Journal articles: 'GIS- Gas Insulated Switchgears'

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Korotchenko, Evgeniy, Irek Galiaskarov, Misrikhan Misrikhanov, Vladimir Ryabchenko, and Andrey Shuntov. "On Reliability of 110-500 kV GIS: Operational Experience." E3S Web of Conferences 584 (2024): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202458401018.

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The accident rate of gas-insulated switchgears (GIS) is considered. The statistical sample covered 30 110-500 kV switchgear switchgears in a vast region of the European part of the country for the period 2008-2022. Their design features and technical characteristics are given. Significant and insignificant failures of GIS, including their structure, namely, distribution by elements of installations, technical and organizational causes of occurrence, dependence on the year of operation are subjected to analysis. The flow parameter (frequency) of GIS failures is determined, as well as the maximum possible time of GIS restoration after damage to the arc suppression chamber of the pole of the 500 kV circuit breaker. Comparative data are given with failure rate of GIS abroad and with gas-insulated circuit breaker cells in open switchgears.

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Ana, Ricardo Santa, Marvin Muchametow, and Manjunath Ramesh. "New Method of Leak Rate Measurement in SF₆ Free Medium Voltage Switchgear Using Helium and Ambient Air." B&H Electrical Engineering 15, no. 1 (2021): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bhee-2021-0006.

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Abstract The current medium voltage Gas Insulated Switchgears (GIS) predominantly use Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) as insulation medium. The leakage tests performed on GIS use either SF6 or Helium medium to ensure gas tightness. However, SF6 has been strictly regulated for the last years due to the high global warming potential effect on the planet. As a response, new technologies are emerging using air as insulation medium. The present work establishes a basic comparison of the leakage rate in a medium voltage GIS using two different leak detection methods: Helium leak detector and Residual Gas Analyser (RGA). Both methods use Helium and additionally RGA using air as tracer gas.

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Chung, I.-Hua, and Yu-Hsun Lin. "Exploring the Impact of Parallel Architecture on Improving Adaptable Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems for Gas-Insulated Switch Defect Recognition." Energies 15, no. 11 (2022): 3940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15113940.

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Gas-insulated switchgear malfunctions during power system operation may occur due to electrical, thermal, or human errors in the manufacturing process. The leading causes of insulation deterioration of gas-insulated switchgear are discharging along the surface caused by dirt on the insulating material, internal discharge caused by impurities and cavities in the insulating material, corona discharge caused by poor assembly or construction at the site, and electric tree channel discharge caused by the intense internal discharge. Since different defects produce different partial discharge characteristics, the operating power equipment can be analyzed using measurement instruments to detect partial discharge for preventive equipment fault diagnosis, avoiding unnecessary power outages and losses; therefore, evaluating the defects in gas-insulated switchgear is essential. In this study, three gas-insulated switchgears were prefabricated with different defects before encapsulation, and the partial discharge data of each defect were measured by applying different test voltages. The adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) input data were used to evaluate the recognition effect, showing that the average recognition rate of the core for all defects was over 90%. The proposed system architecture can continuously accumulate the defect measurement database of gas-insulated switchgear and be used as a reference for constructing electrical equipment defect recognition systems.

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Onal, E. "Breakdown Mechanism of Different Sulphur Hexafluoride Gas Mixtures." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3206132.

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Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas and SF6 gas mixtures are widely used in gas-insulated systems (GIS) because they have good dielectric and thermal properties. Among the various gas mixtures investigated so far, SF6-air, SF6-CO2, and SF6-N2 are most used gas mixtures. Also, these mixtures have much technical superiority in GIS. These are nontoxic and nonflammable gases, and they have less sensitivity to nonuniformities and higher liquefaction temperature at high pressure. GIS, switchgears, circuit breakers, and substations are systems that work with alternating current and have nonuniform electric fields. For this reason, in this study the breakdown mechanisms of 0.125, 0.5, 1, and 20% SF6 gas mixtures with rod-plane configuration under AC voltage are investigated and explained breakdown mechanism.

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Liu, Yun Peng, Zi Jian Wang, and Yan Song Li. "Study on the Insulating Spacers Surface Discharge of GIS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 385-386 (August 2013): 1209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.385-386.1209.

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Gas insulated switchgears occupy an important position in the power system.Insulating spacers are important parts in GIS, a research on the surface discharge characteristics is conducted, mainly using ultraviolet imaging technology, ultrasonic testing technology and pulse current method to test the whole discharge process. Based on the data analysis, get the following conclusion: 1) Ultraviolet photons indicator shows the "saturation" characteristic, when the voltage up to 68kV later, continue to increase the voltage, ultraviolet photon number increase is not obvious; 2) In the basin insulator defect, with discharge intensifies, charged particle collision more intense, the heat increase, so the local volume rapid expansion, the pressure increase lead to enhance the ultrasonic signal. These works provide a valuable reference for follow-up study of GIS.

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Wang, Zhi Hui, Lin Gou, and Xin Ming Wang. "Partial Discharge Characteristics of GIS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 3532–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.3532.

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Gas insulated switchgears (GIS) occupy an important position in the power system. Insulating spacers surface discharge is an important factor to the safe operation of GIS. The authors set up different insulation defect models in insulator surface and use the UV camera to observe the surface discharge phenomena, we have obtained the following conclusions: (1) the photon numbers increase with increasing length of the models, however, there are many repetitive experiments show that it has saturation characteristic ;(2) When the same kind of simulation insulation fault in different position, the initial discharge voltage is different, photon numbers under the same voltage also is put in bigger difference;(3) When the distance between insulation defect models and bar is more than 6 cm, the discharge decreased significantly under the same voltage, and the ultraviolet photon numbers decreased significantly. These conclusions is helpful to following in-depth study of insulator surface charge characteristics, and provide the certain basis for the scene detection of GIS partial discharge.

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Fofana, Issouf, and Stephan Brettschneider. "Outdoor Insulation and Gas-Insulated Switchgears." Energies 15, no. 21 (2022): 8141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15218141.

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Liu, Yun Peng, Zi Jian Wang, and Yan Song Li. "Summary of Study on the GIS Partial Discharge Detection Technology and SF₆ Alternative Gas." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.611.

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Gas insulated switchgears occupy an important position in the power system. But the partial discharge would occur because of insulation defect, PD will lead to the GIS insulation damage after a long time, and will lead to serious consequences without treatment in time, therefore, the PD detection is particularly important. PD is detected by its secondary physical phenomena, including the phenomena of sound, light, electromagnetic waves and gas decomposition products and so on. At present, many scholars in China and foreign countries have done a comprehensive study on insulation detection technology of GIS and have achieved a large number of results. The author do a detailed overview on the detection technical of GIS insulation state, including GIS platform and the simulation of typical insulation defectspartial discharge detection methods, SF6 alternative gas and pattern recognition. These works provide a valuable reference for follow-up study of GIS.

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Bachri, Karel Octavianus, Edoardo Jonathan, and Arka Dwinanda Soewono. "Analisis Gangguan Pada Sistem Gardu Listrik Berbasis Gas Insulated Switchgear 150 kV Dengan Metode High Voltage Test." Cylinder : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Mesin 9, no. 1 (2023): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25170/cylinder.v9i1.5029.

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Insulator pada gardu induk memegang peranan penting dalam menjaga keamanan dan efisiensi dalam sistem transmisi dan distribusi listrik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan pengujian dengan menggunakan metode pegujian tegangan tinggi (High Voltage Test) untuk memeriksa kemungkinan kerusakan pada gardu induk 150 kV yang dilengkapi dengan Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) sesuai dengan standar IEC 62271-203. Hasil pengukuran Insulation Resistance (IR) untuk komponen pada sistem GIS menunjukan bahwa sistem tersebut masih memiliki tahanan isolasi yang tinggi untuk fase R, S dan T. Hasil pengujian untuk Gas Insulated Switchgear ketika dialiri listrik tegangan tinggi untuk tiga fase (R, S dan T) juga tidak menunjukan adanya arus bocor sehingga dapat dipastikan bahwa sistem tersebut masih berjalan dengan baik.

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10

Maekawa, Hiroshi, Masashi Doi, and Shunji Kawamoto. "Equivalent Circuit Model of Partial Discharge in Gas Insulated Switchgears." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 120, no. 6 (2000): 905–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1990.120.6_905.

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11

Zebouchi, Nabila, and Manu A. Haddad. "A Review on Real-Size Epoxy Cast Resin Insulators for Compact High Voltage Direct Current Gas Insulated Switchgears (GIS) and Gas Insulated Transmission Lines (GIL)—Current Achievements and Envisaged Research and Development." Energies 13, no. 23 (2020): 6416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236416.

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Due to the ever-increasing demand for electricity in the one hand and the environmental constraints to use clean energy on the other hand, the global production of energy from remote renewable sources, particularly from large hydropower plants and offshore wind farms and their connection to the grid are expected to grow significantly in the future. Consequently, the demand to carry this electric power by high voltage direct current (HVDC) technology will increase too. The most suitable HVDC power transmission technology to deliver large amounts of power, exceeding a capacity of 5 GW per bipolar system over long distances with lower losses is by using compact HVDC gas insulated transmission lines (DC GIL) and gas insulated switchgears (DC GIS) with rated voltage (maximum continuous operating voltage) of ±550 kV and 5000 A which are presently under development worldwide. Among the critical challenges for the development of these HVDC gas insulated systems, there are the epoxy cast resin insulators that are used to separate gas compartments also called spacers. Indeed, thorough research studies have been and still being carried out to well understand and clarify the electrical insulation characteristics of HVDC spacers using mainly cylindrical samples and small insulator models, where useful results have been obtained and proposed for implementation in real compact gas insulated systems. However, few practical investigations have been undertaken on real size spacers (product scale) to verify such research outcomes and validate the reliability of the spacers to collect experiences or for commercial use. This paper reviews the current achievements of real size HVDC spacers development. It describes the basic electric field calculation and spacers design, the verification of the insulation performance and validation testing. It gives today’s commercially available compact HVDC GIS/GIL and finally it presents the envisaged future research and development.

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Lv, Fang Cheng, Hu Jin, and Zhao Hua Zhang. "Typical Insulation Defects Partial Discharge Feature Extraction Research Based on AE Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (October 2014): 737–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.737.

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Gas insulated switchgears (GIS) occupy an important position in the power system. Feature extraction is the key to GIS partial discharge pattern recognition, but the dimension of feature space is high, based on this, the article introduce the principal component sparse thoughts, firstly, through the 252 kV GIS partial discharge simulation experiment platform, set up the typical GIS partial discharge models, and uses AE method to obtain the signals, and through the principal component contribution rate to decide the degree of sparse, and according to the sparse component and the number of original features to decide the characteristics of related components, the results show that using this method can realize effective extraction of characteristic, and enhance the clustering results.

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13

Yin, Xukun, Yongliang Su, Teli Xi, et al. "Research progress on photoacoustic SF₆ decomposition gas sensor in gas-insulated switchgear." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 13 (2022): 130701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0089426.

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In the power industry, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as an insulating gas is widely used in gas-insulated switchgears (GISs). Owing to the latent inner insulation defects of GIS, various SF6 gas decompositions are generated in the process of partial superheating and partial discharge (PD). The decomposition components and concentrations are different under different PD types. A number of gas sensors were reported for the detection of these decompositions. Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) gas sensors have been developed for many applications owing to their high sensitivity and selectivity, such as gas pollutant detection, industrial process control, and non-invasive medical diagnosis. Due to the SF6 physical constants being different from that of nitrogen (N2) or air, the sensor structure should be redesigned. A detailed review of four different types of PAS-based gas sensors is discussed and compared.

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14

Adhelia Wulandari and Endi Permata. "Perbaikan Kebocoran Gas SF6 Pada Pipa Fleksibel GS Busbar 1 Fasa S Pada GIS Labuan 150 KV PT. PLN (PERSERO) ULTG Rangkasbitung." Jurnal Teknik Mesin, Industri, Elektro dan Informatika 2, no. 1 (2023): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/jtmei.v2i1.1225.

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Komponen yang beroperasi selama 24 jam setiap hari memungkinkan terjadinya penurunan kondisi peralatan secara tiba-tiba dan tidak dapat terduga. Seperti halnya pada GIS Labuan 150kV PT. PLN (Persero) ULTG Rangkasbitung terjadi kebocoran pada pipa fleksibel kompartemen GS 200 Fasa S sehingga mengakibatkan terjadinya penurunan tekanan gas SF6 yang sangat signifikan yaitu dari 0,42 Mpa menjadi 0,38 Mpa. Hal tersebut dapat memungkinkan terjadinya short circuit dan gangguan sistem pada peralatan sehingga dapat menyebabkan berkurangnya kehandalan sistem operasi kelistrikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami bagaimana fungsi gas SF6 (Sulfur Hexafluoride) sebagai media isolasi dan pemadam busur api pada GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgear) serta mengetahui bagaimana kualitas gas SF6 pada GIS Labuan 150kV PT. PLN (Persero) ULTG Rangkasbitung. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian secara langsung dengan melaksanakan observasi lapangan dan wawancara. Hasil dari penelitian yang telah dilakuan berupa pemahaman mengenai sistem operasi GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgear) yang menggunakan Gas SF6 sebagai media isolasi.

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Reichert, F., and A. Petchanka. "3D CFD Arc Fault Simulation in Gas-Insulated Switchgears." PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 1 (2019): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ppt.2019.1.35.

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Arc fault processes can lead to strong damages in gas-insulated switchgears and have to be considered in the development process. In order to reduce test costs, the development of overpressure protection systems can be supported by CFD arc fault simulations. The paper deals with the modelling and simulation of arc fault processes in gas--insulated switchgears. The developed simulation tool takes into account a three-dimensional arc model and the opening of a rupture disc during the arc fault process. The influence of different insulating media as e.g. SF6, Air and CO2 on the arc fault process has been investigated. The simulation model has been validated by measured signals for pressure build-up and arc voltage.

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Shin, Goang-Chul, Sung-Wook Kim, and Gyung-Suk Kil. "Comparison between the PD Characteristics of g3 and Dry Air for Gas-Insulated Switchgears." Energies 15, no. 19 (2022): 7043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197043.

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This paper presents a comparison between the partial discharge (PD) characteristics of g3 and dry air for gas-insulated switchgears. PD signals were measured with a conventional method according to IEC 60270 and an ultra-high frequency (UHF) method. The partial discharge inception voltages (PDIVs) of g3 and dry air are about 74% to 84% and 58% to 72%, respectively, in the protrusion on conductor (POC) system, and 90% to 96% and 80% to 93%, respectively, in the free moving particle (FMP) system, depending on the gas pressure of 0.1 MPa to 0.5 MPa. The single PD pulse in time and frequency domains are not distinguished according to gas type. The PRPD patterns have different phase angles depending on the gas type in the POC, while the phase angle is 0–360° in the FMP, regardless of the gas type. Lastly, the correlation was analyzed, showing that the output voltage in mV of the UHF sensor increases linearly in accordance with the apparent discharge in pC, regardless of the gas type. The experimental results in this paper are important as a fundamental database for the application of UHF monitoring systems in an eco-friendly GIS.

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Ibrahim, Visa Musa, Zulkurnain Abdul-Malek, and Nor Asiah Muhamad. "Status Review on Gas Insulated Switchgear Partial Discharge Diagnostic Technique for Preventive Maintenance." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 7, no. 1 (2017): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v7.i1.pp9-17.

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Gas insulated switchgear (GIS) plays a vital role in high voltage transmission of electrical energy due to its advantages of high reliability and performance, compact in dimensions and outstanding compatibility with the environment. It uses sulphur hexafluoride gas as its insulant and coolant because of its high dielectric strength and excellent arc quenching ability. Gas insulated switchgear in operation suffers the challenge of its insulation decomposition and eventually failure due to the activities of partial discharge that arouses from defects. This failure is catastrophic and it will lead to entire power out stage that will affect all categories of human activities, so there is a need for Gas insulated switchgear condition monitoring and diagnoses in order to carry out preventive maintenance. This paper reviews diagnostic techniques and methods for Gas insulated switchgear insulation degradation caused by partial discharge for the purpose of carrying out preventive maintenance to avert its failure.

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Wang, Yi, Conglai Bi, Zhuang Qi, Qian Gao, Zhe Sun, and Xuelei Bai. "Analysis on Discharge Fault of Busbar in 220kV Gas Insulated Switchgear." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2774, no. 1 (2024): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2774/1/012060.

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Abstract In this paper, the disintegration of the 220kV gas insulated switchgear (GIS) basin-type insulator which discharge is occurred during the restoring power supply process of a 220kV transformer substation is introduced. The relay protection action is analyzed and the results of predelivery test are traced. Meanwhile, the electric field of the basin-type insulator is simulated and analyzed. Finally, the cause of discharge fault of basin-type insulator is determined.

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Perfetto, Luca, and Gabriele D’Antona. "Experimental Results of Partial Discharge Localization in Bounded Domains." Sensors 21, no. 3 (2021): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030935.

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This work presents a novel diagnostic method to localize Partial Discharges (PDs) inside Medium Voltage (MV) and High Voltage (HV) equipment. The method is well suited for that equipment presenting a bounded domain with fixed Boundary Conditions (BCs) such as Oil-Filled Power Transformers (OFPTs), Air Insulated Switchgears (AISs), Gas Insulated Switchgears (GISs) or Gas Insulated Transmission Lines (GILs). It is based on Electromagnetic (EM) measurements which are used to reconstruct the EM field produced by the PD and localize the PD itself. The reconstruction and localization tasks are based on the eigenfunctions series expansion method which intrinsically accounts for the physical information of the propagation phenomenon. This fact makes the proposed diagnostic method very robust and accurate even in real and complex scenarios. The promising experimental results, obtained in two different test cases, confirmed the ability and powerfulness of the proposed PD localization method.

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Kim, Dong-Eon, Gyeong-Yeol Lee, Gyung-Suk Kil, and Sung-Wook Kim. "Trends in Measuring Instrument Transformers for Gas-Insulated Switchgears: A Review." Energies 17, no. 8 (2024): 1846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17081846.

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Voltage and current measurements in high-voltage substations are fundamental for stable operation. Conventional instrument transformers (ITs) face challenges in gas-insulated switchgears (GISs), such as size, weight, accuracy limitations, and behavioral instability at abnormal voltages and currents. Non-conventional instrument transformers (NCITs) have emerged to address these issues, complying with International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards and providing millivolt-level signals, enabling downsizing of GIS bays. The transition to digital substations, as mandated by IEC 61850-9-2, requires a shift from the conventional 110 V/5 A outputs to levels ranging from millivolts to volts. Electronic instrument transformers (EITs), compliant with the IEC 60044-7 and 8 standards, offer alternatives to conventional ITs with smaller sizes and wider frequency ranges. However, issues remain with EITs, including limited adoption, the necessity of separate power sources, and susceptibility to electromagnetic interference. Recent standards, transitioning to IEC 61869, focus on low-power instrument transformers (LPITs). Low-power voltage transformers (LPVTs) and low-power current transformers (LPCTs), designed with passive components, present potential solutions by directly connecting to merging units (MUs) for digital signal transmission. This review outlines the current status of various IT standards, covering conventional ITs, EITs based on IEC 60044-7 and 8, and LPITs based on IEC 61869-10 and 11. Advancements in sensor technology relevant to these standards are also explored. The paper provides insights into the evolving landscape of instrument transformers, addressing challenges and offering potential pathways for future developments in digital substations.

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Shao, Mingxin, Fei Du, Shuai Yuan, Jiangang Bi, and Yuan Xu. "On UV Photon Distribution of Discharge in GIS Busbar Based on Ray Tracing." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2564, no. 1 (2023): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2564/1/012008.

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Abstract In order to clarify the distribution law of the ultraviolet photon field in gas insulated switchgear busbar, meanwhile to correct the detection range of the ultraviolet sensor, the optical model of the gas insulated switchgear busbar based on the uniform theory of diffraction is proposed based on ray tracing. the distributions of the radiation ultraviolet fields are calculated when partial discharge occurs at the key positions such as basin insulator and conductor. Based on the average irradiance, maximum irradiance, and attenuation characteristics, the distribution law in the busbar is further analyzed, which provides a new method to confirm the location of ultraviolet sensors.

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Rahmat, Saepul, and Riyani Prima Dewi. "Distribusi Medan Listrik di Kompartemen Busbar Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) Menggunakan Charge Simulation Method." E-JOINT (Electronica and Electrical Journal Of Innovation Technology) 1, no. 2 (2020): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35970/e-joint.v1i2.436.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengilustrasikan distribusi medan listrik di kompartemen busbar tipe gas insulated switchgear (GIS). Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) merupakan rangkaian peralatan gardu induk yang terpasang di dalam sebuah metal enclosure dan diisolasi oleh gas bertekanan yaitu Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6). Dalam simulasi ini, diasumsikan titik referensi berada di sekitar contact pin busbar, dan titik muatan buatan berada disekitar kompartemen busbar. Simulasi dilakukan dengan menentukan titik referensi dan titik muatan bantuan untuk menghitung nilai muatan yang akan dicari yaitu contact pin. Titik muatan buatan ini terletak disembarang titik disekitar kompartemen busbar GIS dan akan dihitung nilai muatannya melalui metode simulasi muatan (charge simulation method) dengan bantuan komputasi Matlab

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Xu, Lu, Yixuan Li, Yan Zhu, and Jianning Yin. "Impact of Pressure and Temperature on Charge Accumulation Characteristics of Insulators in Direct-Current Gas-Insulated Switchgear." Energies 17, no. 11 (2024): 2739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17112739.

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Direct-current gas-insulated switchgear (DC GIS) is an important device for promoting the lightweight and compact design of offshore wind power platforms. Gas pressure and temperature gradients are crucial factors that must be considered during the design process of the DC GIS. In this study, the multi-physics coupling model of basin insulators considering surface charge accumulation was established, and the corresponding real-sized insulator surface charge measurement platform was constructed. The effects of gas pressure and temperature gradient on the surface charge accumulation characteristics were investigated, respectively. The results show that the effect of gas pressure on the surface charge distribution characteristics depends on the dominant mode of surface charge. When volume conduction is dominant, the effect of gas pressure on the surface charge is negligible. However, when gas conduction is dominant, the accumulation of a uniform charge pattern on the insulator surface increases with the rise in gas pressure. Furthermore, due to gas convection, the temperature of the upper part of the DC GIS is significantly higher than that of the lower part, which leads to a temperature difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the insulator. The charge density on the insulator upper surface near the central conductor rises with the increase in load current.

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Du, Fei, Jinpeng Jiang, Shuai Yuan, Jiangang Bi, and Yuan Xu. "Study on UV optical field distribution of partial discharge in GIS disconnector based on ray tracing method." Journal of Electrical Engineering 74, no. 2 (2023): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2023-0018.

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Abstract In order to clarify the distribution law of the radiation optical field of the gas insulated switchgear disconnector defect and determine the detection range of partial discharge optical sensor, the optical model of the gas insulated switchgear disconnector based on the uniform geometrical theory of diffraction theory is established based on ray tracing method, and the distribution of the radiation light field is calculated when partial discharge occurs at the key positions such as the basin insulator, shield, and support insulator barrel. Based on the maximum irradiance, average irradiance and attenuation characteristics on the shell interface, the distribution law is further analysed, and based on this, the optimal location of the ultraviolet detector is proposed.

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Ranjan, N., J. Carstensen, and S. Scheel. "Interruption of Weakly Cooled Arcs in Air and Airplus." PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 4, no. 2 (2017): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ppt.2017.2.194.

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Switching of low current arcs in free burning or weakly cooled conditions is mainly determined by the thermal properties of the gas. Products with such switching conditions are widely found in secondary distribution medium voltage (MV) gas insulated switchgears (GIS). In this study, we compare the current interruption capability of synthetic air and AirPlusTM, i.e. a mixture of synthetic air with C5F10O fluoroketone (C5-FK). We focus on thermal interruption performance of the gases. AirPlus mixture corresponds to -25 °C condensation temperature of C5-FK. An arc is drawn between the contacts and cooled by blowing cold gas from a tank. Blowing pressure required for current interruption is compared. Within the measurement accuracy, the current interruption performance of both gases is similar. Chemical analysis of the AirPlus mixture after 69 shots was performed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS) and it shows very little decrease in the concentration of C5-FK.

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Widger, Phillip, Daniel Carr, Alistair Reid, Meirion Hills, Chris Stone, and A. (Manu) Haddad. "Partial Discharge Measurements in a High Voltage Gas Insulated Transmission Line Insulated with CO2." Energies 13, no. 11 (2020): 2891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112891.

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This paper uses practical experimentation to analyse the effect of replacing SF6 with pure CO2 in conventional gas insulated transmission line sections by studying partial discharge measurements taken with applied voltages up to 242 kV (rms). The results can also help in understanding the properties of new alternative gas mixtures which can be utilised with a ratio of up to and over 95% CO2. The experiments undertaken involved filling a gas insulated line demonstrator with 3 bars of CO2 and applying voltages up to 242 kV in both clean conditions and particle-contaminated enclosure conditions. The results demonstrate that CO2 can be used to insulate gas equipment without breakdown at high voltage, however, a higher gas-filling pressure may be needed to reduce the partial discharge found in the tests presented in this paper. Another aspect of the work showed that partial discharge (PD) measurements from internal ultra-high frequency (UHF) sensors compared with a direct measurement from a capacitive divider both clearly showed the effect of contaminating particles in CO2. However, the PD divider measurements also showed considerable external PD on the outside of the gas compartment, leading to the conclusion that UHF sensors are still regarded as having the highest sensitivity and noise immunity for gas insulated switchgear (GIS) or gas insulated transmission line (GIL) systems including when the equipment is insulated with CO2.

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Sun, Jixing, Kun Zhang, Kaixuan Hu, et al. "Evolution of Elements on Electrode Surfaces in Gas-Insulated Systems under Electrical Heating." Coatings 13, no. 1 (2022): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010033.

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Accidents always occur in gas-insulated switchgears (GIS) and gas-insulated lines (GIL) since filmed joint electrodes are produced when internal gases react with the electrode’s surface when there is a discharge or when internal electricals overheat. To solve the problem, this paper analyzed the evolution of elements on the contact electrode. The reaction of the SF6 and electrode’s surface under breakdown currents and overheating conditions was obtained, and the discharge time and discharge current effects upon the transfer of the element were proposed. It was found that the mobility of the F element on the electrode’s surface typically increases after electrical heating. The number of interruptions and short-circuit currents are important factors affecting the transfer of the F element to the electrode. The flashover current is the essential factor that accelerates the transfer of the F element to insulating materials. Frequent switching is a main factor that accelerates the transfer of the F element to the contact. It was also found that Al has little correlations with the breaking process, and metal fluorides become the main components on the electrode’s surface under discharge heating. The research provides a theoretical basis and data support for GIS/GIL surface optimization treatments and the improvement of fault detection methods.

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Zhaochuang Zhang. "Research on the Application of Multi-Physics Field Coupling Simulation in the Analysis of Temperature Field of 500kv GIS Circuit Breaker." Journal of Electrical Systems 20, no. 6s (2024): 630–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/jes.2716.

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Gas insulated switchgear (GIS) is a crucial part of any electrical infrastructure. Overheating the conductor on the GIS busbar would reduce the effectiveness of the insulating gas and shorten the life of the device. We then maximize output by fine-tuning the busbar's rotation angle, central distance, and conductor thickness. Dependable electrical systems always include gas insulated transmission lines (GIL) and gas insulated switchgear (GIS). Because of their reduced total cost and greater efficiency in terms of both space use and power transmission, GILs are gradually replacing conventional overhead lines for long-distance, high-power transmission. The reliability of GIL performance and the ease with which designs can be optimized necessitates research into their power loss and temperature profiles. The study found that the maximum temperature and power loss variances were approximately 70% attributable to differences in conductor thickness. By employing the aforementioned combination method (A1, B5, C5), energy consumption and thermal load in the GIS can be reduced. The research also shows that SF6 gas retains its outstanding insulating capacity after undergoing structural optimization. The calculation of the gas breakdown margin demonstrates this. In conclusion, the results of this study contribute to the understanding of heat transmission in three-phase GIS busbars and their optimization and engineering. Examining the temperature field of 500kV GIS circuit breakers, it highlights the value of multi-physics field coupling simulations in improving the reliability and performance of power system components, especially GILs. This is done so that power system components are more reliable and run more efficiently. Optimal heat transmission and other design considerations for three-phase GIS busbars are the most important takeaways from this research.

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Agos, Muhammad Faisal, Muhamad Nor B. Asiah, and Herlina Abdul Rahim. "Particle Detector for Gas Insulated Switchgear and the Effect on Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 1099–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.1099.

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High voltage Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) is prone to metallic particles. The particle void can reduce the dielectric strength of the insulation material of SF6 gas. This paper discusses the developed particle detector for GIS using a new approach by using image processing to reduce flashover phenomena occurring on energized GIS. The particle detector consists of borescope, laptop and a detection program. The program was coded using MATLAB using image processing algorithm. The in-lab test was conducted on the simulated GIS to see the effectiveness of the particle detector to detect small particles inside the narrow GIS enclosure. In real world application, the borescope will be inserted through GIS access hole before filling the enclosure with SF6 gas. This new approach is proposed to be conducted during the erection and commissioning of new GIS. This new approach looks promising because it can reduce flashover phenomena caused by existence of metallic particle and also reduces Greenhouse gas emission to the air.

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Inujima, Hiroshi, Takeshi Masui, and Hiroshi Maekawa. "Development of partial discharge detection method using an autoregressive model in gas-insulated switchgears (GIS)." Electrical Engineering in Japan 115, no. 1 (1995): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eej.4391150101.

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Wei, Fu Sheng, Rui Min Chen, Yong Xiao, San Lei Dang, and Jing Feng Yang. "Study of Wireless Secondary Connections in Gas Insulated Switchgear." Advanced Materials Research 268-270 (July 2011): 2163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.268-270.2163.

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The paper first discusses the feasibility of the wireless communication in GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgear) substation. The signals inside GIS according to ISA100 standard are first classified and then a scheme to transmit some of the signals by ZigBee wireless is given. A demo example is shown to verify the proposed scheme. In the end, some future modifications and conclusion are discussed.

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Kim, Dong-Eon, Nam-Hoon Kim, Seon-Gyu Kim, Sung-Wook Kim, and Gyung-Suk Kil. "Development of Combined Instrument Transformer for Gas-Insulated Switchgears." Journal of the Korean Society for Railway 26, no. 4 (2023): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7782/jksr.2023.26.4.268.

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Yang, Jing Gang, Yong Yong Jia, Ke Zhao, and Shan Gao. "Simulation Study of Partial Discharge UHF Wave Transmission Characteristic in GIS Typical Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.787.

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Defects inside the gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) will produce ultra-high frequency (UHF) electromagnetic waves. The waves will be affected by the shell of GIS when propagating inside the GIS cavity. In the 0-3GHz frequency range, propagation characteristic of electromagnetic which is excited by partial discharge in GIS is simulated based on the method of finite difference time domain (FDTD). This paper designs the GIS simulation models with and without insulator according to the size of a 220kV single phase GIS bus and sets a metal protrusion defect on the bus as the PD source. The transmission characteristics of model waves inside typical GIS structures, and the influence of the insulator to the propagation of electromagnetic wave was studied via setting the different directions of electromagnetic, comparing the time and frequency domain results of electromagnetic wave in different structures and measurement angles.

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Zebouchi, Nabila, Haoluan Li, and Manu A. Haddad. "Development of Future Compact and Eco-Friendly HVDC Gas-Insulated Systems: Shape Optimization of a DC Spacer Model and Novel Materials Investigation." Energies 13, no. 12 (2020): 3288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123288.

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Testing and validating the electrical insulation performance of full-size compact high-voltage direct current (HVDC) gas-insulated systems, gas-insulated transmission lines (GIL) and gas-insulated switchgears (GIS) is very costly and take long time. Therefore, a reduced scale system was designed and constructed to study thoroughly the spacer’s performance when subjected to higher electric fields under HVDC with different shapes, made of new advanced materials, and housed in new SF6-free gas environment. Since the stationary DC electric field distribution along the spacer is controlled by spacer material conductivity and strongly depends upon its shape, this, the first part of two articles, proposes in a first step based on electric field calculations with COMSOL Multiphysics software, an optimized shape of a spacer model using a standard high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) alumina-filled epoxy material. Then, two novel types of materials were introduced and investigated: (i) modified filled epoxy material with a lower temperature-dependent conductivity than that of the standard HVAC material, which is interpreted by a lower thermal activation energy; and (ii) nonlinear resistive field grading material with a low nonlinearity coefficient, with and without the presence of a temperature gradient which occurs under operating service load. The numerical results show that, despite that the DC optimized profile of the spacer made of standard HVAC, alumina-filled epoxy is very effective in relaxing the electric field magnitudes along the spacer under uniform temperature—its distribution is significantly affected by the presence of a high temperature gradient causing the maximum electric field shifts along the spacer surface towards the earthed flange. Under this condition, the modified filled epoxy material with a weaker temperature-dependent conductivity results in a significant reduction of the electric field enhancement, representing thus a relevant key solution for HVDC GIL/GIS applications. Nonlinear resistive field grading material is also effective but seems unnecessary. The optimized DC spacer models are being fabricated for tests verification with C4-Perfluoronitrile (C4-PFN, 3MTM NovecTM 4710)/CO2 and Trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I)/CO2 gas mixtures in the reduced scale gas-insulated test prototype.

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Xie, Peng Sheng, Jun Kang, Qiu Yang Li, Jia Lin Zhu, and Li Li. "Finite Element Simulation of Partical Discharge Acoustic Pressure Levels Distribution in Gas Insulated Switchgear." Applied Mechanics and Materials 487 (January 2014): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.487.447.

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In this paper, we present an acoustic-structure couple interaction model of partial discharge (PD) in Gas Insulated Switchgear, the interaction between the internal acoustic source of partial discharge and structure of GIS is simulated with the finite element analysis, and the internal and external acoustic pressure levels distribution of GIS is obtained. The results based on the frequency sweep shown that the internal acoustic pressure levels is bigger than the external acoustic pressure levels of GIS in the ultrasonic frequency spectrum,it suggests that it should use the ultrasonic sensor with a broadband spectrum response to measure partial discharge in GIS, which can obtain high sensitivity. In addition, the external sound pressure of GIS is very small, and the signal of the Ultrasonic sensors must be amplified for measurement. Meanwhile, the outside acoustic pressure of the epoxy insulator is so small that it can properly judge the adjacent GIS unit partial discharge conditions.

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Xu, Honghua, Chao Yuan, Xiaosen Ding, Ziqiang Xu, and Lei Zhu. "Simulation study of partial discharge UHF signal propagation characteristics in GIS." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2661, no. 1 (2023): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2661/1/012021.

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Abstract Insulation defects inside a Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) can generate partial discharges, and the current pulses caused by them can excite ultra-high frequency (UHF) electromagnetic waves. To study the attenuation characteristics of UHF signal propagation in GIS, simulation models of the straight cylinder, insulator, L-type, and T-type structures are established by CST simulation software. Then the propagation characteristics of partial discharge UHF signal are studied and analyzed. The simulation results show that the electromagnetic wave propagates in each structure inside the GIS with different degrees of attenuation. When passing through insulators continuously, the first insulator has the most serious attenuation; when passing through T-shaped structures, the attenuation of T-shaped vertical branches is more serious than linear branches.

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Song, Liang, Feng Ying, Hui Zhang, and YiXi Liu. "Silicone Grease for Outdoor Gas-insulated Switchgear (GIS) Application." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 422 (November 8, 2018): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/422/1/012025.

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Holmberg, M. E., and S. M. Gubanski. "Discharges from moving particles in GIS [gas-insulated switchgear]." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 13, no. 1 (1998): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.660839.

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Inujima, Hiroshi, Takeshi Masui, and Hiroshi Maekawa. "Development of Partial Discharge Detection Method Using an Auto-Regressive Model in Gas Insulated Switchgears (GIS)." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 113, no. 11 (1993): 1292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1990.113.11_1292.

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Li, Nan, Ji Huan Tian, Wei Deng, and Hui Gang Sun. "Application of Functionally Graded Materials for Solid Insulator: Fabrication, Optimization Design, and Surface Flashover of Prototype Samples." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 2308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.2308.

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The applicability of functionally graded materials (FGM) for solid insulator of gas insulated switchgear (GIS) was investigated. First, a new fabrication method based on layer-by-layer casting technique was demonstrated to prepare FGM insulator possessing spatial distribution of dielectric constants. Then, electric field strength in the FGM spacer model was calculated and optimized by using finite element method (FEM). Three types of truncated cone spacers were fabricated according to the optimization results. Finally, surface flashover tests were performed under AC voltage and lightning impulse voltage applications. Results in both circumstances indicated an evident improvement of flashover voltage when FGM insulator was employed. As a result, we verified the fabrication technique and the applicability of FGM insulator for enhancement of insulation performance in GIS device.

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Shaik, Mohammad Tayyab, and Chandra Sekhar K. "A Comprehensive Procedure for the Partial Discharge Measurements & Power Frequency Withstand Test on GIS in Transmission Substations." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 10, no. 4 (2021): 124–28. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.D6592.1110421.

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The Transmission part of the power sector is very much important as it deals with the huge losses of the complete power sector. Transmission substations play a key role in the power transmission process since the power generation at the power plants to the final stage at the consumer end utilization. The utmost care should be taken to protect these transmission substations as same as the care is taken to reduce the losses. The substation needs to be protected from blackouts which is the big problem of substations. For this, the substation high voltage equipment’s like GIS & Power Transformers are to be properly installed & energized according to the standards & care is taken for its maintenance. So, during the commissioning process which is after installation & before energization, there are different tests which are performed on high voltage equipment’s, especially the Gas Insulated Switchgear, in which the High Voltage & Partial discharge has huge impact as the ageing and the life time of GIS can be easily assessed & the GIS can be saved from the damage, tripping and the blackout of a substation. The procedure of the high voltage test and the partial discharge tests are clearly explained in this paper.

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Sianturi, Abednego Setiabudi, and Josie Sidharta. "Partial Discharge yang Merusak Isolasi SF6 pada Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) Tiga Fasa Pengaruh Keberadaan Partikel Asing." JE-Unisla 6, no. 2 (2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30736/je-unisla.v6i2.697.

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This paper analyzes the effect of the presence of foreign particles on an equilateral arrangement of 3 phase gas insulated switchgear (GIS) insulation equipment. Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) that uses SF6 insulation, partial discharge will occur as the insulation ages and there are several other factors that affect the insulation. Partial Discharge needs to be detected to avoid failures that cause damage to equipment in theGIS. In this calculation, the electric field characteristics will be analyzed in 3-phase equilateral GIS by varying the location of the particles in the GIS tank. Particles are modeled to have a length of 5 mm and a thickness of 0.5 mm located in a 3 phase GIS equilateral arrangement with a tank diameter of 150 mm and a conductor diameter of 25 mm. The electric field calculations are reviewed at several points in the 3-phase equilateral GIS tank. The simulation and calculation of the electric field were calculated with FEM method software. The results of the calculations show that thereare differences in the characteristics of the electric field between normal GIS and GIS where foreign particles are present. The difference in these characteristics can be seen in the magnitude of the electric field, and the ratio of eccentricity from some point of view.

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Et. al., R. Durga Rao,. "Nanocrystalline based Mitigation Technique for Very Fast Transient over Voltages in Gas Insulated Substations." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 2 (2021): 1025–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.1117.

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: in gas insulated substations, issue of very fast transient over voltages is very familiar problem because of its effects on live ultra-high voltage equipment. During switching events of disconnectors and circuit breakers prestrikes and restrikes occur due to which voltage transients propagate through gas insulated switchgear. Reflection retraction of these transients increases voltage magnitude and generates very high frequency oscillations. Mitigation or suppression of these voltage transients is important to protect equipment and their dielectric strength and insulation. Due to very high frequency stress, they wield on the apparatus and their magnitude (up to 3.5pu), they create an important problem in the design of ultra-high voltage Gas Insulated Substations. In this paper nanocrystalline based mitigation technique for VFTOs is presented. Nanocrystalline rings can be placed around inner conductor of GIS switchgear. This method of mitigation technique is investigated with four ultra-high voltage substations simulation test setup. Simulation results are presented in MATLAB/SIMULINK

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Rahman Azis Prasojo, Devi Soviati Mahmudah, Imron Ridzki, Muhammad Fahmi Hakim, and Priya Surya Harijanto. "Penilaian Kualitas Gas SF6 Pada GISTET 500/150 kV." Elposys: Jurnal Sistem Kelistrikan 9, no. 3 (2023): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/elposys.v9i3.643.

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The number of Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) in operation is increasing in Indonesia. GIS failure requires expensive costs andextensive blackouts. Asset reliability management such as SF6 is needed to ensure GIS performance. Several studies have tested thequality of SF6 gas to assess the feasibility and operation of the GIS. However, a complete GIS feasibility study based on SF6 gas qualityparameters has not found. In this study, a condition assessment of the GISTET Kembangan 500/150 kV was carried out based on applicableinternational standards. There is an interesting phenomenon in the form of dew point anomaly and moisture content in severalcompartments, indicating that the gas is moist. The results of this study indicate the operational feasibility of the GISTET Kembangan500/150 kV , the effect of high humidity on GIS operations, and maintenance recommendations.

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Song, Jiajia, Jinbo Zhang, and Xinnan Fan. "A precise ultra high frequency partial discharge location method for switchgear based on received signal strength ranging." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 16, no. 5 (2020): 155014772090363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147720903634.

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Partial discharges are the main insulation defects encountered in gas-insulated switchgears. When it occurs inside the gas-insulated switchgear cavity, it degrades insulation, and, sooner or later, causes a breakdown. Therefore, it is important to discover insulation defects as early as possible, locate the discharge, and perform both defect identification and maintenance. Current ultra high frequency-based partial discharge location methods mainly use time delay. To obtain accurate delay times, however, a very high sampling rate is needed, which requires expensive hardware and greatly limits its application. Therefore, in this article, a localization method based on received signal strength indicator ranging is proposed, and location estimation is carried out. An easily implementable particle swarm optimization algorithm with high positioning accuracy is selected to compensate for the low positioning accuracy of current received signal strength indicator ranging methods. To further improve positioning accuracy, the convergence conditions of the particle swarm optimization are investigated, and, considering their constraints, an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed. By combining the characteristics of ultra high frequency wireless sensor array positioning, the particle size is optimized. The simulation results show that the location accuracy using the ultra high frequency switchgear partial discharge location method based on received signal strength indicator ranging with the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm performs significantly better.

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Sramelova, Silvia. "Gas Insulated Switchgear Cartel in the Slovak Republic." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 9, no. 13 (2016): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2016.9.13.10.

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The case of the Gas insulated switchgear (hereafter, GIS) cartel is well known to competition experts all over Europe. The cartel lasted for more than twenty years and affected competition on relevant markets in several countries. Following leniency applications submitted by one of its participants, the case was brought before several competition authorities in the European Union, including the European Commission and the Antimonopoly Office of the Slovak Republic

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Kim, Yera, Sun-geun Goo, and Jeong Sik Lim. "Multi-Gas Analyzer Based on Tunable Filter Non-Dispersive Infrared Sensor: Application to the Monitoring of Eco-Friendly Gas Insulated Switchgears." Sensors 22, no. 22 (2022): 8662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22228662.

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This study presents a multi-gas analyzer based on tunable filter non-dispersive IR (TF-NDIR) sensors that operate with a wide dynamic range of wavelength and concentration. A pyroelectric sensor coupled with a microsized Fabry–Perot interferometer, namely a tunable filter, enables sensing within a narrowly selected wavelength band. Three detectors capable of tuning the bandpass wavelength with a range of 3.8–5.0 μm, 5.5–8.0 μm, and 8.0–10.5 μm are combined to encompass the entire mid-IR region. single-pass cell with an optical path length (OPL) of 5 cm and a multi-pass cell with an OPL of 10.5 m is selected to encompass a concentration range from ppmv to percent. The TF-NDIR sensors and gas cells can be reconfigured by manipulating the beam path. A homemade lock-in amplifier is used to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio 88 times greater than that of the bare signal. The performance of the gas analyzer is evaluated by measuring the SF6 and Novec-4710/CO2 mixture, which are the dielectric gas medium for a gas-insulated switch (GIS). The mixing ratio of the Novec-4710/CO2 mixture is measured within a range of 3–7% using premixes. The measurement precision is 0.72% for 0.5 s. Trace level measurements of Novec-4710, CO2, SF6, which are measurands for detecting gas leakage from the GIS, CO, and SO2 which are measurands for detecting product generated by the arc or thermal decomposition in the switching electrode, are conducted based on dynamic partial pressure adjustment using 1000 ppmv mother premixes in N2. The limit of detection is 54.7 ppmv for Novec-4710, 112.8 ppmv for CO, 118.1 ppmv for CO2, 69.5 ppmv for SO2, and 33.5 ppmv for SF6.

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Hu, Xukun, Guozhi Zhang, Guangyu Deng, and Xuyu Li. "Experimental Study on the Compatibility of PD Flexible UHF Antenna Sensor Substrate with SF6/N2." Micromachines 14, no. 8 (2023): 1516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14081516.

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The use of flexible, built-in, ultra-high-frequency (UHF) antenna sensors is an effective method to solve the weak high-frequency electromagnetic wave signal sensing of partial discharge (PD) inside gas-insulated switchgears (GISs), and the compatibility of flexible UHF antenna sensor substrate materials and SF6/N2 mixtures is the key to the realization of a flexible UHF antenna sensor inside a GIS. Based on this, this paper builds an experimental platform for the compatibility of a 30% SF6/70% N2 gas mixture and a PD flexible UHF antenna sensor substrate and conducts compatibility experiments between the 30% SF6/70% N2 gas mixture and PD flexible UHF antenna sensor substrate under different temperatures in combination with the actual operating temperature range of the GIS. In this article, a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, scanning electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer were used to test and analyze the gas composition, the surface morphology and the elemental change in the PD flexible UHF antenna sensor substrate, respectively. PET material will be slightly oxidized under the environment of a 30% SF6/70% N2 gas mixture at 110 °C, PI material will generate metal fluoride under the environment of a 30% SF6/70% N2 gas mixture and only PDMS material will remain stable under the environment of a 30% SF6/70% N2 gas mixture; therefore, it is appropriate to use PDMS substrate in the development of flexible UHF antenna sensors.

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Yamagiwa, Tokio, and Yuzuru Kamata. "Dielectric Breakdown Characteristics of Ceramic Capacitors for Gas Insulated Switchgears." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 110, no. 7 (1990): 526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1990.110.7_526.

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Misrikhanov, M. Sh, K. V. Mozgalev, and A. V. Shuntov. "Reliability of Gas Insulated Substations and Switchgears with Traditional Insulation." Power Technology and Engineering 37, no. 6 (2003): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:hyco.0000021304.51780.06.

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Journal articles on the topic 'GIS- Gas Insulated Switchgears'

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