Academic literature on the topic 'Girl child marriage'
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Journal articles on the topic "Girl child marriage"
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Ndaula, Jonathan. "Child Marriage among Maasai Girl Students in Tanzania: The Case of Kilosa District." Mkwawa Journal of Education and Development 2, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 49–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37759/mjed.2018.2.1.4.
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This study explored the reasons for persistence of child marriage among Maasai girl-students in Tanzania. Three research questions guided this study, namely: Why does girl students’ marriage among the Maasai community of Tanzania continue to exist? What is the position of education stakeholders in protecting girls from child marriage? What strategies should be taken to address child marriage in the Maasai community? The study employed qualitative research approach where a case study design was used to explore the problem. It adopted interviews, focus group discussion and observations as research methods. Purposive and snowball sampling strategies were employed to get 39 participants who were involved in this study. Data were analysed qualitatively through thematic analysis strategies. The findings revealed that child marriage is still practiced in the Maasai community where the legible age for marriage of Maasai girls range from 6 to 15 years depending on the number of competing men and the economic status of the family of the boy or girl. Society members employ persuasion and pressure, transfer of students, pregnancy and corruption to enable marriage of Maasai girl students. In addition, the findings revealed that Maasai traditions and customs, fear of early pregnancies, corruption and irresponsibility of leaders, poverty and undervaluing of education are the factors contributing to persistence of child marriage among the Maasai girl students. The study recommends that the government in collaboration with other stakeholders should aggressively implement laws protecting children. A close monitoring of local leaders’ actions by top government leaders to help combating child marriage is also recommended. Moreover, joint efforts are needed to educate society members and girl-students on the negative impact of child marriage and the importance of girls’ education.
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Deane, Tameshnie. "Marrying Young: Limiting the Impact of a Crisis on the High Prevalence of Child Marriages in Niger." Laws 10, no. 3 (July 28, 2021): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws10030061.
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Child marriage is a harmful and discriminatory global practice, robbing millions of girls of their childhood. Global attention and momentum to end early marriage has increased over the years; however, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has affected this progress. It has been predicted that over the next decade up to 10–13 million more girls will be at risk of child marriage because of the pandemic. Since Niger has consistently had the highest rate of child marriage in the world, this study will explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child marriages within the west and African region but specifically within Niger. This article will look at past response efforts to other pandemics, specifically Ebola, and show how the girl-child remains disproportionately disadvantaged, especially during pandemics. The article will conclude with recommendations on the importance of incorporating a gender analysis into preparedness and response efforts to eliminate child marriages.
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Susanti, Emy. "Unequal gender relations in the practices of girl marriage in poor families at East Java Province." Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 31, no. 4 (January 22, 2019): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkp.v31i42018.440-450.
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The practice of girl marriage in Indonesia is a social reality that has been going on from generation to generation. Although the average level of education in Indonesia is increasing and the government has limited the practice of child marriage, in some areas of East Java province the tendency of parents to marryoff their underage girls remains. This study aims to identify gender-based power relations within the practices of girl marriage in poor family in East Java province. This study is also aimed at revealing how the social reproduction of gender inequality values takes place in the girl marriage practices. This research was done by using qualitative method which was supported with quantitative data. This study shows that the victims of early marriage practices are girls. Gender-based-power relations between young wives with husbands, parents and in-laws are not equal. The unequal gender-based power relations in girl marriage practices in poor family are relate to limitation of knowledge and reproduce of power. The unequal gender relations are continuously reproduced through the imposition of negative social labeling on girls. The prevention of girl marriage requires a comprehensive approach by addressing the social and cultural values, especially promoting equal gender relations. One of the solutions is empowerment based on equal gender perspective.
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Amiriheobu, Frank, Victor Ordua, Ekperi Watts, and Ojobah Christian. "A CRITICAL DISCOURSE OF GIRL-CHILD MARRIAGE/SLAVERY IN SELECTED NIGERIAN FILM." International Journal of Innovative Research in Social Sciences & Strategic Management Techniques 8, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijirsssmt.v8.i1.10.
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Until recent past, girl-child slavery/marriage, guided by unscrupulous African culture, has posed as major practice in the Nigerian state in the 21stCentury. This cankerworm, manifesting through early marriage, money marriage, commercial sexual exploitation, domestic servitude, and other forms of abuses on the women folk, weakens women participation in economic, political, religious, and social development, thus, increases the issues of pain, suffering, sickness, and death of the people and underdevelopment to the Nigerian 5state as portrayed in Stephanie Linus Dry. Dry is a 21st century film that interrogates girl-child marriage/slavery, money marriage, discrimination, deprivation and inequality against the women. Amongst the major findings is that girl-child marriage/slavery has provided impetus for dramatic and argumentative representations by critics and dramatist over the years, yet, the menace is highly prevalent in the Nigerian state in the 21st century, mostly in the Northern regions. The study therefore aims at interrogating the cause and effects of girl-child marriage/slavery in the Nigerian state in the 21st century. To achieve this, Radical Feminism Theory and Content Analytical Methodology are used as guide. More so, the study recommends that any culture, tradition, or norm that is responsible that for girl-child marriage/slavery in the Nigerian space should be abolished for equity and development to be ascertained.
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Fatusi, Adesegun O., Sunday A. Adedini, and Jacob Wale Mobolaji. "Trends and correlates of girl-child marriage in 11 West African countries: evidence from recent Demographic and Health Surveys." AAS Open Research 4 (June 22, 2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13248.1.
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Background: West Africa historically has a high prevalence of girl-child marriage and requires substantial reduction to meet the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target of ending child marriage by 2030, but current data on progress is sparce. We aimed to determine the trend in child marriage in West Africa and assess the influence of selected socio-demographic factors. Methods: We analysed data on women aged 18-24 years from the two most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (conducted between 2006 and 2014) for 11 West African countries to determine the prevalence and trend of girl-child marriage. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between girl-child marriage and selected socio-demographic factors. Results: The prevalence of child marriage in West Africa is 41.5%. An overall decrease of 4.6% (annual rate of 0.01%) was recorded over a seven-year inter-survey period. Three countries (Cote d’Ivoire, Nigeria, and Niger) recorded increased prevalence while the rate was unchanged in Burkina Faso, and the other six countries had reduced prevalence between the last two surveys. Sierra Leone recorded the highest decrease in prevalence (22%) and an annual reduction rate of 0.04%; Cote d’Ivore had the highest increase (65.3%). In virtually all countries, rural residence, low education, poor household economic status and non-Christian religious affiliation were significantly associated with higher odds of girl-child marriage. Conclusions: The prevalence of girl-child marriage remains high in West Africa and the trend shows very slow progress. While substantial inter-country variations exist in overall rate and trend of child marriage, the rate of progress is inadequate across all countries.
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Fatusi, Adesegun O., Sunday A. Adedini, and Jacob Wale Mobolaji. "Trends and correlates of girl-child marriage in 11 West African countries: evidence from recent Demographic and Health Surveys." AAS Open Research 4 (September 1, 2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13248.2.
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Background: West Africa historically has a high prevalence of girl-child marriage and requires substantial reduction to meet the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target of ending child marriage by 2030, but current data on progress is sparce. We aimed to determine the trend in child marriage in West Africa and assess the influence of selected socio-demographic factors. Methods: We analysed data on women aged 18-24 years from the two most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (conducted between 2006 and 2014) for 11 West African countries to determine the prevalence and trend of girl-child marriage. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between girl-child marriage and selected socio-demographic factors. Results: The prevalence of child marriage in West Africa is 41.5%. An overall decrease of 4.6% (annual rate of 0.01%) was recorded over a seven-year inter-survey period. Three countries (Cote d’Ivoire, Nigeria, and Niger) recorded increased prevalence while the rate was unchanged in Burkina Faso, and the other six countries had reduced prevalence between the last two surveys. Sierra Leone recorded the highest decrease in prevalence (22%) and an annual reduction rate of 0.04%; Cote d’Ivore had the highest increase (65.3%). In virtually all countries, rural residence, low education, poor household economic status and non-Christian religious affiliation were significantly associated with higher odds of girl-child marriage. Conclusions: The prevalence of girl-child marriage remains high in West Africa and the trend shows very slow progress. While substantial inter-country variations exist in overall rate and trend of child marriage, the rate of progress is inadequate across all countries.
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Raj, Anita, Charlemagne S. Gomez, and Jay G. Silverman. "Multisectorial Afghan Perspectives on Girl Child Marriage." Violence Against Women 20, no. 12 (March 29, 2011): 1489–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801211403288.
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MAIGA, Ousmane Younoussa, and François KONE. "Mariages précoces, grossesses précoces et scolarisation des adolescentes." Revue Internationale des Économistes de Langue Française 7, no. 1 (2022): 176–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/rielf.2022.1.10.
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School dropout among young girls remains a major concern in Mali. According to the Modular and Permanent Household Survey, 9.7% of girls drop out of school for reasons attributable to early marriage and pregnancy. In light of this finding, this study aimed to analyze the effects of early marriage and pregnancy on the schooling of adolescents by identifying the obstacles to school completion for adolescents and analyzing their links with marriage/pregnancy. This research adopted a descriptive and analytical approach. The analytical component involved a logistic regression using secondary data from the surveys. The results show that child marriage through early cohabitation of the girl with her husband and household size have negative effects on the probability of completion to secondary school. In contrast, the female gender of the household head, the household’s standard of living, and the husband’s level of education have significant positive effects on the likelihood of completion through high school by the girl.
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Mohd. Razif, Nurul Huda. "Between Intention and Implementation." Journal of Legal Anthropology 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jla.2022.060102.
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In 2018, news of a 41-year-old Malay man’s marriage to a Thai girl of 11 as his third wife broke out in the Malaysian media, catalysing nationwide concerns on the state of affairs of child marriage in Malaysia. This article analyses the news reports on this child marriage scandal and draws on my own long-term ethnographic fieldwork studying marriage and intimacy in the state of Kelantan to examine the ensuing public and religious debates concerning the amendment of Malaysia’s Islamic family law enactments. I demonstrate that state- and federal-level efforts at curbing child marriage have failed largely due to the lack of consensus amongst the religious and political elite, as well as members of the Muslim community, on what the purpose of marriage is, who – and whose interests – it is meant to protect, and what measures should be implemented to prevent its abuse. Furthermore, child marriage in Malaysia has been ideologically sustained by a rhetoric of ‘masculinist protectionism’ in which men justify their marriage to young girls as an act of care and benevolence to mask a reality of coercion and violence. However, legal reform on child marriage will not only be ineffectual but also inadequate if it is not enforced in tandem with other initiatives such as seeking poverty eradication in rural regions; looking at the feasibility of contracting eloped marriages in Southern Thailand; and carefully reconsidering Malay adat and Islamic norms promoting young and early marriage as alternatives to prolonged periods of courtship.
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Kanjanda, Offard, and Getrude Vongai Chiparange. "The Effects of Early Girl-Child Marriage in Mutasa District- Manicaland Province: A Cases Of Samanga ‘A’Ward in Honde Valley." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 11 (April 27, 2016): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n11p539.
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Girl-child marriages in the developing countries of the world have caused a lot of suffering on the girl-children. According to Giddens (2009) issues of poverty, cultural practices, and political instability and gender inequalities have been noted as some of the major causes of girl-child marriages in developing countries. The situation has caused great concern to the communities of the global village because of the serious damages on the victims. Gage (2011) states that the status quo was exacerbated by the historical gender inequalities that continue to exist within families systems and place the girl-child an inferior citizen in her country. The girl-child remained vulnerable and segregated particularly, in educational advancement which is the key to self-empowerment, knowledge and skills development because of the high rate of girl-child marriage in the area. It appears there is little significant research on the matter in the developing countries. In order to establish some strategies to promote the girl-child’s life-skills a study was conducted in Samanga ‘A’ in Honde Valley in Manicaland Province- Zimbabwe. From a population of 1500 a sample size of 100 participants was selected using the cluster, systematic and purposive techniques because of their appropriateness to the two paradigms (Punch, 2009). Cluster technique was employed because the participants lived in different kraal-heads. The systematic technique was engaged because the participants were selected from every tenth household in each of the five kraal-heads. The purposive technique was used to select the influential participants such as local community leaders and the victims of early girl-child marriage. Marshall and Roseman (2006) support that purposive technique in qualitative study because the participants are powerful sources of information that is needed. Both qualitative and the quantitative paradigms were used in the study because some aspects of the study required simple response, while some of the questions demanded the participants’ in-depth knowledge on the problem (Newman, 2010). A case study methodology was adopted because of its ability to focus on a specific issue in a concerned area (Croll, 2010). Data were collected through the use of direct observation, questionnaire with both open and closed ended questions and interviews. The data were descriptively analysed. The research revealed that the prevalence of early girl-child marriage was perpetuated by the society’s cultural deprivation ideology which has since seen the girl-child discriminated in her efforts for self - empowerment through education. The study recommended that there is need for the government to enforce and implement gender-sensitive policies which aim at protecting the girl-child in-order to enhance economic, social, cultural and political transformation for sustainable development in the community.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Girl child marriage"
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Adeniyi, Olayinka Oluwakemi. "Legal protection of the girl child against child marriage (Aure Yarinya) in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/64609.
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The purpose of this study is to interrogate how law, and Nigerian domestic law in particular, can be used to bring about a change in society with respect to child marriage.
Despite international and regional prohibitions and national laws against the sexual abuse of the girl child in Nigeria, the practice of child marriage persists, predominantly in Northern Nigeria which is known for its strong religious and cultural leanings.
Of the women in this part of the country, 45% are given out in marriage before their fifteenth birthday and usually with the obligation to become mothers within the first year of marriage. The reality is that marriage for girls of twelve years or even younger is not unknown. The significance of the problem however is related to the fact that certain aspects of Nigerian law, while not expressly supporting child marriage, acknowledge or recognise the practice. The issue is further complicated by inherent contradictions in the national jurisprudence.
The existence of multiple conflicting and contradictory legal provisions, particularly with respect to the age of a girl child, and the admission in some of the Nigeria’s legislation that child marriage exists, raise questions about the condonation of the practice. In addition, there is customary law and Islamic law which do not necessarily reject the practice and which are ironically part of the applicable laws in Nigeria’s legal system.
Further aspects of the discourse are the legalities which inhibit the direct application of ratified international and regional treaties, the express decriminalisation of sexual intercourse with a girl child as long as it is within marriage, and the complexities associated with federalism.
The implications and consequences of child marriage have moved out of the private domain to the point where they now constitute bigger crimes in the public sphere, namely the danger to the lives of individual girls and the threat to the development of Nigerian society.
This thesis looks at the practice of child marriage in general and specifically the issues of age and consent as they relate to capacity and consent to marriage, sexual intercourse and the right to non-discrimination and equality under Nigerian jurisprudence.
It examines the nature, effects and legality of child marriage by investigating the reasons for the practice and the nature of legal response in Nigeria. It considers the position of the legal systems of constituent states on the application of international and regional human rights instruments to protect the girl child against child marriage, and evaluates the role of the Federal Government of Nigeria in dealing with the issue in light of its signature and ratification of international treaties and regional charters on the protection of the girl child.
The thesis further analyses the conflicts that emanate from the interplay of differing customary law, Sharia and constitutional provisions on child marriage in Nigeria’s competing legal systems. Lastly, it proposes a law making model for the prohibition of child marriage by prescribing punishment and addressing other child marriage related issues.Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Centre for Human Rights
LLD
Unrestricted
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Rozsa, Eva. "A Girl Disciplined is A Girl Saved? Child Marriage Discourses in U.S. National, Foreign, and Immigration Policy." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21625.
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Child marriage, usually regarded as an issue pertaining to the non-‘developed’ parts of the world, can still be found in the United States (US), though efforts to combat it shape foreign policy goals. Is child marriage represented as a ‘problem’ in the same way internally as externally, and how do human rights play a role? Using Bacchi’s “What’s the Problem Represented to be?” approach, the problem representations emerge, showing that child marriage functions as a ‘solution’ to welfare ‘problems’ in national policy, as an obstacle to economic prosperity in foreign policy; and as a ‘foreign’ culture ‘problem’ in immigration policy. Postcolonial feminist theory’s “Third World Girl” allows for a deeper understanding of some of the subjectivities these representations entail, and the biopolitical nature of the assumptions which underlie these problem representations are explored through Foucault’s theoretical work on sexuality and production.
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Mgidlana, Roberta Hlalisa. "Should South Africa criminalise ukuthwala leading to child and forced marriages?" University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7607.
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Magister Legum - LLMForced marriages and child marriages1 are a global and major concern when dealing with girl children’s and women’s rights. UNICEF statistics2 show that in South Africa alone 1% of girls were married by 15 years and 6% by 18 years.3While these numbers are insignificant, they arguably contribute to a global crisis where girls of primary school age are forced into marriage.4 This mini-thesis will focus on ukuthwala, a customary practice which is prevalent in the rural parts of South Africa, where girls and young women are married off. Moral reasons exist for the custom, however in recent years it has changed radically. Ukuthwala is most prevalent in the Eastern Cape and Kwa-Zulu Natal provinces.6 It has been described as a ‘romantic mock abduction’ of an unmarried woman by a man who intends to marry her.7 According to Bekker and Koyana8 the procedure for ukuthwala is as follows: ‘The intending bridegroom, with one or two friends, will waylay the intended bride in the neighbourhood of her own home, quite often late in the day, towards sunset or at early dusk, and they will “forcibly” take her to the young man’s home. Sometimes the girl is “caught” unawares, but in many instances, she is caught according to plan and agreement. In either case, she will put up a show of resistance to suggest to onlookers that it is all against her will when in fact, it is hardly ever so’. While ukuthwala involves kidnapping a girl or young woman, the intention is to compel her or her family to endorse marriage negotiations.9 This therefore means, by custom, the suitor should report the thwala to his kraal head in order to commence lobolo10 negotiations.11 During this time consensual sex with the young girl is forbidden. Koyana and Bekker further explain that the girl or young woman is immediately placed in the midst and care of the womenfolk; and is treated with ‘utmost kindness and respect’,12 until such time that the marriage requirements are met.
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Olaborede, Adebola Olufunmi. "The cultural practice of child marriage as a challenge to the realisation of the human rights of the girl –child: a comparative study of South Africa and Nigeria." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2578.
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This study primarily sets out to examine the cultural practice of child marriage in Africa with a focus on the comparative study of South Africa and Nigeria. This practice has been prohibited in a number of international human rights instruments such as the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, and the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Right on the Rights of Women in Africa. However, overwhelming statistics show that the overall prevalence of child marriage in Africa is still very high and if current trends continue, Africa will become a region with the largest number of the global share of child marriages, by 2050. Different interconnecting factors promote and reinforce child marriage which makes this practice very complex. The challenge of cultural traditional practices and religious beliefs that promote child marriage in Africa are evaluated in this study. The complexities surrounding these cultural practices mainly relate to the conflict that exists between adhering to customs and traditional practices, and promoting the practical implementations and enforcement of human rights standards within communities. In particular, the age at which most girls are given out in marriage conflicts with the minimum legal age of marriage, lack of free and full consent to marriage and the mixed legal system, which mainly comprises of customary law, Islamic law and common or civil law and legislation, that often conflict with one another in most African States. Discussions on these contradictions, as in the case of child marriage, often lead to a seemingly endless debate between the universality of human rights and cultural relativism within African societies. Therefore, this study bears heavily on the debate and relationship between culture and human rights, and the extent to which they can be reconciled in order to achieve a realisation of the fundamental rights of the girl-child. A qualitative research method based on an extensive literature analysis from different disciples is adopted. In addition, is a comparative study of South Africa and Nigeria which seeks to provide insight into the nature and extent of the practice of child marriage, as well as evaluate the adequacy, effectiveness and shortcomings of national legislations that relate to the rights of a girl-child in the context of child marriage, in both jurisdictions.
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Kavari, Elizabeth Ikka Tjipetekera. "The impact of early marriage on the education attainment of the San-girl child in Omaheke Region, Namibia." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020052.
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One of the basic challenges that faces Namibian society as it emerges from colonial times is the issue of inequality and the oppression of women and girls. The San girl-child is no exception in this regard. San women in Namibia are subject to low socio- economic status and the poorest rates of formal education. San girls who enrolled at primary school hardly make it to secondary schools because of their significantly high dropout rate. This is prevalent among girls in particular as a result of early pregnancies, marriages and other related factors. The practice of early marriage is still prevalent, despite the Namibian government’s efforts to address the issues of inequality and oppression of women. For example, article 10 of the Namibian Constitution that stipulates that all persons are equal before the law. It also prohibits any discrimination on ground of sex, race etc. Moreover, in spite of the adoption of some National Gender legal Frameworks and the signing of various regional and international gender instruments, barriers to gender equality, equity and education attainment for the San girl child remain in place. However, in Namibia as in many developing countries researches onto early marriage has largely been neglected and data on various aspects of early marriage is minimal. Hence, the study aimed to shed light on the impact of early marriages on the education attainment of the San-girl child in particular as well as to draw the attention of policymaker and the Omaheke region community attention tothese harmful traditional and socio- economic practices, such as early marriage. For my study on the perceptions of selected respondents of the impact of early marriage on the education attainment of the San-girl child, I used aqualitative research approach and employed a semi-structured interview technique as my main data collection tool. The study revealed that early marriage impacts negatively on the education attainment of the San girl-child and that this undermines the status of San girls and constitutes a barrier to gender equality and equity attainment in their lives.
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Mbete, Asanda Nodolly. "Evaluating the impact on the girl child through the criminal activities associated with the practice of ukuthwala." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7323.
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Magister Philosophiae - MPhilUkuthwala is an ancient cultural practice that has been exercised in various parts of South Africa, especially in the Eastern Cape. It occurs in different communities and is informed by traditional beliefs. The man’s family devises a plan to bring the girl to their compound without her knowledge. In some instances, this plan is formulated together with the girl’s family, but when the man’s family acts without the prior knowledge of the girl’s family, they are obligated to inform them by means of a letter, or by delegating a family member, that their daughter is not missing. Furthermore, the man’s family will request a day with the girl’s family for lobolo (dowry) negotiations for the girl. The girl’s family will oversee the process of ukuthwala to ensure that all the requirements are met and that there is mutual understanding between the families; however, this is done without the involvement of the girl child (Mjwara, 2014).
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Mkali, Theodora Talumba. "Children's rights and girl child marriages : a case study for Malawi." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20810.
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The harmful traditional practice of child marriage remains one of the main challenges towards the full realization and enjoyment of children's rights in Africa. In the sub-Saharan Africa alone, countries such as Malawi are faced with the problem of child marriage where as high as 40% of the women are married as children. Malawi has a substantive legal framework that affords protection and prohibits the harmful practice of child marriage. However, child marriages remain prevalent in Malawi where harmonisation of the laws is problematic. This has the effect of robbing the girl child of her childhood, access education and health among other rights that she is entitled. Addressing this problem in Malawi as a matter of urgency is crucial for the promotion, protection and realisation of children's rights, especially to the girl child. This study therefore conducts an analysis of the legal framework and contextual practice of child marriage in Malawi based on desk research of various laws in Malawi and literature. This analysis is premised on the understanding that human rights law within a legal framework plays a major role towards ensuring that young girls are protected from child marriage and its attendant consequences. This study has found that the laws of Malawi are not synchronised with each other especially with the Malawi Constitution with regard to protecting the rights. The case in point for instance is the recent passing of the Marriage, Divorce and Family Relations Act which reflects international and regional human rights standards, but is inconsistent with the Constitution of Malawi. It is recommended that Malawi should through the law address the practice of child marriage by amending the Constitution to remove any ambiguities. In this regard, creating a protective legal framework must not be done in vain. This should be supported by effective implementation of national development plans that aim to realise the rights of children, especially the girl child.
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Stedt, Rebecca. "Implementeringsproblematiken inom mänskliga rättigheter - en fallstudie baserat på implementeringsforskning med utgångspunkt i artikel 16.2 i CEDAW och hur denna implementeras i Gambia - Implementation issues within Human Rights - a case study based on implementetion reserach, article 16.2 in CEDAW and how this is implemented in The Gambia." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22717.
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Implementationsproblematiken inom de mänskliga rättigheterna är en pågående diskussion. Denna undersökning behandlar hur artikel 16.2 implementerats i Gambia och vad det kan finnas för svårigheter i implementeringen av en artikel som behandlar barnäktenskap. Genom fallstudien som metod och implementeringsforskning, Susan Möller Okin samt Sheyla Benhabibs teori gällande grupprättigheter kontra kvinnors rättigheter på individnivå undersöks hur artikel 16.2 i CEDAW implementerats i Gambia. Artikel 16.2, vilken beskriver barnets trolovning och äktenskap, dekonstrueras och utifrån det diskuteras innebörden i artikeln vilket senare jämförs med Gambias nationella lagstiftning. Undersökningen består av att se hur artikel 16.2 implementerats i Gambiaoch vad det kan finnas för svårigheter i implementeringen av en artikel som behandlarbarnäktenskap. Slutligen konstateras implementeringsproblematikens komplexitet och hur ett fall och en implementering av en specifik artikel i en specifik stat inte är den andra lik. Därmed inte sagt att det inte går att eliminera de grövsta misstagen genom att lära av tidigare försök och forskning.Implementation issues within Human Rights is an ongoing discussion. This study deals with how Article 16.2 was implemented in The Gambia and what difficulties can arise in the implementation of an article on child marriage. Through case study as a method and implementation research, Susan Moller Okin and Sheyla Benhabibs theory of group rights versus the rights of women on an individual level I wish to examinate how Article 16.2 in CEDAW is implemented in the Gambia.Article 16.2, which describes the child betrothal and marriage, is being deconstructed and from that discussed the meaning of the article, which later is compared with the Gambia national legislation. The study consists of seeing how Article 16.2 was implemented in The Gambia and what the difficulties in the implementation of an article on child marriage may be. Finally it is confirmed that implementation issues complexity, a case and an implementation of a specific item in a specific state is not like the other. That said, it is not possible to eliminate the largest mistakes by learning from previous experiments and research.
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Bakhtibekova, Zulfiya. "Early girls' marriage in Tajikistan : causes and continuity." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/17438.
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Although there is little official data, early girls’ marriage before the age of 18 appears to have increased in Tajikistan over recent years, due to the limited socio-economic opportunities. This study aimed to explore the main causes behind the fall in the age of marriage for girls. As Tajikistan is based on patriarchal values, where family is the core of decision-making, the study looks into the family dynamics and interrelationships to analyse the driving forces behind the decision to arrange marriage for the girls at an earlier age. Using triangulated methods of qualitative data collection, such as interviews, focus group discussions and case studies, the study was conducted in urban, semi rural/semi urban and rural areas of Tajikistan. The findings confirm that early marriage exists in Tajikistan. Although marriage has always been important for Tajiks, recently early age of marriage has been more prioritized. The young girls today leave school when they reach puberty, limit their socialization with their friends outside of the house and rigorously learn skills that qualify them as a ‘desirable’ kelin [bride] to increase their chances of getting a marriage proposal within what is a short marriage window. At the same time, the study argues that the family decision to pursue an early age of marriage for daughters is not because of the low status of the women as it has been suggested in some earlier research. Instead, the study argues that marriage is a strategy to provide girls with what is often the only opportunity of an economically and socially secure future in the country under the current socio-economic and political context. Relations within the families are more complicated than dominant-subordinate as previously portrayed but are based on respect, love and responsibility towards each other. This ‘connectivity’ assists in shaping the girls as potent Tajik women ready for their future roles of mothers and wives. The young girls, as this study suggests, are usually not completely powerless either, as they exercise the limited agency provided by the patriarchal system and actively engage in negotiating their interests. Thus, the study aimed to (1) draw attention to the issue of early marriage among girls in Tajikistan and (2) to contribute to the scholarly discussion on early marriage and on gender and family dynamics in Tajikistan. Based on the findings, it is recommended that more research needs to be conducted to discuss the phenomenon of early girls’ marriage in Tajikistan. Further, legal, political and social changes are necessary to provide a safety net for women married at an early age but divorced or abandoned later. Although bringing changes to the marriage values might be a challenging task, it is hoped that this research and others similar to this one will demonstrate the importance of the issue and will result in appropriate attention and an effective policy response.
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Oladosu, Olayinka Abdulahi. "Femininity and Sexual Violence in the Nigerian Films, Child, not Bride, October 1 and Sex for Grades." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1621857462497919.
Full textBooks on the topic "Girl child marriage"
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Iga, Chris B. Report on causes and consequences of early girl child marriage in Iganga District. Kampala: Policy and Research Unit, Uganda Debt Network, 1997.
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Utulu, Ruth Etakpobunor. The psychosocial burden of the girl-child in Nigeria: Traditional practices. Ibadan, Nigeria: Stirling-Horden, 2001.
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Civil Resource Development and Documentation Centre (Nigeria). A law to prohibit girl-child marriages and female circumcision or genital mutilation in Cross River State: Full text, Law no. 2 of 2000. [Enugu?] Federal Republic of Nigeria: Peculiar Instincts, 2008.
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Klems, Brian A. Oh boy, you're having a girl: A dad's survival guide to raising daughters. Avon, Massachusetts: Adams Media, 2013.
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Goulds, Sharon. Because I am a girl: The state of the world's girls 2015 : the unfinished business of girls' rights. Edited by Plan (Organization). [Woking, England]: Plan, 2016.
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Julie and Julia: 365 days, 524 recipes, 1 tiny apartment kitchen : how one girl risked her marriage, her job and her sanity to master the art of living. New York: Little, Brown and Co., 2005.
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Julie and Julia: 365 days, 524 recipes, 1 tiny apartment kitchen : how one girl risked her marriage, her job, and her sanity to master the art of living. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2005.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Girl child marriage"
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Raj, Anita, Emma Jackson, and Serena Dunham. "Girl Child Marriage: A Persistent Global Women’s Health and Human Rights Violation." In Global Perspectives on Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health Across the Lifecourse, 3–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60417-6_1.
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Sawo, Musu Bakoto. "Personal Narrative: Let Girls Be Girls—My Journey into Forced Womanhood." In The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies, 93–97. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_9.
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Abstract Musu Bakoto Sawo takes readers through her personal journey as a former child bride. In demonstrating the relationship between menarche and child marriage, she explains how parents deny girls their right to education by sending them to their marital homes prematurely. Sawo explores the factors that contribute to the high prevalence of child marriage in The Gambia and identifies mechanisms that support curbing it. The chapter then moves to drawing attention to her activism and work in debunking social norms that prevent girls from reaching their potentials. Sawo concludes by sharing her optimism in the eradication of harmful traditional practices in The Gambia and her dream for Gambian women and girls: empowering, uplifting, and safe spaces.
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Syrett, Nicholas L. "My Little Girl Wife." In American Child Bride. University of North Carolina Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469629537.003.0006.
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By the later nineteenth century, ideas about childhood and about marriage had undergone significant transformations in the United States, especially among the middle class. Children were now seen as innocents in need of protection and marriage was meant to be a complementary (if still unequal) union of two companionate souls. Both of these trends meant that child marriage increasingly came into disfavor. Focusing on depictions of child marriage in newspapers, debates about statutory rape laws, and marriage and divorce reform leagues, this chapter documents succesful efforts to raise the age of consent to marriage. It also shows the ways that working-class parents, generally those least likely to identify age as a meaningful category of identity, used these new laws to prevent their minor children from marrying.
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"Linking Child Marriage and Prostitution: The Last Girl." In Love, Labour and Law: Early and Child Marriage in India, 203–18. B1/I-1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area, Mathura Road New Delhi 110 044: SAGE Publications Pvt. Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9789354792915.n8.
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"Schooling, Work and Early Marriage: Girl Children in Contemporary Bengal." In Love, Labour and Law: Early and Child Marriage in India, 139–65. B1/I-1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area, Mathura Road New Delhi 110 044: SAGE Publications Pvt. Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9789354792915.n6.
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Tambe, Ashwini. "Curtailing Parents?" In Defining Girlhood in India, 142–50. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042720.003.0008.
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The book’s final chapter accounts for a 2006 Indian law banning child marriage as well as contemporary feminist dilemmas about lowering the age of sexual consent. This chapter tracks the efforts to reform the law on child marriage to make it easier to enforce. The context of legal changes following the 2012 gang rape of Jyoti Pandey is also explained. The chapter shows how feminists are calling for lowering, rather than raising, the age of consent, out of a recognition that the higher age of consent facilitates social control. The chapter uses the history offered in previous chapters to dissect the complexities of recent laws prohibiting child marriage and altering the age of consent. Ultimately, chapter 7 exposes how presumptions about the vulnerability of the adolescent girl can backfire when too much power is vested in parental hands.
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"Child Marriage." In Hating Girls, 143–53. BRILL, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004467002_009.
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Elias, Jamal J. "The Poster Children of Pakistan." In Alef Is for Allah. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520290075.003.0006.
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This chapter focuses on the visual representation of children in the religious poster arts of Pakistan. As in the previous chapter, it locates the representation of childhood within the history of religion and education in the society. The chapter provides a brief history of poster arts in Pakistan, contextualizing the importance of chromolithography in a broader South Asian context. It continues the analysis of cuteness undertaken in the previous chapter, locating it within a broad framework of beauty, which it then demonstrates is related to virtue and goodness in Islamic thought. Focusing on the differences between the ways in which girls and boys are represented, the chapter argues for important differences in the way the gender of children is conceptualized in Islamic societies, introducing a category called girl-women as an indeterminate female age category that lies between the undisputed girlhood of the child and adult womanhood, which is actualized through marriage and motherhood.
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Donker van Heel, Koenraad. "Women Can Party Too." In Mrs. Naunakhte & Family. American University in Cairo Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5743/cairo/9789774167737.003.0011.
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This chapter examines an ostracon, O. Cairo CG 25705 + O. IFAO 1322 + O. Varille 38 (or O. Cairo CG 25705+), showing what appears to be a women's drinking party in Deir al-Medina. At first glance, O. Cairo CG 25705+, dated to the reign of Ramesses III or IV, seems to deal with a women's drinking party in honor of the goddess Hathor. The text also mentions Telmontu, who was related to Naunakhte through marriage: her son Neferhotep was married to his daughter. However, this might not be the goddess Hathor after all, but the birthday girl herself (or perhaps a girl who had just had her first menstruation or child). The personal name Hathor is actually not all that uncommon in Deir al-Medina. In theory this drinking party could even refer to a memorial service for a deceased Hathor. This chapter considers the possibility that Naunakhte's daughters and sons, and even her husband Khaemnun, attended similar events.
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Syrett, Nicholas L. "The Child Was to Be His Wife." In American Child Bride. University of North Carolina Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469629537.003.0003.
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Using the marriage of Abel Stearns and Arcadia Bandini as a prism, this chapter demonstrates that youthful marriage was remarkably common in antebellum America, though more so in the South and the West than in the industrializing Northeast, which was more influenced by new ideas of age consciousness. In the South, slaves and wealthy whites both married at young ages, the former because they also worked as children. In the West demographc patterns meant that men outnumbered women in a variety of locations, leading to youthful ages of first marriage for Indian girls, Californianas and New Mexicanas, travelers on the Overland Trail, and girls who chose polygamous Mormon marriages in the new territory of Utah. In all cases youthful marriage was rarely seen as strange and most who entered such marriages probably did so for reasons unrelated to the age of one of the spouses.
Conference papers on the topic "Girl child marriage"
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Akhter, Zobaida. "When Schools Shut: Child Marriage Start: Impact of Covid-19 on Education of Girl Child in Bangladesh." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.3114.
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More than 15.5 percent of Bangladeshi girls had been forced into wedlock below the age of 15 whereas the marriage age in Bangladesh during a pandemic. With the recent reopening of Bangladeshi schools, authorities have been alarmed by the number of girls not attending classes. In Khulna district, North of Bangladesh recorded more than 3,000 child marriages in this district. The paper will assess and estimate the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the education of young girls. Some case studies will be conducted in the child marriage-prone district of Khulna. Technology is not the only solution to all problems, it needs infrastructure, access to the internet or mobile, and economic solvency to provide necessary things. Since the majority of schools have moved instruction online because of the pandemic, it is now important to give girls the tools to participate in distance learning techniques. Because thousands of girl brides in southern Bangladesh whose classroom seats have remained empty after reopening of school.
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Anggraini, Wella, and Eti Poncorini Pamungkasari. "Factors Associated with Early Marriage among Young Women in Blora, Central Java: Evidence for Theory of Planned Behavior." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.94.
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ABSTRACT Background: Child marriage is the result of the interplay of economic and social forces. In communities where the practice is prevalent, marrying a girl as a child is part of a cluster of social norms and attitudes that reflect the low value accorded to the human rights of girls. Child marriage has many effects on girls’ health. This study aimed to assess factors associated with early marriage among young women in Blora, Central Java, Indonesia. Subjects and Method: A cross sectional study was carried out in Blora, Central Java, from September to October 2019. A sample of 200 married female was selected randomly. The dependent variable was early marriage. The independent variables were intention, attitude, parental income, peer support, teacher support, culture, female value, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control. Results: The risk of early marriage increased with supportive culture toward early marriage (OR= 5.34; 95% CI= 1.12 to 25.34; p= 0.035), negative female value (OR= 5.27; 95% CI= 1.04 to 26.72; p= 0.045), supportive attitude toward early marriage (OR= 10.2; 95% CI= 1.99 to 52.8; p= 0.005), and weak perceived behavior control (OR= 33.8; 95% CI= 4.18 to 273.67; p= 0.001). The risk of early marriage decreased with peer support toward delayed marriage (OR= 0.09; 95% CI= 0.01 to 0.50; p= 0.006), high parental income (OR= 0.16; 95% CI= 0.03 to 0.87; p= 0.034), parental support toward delayed marriage (OR= 0.07; 95% CI= 0.01 to 0.38; p= 0.002), positive female value (OR= 0.09; 95% CI= 0.01 to 0.45; p= 0.003), weak intention toward early marriage (OR= 0.19; 95% CI= 0.04 to 0.91; p= 0.039), and weak subjective norm (OR= 0.10; 95% CI= 0.01 to 0.59; p= 0.011). Conclusion: The risk of early marriage increases with supportive culture toward early marriage, negative female value, supportive attitude toward early marriage, and weak perceived behavior control. The risk of early marriage decreases with peer support toward delayed marriage, high parental income, parental support toward delayed marriage, positive female value, weak intention toward early marriage, and weak subjective norm. Keywords: early marriage, adolescents, theory of planned behavior Correspondence: Wella Anggraini. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: wellaanggraini89@gmail.com. Mobile: 081215216795. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.94
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Puspitasari, Aprilia Hening, and Widodo Muktiyo. "Family Relational on Girl Child Marriage Decision: A Study of Communication and Conformity Orientation in Tegaldowo Village, Rembang Regency." In International Conference of Communication Science Research (ICCSR 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccsr-18.2018.72.
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Zulu, Charles William. "Educating Girls: A Critical Analysis of the Impact of Keeping Girls in School Initiative, Petauke, Zambia." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.5815.
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In 1997, the Minister of Education in Zambia then, Dr. S. Siyamujaye announced that schoolgirls who become pregnant would no longer be expelled. The girls who had been expelled in that year were allowed to return to school. The directive showed serious commitment towards the education of girls. Hence, the Re-Entry Policy mandates schools to allow girls who fall pregnant or left school due to early marriages back into school system (MOE,1997). // Further, in the pursuit to educate girls, the Government of the Republic of Zambia is working with cooperating partners to eradicate the vices and borrowed funds from World Bank in 2016 to support the ‘Girls' Education and Women's Empowerment and Livelihood. Through ‘Keeping Girls in School (KGS) initiative’ the government has been providing bursaries to girls whose parents/guardians were identified to be vulnerable and who were beneficiaries of the Social Cash Transfer Programme. // The project objective is to support the Government of Zambia to increase access to livelihood support for women and access to secondary education for underprivileged adolescent girls in extremely poor households in selected districts, and Petauke is among the benefiting districts in Zambia. // Despite all these efforts to educate the girl-child, mitigate teenage pregnancies and child marriages, the ministry has continued receiving reports of dropouts due to covid-19, high poverty levels, tradition and culture, teenage pregnancies and early marriages. // The findings revealed that the KGS initiative has positively impacted on girls’ education as Memory Lungu, a learner at Petauke Boarding Secondary School states, “The KGS initiative is good. This is because some of us, our parents cannot manage to pay for us in school. The Government is helping us through KGS and we are grateful” (MOGE Magazine 2021). // The investigation involved 32 out of 53 benefiting schools; sampled and interviewed 100 out of 2,767 beneficiaries. The researcher used mixed research methods. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected using the automated google form, one-on-one phone call interviews and also analysed some data using Microsoft excel. // Therefore, in order to keep pregnant dropouts and out-of-school girls in the education process, government should consider investing in open schooling as it provides access to distance and online methods which can support self-directed learning of Girls anytime and anywhere while on maternity leave or out-of-school.
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"Poverty and Child Marriage in Sambas West Kalimantan: Malay Girls Marriage in Sungai Kumpai Village." In April 18-19, 2017 Kyoto (Japan). DiRPUB, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/dirpub.dirh0417024.
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Sewani, Salima. "Endemic of Violence and Child Labor during Covid-19 - A Narrative Case Study on the Effective Well-being Strategies for Building Resilience among Public School Going Learners in Karachi." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.6588.
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This paper reflects on the tribulations faced by the public school-going learners in Karachi during Covid-19. It also sheds light on the innovative pilot strategies that we used to support their education during the closure of the school. Through the reflective narrative case study approach, fellow teachers first gathered a few stories from learners and parents, living in their neighborhoods. They reported cases of child labor, slavery, and early marriages. We then discussed, planned, and piloted strategies to teach and support learners of grades 5 to 8 during Covid-19. We prepared educational packs that included educational games, assignments, and an easy-to-use guidebook. We also offered phone-based academic counseling to learners. Strategies like, taking parents and community leaders into confidence, and offering free vocational education, medical checkups, and medicines to parents and learners worked successfully. Around 17 girl children and 32 male children, who were engaged in child labor during Covid-19 returned to their routine education. Throughout the process, the role of community leaders was pertinent. Our contextual education model for marginalized children and parents can be used by other educational institutions during an uncertain time.
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Ajaib, Anbreen. "Making Secondary Education Accessible for Girls with and without Disabilities -The case of Pakistan." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.312.
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Bedari is a rights based NGO working in Pakistan for promotion and protection of human rights of women and girls. Girls’ Secondary Education is one of the core themes Bedari works on. Bedari believes that education is not only about acquiring a degree or a certificate, it is about the life skills and about knowledge around the rights and the capacity to claim them. Bedari, during the last fifteen years, has supported 1000s of girls to continue their education by enhancing their mobility, helping them strengthen their life skills and asserting their agency. During this, Bedari has gained marvelous understandings of community perspectives and barriers to girls’ education at community and policy levels. Bedari has learnt that a small contribution towards enhancing girls’ mobility not only ensures their access to education, but also contributes in their empowerment, reduces the incidence of child marriages and enables them to deal with gender based violence. // Session Objectives: // Demonstrate how small contributions in girls’ mobility and self-growth through community engagement can empower them and ensures access to education. // Share the good practices of working with government to enhance girls’ secondary education // Showcasing key learning around working for educating girls with disabilities // After a short presentation on the context of Girls’ Education in Pakistan, the moderator will invite the panelists for the discussion. Discussion will be in the form of a talk show. The questions will be around; their experiences (specifically in COVID Context), opportunities to work around inclusion and equity, challenges and their mitigation, and key takeaways. The panelists from different stakeholders including civil society, donor organization and government expert will be a great mix to provide the audience an insight on above mentioned themes from different perspectives. It will provide an opportunity to the participants from different countries to explore the possibilities of replication in their context.
Reports on the topic "Girl child marriage"
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Haider, Huma. Financial Incentives to Reduce Female Infanticide, Child Marriage and Promote Girl’s Education: Impact. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.004.
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This review examines evidence on the key design features and impact of programmes that use Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) or baby bonds to reduce female infanticide, child marriage and promote girl’s education. Conditional cash transfer (CCT) schemes have been adopted to promote the survival and well-being of girls. They provide parents with financial incentives to raise daughters; to delay marrying them until age 18, and to reduce the gender imbalance in school. Given that many CCT programmes aimed at addressing girl children are relatively new, it has in many cases been too early to evaluate their effectiveness. There is thus limited evidence of the impact of their implementation and outcomes. This helpdesk report focuses on recent studies, published in the past five years, on select programmes implemented in South Asia, particularly in India, for which there is the most available information. Evidence suggests that CCT programmes aimed at supporting the girl child have succeeded in promoting school enrolment and delaying marriage in South Asia. It is less clear, however, the extent to which these transfers have affected gender-biased sex selection.
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Amin, Sajeda. BALIKA: Empowering girls to delay child marriage in Bangladesh. Population Council, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2016.1014.
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The BALIKA project evaluated whether three skills-building approaches to empower girls can effectively delay the age at marriage among girls aged 12–18 in parts of Bangladesh where child marriage rates are at their highest. BALIKA results show that programs that educate girls, build their skills for modern livelihoods and engage their communities can delay child marriage and produce better health, educational and social outcomes for girls. This brief summarizes the project's endline results.
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Amin, Sajeda. BALIKA study design. Population Council, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2016.1015.
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The BALIKA project evaluated whether three skills-building approaches to empower girls can effectively delay the age at marriage among girls aged 12–18 in parts of Bangladesh where child marriage rates are at their highest. BALIKA results show that programs that educate girls, build their skills for modern livelihoods and engage their communities can delay child marriage and produce better health, educational and social outcomes for girls.
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Ainul, Sigma, Forhana Rahman Noor, Md Irfan Hossain, Iqbal Ehsan, Mehnaz Manzur, Ubaidur Rob, and Sajeda Amin. Keeping girls in schools to reduce child marriage in rural Bangladesh: Endline assessment. Population Council, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2022.1001.
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Holland, Jeremy. Creating Spaces to Take Action on Violence Against Women and Girls in the Philippines: Integrated Impact Evaluation Report. Oxfam GB, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.9899.
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The Creating Spaces project was a five-year, multi-country initiative aimed at reducing violence against women and girls and the prevalence of child, early and forced marriage in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan and the Philippines. This evaluation focuses on tackling social norm change in the Muslim Mindanao region of the Philippines, working closely with the organizations AMWA, UnyPhil, PBSP and PLCPD. It found that strategies were effectively combined at community level to begin to shift local behaviours, while local change processes were linked to higher-level advocacy for progressive legislative and policy change at national and regional levels. Creating Spaces has successfully started to move the dial, proving change is possible with concerted, strategic and sustained effort. This evaluation provides key recommendations to guide future interventions to build on these successes, and create the basis for future social transformation around violence against women and girls and child, early and forced marriage. Find out more by reading the evaluation brief or the full report.
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Amin, Sajeda, Johana Ahmed, Jyotirmoy Saha, Md Hossain, and Eashita Haque. Delaying child marriage through community-based skills-development programs for girls: Results from a randomized controlled study in rural Bangladesh. Population Council, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy9.1009.
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Birch, Izzy. Financial Incentives to Reduce Female Infanticide, Child Marriage and Promote Girl’s Education: Institutional and Monitoring Mechanisms. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.005.
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The focus of this paper is on the complementary mechanisms and interventions likely to increase the effectiveness and impact of conditional cash transfer (CCT) schemes in South Asia that aim to reduce female infanticide and child marriage and promote girls’ education. The literature on the institutional aspects of these particular schemes is limited, but from this and from the wider literature on CCT programmes in similar contexts, the following institutional mechanisms are likely to enhance success: a strong information and communication strategy that enhances programme reach and coverage and ensures stakeholder awareness; advance agreements with financial institutions; a simple and flexible registration process; appropriate use of technology to strengthen access, disbursement, and oversight; adequate implementation capacity to support processes of outreach, enrolment, and monitoring; monitoring and accountability mechanisms embedded in programme design; coordination mechanisms across government across social protection schemes; an effective management information system; and the provision of quality services in the sectors for which conditions are required. There is a very limited body of evidence that explores these institutional issues as they apply to the specific CCT programmes that are the focus of this report, however, there is more available evidence of the potential impact of ‘cash-plus’ programmes, which complement the transfers with other interventions designed to enhance their results or address the structural barriers to well-being
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Newman, Lorenzo, Alice Pelosi, Giovanni Zino, Silvia Crespi, and Rebecca Gordon. Education Systems for Girls’ Education in the Indo-Pacific Region. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.114.
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Despite substantial progress over the last two decades, girls in many parts of the world experience worse educational outcomes than boys, particularly at the secondary and tertiary levels. The COVID-19 pandemic appears to have exacerbated this learning gap in many regions, making research on the relationship between girls’ education outcomes and education systems increasingly urgent. This rapid review explores the determinants of girls’ education outcomes in a specific group of Indo-Pacific countries. It examines the education system determinants of these outcomes such as government investment, teacher training, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure in schools, school-related gender-based violence, and indirect costs of education, drawing from pre-COVID-19 data. It also investigates societal determinants such as political factors, poverty rates, labour market participation trends, and child marriage rates. By attempting to explain differences in learning outcomes for girls, it also achieves a typology of countries in the region and suggests ideas for further research and FCDO programming.
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Child marriage briefing: Nigeria. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy19.1004.
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This brief provides an overview of child marriage as well as the particulars of child marriage in Nigeria, one of the poorest countries in the world. More than two out of three Nigerians live on less than US$1 a day, and life expectancy is 52 years. The HIV/AIDS epidemic has had a devastating effect on the country, and Nigeria has some of the highest rates of early marriage worldwide. The Child Rights Act, passed in 2003, raised the minimum age of marriage to 18 for girls. However, federal law may be implemented differently at the state level, and to date only a few of the country’s 36 states have begun developing provisions to execute the law. Domestic violence is widespread and a high prevalence of child marriage exists. Nationwide, 20 percent of girls are married by age 15, and 40 percent are married by age 18. Although the practice of polygyny is decreasing, 27 percent of married girls aged 15–19 are in polygynous marriages. Included in this brief are recommendations to promote later, chosen, and legal marriage.
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Child marriage briefing: Mali. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy19.1002.
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This brief provides an overview of child marriage as well as the particulars of child marriage in Mali. Mali is home to 11.6 million people, with 47 percent of its population under age 15. Approximately 73 percent of the population live on less than US$1 a day, and life expectancy is 45 years. Mali has one of the most severe crises of child marriage in the world today. The legal age of marriage is 18 for girls and 21 for boys, but girls may be married as early as age 15 with parental consent. For civil marriages, the law dictates that prospective spouses discuss and agree on whether their union will be polygynous or monogamous; however, a woman’s say in the matter is minimal given her limited options. The payment of bride price is recognized by law, promoting the perception that wives are the property of husbands. In addition, female genital circumcision affects nearly all Malian women, with 61 percent of circumcisions occurring before age 5. Included in this brief are recommendations to promote later, chosen, and legal marriage.