Relevant bibliographies by topics / Giraffer

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Academic literature on the topic 'Giraffer'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 12 December 2022
Last updated: 26 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Giraffer"

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Hart, Lynette A., and Benjamin L. Hart. "Flehmen, Osteophagia, and Other Behaviors of Giraffes (Giraffa giraffa angolensis): Vomeronasal Organ Adaptation." Animals 13, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13030354.

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The size of adult male giraffes (Giraffa giraffa angolensis) far exceeds the size of the females. At the Namutoni waterholes in Etosha National Park, bulls were seen many times each day screening adult females for their pending sexual receptivity by provoking them to urinate; this mainly involved sniffing their genitalia. If the female accedes to the male’s invitation, she widens her hindleg stance, braces her body, and then urinates, usually for at least five seconds. The male places his muzzle and tongue in the urine stream, and then performs flehmen, often raising his head high in the air. Males never investigated urine on the ground. The bilateral papillae on the giraffe’s hard palate connect with the nasopalatine ducts, which enter the bilateral vomeronasal organ (VNO). Unlike many mammals, the giraffe’s VNO lacks a prominent connection to the nasal cavity and its connections to the oral cavity are primarily via the incisive papillae. Most days, some giraffes were observed searching for bones for extended periods, chewing them, and sometimes being troubled by a bone stuck in their mouth. A giraffe killed by lions was frequented for several days by a procession of giraffes investigating the carcass. A very dark-colored bull giraffe emitted loud pulsed growls that drove off most of the surrounding giraffes.
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Hamadou, O., A. Amadou Oumani, H. Yahou, B. Morou, and A. Mahamane. "Modélisation de la distribution spatiale de la girafe (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta, Linnaeus 1758) de l’Afrique de l’Ouest pour sa conservation au Niger." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 6 (February 22, 2022): 2486–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i6.19.

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La conservation de la girafe (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta, Linnaeus 1758), nécessite la connaissance de son aire de répartition potentielle et des facteurs environnementaux conditionnant cette répartition. Cette étude visait à identifier les facteurs écologiques régissant la répartition géographique de la girafe et la cartographie de son aire de distribution sous les conditions climatiques actuelles pour une meilleure planification de sa gestion durable. La modélisation a été utilisée pour cartographier l’habitat de la girafe suivant les modèles climatiques (CCMA et CSIRO), à l’aide de l’outil Maxent, Diva-Gis et ArcGi 10.3. Cinq variables bioclimatiques (BIO1, BIO 12, BIO 13, BIO3 et BIO 5) ont été sélectionnées sur les 19 variables existantes, elles ont ensuite été utilisées avec les points d’occurence de la girafe dans l’outil Maxent. Les variables les plus significatives conditionnant la distribution de la girafe étaient les précipitations et les températures annuelles. Les distributions futures (2020 et 2050) ont montré des habitats très favorables, avec une augmentation de 21,22 à 59,95% par rapport à la distribution actuelle. Des mesures d’atténuer la dégradation continue de de l’habitat de la girafe s’imposent en vue de maintenir sa dynamique actuelle et permettre sa conservation. Aussi, il serait intéressant de mettre en place un protocole du suivi permanent des comportements de la girafe, y compris ses mouvements saisonniers afin d’anticiper les sorties vers des zones hostiles pour la conservation. English title: Modelling the spatial distribution of the West African giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta, Linnaeus 1758) for its conservation in Niger The conservation of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta, Linnaeus 1758) requires knowledge of its potential range and the environmental factors conditioning this distribution. This study aimed to identify the ecological factors governing the geographic distribution of the giraffe and to map its range under current climatic conditions for better planning of its sustainable management. Modeling was used to map giraffe habitat under climate models (CCMA and CSIRO), using Maxent, Diva-Gis and ArcGi 10.3. Five bioclimatic variables (BIO1, BIO 12, BIO 13, BIO3 and BIO 5) were selected from the 19 existing variables and used with giraffe occurrence points in Maxent. The most significant variables conditioning the giraffe distribution were annual precipitation and temperature. Future distributions (2020 and 2050) showed very favorable habitats, with an increase of 21.22 to 59.95% over the current distribution. Measures to mitigate the continued degradation of the giraffe's habitat are needed to maintain its current dynamics and allow its conservation. Also, it would be interesting to set up a protocol for the permanent monitoring of the giraffe's behaviors, including its seasonal movements in order to anticipate the exits towards hostile areas for the conservation.
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Malyjurkova, Lenka, Marketa Hejzlarova, Pavla Junkova Vymyslicka, and Karolina Brandlova. "Social Preferences of Translocated Giraffes (Giraffa Camelopardalis Giraffa) in Senegal: Evidence for Friendship Among Females?" Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2014-0001.

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Abstract Giraffe social behaviour and relationships are currently in the period of scientific renaissance, changing the former ideas of nonexisting social bonds into understanding of complex social structures of giraffe herds. Different giraffe subspecies have been studied in the wild and only one was subject of detailed study in captivity. Our study focused on the neglected Cape giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa). We investigated the social preferences of 28 introduced giraffes in semi-captivity in Bandia reserve, Senegal. Our aim was to assess the group size of Cape giraffes outside their native range and describe their social relationships. Mean group size in Bandia was 7.22 ± 4.06 (range 2-17). The dyads were classified according to strength of relationship (weak, medium, strong) using the association index. We reported weak and medium relationships in all types of dyads except female-juvenile. The strongest bond was found in mother-calf dyads. Three of 21 possible female dyads also demonstrated strong relationships. Those three dyads included six of seven adult females, which we labelled as friends. Females associated more frequently with calves of their friends then with calves of non-friend females. The strength of the relationship between calves depended on the strength of relationship between their mothers. We concluded that Cape giraffes in new environment have shown similar group size and nonrandom preference for conspecifics as shown in wild and captive studies. The research was supported by CIGA 20135010, CIGA 2134217, IGA FTZ 20135123, ESF/MŠMT CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0040.
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Deacon, Francois, and Andy Tutchings. "The South African giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa: a conservation success story." Oryx 53, no. 1 (April 5, 2018): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001612.

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AbstractAcross Africa the majority of giraffe species and subspecies are in decline, whereas the South African giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa remains numerous and widespread throughout southern Africa. By 2013 the number of giraffes in South Africa's Kruger National Park had increased by c. 150% compared to 1979 estimates. An even greater increase occurred on many of the estimated 12,000 privately owned game ranches, indicating that private ownership can help to conserve this subspecies. The estimated total population size in South Africa is 21,053–26,919. The challenge now is to implement monitoring and surveillance of G. camelopardalis giraffa as a conservation priority and to introduce sustainable practices among private owners to increase numbers and genetic variation within in-country subspecies.
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Kooriyama, Takanori. "Fecal Cortisol Dynamics of Captive Giraffes in Zoos in Northern Japan." International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology 5, no. 3 (2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000383.

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Animals in zoos are kept under environmental conditions differing from those of their original habitat. Recently, zoos have been attempting to reduce stress by introducing environmental enrichment. Adrenal-derived glucocorticoids are common stress indicators found in blood, saliva, urine, and feces. Fecal cortisol levels have been studied as a stress marker in captive giraffes, but the data are insufficient. In this study, we examined fecal cortisol in captive giraffes in northern Japan to increase basic data on fecal cortisol as an indicator of environmental enrichment. For one month, we collected fecal samples from 14 giraffes [Masai giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi) and reticulated giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata)] from eight zoos. The fecal samples were stored at –20 °C until fecal cortisol levels were measured using a cortisol EIA kit after drying, grinding, and ethanol extraction. Cortisol levels were compared between males and females, pregnant and nonpregnant animals, by age, and by differences in temperature of the rearing environment. The fecal cortisol levels ranged from 37~10346 pg/g. Among females, pregnant individuals had the highest values. Among nonpregnant females, a female that was harassed by a male had higher fecal cortisol levels than the others. This may be due to chronic psychological distress. In males, values varied greatly among individuals. This study increases the volume of giraffe fecal cortisol data, which will contribute to establishing basic giraffe fecal cortisol values.
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Coimbra, Raphael T. F., Sven Winter, Barbara Mitchell, Julian Fennessy, and Axel Janke. "Conservation Genomics of Two Threatened Subspecies of Northern Giraffe: The West African and the Kordofan Giraffe." Genes 13, no. 2 (January 25, 2022): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13020221.

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Three of the four species of giraffe are threatened, particularly the northern giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), which collectively have the smallest known wild population estimates. Among the three subspecies of the northern giraffe, the West African giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta) had declined to 49 individuals by 1996 and only recovered due to conservation efforts undertaken in the past 25 years, while the Kordofan giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum) remains at <2300 individuals distributed in small, isolated populations over a large geographical range in Central Africa. These combined factors could lead to genetically depauperated populations. We analyzed 119 mitochondrial sequences and 26 whole genomes of northern giraffe individuals to investigate their population structure and assess the recent demographic history and current genomic diversity of West African and Kordofan giraffe. Phylogenetic and population structure analyses separate the three subspecies of northern giraffe and suggest genetic differentiation between populations from eastern and western areas of the Kordofan giraffe’s range. Both West African and Kordofan giraffe show a gradual decline in effective population size over the last 10 ka and have moderate genome-wide heterozygosity compared to other giraffe species. Recent inbreeding levels are higher in the West African giraffe and in Kordofan giraffe from Garamba National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. Although numbers for both West African and some populations of Kordofan giraffe have increased in recent years, the threat of habitat loss, climate change impacts, and illegal hunting persists. Thus, future conservation actions should consider close genetic monitoring of populations to detect and, where practical, counteract negative trends that might develop.
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Berry, Philip S. M., and Fred B. Bercovitch. "Population census of Thornicroft's giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti in Zambia, 1973−2003: conservation reassessment required." Oryx 50, no. 4 (January 20, 2016): 721–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060531500126x.

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AbstractThornicroft's giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti is limited in distribution to a single population resident in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia. During 1973−2003 regular counts were recorded along the Luangwa River in the core section of the subspecies’ range. In 2013 we conducted a count in the same region for comparison with the earlier survey results. During the 30-year period 1973−2003 the giraffe index (no. of individuals per km surveyed) was relatively stable, with an increase in 1994 and 1995 coinciding with an influx of giraffes to the west bank following an exceptionally reduced flow of the Luangwa River. The mean giraffe index during this period was 0.51 km−1, whereas the 2013 count yielded an index of 0.44 km−1. Given the limited range of the Thornicroft's giraffe, we estimate that the population comprises c. 500–600 individuals.
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Bertelsen, Mads F., Kristine Østergaard, Jesper Monrad, Emil T. Brøndum, and Ulrik Baandrup. "Monodontella giraffae Infection in Wild-caught Southern Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa)." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45, no. 4 (October 2009): 1227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-45.4.1227.

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Seeber, Peter A., Patrick Duncan, Hervé Fritz, and André Ganswindt. "Androgen changes and flexible rutting behaviour in male giraffes." Biology Letters 9, no. 5 (October 23, 2013): 20130396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0396.

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The social organization of giraffes ( Giraffa camelopardalis ) imposes a high-cost reproductive strategy on bulls, which adopt a ‘roving male’ tactic. Our observations on wild giraffes confirm that bulls indeed have unsynchronized rut-like periods, not unlike another tropical megaherbivore, the elephant, but on a much shorter timescale. We found profound changes in male sexual and social activities at the scale of about two weeks. This so far undescribed rutting behaviour is closely correlated with changes in androgen concentrations and appears to be driven by them. The short time scale of the changes in sexual and social activity may explain why dominance and reproductive status in male giraffe in the field seem to be unstable.
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Hart, Emma E., Julian Fennessy, Srivats Chari, and Simone Ciuti. "Habitat heterogeneity and social factors drive behavioral plasticity in giraffe herd-size dynamics." Journal of Mammalogy 101, no. 1 (December 5, 2019): 248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyz191.

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Abstract Behavioral plasticity, or the mechanism by which an organism can adjust its behavior in response to exogenous change, has been highlighted as a potential buffer against extinction risk. Giraffes (Giraffa spp.) are gregarious, long-lived, highly mobile megaherbivores with a large brain size, characteristics that have been associated with high levels of behavioral plasticity. However, while there has been a recent focus on genotypic variability and morphological differences among giraffe populations, there has been relatively little discussion centered on behavioral flexibility within giraffe populations. In large wild herbivores, one measure of behavioral plasticity is the ability to adjust herd size in line with local environmental conditions. Here, we examine whether a genetically isolated population of Angolan giraffes (G. g. angolensis) in a heterogeneous environment adjust their herd sizes in line with spatiotemporal variation in habitat. Our results suggest that ecological factors play a role in driving herd size, but that social factors also shape and stabilize herd-size dynamics. Specifically, we found that 1) mixed-sex herds were larger than single-sex herds, suggesting that sexual composition of herds played a role in driving herd size; 2) the presence of young did not influence herd size, suggesting that giraffes did not make use of the dilution effect to safeguard their young from predation; and 3) there was a strong relationship between herd size and spatial, but not seasonal, variation in food biomass availability, suggesting stability in herd sizes over time, but temporary variation in line with resource availability. These findings indicate that giraffes adjust herd size in line with local exogenous factors, signaling high behavioral plasticity, but also suggest that this mechanism operates within the constraints of the social determinants of giraffe herd size.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Giraffer"

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Brand, Rachel. "Evolutionary ecology of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) in Etosha National Park, Namibia." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1461.

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The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) occupies a variety of habitats across sub- Saharan Africa. It is characterised by a loose social organisation, and a dominancedriven polygynous mating system. This project sought to explain biogeographic and inter-sexual variation in pelage colouration in the context of natural and sexual selection. I also sought to test the hypothesis that in a semi-arid environment, limited resources (food and water) would predictably concentrate females, increasing the potential for dominant males to monopolise matings. I analysed photos from across Africa, and reveal that where yearly bright sunshine is greater, female giraffe in particular tend to be lighter, resulting in sexual dichromatism in high insolarity locations. I hypothesised that dark pelage colour is maintained in males through sexual selection for a costly status signal. Field work was carried out in Etosha NP, Namibia. Using photographic records, I identified 431 individual giraffe. I surveyed the study area regularly and collected data on group composition and behaviour upon locating giraffe. I carried out focal watches, and recorded all observations of agonistic and mating behaviour. Darker males tended to be older and more dominant than lighter males, associated less with females, but had greater success in courting females. Food and water affected female movements on both a spatial and temporal scale. At waterholes, encounter rates were increased and consequently mating and agonistic interactions more frequent. Paler males had a greater chance of interacting with females at waterholes because of higher intruder pressure, but when present, darker males always monopolised courtship opportunities. Mature males demonstrated a diversity of ranging strategies that affected association with females. These individual differences are assumed to relate to status and probably affect individual reproductive success. Evidence suggests male reproductive success is skewed towards mature dark males, but may also vary among dark males, with some potentially being excluded from mating.
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Fennessy, Julian Thomas. "Ecology of desert-dwelling giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis in northwestern Namibia." University of Sydney, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/910.

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Doctor of Philosophy
The population size and range of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis have been greatly reduced in Africa in the past century, resulting in geographical isolation of local populations and some herds surviving at the edge of the species’ preferred range. Numerous factors have contributed to these declines, but historical analysis indicates that habitat loss and fragmentation, human encroachment, disease and poaching are the main threatening processes. These processes can be expected to continue to impact on giraffe populations, particularly as human populations grow and needs for land and resources increase. This study used field data and laboratory analyses to investigate the taxonomy, behaviour and ecology of desert-dwelling giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis in the northern Namib Desert. This population resides at the extreme of the giraffe’s range. My research also complements the community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) program of the Namibian government, and provides baseline data on the current population status and structure of giraffe in the Kunene Region. The field data, genetic, habitat and forage samples used in this study were collected by myself and a number of research assistants over a period of two years (2001 to 2003), following preliminary research that I undertook between 1999 and 2001. Laboratory analysis of genetic samples was conducted by Dr R. Brenneman and his team at Henry Doorly Zoo, Omaha, NB., as well as by Mr D. Brown at UCLA, CA. Mr W. Gawa!nab and his team at the agricultural laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Rural Affairs, Namibia, conducted chemical analyses on plant samples that form part of the giraffe’s diet. The genetic architecture of Namibian giraffe was investigated, including the samples from the desert-dwelling giraffe of the northern Namib Desert and giraffe from Etosha National Park. The results were compared with genetic profiles of giraffe subspecies throughout Africa, but in particular with G. c. giraffa which is the currently-accepted nomenclature of the Namibian giraffe. Results indicated that the Namibian giraffe has five unique haplotypes and is genetically distinct from G. c. giraffa or any other extant subspecies; it is considered here, tentatively, to represent G. c. angolensis. Furthermore, the Namibian Abstract iv giraffe has been separated from other populations for an extended period. Some gene flow has occurred between the desert-dwelling and Etosha NP giraffe population, and can be attributed to recent translocations between these regions. Within the study region, a sharing of haplotypes between three studied subpopulations indicated gene flow among giraffe throughout the northern Namib Desert, and this was confirmed by field-based monitoring. Taken together, these findings suggest that Namibian giraffe should be viewed as important for the conservation of overall genetic variation within Giraffa camelopardalis, although further investigation into the taxonomy of the Namibian form is warranted. Following these findings, I then investigated the behaviour and ecology of the desert-dwelling giraffe. As no previous study has been published on the ecology of G. c. angolensis, there is an information gap in our knowledge of this subspecies. One hundred and fifty six giraffe were identified individually using field-based identification methods and digital imagery. An assessment of the population structure and dynamics indicated marked variation in numbers, sex and age structure, herd structure and densities between three study areas. These variations possibly arose from differences in study area size, aridity, availability of forage and human impacts. I also investigated levels of associations between giraffe within the population using a simple ratio technique, and observed that increased association occurred in smaller populations; there appeared to be a matrilineal social structure. In one bull-biased population, a higher degree of association between bulls was observed compared to bulls in the other two populations. To gain further insight into the distribution and range of giraffe, I collected GPS locations from a combination of field-based monitoring and GPS satellite collars. The GPS satellite collars were the first trial of this technology on giraffe in Africa. Using Range Manager, a MapInfo animal location analysis extension program, I estimated 100% and 95% minimum convex polygon for daily, monthly and annual home range sizes of giraffe in the northern Namib Desert. Giraffe were observed to have large home ranges, with the largest individual range for a bull, Africa-wide, being recorded in this study. Large home ranges correlated with low population density, reduced diversity of forage and, in bulls, increased search areas for receptive cows. Giraffe movements occurred predominantly along riparian woodlands, although seasonal use of other habitats was recorded. Observations Abstract v Abstract vi and data from four GPS satellite-collared giraffe provided high-resolution data on daily movements, and indicated a pattern of highly biphasic movement behaviour that correlated with ambient temperatures. Diurnal activity budgets varied between the sexes, with cows spending more time feeding and resting, while bulls walked and ruminated more frequently. Juveniles rested more often than other giraffe. Seasonal variation in activity budgets was evident, perhaps reflecting use of an energy maximiser strategy for cows and an energy minimiser strategy for bulls. The establishment of artificial water points in the Hoanib River during the study period appeared to alter the seeming independence of giraffe on water in the northern Namib Desert, and also resulted in small-scale shifts in use of the riparian woodland by elephant. To investigate the diet of giraffe, I observed animals feeding in the field and also carried out laboratory analyses of the chemical content of preferred plant species. Seasonal changes in the abundance, moisture and protein content of available food plants correlated with shifts in the diet of giraffe. Giraffe impacted on their preferred forage source, Faidherbia albida, causing distinct structural changes in the individual plants and the F. albida population. This impact, combined with elephant damage and seasonal flood events, has resulted in a shift in the age structure and dynamics of the F. albida population over the past two decades. Finally, I present a brief overview on the history of conservation and management in the Kunene Region. The established CBNRM program provides a baseline for future wildlife conservation and management, of which the desert-dwelling giraffe could be an integral component for non-consumptive tourism. Long-term research on the population’s status, range, behaviour, social structure, habitat requirements, and ecology would help to provide a better understanding of the giraffe’s adaptation to the arid environment, while focussed legislation would enable increased control of communal lands and continue to benefit community-based conservancies.
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Van, Sittert Sybrand Jacobus. "Ontogenetic allometry of the postcranial skeleton of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) with application to giraffe life history evolution and palaeontology." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53314.

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Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) have evolved into a unique and extreme shape. The principle determinant of its shape is the skeleton and the overarching theme of the study was to describe how this shape is achieved throughout ontogeny. Accordingly, the study had three main objectives: 1) To describe the growth of the giraffe postcranial skeleton allometrically, 2) To interpret the allometric patterns described in an evolutionary and functional sense and 3) To reconstruct the size and shape of the extinct Giraffa sivalensis using, if feasible, allometric equations obtained in this study. Secondary objectives were to a) establish if sexual dimorphism was evident in G. camelopardalis and b) determine if growth patterns in the foetus differed from those in postnatal G. camelopardalis. Data were collected from giraffes culled as part of conservancy management in Zimbabwe. The sample included 59 animals from which vertebral dimensions were taken in 48 animals and long bone dimensions in 47 animals. Body masses ranged from 21 kg to 77 kg in foetuses and 147 kg to 1412 kg postnatally, representing 29 males and 30 females. In addition to body mass, external body dimensions were recorded from each animal. Each vertebra and unilateral long bone was dissected from the carcasses and cleaned, after which dimensions were measured with a vernier calliper, measuring board or measuring tape. Vertebral dimensions measured included body (centrum) length, height and width as well as vertebral spinous process length. Long bone dimensions included length, two midshaft diameters and circumference. Allometric equations (y=bxk) were constructed from the data, with special interest in the scaling exponent (k) to illustrate regions of positively allometric, isometric or negatively allometric growth. In the first series of analyses the growth patterns of the components of the postcranial axial skeleton were analysed. The adaptations in vertebral growth to create and maintain extraordinary shape were identified as disproportionate elongation of the cervical vertebrae after birth, increasing cross sectional diameters of the cervical vertebrae from cranial to caudal and positively allometric spinal process growth. The theory of sexual selection as a driver for neck elongation in giraffes was brought into question by showing that male and female vertebral elongation rates are similar relative to increases in body mass. The second series of analyses described the growth pattern of the long bones of the appendicular skeleton. The allometric exponents seemed unremarkable compared to the few species described previously, and it was shown that the giraffe appendicular skeleton does not elongate in the dramatic way the neck does. Limbs at birth, after lengthening with positive allometry in utero, are already elongated and slender in shape and a further increase in the gracility of the bones is either not possible or not desirable. This result implies that it is neck elongation rather than leg elongation that is the dominant factor in the evolution of the giraffe shape. Nevertheless, the front limb bones and especially the humerus may show responsiveness to increasing high loads and/ or bending moments, which may be caused by the neck mass which increases with positive allometry, or with behaviours such as splaying the forelegs during drinking. In the third component of the study ontogenetic allometric equations in extant giraffes were applied to the remains of an extinct giraffid, G. sivalensis. The procedure was unusual as it employed ontogenetic regressions instead of the more commonly used interspecific regressions. The appropriateness of each equation to estimate body mass was evaluated by calculating the prediction error incurred in both extant giraffes and okapis (Okapia johnstoni). It was concluded that, due to body shape, ontogenetic equations were adequate and perhaps preferable to interspecific equations to estimate proportions in Giraffa species. This analysis showed that G sivalensis was smaller than extant giraffes and weighed around 400 kg (range 228 kg 575 kg), with a neck length of about 147 cm and a height of 390 cm. There may be evidence of sexual dimorphism in this species, with males being about twice the body weight of females. However, if sexual dimorphism was not present and all the bones were correctly attributed to this species, then G. sivalensis had a slender neck with a relatively stocky body. In conclusion, this study established ontogenetic regression equations for the skeleton of an animal of which the body shape seems to be at the extreme limits of mammalian possibility. The value of the current study lies especially in its sample size and quality, which included an unprecedented number of giraffe body masses, vertebral and long bone dimensions. This dataset had applications in the giraffe s evolutionary biology, palaeontology and even ecology. Future studies still need to compare the findings from giraffe growth with similar data from other taxa, especially those with long legs and necks. Specifically, it would interesting to determine if positively allometric neck growth combined with isometric leg growth is found in other mammalian species. In addition, the strength of giraffe long bones and vertebrae needs to be investigated with more accuracy using parameters like second moment of area. Lastly, further palaeontological studies on other giraffid sizes are necessary to validate the current and future interpretations of fossil giraffid findings.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2016
Production Animal Studies
PhD
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Muller, Zoe. "The social behaviour and conservation of Rothschild's giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi, in Kenya." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/f2157a75-f1a8-4d3c-9365-5b5ae814e023.

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An increasing number of species are declining in the wild. Giraffes have suffered an estimated 36-40% decline in the past ten years and are now listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Muller, 2016). Given this rate of decline, there is an urgent need for the development of conservation plans and practices for giraffes. However, giraffes have been understudied in relation to other large African mammals and even basic aspects of their behaviour and ecology are still unknown or misunderstood. Understanding a species’ social organisation and behaviour is critical to developing suitable conservation and management plans. In this thesis I provide a thorough investigation of giraffe social behaviour and the factors which influence association patterns and discuss how these may be related to fitness and impact upon the survival of the species. My results show that giraffes live in complex social systems which are composed of non-random associations, the patterns of which are influenced by age and sex of individual, behavioural state, reproductive state, and environmental factors such as disturbance and habitat structure. My results have contributed knowledge to understanding the complex social behaviour of giraffes and have demonstrated how generic conclusions about the behaviour of a species should not be drawn from studies of single populations. My study provides an important starting point from which to develop the comparative study of networks and determine the relative influence of environmental factors on network structure and provides comprehensive information that can be used for the management of giraffe populations in the wild.
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Bredin, Ian Peter. "Phosphorus and calcium extraction from bone digestion in the rumen of sheep (Ovis aries)." Diss., Electronic thesis, 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05042007-180754/.

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Cornelius, Andri Judith. "The management of extralimital giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis) in the mosaic thicket of Southern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1345.

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The giraffe at Nyaru were found to be browsers who made little use of graze during the study period. They utilized a diversity of 20 browse species. Two species, Acacia karroo and Acacia cyclops, formed the bulk of the giraffe diet throughout the year. A definite seasonal dietary shift was evident. A. karroo was favoured in summer and autumn and formed the main food species in spring, summer and autumn. A. cyclops was favoured throughout the study, but its contribution to the diet increased during winter when less A. karroo was consumed. This seasonal shift is related to the deciduous nature of Acacia karroo. Although a seasonal shift in species contribution to giraffe diet has been observed in many other giraffe feeding studies, no studies on giraffe feeding have been done in the Mosaic Thicket of the southern Cape. The ecological browsing capacity for giraffe in thicket was estimated to be between 0.020 BU/ha and 0.095 BU/ha. The browsing capacity for giraffe at Nyaru, based on the available phytomass 2–5 m above the ground, was estimated using those species that formed the bulk of the giraffe diet, and amounted to 0.063 BU/ha. A maximum of three giraffe could thus be stocked on the 157 ha of suitable giraffe habitat on Nyaru. This stocking rate recommendation lies within the range commonly recommended by local consultants for giraffe introductions into the southern Cape. Their recommendations are, however, not based on quantitative assessments such as performed in this study. The recommendation of this study should not be applied as a fixed ecological capacity for giraffe in thicket, but should be seen as a starting point in the adaptive management cycle. Ongoing monitoring of parameters, such as herbaceous composition and phytomass; as well as the condition of key browse species, is strongly advocated. A. karroo was browsed significantly more and carried significantly fewer pods per tree at a heavily used site compared to a lightly used site. Heavy browsing thus appears to affect the reproductive success of A. karroo significantly. Fewer pods are likely to lead to lower regeneration and thus reduced density of A. karroo. Whether A. karroo will maintain its dominance within the thicket vii community in the long run will be related to how individual plants survive and reproduce and if some can escape from herbivory. Fewer G. occidentalis were clumped with other species at the heavily used site compared to the lightly used site. This could possibly be attributed to the fact that intense browsing pressure at the heavily used site caused protective clumps to be eaten away, thus exposing G. occidentalis to higher ungulate browsing. Previous studies have found that nurse shrubs protect G. occidentalis against ungulate browsing. G. occidentalis was browsed significantly more at the heavily used site compared to the lightly used site. There was a general trend of fewer fruits at the heavily used site compared to the lightly used site, while fruits were absent on G. occidentalis growing alone at the heavily used site. This suggests a negative effect of heavy browsing on plant reproductive success and emphasizes the importance of nurse plants for the successful recruitment and hence long term prevalence of G. occidentalis in Mosaic Thicket.
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Van, Schalkwyk Ockert Louis. "Bone density and calcium and phosphorus content of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) and African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) skeletons." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28860.

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Apart from its slender appearance, four main factors lead to questions regarding the bone density, mineral content and morphology of the giraffe skeleton: X A rapid vertical growth rate ¡V especially in the neck and metapodials X Biomechanical considerations pertaining to the tall and slender shape of the skeleton X A proportionally larger skeleton in relation to body mass X A seemingly abnormal mineral balance in their diet with possible signs of mineral deficiency (i.e. osteophagia) In this study the skeleton of the giraffe was compared with that of the African buffalo with regards to bone density, skeletal calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) content and certain femoral and metacarpal morphological characteristics. The aim was to establish if, compared to buffalo, the features of the giraffe skeleton differed in any unique way. Fourteen similar bones or parts of bones were collected from carcasses of six adult giraffe bulls and nine adult buffalo bulls. These bones were cleaned, weighed and their volume determined through water displacement, from which their density could be calculated. Hereafter, Ca and P content were analysed in 10 bones from each carcass. Morphological characteristics of cross-sections from femoral and metacarpal shafts were also measured. No significant differences between the density or mineral content of bones in the two species could be found. In both species 19,5% Ca and 9,5% P were measured in defatted bone. Although similar in mineral concentration, the giraffe skeleton contains three times more absolute Ca and P, which translates into a 1,5-2-fold higher dietary requirement for these minerals compared to buffaloes. A gradation in the volume and weight of cervical vertebrae was also seen in giraffes. This could hold biomechanical advantage for the carriage and manoeuvrability of the long neck. Bone wall thickness of the giraffe femur and metacarpus is increased compared to buffaloes. This could hold biomechanical advantage for the slender legs that are subjected to increased vertical forces. Adequate Ca seems to be acquired through very specific browse selection, which seems to be of evolutionary origin, while the acquisition of adequate P seems to be critical and a possible cause for osteophagia. This study is the first of its kind in these species and therefore also provide valuable baseline data for future work in this field.
Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2004.
Production Animal Studies
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Parker, Daniel Matthew. "The feeding biology and potential impact of introduced giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, Connect to this title online, 2004. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/48/.

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Gussek, Isabel Ruth [Verfasser]. "Nutrition of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) in captivity : Evaluation of feeding practice and analysis of rations in European zoos / Isabel Ruth Gussek." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2016. http://d-nb.info/111001418X/34.

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Seymour, Russell. "Patterns of subspecies diversity in the giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis (L. 1758) : comparison of systematic methods and their implications for conservation policy." Thesis, University of Kent, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275008.

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This thesis examines the subspecific taxonomic status of the giraffe and considers the role of formal taxonomy in the formulation of conservation policy. Where species show consistent. geographically structured phenotypic variation such geographic patterns may indicate selective forces (or other population-level effects) acting . upon local populations. These consistent geographic patterns may be recognised formally as subspecies and may be of interest in single or multi-species biodiversity or biogeography studies for delimiting areas of conservation priority. Subspecies may also be used in the formulation of management policies and legislation. Subspecies are, by definition, allopatric. This thesis explicitly uses methodology of systematic biology and phylogenetic reconstruction to investigate patterns of variation between geographic groups. The taxonomic status of the giraffe is apposite for review. The species provides three independent data sets that may be analysed quantitatively for geographic structure; pelage patterns, morphology and genetics. Museum specimens. grouped according to geographic origin, were favoured for study as more than one type of data was often available for an individual. Population aggregation analysis of forty pelage pattern characters maintained six separate subspecies, while agglomerating some neighbouring populations into a subspecies. A 'traditional' morphometric approach, using multivariate statistical analysis of adult skull measurements, was complemented by a geometric morphometric approach; landmarkrestricted eigenshape analysis. Four morphologically distinct groups were recognised by both morphological analyses. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences indicates five major cIades. Nested cIade analysis identifies population fragmentation, range expansion and genetic isolation by distance as contributing to the genetic structure of the giraffe. The results of the analyses show remarkable congruence. These results are discussed in terms of the formulation of conservation policy and the differing requirements of'blological and legal classification systems. The value of a formal taxonomic framework to the recognition, and subsequent conservation, of biodiversity is emphasised.
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Books on the topic "Giraffer"

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Z wizytą w zoo. Wrocław: Siedmioróg, 2005.

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Giraffes. New York, NY: AV² by Weigl, 2015.

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Tall blondes: A book about giraffes. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Pub., 1997.

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ill, DePalma Mary Newell, ed. Giraffes aren't half as fat. Brookfield, Conn: Millbrook Press, 1995.

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Lane, Margaret. The giraffe. New York: Random House, 1985.

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Giraffes. Vero Beach, Fla: Rourke Corp., 1990.

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Giraffes. Amherst, Mass: Literacy Footprints, 2007.

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Giraffes. Mankato, Minn: Creative Education, 1991.

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Christopher, Santoro, ed. Giraffes, the sentinels of the Savannas. New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Books, 1990.

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Michel, Denis-Huot, ed. The giraffe: A living tower. Watertown, MA: Charlesbridge, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Giraffer"

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Majdic, Gregor. "Kinky Giraffes." In Fascinating Life Sciences, 131–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67212-6_17.

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Lopp, Michael. "The Hotel Giraffe." In Managing Humans, 101–6. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7116-2_17.

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Lee, Derek E., and Monica L. Bond. "Giraffe Metapopulation Demography." In Tarangire: Human-Wildlife Coexistence in a Fragmented Ecosystem, 189–207. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93604-4_9.

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Thomas, R. Roosevelt. "Die assimilierte Giraffe: George." In Management of Diversity, 199–210. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-84445-3_11.

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Thomas, R. Roosevelt. "Die kompromisslose Giraffe: Jeff." In Management of Diversity, 211–22. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-84445-3_12.

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Thomas, R. Roosevelt. "Die Pionier-Giraffe: Kirk." In Management of Diversity, 223–37. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-84445-3_13.

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Thomas, R. Roosevelt. "Die Giraffe und der Elefant." In Management of Diversity, 25–32. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-84445-3_2.

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Woodward, Wendy. "Verticality, Vertigo and Vulnerabilities: Giraffes in J. M. Ledgard’s Novel Giraffe and in the Handspring Puppet Company’s Play, Tall Horse." In Captured: The Animal Within Culture, 9–25. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137330505_2.

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Thomas, R. Roosevelt. "Diversity-Effektivität: Die Herausforderungen für Giraffen." In Management of Diversity, 239–52. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-84445-3_14.

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Böttcher, Philipp. "Schalansky, Judith: Der Hals der Giraffe." In Kindlers Literatur Lexikon (KLL), 1–2. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05728-0_21354-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Giraffer"

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Snively, Eric, John R. Cotton, Lawrence Witmer, Ryan Ridgely, and Jessica Theodor. "Finite Element Comparison of Cranial Sinus Function in the Dinosaur Majungasaurus and Head-Clubbing Giraffes." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53127.

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Majungasaurus crenatissimus is a spectacularly preserved carnivorous dinosaur from latest Cretaceous Madagascar. Computed tomographic (CT) scans reveal unusual internal anatomy of the dinosaur’s cranium [1,2; Figure 1]: the nasals form a large hollow chamber traversed with bony struts, and a unicorn-like projection of the frontals is also hollow. The wall thickness and struts within these sinuses recall sinuses of giraffes, which strike each other with a median projection (ossicone) above a frontal sinus and lateral ossicones of the parietals [3]. Giraffe-like cranial sinuses, and large attachments for neck muscles [4], raise the hypothesis that Majungasaurus could engage in giraffe-like head strikes to each other’s necks and flanks.
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Ruiz, Daniel, Gabriel Salomon, and Eduardo Todt. "Can Giraffes Become Birds? An Evaluation of Image-to-image Translation for Data Generation." In Computer on the Beach. Itajaí: Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/cotb.v11n1.p176-182.

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There is an increasing interest in image-to-image translation withapplications ranging from generating maps from satellite images tocreating entire clothes’ images from only contours. In the presentwork, we investigate image-to-image translation using GenerativeAdversarial Networks (GANs) for generating new data, taking as acase study the morphing of giraffes images into bird images. Morphinga giraffe into a bird is a challenging task, as they have differentscales, textures, and morphology. An unsupervised cross-domaintranslator entitled InstaGAN was trained on giraffes and birds,along with their respective masks, to learn translation betweenboth domains. A dataset of synthetic bird images was generatedusing translation from originally giraffe images while preservingthe original spatial arrangement and background. It is important tostress that the generated birds do not exist, being only the result of alatent representation learned by InstaGAN. Two subsets of commonliterature datasets were used for training the GAN and generatingthe translated images: COCO and Caltech-UCSD Birds 200-2011.To evaluate the realness and quality of the generated images andmasks, qualitative and quantitative analyses were made. For thequantitative analysis, a pre-trained Mask R-CNN was used for thedetection and segmentation of birds on Pascal VOC, Caltech-UCSDBirds 200-2011, and our new dataset entitled FakeSet. The generateddataset achieved detection and segmentation results close tothe real datasets, suggesting that the generated images are realisticenough to be detected and segmented by a state-of-the-art deepneural network.
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Von Muggenthaler, Elizabeth. "Giraffe Helmholtz resonance." In ICA 2013 Montreal. ASA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4800658.

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Zimmerman, Chris, Yuran Chen, Daniel Hardt, and Ravi Vatrapu. "Marius, the giraffe." In the 5th ACM international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2631488.2631501.

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Lacroix, Georges. "The giraffes of Mordillo." In ACM SIGGRAPH 97 Visual Proceedings: The art and interdisciplinary programs of SIGGRAPH '97. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/259081.259381.

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Horner, Martyn. "The Giraffe semantic web browser." In the 12th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1457199.1457240.

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Gan, Victor, Peter Carr, and Joseph Soltis. "Monitoring Giraffe Behavior in Thermal Video." In 2015 IEEE Winter Applications and Computer Vision Workshops (WACVW). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wacvw.2015.8.

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Hanuschik, Reinhard W., Jonathan Smoker, Andreas Kaufer, Ralf M. Palsa, and Michael Kiesgen. "Quality control of VLT FLAMES/GIRAFFE data." In SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.550471.

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"Girafe forum." In ISSCC. 2005 IEEE International Digest of Technical Papers. Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2005. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2005.1494132.

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Melo, Claudio, Mark Downing, Paul Jorden, Luca Pasquini, Sebastian Deiries, Andrew Kelt, Dominique Naef, et al. "Detector upgrade for FLAMES: GIRAFFE gets red eyes." In SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, edited by Ian S. McLean and Mark M. Casali. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.789092.

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Reports on the topic "Giraffer"

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Yokobori, S., K. Arai, and H. Oikawa. GIRAFFE test results summary. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/269712.

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Liza Dadone, Liza Dadone. Help us pioneer stem cell therapy for giraffe! Experiment, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/8077.

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Dugan, Kevin J., Shane W. D. Hart, and Bradley T. Rearden. Warthog: Coupling Nek5000 Thermal Hydraulics to BISON Fuel Performance through the Giraffe Interface. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1479731.

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Boyer, B. D., Y. Parlatan, G. C. Slovik, and U. S. Rohatgi. An assessment of RELAP5 MOD3.1.1 condensation heat transfer modeling with GIRAFFE heat transfer tests. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/117788.

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Boyer, B. D., Y. Parlatan, and G. C. Slovik. An assessment of RELAP5 MOD3.1.1 condensation heat transfer modeling with GIRAFFE heat transfer tests. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/115088.

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Mwebe, Robert, Chester Kalinda, Ekwaro A. Obuku, Eve Namisango, Alison A. Kinengyere, Moses Ocan, Ann Nanteza, Savino Biryomumaisho, and Lawrence Mugisha. Epidemiology and effectiveness of interventions for Foot and Mouth Disease in Africa: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0039.

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Review question / Objective: What is the epidemiology and effectiveness of control measures for foot and mouth disease in African countries?’ PICOS: Description of elements Population/ problem/Setting: Artiodactyla (cloven ungulates), domestic (cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs), camels and wildlife (buffaloes, deer, antelope, wild pigs, elephant, giraffe, and camelids) affected by Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) or Hoof and Mouth Disease (HMD) caused by the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) in Africa. Intervention: Prevention measures: vaccination, ‘biosafety and biosecurity’, sensitization of the public. Control measures: quarantine, movement control, closure of markets and stock routes, mouth swabbing of animals with infected materials (old technique that is no long applicable), culling, mass slaughter, stamping out and any other interventions or control measures generally accepted by the ‘community of practice’ of animal health practitioners. Comparator: areas that did not have any control activities for FMD, in head-to-head comparisons in the same study. Outcome: epidemiological outcomes: incidence, prevalence, patterns or trends, clinical symptoms, and risk factors. Effectiveness outcomes: success, and usefulness of the interventions measured as averted deaths, illness and infections, and costs associated with the interventions (cost–effectiveness). Study design: epidemiological designs include cohort design for incidence, cross sectional for prevalence and case-control for clinical symptoms and risk factors. Interventional designs include randomized controlled trials, cluster randomized trials, quasi-experimental designs – controlled before and after, interrupted time series, [regression discontinuity design, difference-in-difference, and propensity score matching]. Timelines: 1900 – 2022.
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