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Journal articles on the topic 'Girl gang'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Hughes, Lorine A., Ekaterina V. Botchkovar, and James F. Short. "“Bargaining with Patriarchy” and “Bad Girl Femininity”: Relationship and Behaviors among Chicago Girl Gangs, 1959–62." Social Forces 98, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 493–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz002.

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Abstract This study uses observational, social network, and self-report survey data from a large study of male gangs in Chicago, 1959–62, to examine intragroup relationships and behaviors among their female auxiliaries, particularly the Vice Ladies and Cobraettes. Unlike descriptions of the female gang as forming a cohesive “sisterhood,” our findings revealed frequent intragroup conflict and loosely connected friendship networks. Consistent with the bulk of contemporary literature, the Chicago gang girls appeared to maintain ties with one another less for affective reasons than for the benefits they provided in the streets (e.g., peer backup). Regarding their behaviors, the Chicago gang girls engaged in both socio-sexual and stereotypically male activities, including strong-arm robbery and purse-snatching. Although sex sometimes was used to gain favor with boys, we found no evidence of it being valued and rewarded with prestige among homegirls. Instead, the most sexually active girls tended to be the least popular in the gang. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of “bad girl femininity” performed by gang girls and gang involvement as a resource for “bargaining with patriarchy.”

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2

Horrex, Emma. "From Teen Angels to Vogue: The subcultural styles of the girl gang in Mi Vida Loca." Film, Fashion & Consumption 9, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ffc_00011_1.

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Abstract Despite increasing sociological scholarship pertaining to girl gang membership in the last few decades, there continues to be a lack of engagement with the meaning of their stylistic practices and how this manifests on screen. As a corrective to this, this article considers the complexities, contradictions and ambiguities in girl gang styles and their 'symbolic meaning' for young Chicanas as represented in the first feature-length film to bring contemporary girl gang activity from the streets to the mainstream, Mi Vida Loca (1994). Examining Chola makeup, gang tattoos and dress, the article explores how the gang girl can produce meaning (political, feminist or other) and power through styles, and the tensions between 'authentic' agentic subcultural defiance and mainstream consumption, and the dualistic constructions of girlhood itself. Disadvantaged by intersecting forces, it is argued that gang girls do not necessarily have less opportunity, but greater difficulty in imposing meaning onto the world and resisting hegemonic forces through subcultural aesthetics.

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3

Larson, Heidi J. "A global girl gang." Lancet 391, no. 10120 (February 2018): 527–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30193-4.

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4

Young, Tara. "Girls and Gangs: ‘Shemale’ Gangsters in the UK?" Youth Justice 9, no. 3 (December 2009): 224–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473225409345101.

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In recent years there have been a number of high profile stories reporting increasing levels of female involvement in group related crime. According to these reports teenage girls are no longer spectators hovering on the periphery of street gangs but are hard core members actively engaging in the kind of extreme violence that is usually the preserve of men. As girl ‘gangsters’, young women are seen to be engaging in a wide range of crimes such as robbery, rape and murder. Using findings from an empirical study on young people’s use of weapons and involvement in street based groups, this article examines female involvement in ‘gangs’ and their violent behaviour. It challenges the dominant stereotype of girl ‘gangsters’ as malicious violent aggressors. The notion of the gang and implications for policy and practice will also be considered.

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5

Curran, Ronald, and Joyce Carol Oates. "Foxfire: Confessions of a Girl Gang." World Literature Today 68, no. 3 (1994): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40150453.

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6

Quealy-Gainer, Kate. "Undead Girl Gang by Lily Anderson." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 71, no. 9 (2018): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2018.0316.

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7

Dziewanski, Dariusz. "Femme Fatales: Girl Gangsters and Violent Street Culture in Cape Town." Feminist Criminology 15, no. 4 (April 5, 2020): 438–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557085120914374.

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This article examines the ways that 21 girl gangsters perform violent street culture in Cape Town, South Africa. It examines their participation in the city’s township gangs, with a particular focus on female involvement in gang-related acts of aggression and violence. Research looks to move beyond portrayals of girl gangsters in Cape Town as either victims or accessories. It shows how they leverage street cultural performances in reaction to intersectional oppression, and in an attempt to empower themselves. Young women in this study joined gangs and took part in violence for many of the same reasons that men do—protection, income, status, and so on—as well as due to threats of sexual violence faced specifically by females. But street cultural participation for females in Cape Town also often perpetuates cycles of violent victimization, incarceration, and substance abuse that keep girl gangsters trapped in a life on the streets. In this way, females in this study broke from the binary view of girl gangsterism as either totally liberating or totally injurious, embodying both simultaneously.

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8

Joe-Laidler, Geoffrey Hunt, Karen. "SITUATIONS OF VIOLENCE IN THE LIVES OF GIRL GANG MEMBERS." Health Care for Women International 22, no. 4 (June 2001): 363–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07399330117165.

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Hunt, Geoffrey, and Karen Joe-Laidler. "SITUATIONS OF VIOLENCE IN THE LIVES OF GIRL GANG MEMBERS." Health Care For Women International 22, no. 4 (June 1, 2001): 363–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07399330152398909.

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10

Wood, Helen. "Three (Working-class) Girls: Social Realism, the ‘At-risk’ Girl and Alternative Classed Subjectivities." Journal of British Cinema and Television 17, no. 1 (January 2020): 70–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jbctv.2020.0508.

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This article focuses on the BBC1 three-part drama Three Girls, broadcast in July 2017, which dramatised the Rochdale child sex-grooming gang scandal of 2011 and won five BAFTAs in 2018. While many of the dominant press narratives focused on the ethnicity of the perpetrators, few accounts of the scandal spoke to the need for a sustained public discussion of the class location of the victims. This article considers how the process of recognising the social problem of sex-grooming is set up for the audience through a particular mode of address. In many ways the drama rendered visible the structural conditions that provided the context for this abuse by drawing on the expanded repertoires of television social realism: the representation of the town as abuser; the championing of heroic working-class women; and the power of working-class vernacular. However, ultimately, the narrative marginalises the type of girl most likely to be the victim of this form of sexual abuse. By focusing on the recognisable journey of the girl ‘who can be saved’ this renders the impoverished girl as already constitutive of the social problem. The analysis draws attention to the difficulties of recognising alternative classed subjectivities on television because of the way that boundary-markers are placed between the working class and the poor and suggests that the consequence of these representations is to reify ideas about the victims of poverty and exploitation.

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11

Venkatesh, Sudhir Alladi. "Gender and Outlaw Capitalism: A Historical Account of the Black Sisters United "Girl Gang"." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 23, no. 3 (April 1998): 683–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/495284.

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12

Auyong, Zenta E. Gomez, Sven Smith, and Christopher J. Ferguson. "Girls in Gangs: Exploring Risk in a British Youth Context." Crime & Delinquency 64, no. 13 (March 21, 2018): 1698–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128718763130.

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The existing literature on gangs has largely focused on boys from the United States. Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), this study investigated select individual, peer, and community risk factors that differentiate gang and nongang girls in the United Kingdom. We find that 48.3% of gang-involved youth were girls, and that gang girls commit more crime than nongang girls. Furthermore, girls who live in socially disorganized neighborhoods are more likely to be members of gangs. The current research suggests that focusing on girls’ community environments may be beneficial to reducing gangs in the United Kingdom.

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13

Patton, Desmond Upton, Jamie MacBeth, Sarita Schoenebeck, Katherine Shear, and Kathleen McKeown. "Accommodating Grief on Twitter: An Analysis of Expressions of Grief Among Gang Involved Youth on Twitter Using Qualitative Analysis and Natural Language Processing." Biomedical Informatics Insights 10 (January 1, 2018): 117822261876315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178222618763155.

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There is a dearth of research investigating youths’ experience of grief and mourning after the death of close friends or family. Even less research has explored the question of how youth use social media sites to engage in the grieving process. This study employs qualitative analysis and natural language processing to examine tweets that follow 2 deaths. First, we conducted a close textual read on a sample of tweets by Gakirah Barnes, a gang-involved teenaged girl in Chicago, and members of her Twitter network, over a 19-day period in 2014 during which 2 significant deaths occurred: that of Raason “Lil B” Shaw and Gakirah’s own death. We leverage the grief literature to understand the way Gakirah and her peers express thoughts, feelings, and behaviors at the time of these deaths. We also present and explain the rich and complex style of online communication among gang-involved youth, one that has been overlooked in prior research. Next, we overview the natural language processing output for expressions of loss and grief in our data set based on qualitative findings and present an error analysis on its output for grief. We conclude with a call for interdisciplinary research that analyzes online and offline behaviors to help understand physical and emotional violence and other problematic behaviors prevalent among marginalized communities.

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14

Lanctôt, Nadine, and Marc LeBlanc. "Les adolescentes membres des bandes marginales : un potentiel antisocial atténué par la dynamique de la bande ?" Criminologie 30, no. 1 (August 16, 2005): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017400ar.

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The goal of this article is to improve our knowledge concerning the social and personal characteristics of the female gang members. Data have been collected from 150 girls who were convicted by the juvenile court of Montreal during 1992 and 1993. The analysis shows that girls who join gangs have serious handicaps which are related to their social adaptation, their personality and their deviant and delinquent conducts. Consequently, female gang membership responds to a selection process, as it does with the male membership. The profile of the female also changes depending on the structure of the gang to which they join. As the gang becomes more organized, the girls' personality gets worst. However, the context of the organized gangs seems to limit the girls to auxiliary roles rather then being an opportunity to discharge their antisocial potential.

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15

Hunt, Geoffrey P., Karen Joe-Laidler, and Kristy Evans. "The Meaning and Gendered Culture of Getting High: Gang Girls and Drug Use Issues." Contemporary Drug Problems 29, no. 2 (June 2002): 375–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090202900207.

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This paper explores drug use in the lives of female gang members. Gang researchers have traditionally neglected the roles that females play in street gangs. More recent efforts have begun to examine the social life of young women and to uncover the extent to which the women develop a subculture within a male-dominated environment. In analyzing the culture of drug use in gang life, we uncover the extent to which women use illicit drugs in a highly gendered way. We focus on the ways in which female gang members use drugs in a recreational manner, in a social setting where drug taking is normative behavior. Data for this paper are drawn from an ongoing study of street gangs in the San Francisco Bay area in which 168 female gang members were interviewed using both a quantitative and a qualitative interview schedule.

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16

Zagar, Robert John, Kenneth G. Busch, William M. Grove, John Russell Hughes, and Jack Arbit. "Looking Forward and Backward in Records for Risks among Homicidal Youth." Psychological Reports 104, no. 1 (February 2009): 103–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.104.1.103-127.

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To identify risks for commission of homicide, 26 convicted Homicidal Youth ( M age =14.9 yr., SD =1.4; n = 26; 1 girl, 25 boys) were matched with 26 Nonviolent Delinquents and 26 clinic-referred Controls. Youth were tracked backward 8 years ( M = 7.7 yr., SD =1.5) and forward 3 years ( M = 3.1 yr., SD =1.2) in records. Data analysis was Shao's bootstrapped logistic regression yielding area under the curve ( AUC) and odds ratios ( OR). Predictors of homicide were poorer executive function ( OR = 7.04e+40), violent family ( OR = 4.01e−16), and alcohol abuse ( OR = 7.33e−17; AUC=.97, 95% CI = .77−.99). From earlier studies, 101 Homicidal Youth and their Controls were reanalyzed similarly. Predictors were poorer executive function ( OR = 6.51), lower social maturity ( OR = 0.28), weapon possession ( OR = 26.10), and gang membership ( OR = 4.14; AUC= .98, 95% CI = .96−.99). Groups were combined, i.e., 26 and 101 Homicidal; 127 Homicidal Youth (7 girls, 120 boys) and their matched Controis were tracked in records. The predictor was poorer executive function ( OR= 3.34e−21; AUC = .98, 95% CI = .96−.97). When 127 Homicidal Youth were compared with 127 matched Nonviolent Delinquents, predictors were poorer executive function ( OR = 2.83e–02), weapon possession ( OR = 1.63e−10), lower social maturity ( OR= 1.15), and use of special education services ( OR = .94; AUC= .94, 95% CI= .37−.99).

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17

Alleyne, Emma, and Elizabeth Pritchard. "Psychological and behavioral characteristics differentiating gang and non-gang girls in the UK." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 2, no. 2 (June 13, 2016): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-05-2015-0017.

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Purpose – Research has demonstrated that girls are involved in gangs as members and affiliates. However, the psychological processes related to female gang membership has, to date, not been examined using a rigorous comparative design. The purpose of this paper is to assess whether female gang members exhibit distinct psychological and behavioral features when compared to female non-gang youth. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 117 female students were recruited from all-girls’ secondary schools in London, UK. Gang members (n=22; identified using the Eurogang definition) were compared to non-gang youth (n=95) on self-report measures of criminal activity, sexual activity, self-esteem, anti-authority attitudes, their perceived importance of social status, and hypermasculinity, using a series of MANCOVAs. Findings – The results found that gang members reported significantly more criminal activity, sexual activity, unwanted sexual contact, and held more anti-authority attitudes when compared to their non-gang counterparts. Practical implications – These findings support Pyrooz et al.’s (2014) findings that gang membership contributes to the theoretical conceptualization of the victim-offender overlap. Practitioners need to take this into consideration when working with female gang members. Originality/value – There is very little research that explicitly examines the characteristics of female gang members with suitable comparison groups. This study adds to the growing literature on female involvement in gangs and highlights the distinct psychological and behavioral characteristics of this group. In summary, these findings support the notion that female gang members are both at risk of being sexually exploited and engaging in criminal activities.

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18

Forster, Myriam, Timothy J. Grigsby, Jennifer B. Unger, and Steve Sussman. "Associations between Gun Violence Exposure, Gang Associations, and Youth Aggression: Implications for Prevention and Intervention Programs." Journal of Criminology 2015 (February 5, 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/963750.

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Using cross-sectional data collected from three middle schools in Southeast Los Angeles, we assessed the association of neighborhood violence exposure, gang associations, and social self-control with past week aggression in a sample of minority youth (n=164). Results from Poisson and logistic regression models showed that direct exposure to gun violence, having friends in gangs, and low social self control were all positively associated with past week aggression. Among girls, having gang affiliated family members was positively associated with aggression, whereas among boys having friends in gangs was associated with past week aggression. Subjective expectations of engagement in future interpersonal violence were associated with being male, having friends in gangs, and fear of neighborhood gun violence. We recommend that youth violence prevention and intervention programs address the impact of family, peers, and gun violence on student coping and identify students with low social self-control who could benefit from social and emotional skills training.

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19

Barrett-Wallis, Rebecca, and Alanaise Goodwill. "The Enhanced Critical Incident Technique Investigation of Girls’ Perceptions of Prosocial Connectedness in a Wraparound Program." Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy 54, no. 4 (September 20, 2020): 756–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47634/cjcp.v54i4.68858.

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Women and girls are being implicated in gang-related operations at alarming rates. Anti-social gang behaviours such as drug trafficking, sexual exploitation, gun violence, and street entrenchment are of particular concern. British Columbia has seen a rise in gang-associated violence and homicide directed at or involving women over the last decade. Positive youth development initiatives such as the one in this study aim to support youth currently involved in or at risk of being involved in gangs. School personnel identify students who are exposed to anti-social gang behaviours and refer them to a wraparound program where they are matched with an adult mentor who works with them and their families to facilitate prosocial connections to five life domains: (a) school, (b) community, (c) home, (d) prosocial peers, and (e) the self. A 2012 evaluation report determined the program to be effective in reaching its objectives with a predominantly male population (84%). However, between 2015 and 2016, the program dramatically increased its responsiveness to girls, with a nearly 50% increase in female referrals. Using the enhanced critical incident technique (ECIT), the purpose of the study was to describe how female-identifying students articulate “prosocial connectedness” within the context of their experiences in a school-based wraparound gang prevention program. Critical incidents were collected by the first author, who interviewed eight girls and asked them the following: “What has helped/hindered/would have better helped facilitate your prosocial connectedness?” Findings were organized into 34 categories. ECIT analyses point to the effectiveness of using a relational/attachment model to inform strategies for gang prevention and school-based intervention in female youth.

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20

Johnson, Mark. "Brooks's Gang Girls." Explicator 61, no. 4 (January 2003): 229–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00144940309597823.

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ESBENSEN, FINN-AAGE, ELIZABETH PIPER DESCHENES, and L. THOMAS WINFREE. "Differences between Gang Girls and Gang Boys." Youth & Society 31, no. 1 (September 1999): 27–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x99031001002.

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22

Horowitz, Ruth, and Anne Campbell. "The Girls in the Gang." Contemporary Sociology 15, no. 1 (January 1986): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2070914.

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23

Khan, Ummni. "Prostituted Girls and the Grown-up Gaze." Global Studies of Childhood 1, no. 4 (January 1, 2011): 302–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/gsch.2011.1.4.302.

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This article examines the representation of under-age girls in the sex trade through a comparative analysis of the social scientific monograph Gangs and Girls: understanding juvenile prostitution and the fictional novel, Lullabies for Little Criminals. Through a semiotic examination of the book covers, and a discursive deconstruction of the fairy-tale conventions of the textual content, the author considers how the ‘grown up gaze’ is both gratified and sometimes challenged. She further demonstrate that ironically, the fictional account in Lullabies offers a more nuanced consideration of the socio-economic factors that contribute to the abuse and sexual exploitation of children than the expert account in Gangs. The article concludes by suggesting ‘grown ups' must be cognizant of the voyeuristic tendencies and the political pitfalls of adult renderings of girl prostitutes.

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24

Batchelor, Susan. "The Myth of Girl Gangs." Criminal Justice Matters 43, no. 1 (March 2001): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09627250108552961.

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Allen, Daniel. "Why girls fall into gang culture." Nursing Children and Young People 25, no. 8 (October 2013): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ncyp2013.10.25.8.8.s8.

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26

Firmin, Carlene. "Girls around gangs." Safer Communities 8, no. 2 (May 4, 2009): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17578043200900014.

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27

Schwartz, Gary, Anne Campbell, and Ronald Huff. "The Girls in the Gang, 2d ed." Contemporary Sociology 21, no. 2 (March 1992): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2075467.

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Desmond, Scott A. "Mexican American Girls and Gang Violence: Beyond Risk." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 37, no. 4 (July 2008): 357–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009430610803700436.

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29

Laidler, K. J. "Accomplishing Femininity Among the Girls in the Gang." British Journal of Criminology 41, no. 4 (September 1, 2001): 656–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/41.4.656.

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Otte, Hanka, and Pascal Gielen. "Wanneer politiek onvermijdelijk wordt: Van gemeenschapskunst naar gemene kunst." Forum+ 27, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/forum2020.1.giel.

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Abstract In dit artikel belichten Hanka Otte en Pascal Gielen het onderscheid tussen gemeenschapskunst en gemene kunst, beter bekend als community art en commoning art. Hun stelling is dat gemeenschapskunst, zoals sociaal-artistieke projecten, deels gesubsidieerd worden omdat ze de maatschappelijke status quo bevestigen. Gemene kunst zet daarentegen niet alleen in op het sociale, maar ook op het politieke, en valt daarom vaak tussen de mazen van het vigerende cultuurbeleid. Dat beleid vermijdt volgens de auteurs het politieke, doordat het kunst enkel van publieke waarde acht wanneer het door zoveel mogelijk individuen wordt geconsumeerd. De persoonlijke smaak of persoonlijke werking van kunst staat voorop in het cultuurbeleid, waardoor er wordt voorbijgegaan aan de mogelijkheden die kunst aan een gemeenschap biedt. De auteurs pleiten daarom voor een gemeen cultuurbeleid dat enkel kaders geeft en artistieke ontwikkelingen autonoom hun gang laat gaan. In this article, Hanka Otte and Pascal Gielen examine the difference between community art and commoning art. They argue that community art, like social art, is subsidised in part because it reinforces the societal status quo. Because commoning art, by contrast, not only commits itself to the social, but to the political as well, it tends to fall between the cracks of the current cultural policy. According to Otte and Gielen, this policy turns a blind eye on politics, presuming that only art that is consumed by as many individuals as possible is of any public value. Our cultural policy puts personal taste or art's personal effect centre stage, thus ignoring the many things art has to offer the community. Hence the author's plea for a commoning cultural policy that provides only a framework and that lets artists develop autonomously.

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De La Rue, Lisa, and Dorothy L. Espelage. "Family and abuse characteristics of gang-involved, pressured-to-join, and non–gang-involved girls." Psychology of Violence 4, no. 3 (2014): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035492.

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Vasquez, Eduardo A., Kolawole Osinnowo, Afroditi Pina, Louisa Ball, and Cheyra Bell. "The sexual objectification of girls and aggression towards them in gang and non-gang affiliated youth." Psychology, Crime & Law 23, no. 5 (January 20, 2017): 459–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1068316x.2016.1269902.

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33

Campbell, Anne. "Self Definition by Rejection: The Case of Gang Girls." Social Problems 34, no. 5 (December 1987): 451–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sp.1987.34.5.03a00050.

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Campbell, Anne. "Self Definition by Rejection: The Case of Gang Girls." Social Problems 34, no. 5 (December 1987): 451–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/800541.

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35

Messerschmidt, James W. "On gang girls, gender and a structured action theory." Theoretical Criminology 6, no. 4 (November 2002): 461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136248060200600404.

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Pape Blabolil, Julie A., Laurel D. Edinburgh, Scott B. Harpin, and Elizabeth M. Saewyc. "Clinical Presentations of Gang Rape Among Young Adolescent GIRLS." Journal of Adolescent Health 54, no. 2 (February 2014): S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.10.064.

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37

Fagan, Jeffrey, and Carl S. Taylor. "Girls, Gangs, Women and Drugs." Contemporary Sociology 23, no. 2 (March 1994): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2075265.

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Springer-Selig, Barbara A., and Carl S. Taylor. "Girls, Gangs, Women, and Drugs." Michigan Historical Review 20, no. 1 (1994): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20173450.

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39

O’Neal, Eryn Nicole, Scott H. Decker, Richard K. Moule, and David C. Pyrooz. "Girls, Gangs, and Getting Out." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 14, no. 1 (September 24, 2014): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204014551426.

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40

Cureton, Steven R., Meda Chesney-Lind, and John Hagedorn. "Female Gangs in America: Essays on Girls, Gangs and Gender." Contemporary Sociology 29, no. 5 (September 2000): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2655268.

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41

Wang, John Z. "Female Gang Affiliation: Knowledge and Perceptions of At-Risk Girls." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 44, no. 5 (October 2000): 618–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x00445008.

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42

Chambers, Cheryl, and Mark Fleisher. "Dead End Kids: Gang Girls and the Boys They Know." Contemporary Sociology 28, no. 4 (July 1999): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2655344.

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43

Petersen, Rebecca D., and James C. Howell. "Program Approaches for Girls in Gangs." Criminal Justice Review 38, no. 4 (November 6, 2013): 491–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016813510935.

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44

Harris, Mary G. "Cholas, Mexican-American girls, and gangs." Sex Roles 30, no. 3-4 (February 1994): 289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01420995.

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45

Schwartz, David, Andrea Hopmeyer, Tana Luo, Alexandra C. Ross, and Jesse Fischer. "Affiliation With Antisocial Crowds and Psychosocial Outcomes in a Gang-Impacted Urban Middle School." Journal of Early Adolescence 37, no. 4 (July 27, 2016): 559–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431615617292.

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This longitudinal study examined the psychosocial adjustment of adolescents who affiliate with antisocial crowds in a gang-impacted urban environment. We followed 405 adolescents (219 boys, 186 girls; average age of 11.51 years, SD = .61; 84% Latino, 9% Asian, and 7% other or unclassified) for one academic year. These youth attended a middle school located in an economically distressed neighborhood with documented high rates of gang violence. We assessed crowd membership with a structured focus group procedure. In addition, we administered a peer nomination inventory to assess aggression and social standing, obtained self-reports of depressive symptoms, and derived grade point averages (GPA) directly from school records. Adolescents used gang-related imagery to describe antisocial crowds in their school, referring to “cholos” and “taggers.” Membership in these crowds was associated with aggression and low GPA but, paradoxically, predicted small decreases in depression and increases in popularity over time. Taken together, our results highlight the complex role of affiliations with antisocial crowds in high-risk settings.

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46

Koehler, Robert. "Petit Apartheid and the “TB” Syndrome: Police Racial Profiling of Chicana/o Youths in San Jose, California." Ethnic Studies Review 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2007.30.1.1.

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I like to go out on Friday nights and Saturday nights and join up with my homies and walk around the hot spots and get some food. I like to check out the girls and see if I can get something going with them. But every weekend the cops stop me. What the fuck for? I go to school everyday and get treated like a criminal and then, when I want to step out of my house…I get treated like a criminal again! I have never been arrested for nothing! But I always get stopped for walkin' down the street. For walkin' down the street! Am I in a gang (the police ask)? Who's in a gang? Who's carrying a gun, a disrepectful attitude, and stopping people for nothing? The police gang. You don't see me with a gun or knife or harassing anyone! I'm just tryin' to walk down the fucking street. an anonymous sixteen year-old Chicano (Author, 2004)

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Moloney, Molly, Geoffrey P. Hunt, Karen Joe-Laidler, and Kathleen MacKenzie. "Young mother (in the) hood: gang girls' negotiation of new identities." Journal of Youth Studies 14, no. 1 (August 25, 2010): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2010.506531.

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48

Mendoza‐Denton, Norma. "‘Muy Macha’: Gender and ideology in gang‐girls’ discourse about makeup*." Ethnos 61, no. 1-2 (January 1996): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00141844.1996.9981527.

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Patton, Desmond Upton, Robin Stevens, Jocelyn R. Smith Lee, Grace-Cecile Eya, and William Frey. "You Set Me Up: Gendered Perceptions of Twitter Communication Among Black Chicago Youth." Social Media + Society 6, no. 2 (April 2020): 205630512091387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305120913877.

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We sought to identify the key dynamics in the relationship between social media and violence by identifying new mechanisms that elucidate how Internet banging becomes offline violence through the perceptions of the Black and Latino boys and men. We conducted 33 interviews with Black and Latino boys and men aged 14–24 who live in Chicago, have experience with gang violence, and are social media users. In our investigation of the use of social media by boys and young men to navigate neighborhood violence, we uncovered a recurring narrative about gender relationships in violence. Male participants often attributed escalations of violence to girls and young women, beginning with online communications that migrated to face-to-face meetings. They described girls and young women as the precipitators of violence through “set-up” meetings that began under the guise of romance, dating, and courtship. This study provides an in-depth examination of how males perceive girls and young women as unique threats to their personal safety, a narrative we must engage with in order to further current violence prevention efforts. Future research is needed to examine the lived experiences of young women, their experience with and exposure to social media-related gang violence, and their view of social media behaviors of men that may lead to violence.

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Mason, Karen A. "Book Review: Female Gangs in America: Essays on Girls, Gangs and Gender." Humanity & Society 25, no. 2 (May 2001): 194–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016059760102500214.

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