estudos que identifiquem suas propriedades medicinais. Baseado nisso objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de extrato hidroalcoólico da raiz de P. glomerata (BGE) sobre o parênquima testicular, espermáticos e fertilidade. Camundongos adultos (n=60) foram divididos em controle (água), Citrato de sildenafila (7mg/kg) e 3 grupos recebendo doses diárias (100, 200 e 400 BGE mg/Kg) e uma dose intermitente (200 BGE mg/Kg a cada três dias) por 42 dias. Após a ingestão do extrato, houve redução na proporção de túbulo e epitélio seminíferos, aumento do volume de túnica própria e redução do número de células de Sertoli, sem prejuízo a produção espermática. Entretanto, o BGE promoveu morte celular e alteração na frequência de estádio dos túbulos, além do aumento de óxido nítrico. Verificou-se também aumento do percentual e volume de vasos sanguíneos e espaço linfático, redução da testosterona, aumento do estradiol e morte de células de Leydig. Observou-se aumento de corpos cavernosos, aumento de colágeno, redução do músculo liso e aumento do óxido nítrico peniano. O tratamento causou ainda redução no número e viabilidade de espermatozoides, estes apresentavam altos índices de patologias, como espaços vacuolares, degeneração e descamação. Baixo percentual de espermatozoides com membrana íntegra e alterações na motilidade, leva ainda a perdas embrionárias. O princípio de ação do extrato baseia-se na produção de NO, atuando sobre os vasos sanguíneos aumentando os corpos cavernosos. O tratamento leva ainda redução do músculo liso peniano, danos nas células de Leydig, acumulo de gotículas de lipídios no seu citoplasma levando, inclusive, à morte da célula de Leydig e o aumento do NO. O extrato atua também aumentando ROS, culminando com danos de DNA, que leva a perdas embrionárias. Porém embora o quadro leve a aparente redução da atividade sexual, o aumento de estradiol e colágeno é uma forma de compensação e assim da manutenção da atividade sexual. Assim, o ginseng brasileiro tem ação afrodisíaca, porém com efeitos colaterais na produção de testosterona e na viabilidade das células germinativas.<br>The leaves and roots of Pfaffia glomerata are used as aphrodisiacs, tranquillizers and antirheumatics. Due to the lack of experimental scientific data, studies are necessary to identify its medicinal properties. Based on this the objective was to evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of the P. glomerata root (BGE) on the testicular parenchyma, spermatozoa and fertility. Adult mice (n = 60) were divided into control (water), sildenafil Citrate (7mg / kg) and 3 groups receiving daily doses (100, 200 and 400 BGE mg / kg) and an intermittent dose (200 BGE mg / kg every three days) for 42 days. After ingestion of the extract, there was a reduction in the proportion of seminiferous tubule and epithelium, increase of the own tunica volume and reduction of the number of Sertoli cells, without prejudice to sperm production. However, BGE promoted cell death and a change in tubule stage frequency, in addition to an increase in nitric oxide. There was also an increase in the percentage and volume of blood vessels and lymphatic space, reduction of testosterone, increase of estradiol and death of Leydig cells. There was an increase of cavernous bodies, increase of collagen, reduction of smooth muscle and increase of penile nitric oxide. The treatment also caused a reduction in the number and viability of spermatozoa, which presented high rates of pathologies, such as vacuolar spaces, degeneration and desquamation. Low percentage of spermatozoa with whole membrane and alterations in the motility, still leads to embryonic losses. The principle of action of the extract is based on the production of NO, acting on the blood vessels increasing the cavernous bodies. The treatment also leads to reduction of the penis smooth muscle, Leydig cell damage, accumulation of lipid droplets in its cytoplasm leading to Leydig cell death and increased NO. The extract also works by increasing ROS, culminating with DNA damage, leading to embryonic losses. However, although the picture leads to the apparent reduction of sexual activity, the increase of estradiol and collagen is a form of compensation and thus the maintenance of sexual activity. Thus, Brazilian ginseng has an aphrodisiac effect, but with side effects on testosterone production and germ cell viability.
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Wang, Hong. "The expression and antilipolytic role of phosphodiesterase 4 in rat adipocytes in vitro." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1124189520.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 145 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-145). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Wang, Xiaolan. "Somatic embryo induction and plant regeneration in American ginseng, Panax quinquefolium L." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ27552.pdf.
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Ziezold, Anya Monique Alix. "Chemical control of disappearing root rot of ginseng caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ31877.pdf.
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White, Gerard J. "Biological control of Botrytis blight of American ginseng using wood-decay Basidiomycetes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0019/MQ58100.pdf.
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何兆康 and Siu-hong Ho. "Isolation and characterization of Panax Ginseng repetitive DNA sequences for DNA fingerprinting." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31215282.
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Schlag, Erin M. "Genetic diversity and phytochemistry of Maryland-grown American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.)." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1901.
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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.<br>Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Natural Resource Sciences and Landscape Architecture. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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ALMEIDA, F. A. N. "AUTÊNTICAÇÃO de Ginseng Brasileiro Utilizando a Técnica de High Resolution Melting (hrm)." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/7113.
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Previous issue date: 2018-02-20<br>À medida que a indústria de plantas medicinais cresce, a autenticidade de seus produtos é uma questão de segurança do consumidor e não pode ser negligenciada. O Ginseng brasileiro, por exemplo, se refere a duas espécies distintas, Pfaffia glomerata e Hebanthe eriantha. Apesar da similaridade entre essas duas espécies, o que dificulta a identificação morfológica, elas possuem propriedades químicas e farmacológicas distintas. Foi proposto que a técnica de High Resolution Melting (HRM) como uma ferramenta para discriminar e identificar as espécies P. glomerata e H. eriantha utilizando uma região do gene matK e rbcL. Para tal, foram adquiridas seis amostras referência, três de cada uma das espécies citadas, e 60 amostras comerciais, vendidas como Ginseng brasileiro, por meio de compra física ou online. O DNA foi extraído pelos métodos CTAB e por Kit. Os primers desenhados foram testados através da amplificação por PCR convencional e confirmado em gel de poliacrilamida antes da padronização da amplificação por PCR-HRM e por fim os resultados foram comparados aos de sequenciamento. Foram desenvolvidos três primers dois para o gene matK, HRM-matKD e HRM-matK, e um para o gene rbcL, HRM-rbcL. Durante a padronização notou-se a influência da temperatura de anelamento e concentração do primer no resultado da corrida, entretanto o método de extração não alterou os resultados. A análise de HRM mostrou que o primer HRM-matKD foi o que atendeu ao objetivo proposto apresentando alta sensibilidade (92-93%) e especificidade (100%) comparado ao método de sequenciamento. Foi possível validar a técnica de HRM utilizando amostras comerciais previamente sequenciadas, o que nos permite afirmar que a técnica de HRM pode ser utilizada para discriminar H. eriantha e P. glomerata. HRM é um método rápido e de baixo custo, sendo uma ferramenta confiável para identificação de espécies de Ginseng brasileiro.
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Zhu, Guoyuan. "The molecular mechanism of 20(S)-Protopanaxdiol, a metabolite of ginseng, induced hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cell apoptosis and new ginsenosides from the root of panax ginseng C. A. Meyer." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2011. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1233.
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Skrebsky, Etiane Caldeira. "Nutrição mineral e toxidez de cádmio em ginseng brasileiro (Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen)." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3164.
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Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng) Pedersen, also known as Brazilian ginseng, has been used in popular medicine due to its important medicinal qualities. This study aims to characterize the nutrient needs of P. glomerata, (Chapter 1) as well as to assess the tolerance of this plant to high levels of cadmium in the substrate (Chapter 2). P. glomerata plants produced in vitro and acclimatized ex vitro were used as initial material. In Chapter 1, three (3) experiments are described. In the first experiment, under greenhouse conditions, young plants of P. glomerata were cultivated in Paleudalf soil with different treatments for fertilization: control (without fertilization), complete fertilization (with macro and micronutrients) and the individual omissions of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and micronutrients (Zn, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Mo). In the second experiment, in greenhouse, the plants were submitted to twenty-seven (27) treatments of fertilization in complete trifactorial system (3x3x3), represented by a combination of three levels (40, 80 e 120 mg kg-1) of N, P and K in the fertilization, using the same soil as substrate. In the third experiment, under open field conditions, six (6) treatments involving the combination of two levels (50 e 100 kg ha-1) of N, P and K in the fertilization in two periods of cultivation, sixteen (16) and six (6) months, were evaluated respectively. It was observed in the fertilization in the experiment with the missing nutrient technique that the young plants of P. glomerata showed great decrease in biomass growth as well as in the macro and micronutrients by the omission of the nutrients N, K, S and P. In the second experiment, in greenhouse, the production of biomass by different organs of the plant responded differently to the triple interaction of NPK fertilizations, in which the dosages of maximum technical efficiency estimated (DMET) to the fertilizations of N, P and K in the production of total biomass of the plant were 60, 120 and 80 mg kg-1 respectively. In the open field, the NPK fertilization affected the production of biomass of the organs of the plants in different ways in 16 months of cultivation. In order to have a greater accumulation of mineral nutrients in the tissues of P. glomerata and a possible relation to the accumulation of active principles of medicinal interests, the plants should be collected after six (6) months of field cultivation. In the study described in Chapter 2, an experiment with seedlings of Pfaffia
glomerata cultivated under the hydroponic system with five levels of cadmium (Cd) (0, 20, 40, 60 e 80 μm) was carried out during seven days. Those plants demonstrated an increase in the content of Cd in the roots and shoots. The total biomass was reduced significantly in 80 μM of
Cd. The activity of the ALA-D (delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase) and AP (acid phosphatase) was reduced with the levels of Cd. The reduction in the activity of ALA-D was accompanied by the content of chlorophyll. Enzymatic antioxidants, such as catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants like ascorbic acid and non-protein thiol groups had an important role in the detoxification of effects induced by Cd in the roots and shoot of the seedlings of P. glomerata.<br>A Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng) Pedersen, conhecida como ginseng brasileiro, tem sido utilizada na medicina popular em função de suas importantes qualidades medicinais. O estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar as necessidades nutricionais da P. glomerata (Capítulo 1), bem como avaliar a tolerância dessa planta a altos níveis de cádmio no substrato (Capítulo 2). Plantas de P. glomerata produzidas in vitro e aclimatizadas ex vitro foram usadas como material inicial. No estudo referente ao Capítulo 1, três experimentos foram realizados. No primeiro experimento, sob condições de casa de vegetação, plantas jovens de P. glomerata foram cultivadas em Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico com diferentes tratamentos de adubação: controle (sem adubação), adubação completa (com macro e micronutrientes) e as omissões individuais de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S e dos micronutrientes (Zn, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Mo). No segundo experimento, ainda em casa de vegetação, plantas foram submetidas a 27 tratamentos de adubação, em esquema
trifatorial completo (3x3x3), representados pela combinação de três níveis (40, 80 e 120 mg kg-1) de N, de P e de K na adubação, utilizando o mesmo solo como substrato. No terceiro experimento, sob condições de cultivo a campo foram avaliados seis tratamentos constituídos da combinação de dois níveis (50 e 100 kg ha-1) de N, de P e de K na adubação, em duas épocas de cultivo, 16 e 6 meses, respectivamente. No experimento com a técnica do nutriente faltante,
verificou-se que plantas jovens de P. glomerata apresentaram maior redução em biomassa, bem como nos teores de macro e micronutrientes, pela omissão de N, K, S e P. No segundo
experimento, ainda em casa de vegetação, a produção de biomassa pelos diferentes órgãos da planta respondeu distintamente à interação tripla das adubações NPK, onde as doses de máxima eficiência técnica estimada com as adubações de N, P e K e a produção de biomassa total da
planta, foram de, respectivamente, 60, 120 e 80 mg kg-1. No cultivo a campo, a adubação NPK afetou distintamente a produção de biomassa dos órgãos das plantas com 16 meses de cultivo. Para uma maior acumulação de nutrientes minerais nos tecidos de P. glomerata e uma possível relação com o acúmulo de princípios ativos de interesse medicinal, as plantas devem ser coletadas após os 6 meses de cultivo a campo. No estudo referente ao Capítulo 2, um experimento foi realizado com plântulas de Pfaffia glomerata cultivadas sob sistema
hidropônico, com cinco níveis de cádmio (Cd) (0, 20, 40, 60 e 80 μM), durante 7 dias. Essas plantas apresentaram aumento no conteúdo de Cd nas raízes e parte aérea. A biomassa total foi apenas reduzida significativamente a 80μM de Cd. A atividade da ALA-D (Ácido delta aminolevulínico desidratase) e da AP (fosfatase ácida) foram reduzidas com os níveis de Cd. A redução na atividade da ALA-D foi acompanhada pelo conteúdo de clorofila. Os antioxidantes enzimáticos, como a catalase e a ascorbato peroxidase, bem como antioxidantes não enzimáticos, como o ácido ascórbico e os grupos tióis não protéicos, tiveram um papel chave na destoxificação de efeitos induzidos pelo Cd nas raízes e parte aérea das plântulas de P. glomerata.
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Rinaldi, Catherine. "Authentication of the Panax genus plants used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis." University of Western Australia. Centre for Forensic Science, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0054.
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[Truncated abstract] Traditional medicines are used by millions of people throughout the world as their primary source of medical care. A range of materials are in used traditional medicines including plant and animal parts. Even though the traditional medicine trade is estimated to be worth sixty billion dollars annually the trade remains largely unregulated. Unscrupulous practices by vendors to increase their profit margins such as substituting and adulterating expensive material with cheaper varieties go unchecked. This can be dangerous to consumers because some substitutions involve poisonous material. Also, animal parts from endangered species can find their way into traditional medicines, therefore there needs to be a way to identify them in traditional medicines to prosecute poachers. The traditional techniques used for the identification of material used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) include, morphological, histological, chemical and immunological analysis. However, these techniques have their limitations. This makes applying multiple techniques essential to provide thorough authentication of the material. DNA profiling provides a technique well suited to analysing material used in TCM. DNA profiling is advantageous over other techniques used to authenticate material used in TCM because it requires only a small sample amount, can determine the cultivator, be used on all forms of TCM and potentially distinguish the components of mixtures. ... Therefore, profiles of different species/individual are different and species? can be distinguished. Commercially sold traditional medicines are processed which is likely to degrade the DNA of the sample making extraction and amplification difficult. Here an organic Phenol:Chloroform extraction technique extracted DNA from commercial dried root samples. The extracted DNA was amplifiable using RAPD primers. The RAPD primers used here produced enough polymorphic bands to distinguish different plant species. They were used to distinguish commercial samples that were sold as three different species within the Panax genus, Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium and Panax notoginseng and genetically unrelated plant material; Potato and Eleutherococcus senticosus. Liquid samples and mixtures were also profiled with the RAPD primers to determine whether the RAPD primers provide enough distinguishing ability to analyse these forms of TCM. DNA was extracted from the liquid samples, one a ginseng drink and the other an ginseng extractum. However, there was no reliability in the production of PCR products. The analysis of the mixture samples found that not enough polymorphic bands were produced by the RAPD primers used here to identify Panax species within mixtures of two Panax species. While when P. ginseng was mixed with a genetically unrelated sample there was enough polymorphism to differentiate the two samples in the mixture. The results of this research show that RAPD analysis provides a simple and inexpensive technique to begin analysis of materials used in TCM. Using RAPD analysis it is possible to distinguish Panax plant species from each other. However, the RAPD primers used here did not provide enough reproducibility or polymorphism to analyse liquid and mixtures of Panax species plants.