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Journal articles on the topic 'Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Deacon, Francois, and Andy Tutchings. "The South African giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa: a conservation success story." Oryx 53, no. 1 (April 5, 2018): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001612.

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AbstractAcross Africa the majority of giraffe species and subspecies are in decline, whereas the South African giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa remains numerous and widespread throughout southern Africa. By 2013 the number of giraffes in South Africa's Kruger National Park had increased by c. 150% compared to 1979 estimates. An even greater increase occurred on many of the estimated 12,000 privately owned game ranches, indicating that private ownership can help to conserve this subspecies. The estimated total population size in South Africa is 21,053–26,919. The challenge now is to implement monitoring and surveillance of G. camelopardalis giraffa as a conservation priority and to introduce sustainable practices among private owners to increase numbers and genetic variation within in-country subspecies.

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2

Malyjurkova, Lenka, Marketa Hejzlarova, Pavla Junkova Vymyslicka, and Karolina Brandlova. "Social Preferences of Translocated Giraffes (Giraffa Camelopardalis Giraffa) in Senegal: Evidence for Friendship Among Females?" Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2014-0001.

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Abstract Giraffe social behaviour and relationships are currently in the period of scientific renaissance, changing the former ideas of nonexisting social bonds into understanding of complex social structures of giraffe herds. Different giraffe subspecies have been studied in the wild and only one was subject of detailed study in captivity. Our study focused on the neglected Cape giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa). We investigated the social preferences of 28 introduced giraffes in semi-captivity in Bandia reserve, Senegal. Our aim was to assess the group size of Cape giraffes outside their native range and describe their social relationships. Mean group size in Bandia was 7.22 ± 4.06 (range 2-17). The dyads were classified according to strength of relationship (weak, medium, strong) using the association index. We reported weak and medium relationships in all types of dyads except female-juvenile. The strongest bond was found in mother-calf dyads. Three of 21 possible female dyads also demonstrated strong relationships. Those three dyads included six of seven adult females, which we labelled as friends. Females associated more frequently with calves of their friends then with calves of non-friend females. The strength of the relationship between calves depended on the strength of relationship between their mothers. We concluded that Cape giraffes in new environment have shown similar group size and nonrandom preference for conspecifics as shown in wild and captive studies. The research was supported by CIGA 20135010, CIGA 2134217, IGA FTZ 20135123, ESF/MŠMT CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0040.

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3

Berry, Philip S. M., and Fred B. Bercovitch. "Population census of Thornicroft's giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti in Zambia, 1973−2003: conservation reassessment required." Oryx 50, no. 4 (January 20, 2016): 721–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060531500126x.

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AbstractThornicroft's giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti is limited in distribution to a single population resident in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia. During 1973−2003 regular counts were recorded along the Luangwa River in the core section of the subspecies’ range. In 2013 we conducted a count in the same region for comparison with the earlier survey results. During the 30-year period 1973−2003 the giraffe index (no. of individuals per km surveyed) was relatively stable, with an increase in 1994 and 1995 coinciding with an influx of giraffes to the west bank following an exceptionally reduced flow of the Luangwa River. The mean giraffe index during this period was 0.51 km−1, whereas the 2013 count yielded an index of 0.44 km−1. Given the limited range of the Thornicroft's giraffe, we estimate that the population comprises c. 500–600 individuals.

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4

Roggenbuck, Michael, Cathrine Sauer, Morten Poulsen, Mads F. Bertelsen, and Søren J. Sørensen. "The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) rumen microbiome." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 90, no. 1 (September 1, 2014): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1574-6941.12402.

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5

Seeber, Peter A., Patrick Duncan, Hervé Fritz, and André Ganswindt. "Androgen changes and flexible rutting behaviour in male giraffes." Biology Letters 9, no. 5 (October 23, 2013): 20130396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0396.

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The social organization of giraffes ( Giraffa camelopardalis ) imposes a high-cost reproductive strategy on bulls, which adopt a ‘roving male’ tactic. Our observations on wild giraffes confirm that bulls indeed have unsynchronized rut-like periods, not unlike another tropical megaherbivore, the elephant, but on a much shorter timescale. We found profound changes in male sexual and social activities at the scale of about two weeks. This so far undescribed rutting behaviour is closely correlated with changes in androgen concentrations and appears to be driven by them. The short time scale of the changes in sexual and social activity may explain why dominance and reproductive status in male giraffe in the field seem to be unstable.

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6

Borkowski, Rose, Scott Citino, Mitch Bush, Paul Wollenman, and Brenda Irvine. "Surgical Castration of Subadult Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 40, no. 4 (December 2009): 786–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2008-0112.1.

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7

Thompson, Kimberly A., Ronan Eustace, Vengai Mavangira, Colleen Turner, and Colleen F. Monahan. "Left displacement of the abomasum in a reticulated giraffe bull in managed care." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 33, no. 5 (June 24, 2021): 1023–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10406387211027845.

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A 10-y-old giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) bull developed colic after a 3-mo history of reduced feed consumption. Physical examination and management were performed with 2 standing sedations. The giraffe developed metabolic alkalosis and progressive pre-renal azotemia followed by compensatory respiratory acidosis and paradoxical aciduria. A metallic “ping” sound was auscultated on the left side near ribs 10–12. The giraffe was euthanized given the grave prognosis, and postmortem examination confirmed left displacement of the abomasum (LDA) with fluid sequestration (150–190 L [40–50 gal]) within the rumen. Dental disease was evident at postmortem examination and perimortem skull computed tomography. To ensure cases of LDA are not overlooked, the position of the abomasum must be noted during postmortem examination prior to removal of the gastrointestinal tract. The risk factors for the development of LDA in giraffes are not known, and associations such as those of dairy cattle (hypocalcemia, high-concentrate low-fiber diet, and indoor housing) remain to be elucidated.

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8

Sasson‐Yenor, Jacinthe, and David M. Powell. "Assessment of contrafreeloading preferences in giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis )." Zoo Biology 38, no. 5 (August 20, 2019): 414–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21513.

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9

Sauer, Cathrine, Marcus Clauss, Mads F. Bertelsen, Martin R. Weisbjerg, and Peter Lund. "Rumen content stratification in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 203 (January 2017): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.08.033.

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10

Munyaka, Takunda V., and Edson Gandiwa. "An Assessment of Forage Selection by Giraffe Introduced into Umfurudzi Park, Northern Zimbabwe." Scientifica 2018 (July 24, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9062868.

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Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is one of the flagship herbivore species in the savanna ecosystem and is of high conservation value. Management of the species under diversified ecosystems, particularly, their introduction in new ecosystems is of great concern, given that limited information is available of how the species acclimatizes to new ecosystems and which forage species it selects. The objectives of the present study were to (i) identify woody plant species selected by the recently introduced giraffes and (ii) determine whether there were differences in woody plant diversity between the dry and wet seasons in Umfurudzi Park, northern Zimbabwe. Forage selection and woody composition data were collected from a herd of giraffe between May and December 2016, using the focal observation method in an enclosure within the study area. A total of 106 observation plots were established. Our results showed that 12 woody plant species comprising six families were selected from a total of 29 woody plant species recorded in the study area. Giraffe showed a higher preference of the selected species in the dry season than in the wet season. In contrast, no significant differences were recorded in terms of forage availability and woody vegetation diversity between seasons. In conclusion, our results suggest that plant phenology, particularly, presence of leaves on plants influences giraffe feed preferences. Establishing long-term monitoring plots to determine woody vegetation utilisation by giraffes is valuable as a way to monitoring habitat utilisation by the species.

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11

Ciofolo, I. "West Africa's last giraffes: the conflict between development and conservation." Journal of Tropical Ecology 11, no. 4 (November 1995): 577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400009159.

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ABSTRACTThe distribution of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta Thomas 1898) has greatly diminished in West Africa, and now the last remaining population, reduced to less than 100 individuals, is found in Niger. These giraffes of West Africa are seriously threatened by extensive deforestation and clearing of their habitat. They live peacefully with humans and cattle and participate in an essential way in the dynamics of vegetation. Their disappearance would represent another step towards the impoverishment of the inheritance of Africa, a process already too far advanced. To save them, a fundamental rethinking of the connection between the environment and development on the one hand, and on the responsibilities of rural communities for the management of their natural resources on the other, has to be undertaken.

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12

Woc-Colburn, Margarita, Suzan Murray, Nancy Boedeker, Tabitha Viner, Michelle L. Fleetwood, Tony C. Barthel, Kurt D. Newman, and Carlos R. Sanchez. "Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma in a Rothschild's Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 41, no. 4 (December 2010): 717–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2009-0195.1.

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13

Ihms, Elizabeth A., Anne Rivas, Ellen Bronson, and Lisa M. Mangus. "PIGMENTED VILLONODULAR SYNOVITIS IN A RETICULATED GIRAFFE (GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 48, no. 2 (June 2017): 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2016-0133r.1.

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14

Saito, Miho, Naoko Takagi, Masayuki Tanaka, and Yumi Yamanashi. "Nighttime Suckling Behavior in Captive Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata)." Zoological Science 37, no. 1 (February 3, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zs190094.

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15

Kodádková, A., M. Kváč, O. Ditrich, B. Sak, and L. Xiao. "Cryptosporidium muris in a Reticulated Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata)." Journal of Parasitology 96, no. 1 (February 2010): 211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-2212.1.

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16

Endo, Hideki, Daishiro Yamagiwa, Masahiko Fujisawa, Junpei Kimura, Masamichi Kurohmaru, and Yoshihiro Hayashi. "Modified neck muscular system of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)." Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger 179, no. 5 (October 1997): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0940-9602(97)80055-6.

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17

Hall-Martin, A. J. "Dentition and age determination of the giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis." Journal of Zoology 180, no. 2 (August 20, 2009): 263–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb04678.x.

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18

Wood, William F., and Paul J. Weldon. "The scent of the reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata)." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 30, no. 10 (November 2002): 913–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-1978(02)00037-6.

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19

Skinner, J. D., and A. J. Hall-Martin. "A note on foetal growth and development of the giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa." Journal of Zoology 177, no. 1 (August 20, 2009): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1975.tb05971.x.

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20

Fasoli, Sabrina, Giulia Andreani, Francesco Dondi, Enea Ferlizza, Elisa Bellei, and Gloria Isani. "Urinary Reference Values and First Insight into the Urinary Proteome of Captive Giraffes." Animals 10, no. 9 (September 19, 2020): 1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091696.

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Urinalysis is widely recognized to be a useful tool in routine health investigations, since it can diagnose numerous pathologies. Considering the paucity of knowledge concerning giraffes, urine from 44 giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) (18 males and 26 females, from 3 months of age to 21 years of age) underwent routine urinalysis, 1D-electrophoresis, and protein identification using mass spectrometry, with the aim of identifying the urinary reference values and the urine proteome. The urine specific gravity (USG), urine total proteins (uTP), urine creatinine (uCr), and urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) reference values, reported as the median, and lower limit (LL) and upper limit (UL), were 1.030 (1006–1.049), 17.58 (4.54–35.31) mg/dL, 154.62 (39.59–357.95) mg/dL, and 0.11 (0.07–0.16), respectively. Mass spectrometry, together with electrophoresis, revealed a pattern of common urinary proteins; albumin, lysozyme C, and ubiquitin were the most represented proteins in the giraffe urine. It has been hypothesized that these proteins could act as a defense against microbes. Moreover, in giraffes, urinalysis could be a valid tool for gauging renal function and physiological status changes.

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21

Pizzi, R., J. Cracknell, and L. Dalrymple. "Postmortem Evaluation of Left Flank Laparoscopic Access in an Adult Female Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)." Veterinary Medicine International 2010 (2010): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/789465.

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There are still few reports of laparoscopy in megavertebrates. The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is the tallest land mammal, and the largest ruminant species. An 18-year-old multiparous female hybrid giraffe, weighing 650 kg, was euthanized for chronic health problems, and left flank laparoscopy was performed less than 30 minutes after death. Safe primary access was achieved under visualisation using an optical bladed trocar (Visiport Plus, Tyco healthcare UK Ltd) without prior abdominal insufflation. A left paralumbar fossa approach allowed access to the spleen, rumen, left kidney, and intestines, but did not allow access to the reproductive tract which in nongravid females is intrapelvic in nature.

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22

Danowitz, Melinda, Aleksandr Vasilyev, Victoria Kortlandt, and Nikos Solounias. "Fossil evidence and stages of elongation of the Giraffa camelopardalis neck." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 10 (October 2015): 150393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150393.

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Several evolutionary theories have been proposed to explain the adaptation of the long giraffe neck; however, few studies examine the fossil cervical vertebrae. We incorporate extinct giraffids, and the okapi and giraffe cervical vertebral specimens in a comprehensive analysis of the anatomy and elongation of the neck. We establish and evaluate 20 character states that relate to general, cranial and caudal vertebral lengthening, and calculate a length-to-width ratio to measure the relative slenderness of the vertebrae. Our sample includes cervical vertebrae ( n =71) of 11 taxa representing all seven subfamilies. We also perform a computational comparison of the C3 of Samotherium and Giraffa camelopardalis , which demonstrates that cervical elongation occurs disproportionately along the cranial–caudal vertebral axis. Using the morphological characters and calculated ratios, we propose stages in cervical lengthening, which are supported by the mathematical transformations using fossil and extant specimens. We find that cervical elongation is anisometric and unexpectedly precedes Giraffidae. Within the family, cranial vertebral elongation is the first lengthening stage observed followed by caudal vertebral elongation, which accounts for the extremely long neck of the giraffe.

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23

Davis, Michelle R., Jennifer N. Langan, Natalie D. Mylniczenko, Keith Benson, Nadine Lamberski, and Jan Ramer. "Colonic Obstruction in Three Captive Reticulated Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 40, no. 1 (March 2009): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2008-0102.1.

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24

Saito, Miho, and Gen’ichi Idani. "Suckling and allosuckling behavior in wild giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi)." Mammalian Biology 93 (November 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2018.07.005.

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25

Sauer, C., M. F. Bertelsen, P. Lund, M. R. Weisbjerg, and M. Clauss. "Quantitative Macroscopic Anatomy of the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) Digestive Tract." Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 45, no. 5 (September 7, 2015): 338–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ahe.12201.

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26

Hoenerhoff, M. J., E. B. Janovitz, L. K. Richman, D. A. Murphy, T. C. Butler, and M. Kiupel. "Fatal Herpesvirus Encephalitis in a Reticulated Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata)." Veterinary Pathology 43, no. 5 (September 2006): 769–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.43-5-769.

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27

Pérez, William, Virginie Michel, Hassen Jerbi, and Noelia Vazquez. "Anatomy of the Mouth of the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi)." International Journal of Morphology 30, no. 1 (March 2012): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022012000100057.

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28

van Sittert, Sybrand, John Skinner, and Graham Mitchell. "Scaling of the appendicular skeleton of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)." Journal of Morphology 276, no. 5 (December 15, 2014): 503–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20358.

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29

Duggan, Graham, Charlotte C. Burn, and Marcus Clauss. "Nocturnal behavior in captive giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)-A pilot study." Zoo Biology 35, no. 1 (October 19, 2015): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21248.

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30

Pérez, W., M. Lima, and M. Clauss. "Gross Anatomy of the Intestine in the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)." Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 38, no. 6 (August 13, 2009): 432–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.2009.00965.x.

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31

Svoke, Joseph T. "Lateralization of splay posture in reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulate)." Behavioural Processes 135 (February 2017): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2016.11.007.

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32

McQualter, Kylie N., Michael J. Chase, Julian T. Fennessy, Steven R. McLeod, and Keith E. A. Leggett. "Home ranges, seasonal ranges and daily movements of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa) in northern Botswana." African Journal of Ecology 54, no. 1 (July 17, 2015): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aje.12232.

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33

Garretson, Pamela D., Elizabeth E. Hammond, Thomas M. Craig, and Patricia J. Holman. "Anthelmintic Resistant Haemonchus contortus in a Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in Florida." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 40, no. 1 (March 2009): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2007-0094.1.

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34

Bertelsen, Mads F., Carsten Grøndahl, George F. Stegmann, Cathrine Sauer, Niels H. Secher, J. Michael Hasenkam, Mads Damkjær, Christian Aalkjær, and Tobias Wang. "ACCURACY OF NONINVASIVE ANESTHETIC MONITORING IN THE ANESTHETIZED GIRAFFE (GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 48, no. 3 (September 2017): 609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2016-0276.1.

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35

INNIS, ANNE CHRISTINE. "THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE GIRAFFE, GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS, IN THE EASTERN TRANSVAAL." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 131, no. 2 (August 20, 2009): 245–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1958.tb00687.x.

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36

Bercovitch, Fred B., and Philip S. M. Berry. "Reproductive failure in female Thornicroft's giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti ) in Zambia." African Journal of Ecology 56, no. 4 (July 4, 2018): 1003–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aje.12530.

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37

VanderWaal, K. L., H. Wang, B. McCowan, H. Fushing, and L. A. Isbell. "Multilevel social organization and space use in reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)." Behavioral Ecology 25, no. 1 (July 27, 2013): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/art061.

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38

Murai, A., T. Yanai, M. Kato, K. Yonemaru, H. Sakai, and T. Masegi. "Teratoma of the Umbilical Cord in a Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata)." Veterinary Pathology 44, no. 2 (March 2007): 204–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.44-2-204.

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39

ASCHAFFENBURG, R., MARGARET E. GREGORY, S. J. ROWLAND, S. Y. THOMPSON, and VANDA M. KON. "THE COMPOSITION OF THE MILK OF THE GIRAFFE (GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS RETICULATA)." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 139, no. 3 (August 20, 2009): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb01835.x.

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40

Bashaw, Meredith J., Mollie A. Bloomsmith, Terry L. Maple, and Fred B. Bercovitch. "The structure of social relationships among captive female giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)." Journal of Comparative Psychology 121, no. 1 (2007): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.121.1.46.

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41

TOBLER, I., and B. SCHWIERIN. "Behavioural sleep in the giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis ) in a zoological garden." Journal of Sleep Research 5, no. 1 (March 1996): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.1996.00010.x.

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42

Kimani, James Kirumbi. "Structural organization of the vertebral artery in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)." Anatomical Record 217, no. 3 (March 1987): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092170306.

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43

Kondoh, Daisuke, Kentaro G. Nakamura, Yurie S. Ono, Kazutoshi Yuhara, Gen Bando, Kenichi Watanabe, Noriyuki Horiuchi, Yoshiyasu Kobayashi, Motoki Sasaki, and Nobuo Kitamura. "Histological features of the vomeronasal organ in the giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis." Microscopy Research and Technique 80, no. 6 (January 17, 2017): 652–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.22843.

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44

Sasaki, M., H. Endo, H. Kogiku, N. Kitamura, J. Yamada, M. Yamamoto, K. Arishima, and Y. Hayashi. "The Structure of the Masseter Muscle in the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)." Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia: Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series C 30, no. 5 (October 2001): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0264.2001.00342.x.

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45

Bohner, Julia, Melanie Bühler, Astrid Bienert-Zeit, Frank Göritz, Carsten Vogt, Peter Wohlsein, and Idu Azogu-Sepe. "Complex Odontoma in a Young Captive Reticulated Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata)." Journal of Comparative Pathology 185 (May 2021): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.04.004.

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46

Bengis, Roy G., Klaus Odening, Manuela Stolte, Sybille Quand, and Ingrid Bockhardt. "Three New Sarcocystis Species, Sarcocystis giraffae, S. klaseriensis, and S. camelopardalis (Protozoa: Sarcocystidae) from the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in South Africa." Journal of Parasitology 84, no. 3 (June 1998): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3284724.

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47

O’Brien, Haley D., Paul M. Gignac, Tobin L. Hieronymus, and Lawrence M. Witmer. "A comparison of postnatal arterial patterns in a growth series of giraffe (Artiodactyla:Giraffa camelopardalis)." PeerJ 4 (February 16, 2016): e1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1696.

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Nearly all living artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates) possess a derived cranial arterial pattern that is highly distinctive from most other mammals. Foremost among a suite of atypical arterial configurations is the functional and anatomical replacement of the internal carotid artery with an extensive, subdural arterial meshwork called the carotid rete. This interdigitating network branches from the maxillary artery and is housed within the cavernous venous sinus. As the cavernous sinus receives cooled blood draining from the nasal mucosa, heat rapidly dissipates across the high surface area of the rete to be carried away from the brain by the venous system. This combination yields one of the most effective mechanisms of selective brain cooling. Although arterial development begins from the same embryonic scaffolding typical of mammals, possession of a rete is typically accompanied by obliteration of the internal carotid artery. Among taxa with available ontogenetic data, the point at which the internal carotid obliterates is variable throughout development. In small-bodied artiodactyls, the internal carotid typically obliterates prior to parturition, but in larger species, the vessel may remain patent for several years. In this study, we use digital anatomical data collection methods to describe the cranial arterial patterns for a growth series of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), from parturition to senescence. Giraffes, in particular, have unique cardiovascular demands and adaptations owing to their exceptional body form and may not adhere to previously documented stages of cranial arterial development. We find the carotid arterial system to be conserved between developmental stages and that obliteration of the giraffe internal carotid artery occurs prior to parturition.

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48

Patel, Freisha, Françoise Wemelsfelder, and Samantha J. Ward. "Using Qualitative Behaviour Assessment to Investigate Human-Animal Relationships in Zoo-Housed Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)." Animals 9, no. 6 (June 21, 2019): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060381.

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Human-Animal Relationships (HAR) in zoos develop from repeated interactions between animals and their caretakers. HAR have been shown to affect health and welfare in farm animals, but limited zoo-based studies exist. This study investigates the association between the qualitative behaviour assessment (QBA) of emotional expression in giraffes and keeper action score in four types of keeper-animal interaction (KAI). Three giraffes generating 38 clips. QBA, using a free-choice profiling methodology, was applied instructing 18 observers to assess giraffe expressions shown in these clips. QBA scores were analysed using Generalized Procrustes Analysis. Keeper actions during each KAI event were rated by an independent marker, resulting in cumulative scores for keeper action quality. The association between QBA and the keeper action was analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlations. Two main QBA dimensions were identified explaining 59% of the variation between clips. There were significant effects of giraffe and KAI type on QBA dimension 2 (inquisitive/impatient—calm/distracted), and significant positive associations between keeper action quality rating and QBA dimensions 1 and 2, indicating that positive keeper actions resulted in calm and confident giraffes with a willingness to interact. This is the first successful application of QBA for empirically addressing HARs in zoos, however given the small sample size of giraffes in this study, it can be regarded as a pilot study only, and further research is needed to validate the use of QBA in this context.

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49

Bond, M. L., D. E. Lee, D. R. Farine, A. Ozgul, and B. König. "Sociability increases survival of adult female giraffes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1944 (February 10, 2021): 20202770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2770.

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Studies increasingly show that social connectedness plays a key role in determining survival, in addition to natural and anthropogenic environmental factors. Few studies, however, integrated social, non-social and demographic data to elucidate what components of an animal's socio-ecological environment are most important to their survival. Female giraffes ( Giraffa camelopardalis ) form structured societies with highly dynamic group membership but stable long-term associations. We examined the relative contributions of sociability (relationship strength, gregariousness and betweenness), together with those of the natural (food sources and vegetation types) and anthropogenic environment (distance from human settlements), to adult female giraffe survival. We tested predictions about the influence of sociability and natural and human factors at two social levels: the individual and the social community. Survival was primarily driven by individual- rather than community-level social factors. Gregariousness (the number of other females each individual was observed with on average) was most important in explaining variation in female adult survival, more than other social traits and any natural or anthropogenic environmental factors. For adult female giraffes, grouping with more other females, even as group membership frequently changes, is correlated with better survival, and this sociability appears to be more important than several attributes of their non-social environment.

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Dadone, Liza I., Kevin K. Haussler, Greg Brown, Melanie Marsden, James Gaynor, Matthew S. Johnston, and Della Garelle. "SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE-ONSET TORTICOLLIS IN A GIRAFFE (GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS RETICULATA)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 44, no. 1 (March 2013): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260-44.1.181.

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