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1
Aprianno, Ryan Gredy. "PENGARUH ETUDE TERHADAP TEKNIK PERMAINAN GITAR KLASIK DAN GITAR ELEKTRIK." IKONIK : Jurnal Seni dan Desain 2, no. 2 (July 29, 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.51804/ijsd.v2i2.740.
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Banyak gitaris yang memainkan gitar klasik dan gitar elektrik secara beriringan. Namun banyak dari mereka yang merasakan bahwa kedua teknik permainan gitar tersebut agak bertolak belakang dan saling mempengaruhi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menjembatani antara teknik permainan gitar klasik dan gitar elektrik. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan studi kasus, kajian pustaka dan karya dengan memanfaatkan jurnal online, buku serta partitur karya. Hasilnya adalah teknik permainan gitar klasik dan elektrik yang agak bertolak belakang tersebut dapat diatasi salah satunya dengan cara memainkan etude. Etude tersebut terdiri dari teknik-teknik permainan yang khas terdapat pada gitar klasik dan gitar elektrik. Selain itu teknik-teknik permainan yang khas tersebut dapat dikombinasikan sehingga menghasilkan teknik hybrid antara gitar klasik dan gitar elektrik. Dengan tujuan, gitaris klasik dan gitaris elektrik yang memainkan kedua gitar tersebut secara beriringan akan mengetahui teknik-teknik permainan yang khas terdapat pada gitar klasik dan gitar elektrik. Serta mengaplikasikan teknik hybrid tersebut kedalam permainan gitarnya, sehingga gitaris bisa melatih kedua teknik permainan gitar tersebut secara bersamaan, tanpa meninggalkan salah satunya.Many guitarists play classical guitar and electric guitar simultaneously. But many of them feel that the two guitar playing techniques are somewhat contradictory and influence each other. The purpose of this study is to bridge the technique between classical guitar and electric guitar. The methodology used in this research is a case study approach, literature review and works by utilizing online journals, books and scores of works. The result is that the classical and electric guitar playing techniques are somewhat contradictory, one of which can be overcome by playing etude. Etude consists of techniques that are typical of the game found on the classical guitar and electric guitar. In addition, these typical playing techniques can be combined to produce a hybrid technique between a classical guitar and an electric guitar. With the aim, the classical guitarist and the electric guitarist who play both guitars together will know the game techniques that are typical found on the classical guitar and the electric guitar. As well as applying these hybrid techniques into his guitar playing, so the guitarist can practice both guitar playing techniques simultaneously, without leaving one of them.
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Erak, Dušan. "The importance of guitar handbooks by Georgije Milanovich and Ivan padovec in music education and methodology of guitar teaching in South Slavic region." Zbornik Akademije umetnosti, no. 6 (2018): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zbakum1801148e.
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Syahputra, Muhammad Indra. "PEMBUATAN GITAR ELEKTRIK DI JALAN GATOT SUBROTO KOTA MEDAN." Grenek Music Journal 2, no. 2 (April 9, 2013): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/grenek.v2i2.3840.
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Secara umum penelitian ini menunjukkan bagaimana proses pembuatan gitar elektrik di Jalan Gatot Subroto Kota Medan. Proses pembuatan gitar elektrik diawali dengan pemilihan kayu. Kayu yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kayu jenis mahogany, maple dan ebony. Setelah kayu didapat dilanjutkan dengan merancang desain gitar elektrik. Proses selanjutnya yaitu pembentukkan body dan neck gitar elektrik dengan menggunakan alat pemotong kayu bandsaw dan router table. Untuk tahap penyelesaian akhir (finishing) dilakukan proses pengecatan dan pemasangan rangkaian elektrik sesuai dengan skema yang telah ditentukan. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan hal-hal positif yang diterima oleh pengerajin setelah menjalankan kegiatan industri pembuatan gitar elektrik. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari keterlibatannya usaha industri Dedek Craft dalam kegiatan UKM (Usaha Kecil dan Menengah) yang rutin diadakan tiap tahun di kantor kecamatan Medan Petisah. Kendala yang dihadapi pengerajin dalam pembuatan gittar elektrik yaitu pada proses pengecatan yang masih sangat bergantung kepada cuaca. Pada umumnya untuk mendapatkan produk Dedek Craft, pembeli langsung datang ke tempat industri karena pengerajin membuka galeri sendiri di rumahnya yang sekaligus tempat industri ini beroprasi. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan dapat menjadi pedoman maupun acuan bagi masyarakat pada umumnya yang menginginkan informasi berkaitan dengan proses pembuatan gitar elektrik.
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Gan, Xiaoxia, Xiaoke Feng, Lei Gu, Wenfeng Tan, Xiaoxuan Sun, Chengyin Lv, and Miaojia Zhang. "Correlation of Increased Blood Levels of GITR and GITRL with Disease Severity in Patients with Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome." Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/340751.
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Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein (GITR) is a type I transmembrane protein belonging to the TNFR superfamily. After activated by its ligand GITRL, GITR could influence the activity of effector and regulatory T cells, participating in the development of several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases included rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune thyroid disease. We previously reported that serum GITRL levels are increased in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients compared with healthy controls (HC). Here, we tested serum soluble GITR (sGITR) and GITRL levels in 41 primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) patients and 29 HC by ELISA and correlated sGITR and GITRL levels with clinical and laboratory variables. GITR and GITRL expression in labial salivary glands was detected by immunohistochemistry. pSS patients had significantly increased serum levels of sGITR and GITRL compared with controls (GITR: 5.66 ± 3.56 ng/mL versus 0.50 ± 0.31 ng/mL;P<0.0001; GITRL: 6.17 ± 7.10 ng/mL versus 0.36 ± 0.28 ng/mL;P<0.0001). Serum sGITR and GITRL levels were positively correlated with IgG (GITRL:r=0.6084,P<0.0001; sGITR:r=0.6820,P<0.0001) and ESR (GITRL:r=0.8315,P<0.0001; sGITR:r=0.7448,P<0.0001). Moreover, GITR and GITRL are readily detected in the lymphocytic foci and periductal areas of the LSGs. In contrast, the LSGs of HC subjects did not express GITR or GITRL. Our findings indicate the possible involvement of GITR-GITRL pathway in the pathogenesis of pSS. Further studies may facilitate the development of targeting this molecule pathway for the treatment of pSS.
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Sauvage, Jérémi, Carole Fleuret, and Nathalie Auger. "Étude des erreurs orthographiques en français langue seconde d’élèves issus de la communauté gitane roussillonnaise : une étude de cas." Articles 19, no. 2 (January 15, 2018): 118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1042852ar.
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L’article vise à explorer les compétences orthographiques d’élèves gitans de CE11 vivant dans l’extrême Sud de la France alors qu’il est communément admis que chez les personnes gitanes n’ayant pas de «culture de l’écrit», ces compétences sont quasiment absentes. Nous avons comparé la production libre réalisée dans le cadre des évaluations nationales des élèves gitans avec celle d’élèves non gitans, scolarisés dans un même milieu socio-économique. Nous montrons finalement que les élèves issus de la communauté gitane ne sont pas moins scripteurs que les autres, au contraire! Leurs productions écrites révèlent une compétence langagière plus solide que les élèves non gitans.
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Krausz, Ludovic Tibor, Rodolfo Bianchini, Simona Ronchetti, Katia Fettucciari, Giuseppe Nocentini, and Carlo Riccardi. "GITR-GITRL System, A Novel Player in Shock and Inflammation." Scientific World JOURNAL 7 (2007): 533–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.106.
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Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-Related (GITR) protein is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that modulates acquired and natural immune response. It is expressed in several cells and tissues, including T cells, natural killer cells, and, at lower levels, in cells of innate immunity. GITR is activated by its ligand, GITRL, mainly expressed on antigen presenting and endothelial cells. Recent evidence suggests that the GITR/GITRL system participates in the development of inflammatory responses, including shock, either due to early response of neutrophils and macrophages, or together with autoimmune/allergic pathogenesis. The pro-inflammatory role of the GITR/GITRL system is due to: 1) modulation of the extravasation process, 2) activation of innate immunity cells, 3) activation of effector T cells also favored by partial inhibition of suppressor T cells and modulation of dendritic function. This review summarizes thein vivorole of the GITR/GITRL system in inflammation and shock, explaining the mechanisms responsible for their effects, considering the interplay among the different cells of the immune system and transduction pathways activated by GITR and GITRL triggering. The hidden aspects about GITR/GITRL function, crucial for treatment planning of inflammatory diseases and shock by modulation of this system is stressed.
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Cairus, Brigitte Grossmann. "Memoria migratoria, identidad y antigitanismo bajo la mirada anarquista de Cláudio Domingos Iovanovitchi." Resistances. Journal of the Philosophy of History 2, no. 3 (July 16, 2021): e21051. http://dx.doi.org/10.46652/resistances.v2i3.51.
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El elemento étnico gitano ha estado presente en Brasil desde el inicio del período colonial. No obstante, este rastro de legitimidad histórica en el tejido social brasileño, su trayectoria está marcada por matices de extrema intolerancia, marginalidad y alteridad, de carácter deletéreo. Décadas después de que los afrobrasileños e indígenas obtuvieran la sanción oficial, el gobierno del presidente Luís Inácio Lula da Silva finalmente reconoció a los gitanos brasileños como una minoría importante del Brasil multicultural al inaugurar el Día Nacional del Gitano en 2006. Pero la lucha por los derechos de ciudadanía y visibilidad étnica comenzó, a través de la agencia gitana, años antes, a fines de la década de 1980. Mediante el uso de un enfoque más fluido de la historia oral italiana contemporánea, este texto presenta el testimonio del líder Rom Cláudio Iovanovitchi, presidente de la Asociación para la Preservación de la Cultura Gitana (APRECI) de Curitiba, Paraná desde 1995 y pionero de la política étnica gitana en Brasilia. Claudio habla de los recuerdos diaspóricos de su familia; se preocupa por el fenómeno de la globalización cultural; ve el nomadismo como una consecuencia de la alteridad generada por el antigitanismo, así como como un facilitador de nuevos caminos y nuevos encuentros; analiza las disputas y políticas étnicas instauradas en Brasilia y promueve, a través de su memoria familiar, una reflexión sobre el silencio sobre Porrajmos, el holocausto gitano. Desde la perspectiva gitana, el testimonio ofrece una comprensión transnacional del antigitanismo, así como una elucidación de la historicidad de las políticas étnicas gitanas nacionales, con sus debidas disputas entre gitanos y no gitanos en Brasilia.
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Krusch, Matthias, Katrin M. Baltz, Tina Baessler, Mercedes Kloss, Ingrid Kumbier, Andrea Peterfi, Lothar Kanz, and Helmut R. Salih. "Expression of Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor Ligand on Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells Mediates the Release of Immunosuppressive Cytokines and Impairs NK Cell-Mediated Immune Surveillance." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 1941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.1941.1941.
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Abstract NK cells play an important role in the reciprocal interaction of tumor cells with the immune system and participate in the surveillance of hematological malignancies including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Among the molecules influencing host-tumor interaction are many members of the TNF superfamily, which mediate multiple cellular functions including cellular proliferation, differentiation and cell death. The TNF family member Glucocorticoid-induced TNF Receptor (GITR) costimulates effector T cells, modulates apoptosis and nuclear factor kappa B and abrogates suppression of murine but not human regulatory T cells. Its cognate ligand GITRL has been found in various healthy tissues. Recently we reported that NK cells express GITR, while solid tumors express GITR ligand (GITRL), and GITR/GITRL interaction downregulates NK cell cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production. Here we analyzed the role of GITR and its ligand in AML. We report for the first time that GITRL is expressed on primary AML cells in 18 of 30 patients as determined by FACS and RT-PCR analysis. Reverse signaling through GITRL using a recombinant GITR-Ig fusion protein induces the release of the immunoregulatory cytokines IL-10 and TNF as determined by ELISA. GITRL-mediated cytokine production of AML cells is abrogated by inhibition of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways as demonstrated by addition of the specific p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190, the specific JNK inhibitor SP600125 and the specific ERK Inhibitor II. Furthermore, binding of AML-expressed GITRL to GITR on NK cells downregulates cellular cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production in AML-NK cell cocultures, which can be overcome by addition of GITR-blocking antibodies as determined by cytotoxicity assays and ELISA. Thus, our data indicate that GITRL expression in AML substantially influences tumor immunoediting and enables the escape of leukemia cells from NK cell-mediated immunosurveillance.
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Baltz, Katrin M., Matthias Krusch, Radsak P. Markus, Frank Mayer, Lothar Kanz, and Helmut R. Salih. "Human GITR Ligand Is Expressed on Tumor Cells and Reduces Cytokine Production and Cellular Cytotoxicity of NK Cells Identified to Express GITR." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 3310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.3310.3310.
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Abstract Members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily mediate multiple cellular functions including cellular proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. Human Glucocorticoid-induced TNF Receptor (GITR) has been shown to be expressed on T cells, is upregulated following activation and mediates costimulatory signals. The human GITR ligand (GITRL) has been reported to be expressed on antigen presenting cells and various healthy nonlymphoid tissues including small intestine, ovary, testis, kidney and endothelial cells. We analyzed multiple tumor cell lines of hematopoietic and epithelial origin as well as of germ cell lineage and various gliomas by RT-PCR and FACS analysis. Both GITRL m-RNA and protein are expressed in various carcinomas, gliomas and tumor cells of germ cell lineage, but not in hematopoietic tumor cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that human NK cells constitutively express low levels of GITR, and this expression is upregulated following activation by, e.g., IL-2 or IL-15 as detected by quantitative PCR and FACS analysis. To address the functional interaction of GITRL with its receptor on NK cells, we generated a GITRL-IgG fusion protein (GITRL-Ig). Stimulation of activated NK cells with GITRL-Ig lead to significantly reduced IFN-g production of NK cells as measured by ELISA. Similarly, a significant reduction of IFN-g release was observed following coculture of GITR expressing NK cells with C1R cells transfected with GITRL but not with the respective mock transfectants. Furthermore, ligation of GITR on NK cells lead to significantly decreased killing of target cells as demonstrated by cellular cytotoxicity assays. Taken together, our data demonstrate that GITR not only plays an important role in adaptive immunity but is also involved in the regulation of NK cell effector functions. Since tumor cells express significant levels of GITRL, and ligation of GITR on NK cells markedly reduces cytokine production and cellular cytotoxicity, our data indicate that GITR-GITRL interactions play an important role in the escape of tumor cells from innate immune surveillance.
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Kondo, Yukio, Takamasa Katagiri, Kinya Ohata, and Shinji Nakao. "GITR Ligand on Leukemic Myeloid Dendritic Cells Suppresses Induction of Leukemia-Associated Antigen-Specific CTLs from Naïve CD8+ T Cells." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 2347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.2347.2347.
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Abstract Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR), a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, is expressed at low levels on resting T cells and is up-regulated following activation. Triggering of GITR with its ligand (GITRL) has been described to abrogate the function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and stimulate effector T cells in mice, but little is known about roles of GITR-GITRL interaction in humans. Recent evidence suggests that the interaction between GITR on NK cell and GITRL, which is constitutively expressed on tumor cells, negatively regulates NK cell-mediated anti-tumor activity in cancer patients. Leukemic myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) can induce cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK2)- specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) from naïve T cells and CDK2-specific CTLs are detectable in MRD+ patients with leukemia after allo-SCT (Blood. 110 (11): a3228. 2007). The GITR-GITRL interaction may affect this process and a modification of the interaction may improve the efficiency of inducing CDK2-specific CTLs. Therefore, the expression of GITRL on leukemic cells and leukemic mDCs was examined to determine whether an engagement of GITR controls the priming of leukemia-associated-antigen (LAA)-specific CD8+ T cells. When cryopreserved BMMCs obtained at diagnosis from 5 patients with AML were assessed using flow cytometry, GITRL expression was detectable on leukemic cells in 3 patients. Leukemic mDCs were enriched from PBMCs of HLA-A24+ patients with anti-CD1c mAb-conjugated magnetic beads and were assessed for their ability to stimulate HLA-A24+ naïve CD8+ T cells to acquire cytotoxicity specific to CDK2-peptides (CDK2 158–166, CDK2 178–186). A three days culture of immature leukemic mDCs in the presence of TNFα up-regulated the expression of GITRL along with CD83 and CD40 expression. Naïve CD8+ T cells isolated from healthy individuals and cord blood were cultured with the GITRL-expressing leukemic mDCs in the presence or absence of anti- GITR monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for 14 days and stained for CDK2 158–166/A24, CDK2 178–186/A24 pentamers. Blocking of GITR with the mAbs augmented induction of CDK2 158–166- and CDK2 178–186- specific CD8+ T cells from 0.37% to 1.17% and from 0.45% to 1.64%, respectively (Fig). Anti-GITR mAbs did not enhance induction of CDK2-specific T cells by peptide-pulsed monocyte-derived DCs which do not express GITRL. These data suggest that the expression of GITRL on circulating leukemic mDCs may suppress induction of CTLs specific to LAAs and induce cancer immunoediting in patients with leukemia. Administration of anti-GITR mAb after allo-SCT may enhance graft versus leukemia effect by CDK2-specific CTLs without vaccination of CDK2-peptides. Fig Blocking of GITR on T cells augments induction of CDK2-specific CTLs Fig. Blocking of GITR on T cells augments induction of CDK2-specific CTLs
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Buechele, Corina, Tina Baessler, Benjamin J. Schmiedel, Lothar Kanz, and Helmut R. Salih. "Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein (GITR) Ligand Mediates Tumor Immunoediting in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Impairs Direct and Rituximab-Induced NK Cell Anti-Leukemia Reactivity." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 4403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.4403.4403.
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Abstract Abstract 4403 Members of the TNF/TNF receptor (TNFR) family of proteins govern differentiation, proliferation, activation, and death of both tumor and immune effector cells and thus play an important role in tumor immunoediting, the reciprocal interaction of tumor cells and anti-tumor immunity. Activation of the TNFR family member GITR has recently been shown to stimulate T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity in mice. However, available data suggest that GITR mediates different effects in mice and men, and may impair anti-tumor immunity of human NK cells. Here we studied the expression and function of GITR ligand (GITRL) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and the consequences of GITR-GITRL interaction for NK cell reactivity against CLL cells. Substantial GITRL expression was detected on primary B-CLL cells in 38 of 48 (79%) investigated patients. Upon interaction with its cognate receptor, GITRL induced the release of immunoregulatory cytokines like TNF by the leukemia cells, which demonstrated that CLL-expressed GITRL is functional and capable to transduce bidirectional signals. Moreover, disruption of GITR-GITRL interaction in cultures of allogenic NK cells with patient CLL cells by addition of blocking antibody caused a significant increase in NK cell granule mobilization, cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production. The inhibitory effect of tumor-expressed GITRL on the reactivity of human NK cells was also confirmed in cocultures of C1R lymphoma cells transfected to express GITRL with mock transfectants serving as control. In addition, blocking GITR-GITRL interaction also considerably augmented both antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-induced IFN-γ production of NK cells in cultures with allogenic CLL cells upon Rituximab exposure. Of note, GITR blockade also significantly enhanced anti-leukemia reactivity of autologous NK cells among PBMC of B-CLL patients, and this reinforcement of NK cell effector functions was observed both regarding the direct and, more pronounced, Rituximab-induced anti-leukemia reactivity (both n=10, p<0.01, Student's T test). Thus, expression of functional GITRL by CLL cells potently influences tumor immunoediting and impairs anti-tumor immunity by diminishing both direct and Rituximab-dependent anti-leukemia reactivity of NK cells. Modulation of the GITR-GITRL system might therefore serve to enhance the efficacy of therapeutic approaches in CLL which, like Rituximab-induced ADCC or stem cell transplantation, rely on a sufficient NK cell anti-tumor response. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Steinbacher, Julia, Benjamin J. Schmiedel, Antje Werner, Tina Nuebling, Corina Buechele, Ludger Grosse-Hovest, Lothar Kanz, and Helmut R. Salih. "Bimodal Induction of NK Cell Reactivity Against Acute Myeloid (AML) and Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia (CLL) by Fc-Engineered GITR-Fc Fusion Proteins." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 2143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.2143.2143.
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Abstract Abstract 2143 NK cells play an important role in anti-tumor immunity and largely contribute to the efficacy of therapeutic strategies like allogenic stem cell transplantation in AML and application of Rituximab that induces antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in CLL. Recently, we demonstrated that the TNF family member GITR ligand (GITRL) is expressed on leukemia cells in a high proportion of AML and CLL patients and impairs direct and Rituximab-induced reactivity of NK cells which constitutively express its counterpart GITR (e.g., Buechele et al., Leukemia 2012). Here we developed a strategy to reinforce NK anti-leukemia reactivity by combining disruption of NK-inhibitory GITR-GITRL interaction with induction of ADCC against the GITRL-expressing leukemia cells using GITR-Ig fusion proteins with modified Fc moieties. Fc parts were engineered by amino acid exchange as previously described (Lazar et al., PNAS 2006; Armour et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 1999). Compared to wild type GITR-Ig (GITR-Fc-WT), our mutants (S239D/I332E and E233P/L234V/L235A/deltaG236/A327G/A330S) displayed highly enhanced (GITR-Fc-ADCC) and abrogated (GITR-Fc-KO) affinity to the Fc(gamma)RIIIa receptor (CD16) expressed on NK cells, respectively. In functional analyses of NK cells and primary leukemia cells, GITR-Fc-KO, which does not induce ADCC, already increased NK reactivity due to disruption of GITR-GITRL interaction. Treatment with GITR-Fc-WT further enhanced NK reactivity due to modest induction of ADCC, while GITR-Fc-ADCC induced highly increased NK-mediated target cell lysis, degranulation and cytokine production in a target-antigen dependent manner. With CLL cells, combined treatment with GITR-Fc-ADCC fusion protein and Rituximab caused additive effects, resulting in significantly enhanced NK cell ADCC. Notably, the effects of our fusion proteins were observed both in an allogenic setting and when employing NK cells of patients with autologous leukemia cells as targets. Our results demonstrate that Fc-engineered GITR-Fc-ADCC fusion protein may combine both neutralization of the NK-inhibitoryeffects of GITR-GITRL interaction and targeting GITRL-expressing malignant cells for NK anti-tumor reactivity and thus constitute an attractive immunotherapeutic means for the treatment of AML and CLL. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Espinel, Tania García, Manuel García Algar, and Dolores Santiago Santiago. "Diseñando E Implementado Políticas Públicas Con Y Para La Comunidad Gitana. El Impacto Social Del Plan Integral Del Pueblo Gitano En Catalunya." International Journal of Roma Studies 1, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/ijrs.2019.3957.
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Desde que en 2005 el Parlamento Europeo reconociera la discriminación racial y exclusión social que sufre la minoría étnica más numerosa de Europa, la comunidad gitana, se está llevando a cabo un creciente esfuerzo político a nivel europeo, estatal, regional y local en favor de la inclusión del Pueblo Gitano. Sin embargo, la situación social y especialmente educativa de esta comunidad sigue siendo claramente alarmante (Damonti & Arza, 2014; EU-FRA. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2018). A partir de los resultados alcanzados en el marco de dos investigaciones científicas (García-Espinel, 2016; Macías-Aranda, 2017), este artículo evidencia los principios clave que han posibilitado el impacto del Plan Integral del Pueblo Gitano en Catalunya. Este Plan es el conjunto de políticas públicas dirigidas a mejorar la situación de la población gitana en Catalunya, las cuales se desarrollan desde 2005. La consonancia con los resultados de las investigaciones científicas de mayor reconocimiento internacional, así como la implicación real del Pueblo Gitano en el diseño, implementación y desarrollo de las acciones del Plan, entre otros elementos clave, son los que explican el impacto social que se está alcanzando en Catalunya, especialmente en el ámbito educativo, y concretamente, en el ámbito universitario y de estudios postobligatorios.
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Baltz, Katrin M., Matthias Krusch, Tina Baessler, Mercedes Kloss, Ingrid Kumbier, Andrea Peterfi, Lothar Kanz, and Helmut R. Salih. "Down-Regulation of Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor (GITR) Ligand on Human Tumors by Proteolytic Shedding Increases Anti-Tumor Reactivity of NK Cells." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.926.926.
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Abstract Members of the TNF superfamily mediate multiple cellular functions, including cellular proliferation, differentiation and cell death. Many members of this protein family are shed from the cell surface as soluble forms, which affects cell-cell interactions by reduction of ligand densities and distally modulates effector cells bearing the respective receptor. The TNF family member Glucocorticoid-induced TNF Receptor (GITR) costimulates effector T cells, modulates apoptosis and NFkappaB and abrogates suppression of murine but not human regulatory T cells. Its cognate ligand GITRL has been found in various healthy tissues. Recently we reported that NK cells express GITR, while tumor cells express GITR ligand (GITRL), and GITR/GITRL interaction downregulates NK cell-mediated anti-tumor effector mechanisms like cytotoxicity and IFN-gamma production. Here we report that human tumor cells spontaneously release a soluble form of GITRL (sGITRL) detectable in culture supernatants by ELISA. Furthermore, we found elevated levels of sGITRL in sera of patients with various malignancies compared to healthy controls. We demonstrate that the release of GITRL from tumor cells can be blocked by inhibition of metalloproteinases, concomitantly causing accumulation of GITRL on the tumor cell surface as determined by FACS analysis. Upregulated GITRL surface expression further increased inhibition of NK cell anti-tumor effector mechanisms, while, in contrast, presence of sGITRL in cocultures of GITRL-expressing tumor cells and GITR-positive NK cells enhanced NK cell cytotoxicity and IFN-gamma production. Thus, in line with the results obtained with other TNF family members, conversion of membrane bound GITRL to its soluble form is associated with downregulation of its function, potentially due to blocking its cognate receptor. Thus, release of sGITRL substantially influences the interaction of tumor cells with NK cells. In addition, determination of sGITRL levels may be implemented as a diagnostic marker in patients with malignancies. Further prospective studies are currently being conducted addressing the value of GITRL as a tumor marker in different tumor entities.
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Placke, Theresa, Hans-Georg Kopp, and Helmut Rainer Salih. "Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related (GITR) Protein and Its Ligand in Antitumor Immunity: Functional Role and Therapeutic Modulation." Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2010 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/239083.
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The ability of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family member GITR to modulate immune responses has been the subject of multiple studies. Initially thought to be critically involved in governing functions of regulatory T cells, GITR and its ligand GITRL have meanwhile been found to modulate the reactivity of various different cell types and to influence a broad variety of immunological conditions including the immune response against tumors. Not only GITR, but also GITRL is capable of transducing signals, and the consequences of GITR-GITRL interaction may vary among different effector cell types, differ upon signal transduction via the receptor, the ligand, or both, depend on the level of an ongoing immune response, and even differ among mice and men. In this paper, we address available data on GITR and its ligand in immune responses and discuss the role and potential therapeutic modulation of this molecule system in antitumor immunity.
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Kondo, Yukio, Luis Espinoza, Takamasa Katagiri, Zhirong Qi, and Shinji Nakao. "GITR Ligation with GITR Ligand On Leukemic Cells Suppresses Induction of Leukemia-Associated Antigen Specific T Cells by Increasing Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Activity Leading to Kynurenine Secretion." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 3557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.3557.3557.
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Abstract Abstract 3557 Poster Board III-494 Immunization of allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT) recipients with leukemia-associated antigens (LAAs) is an attractive approach to the augmentation of graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. However, the induction of CTLs specific to LAAs is hampered by various inhibitory molecules expressed on leukemic cells that restrain the T cell function in connection with their receptors on T cells. Even if the cellular immunity is rebuilt after SCT by T cells of the donor origin, overcoming such an escape mechanism is required to effectively induce the CTLs specific to TAAs by vaccination after allogeneic SCT. Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) belongs to the TNF receptor superfamily and is expressed on NK cells, CD25+ regulatory T cells and activated T cells. The binding of GITR ligand (GITRL) on leukemic cells to GITR on NK cells restrains NK cell activity but the influence on T cells of the GITR/GITRL binding has not been clarified. Myeloid dendritic cells derived from myeloid leukemic cells express GITRL which inhibits induction of LAA-specific CTLs (Blood 2008; 112:817a). The mechanisms of the negative effect on the induction of LAA-specific T cells through the GITR/GITRL interaction was investigated to improve the efficiency of the CTL induction. The expression of GITRL was observed on leukemic cells from 9 of 16 patients with myeloid leukemia and a monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1, and soluble GITRL (sGITRL) was detectable in the serum from 3 of 5 patients as well as in the culture supernatant of THP-1 cells. CFSE-labeled pan T cell, CD4+ T cell and CD8+ T cell proliferation in response to microbeads coated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies (CD3/CD28 microbeads) was suppressed to 55.0%, 63.6%, 65.8% of the controls in a culture supernatant of THP-1 cells, and was restored to 86.9%, 65.1% and 76.8% respectively by addition of sGITR to block the binding of sGITRL in the supernatant and GITR on T cells. Flow cytometry detected GITRL in exosomes, which express HLA class II, purified from the culture supernatant of THP-1 with anti-HLA class II antibody-coated microbeads, and CFSE-labeled pan T cell, CD4+ T cell and CD8+ T cell proliferation was restrained as well by the addition of GITRL+ exosomes in a dose dependent manner (27.6%, 54.1%, 27.9% reduction of proliferation with 10 μl exosome, respectively). Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity in plasmacytoid DC (pDC) is negatively correlated with the activity of CD4+ T cells induced by their interaction with the pDC through the GITR/GITRL interaction in a mouse model. Kynurenine (Kyn), a metabolite of tryptophan in leukemic cells that is broken down by IDO, suppressed CFSE-labeled pan T cell, CD4+ T cell and CD8+ T cell proliferation in response to CD3/CD28 microbeads in a dose dependent manner (24.5%, 12.3%, 18.3% reduction in the proliferation at 100 μM, respectively). Significantly higher concentrations of Kyn were detected in the supernatant of THP-1 cells after incubation in the presence of sGITR than a control, and the production of Kyn was suppressed by the addition of an IDO inhibitor, 1-Methyl Tryptophan (1MT) (Fig). Moreover, the addition of sGITR to leukemic cells from five patients with AML induced Kyn (Fig). These findings indicate that GITRL on leukemic cells and sGITRL secreted by leukemic cells as an exosome protein suppress the induction of LAA-specific CTLs by directly binding GITR on LAA-specific CTLs, increasing the IDO activity in leukemic cells and inducing Kyn secretion from leukemic cells. The administration of anti-IDO agents or anti-GITRL blocking Abs combined with LAA vaccination may therefore effectively induce LAA-specific T cells in SCT recipients. Fig GITR/GITRL binding induces kyn secretion from THP-1 cell and primary AML cells. Fig. GITR/GITRL binding induces kyn secretion from THP-1 cell and primary AML cells. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Krusch, Matthias, Katrin M. Baltz, Tina Baessler, Lothar Kanz, and Helmut R. Salih. "Role of Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF-Related Protein (GITR) Ligand in the Interaction of Acute Myeloid Leukemia with NK Cells." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.18.18.
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Abstract NK cells play an important role in the reciprocal interaction of tumor cells with the immune system and participate in the surveillance and eradication of hematological malignancies. The activity of NK cells is governed by a balance of activating and inhibitory surface receptors. Glucocorticoid-induced TNF-related protein (GITR) and its ligand (GITRL) are members of the TNF/TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamily, which mediates multiple cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. Recently we reported that NK cells express GITR while cancer cells express GITRL and GITR-GITRL interaction down regulates NK cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity (Baltz et al., FASEB J 2007). Here we demonstrate that GITRL is expressed on 6 of 7 investigated acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and on primary AML cells in 30 of 52 (59%) patients, while no GITRL expression was detected on CD34+ cells of healthy donors (n=5). GITRL expression was not restricted to a specific French-American-British (FAB) subtype, but was significantly (p<0.05, one-way ANOVA) associated with monocytic (FAB M4, M5) differentiation. In addition, no association with a particular cytogenetic abnormality or with expression of MHC class I was observed. Reverse signaling via GITRL led to phosphorylation of ERK and JNK resulting in significantly (p<0.05, Mann-Whitney U-test) enhanced production of IL-10 and TNF by patient AML cells (n=10). In line, specific inhibitors for JNK and ERK1/2 blocked the cytokine release by AML cells demonstrating that activation of MAP kinases is responsible for the production of the immunoregulatory cytokines following GITRL stimulation. Importantly, blocking GITR-GITRL interaction in cocultures of AML and NK cells significantly (both <0.05 Mann-Whitney U-test) increased cellular cytotoxicity about 70% and IFN-γ production about 60%, and this was due to restored NK cell NF-κB activity. Thus, GITRL substantially influences immunoediting by AML cells and enables the escape of AML cells from NK cell-mediated immune surveillance. The correlation found between GITRL expression and NK cell susceptibility may provide useful information for NK cell-based immunotherapy.
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Placke, Theresa, Lothar Kanz, Helmut R. Salih, and Hans-Georg Kopp. "Pseudoexpression of Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF-Related (GITR) Ligand Upon Coating of Cancer Cells by Platelets Impairs NK Cell Anti-Tumor Reactivity." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 3193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.3193.3193.
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Abstract Abstract 3193 NK cells as part of the innate immune system substantially contribute to cancer immune surveillance. They prevent tumor progression and metastasis due to their ability to mediate cellular cytotoxicity and to produce cytokines like IFN-γ, which, among others, stimulates subsequent adaptive immune responses. NK reactivity results from an integrative response emerging upon recognition of multiple ligands for activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors including various members of the TNFR family. Apart from the direct interaction with their target cells, NK cell activity is further influenced by the reciprocal interplay with various other hematopoietic cells like e.g. dendritic cells. Metastatic tumor spread in experimental animals is dramatically reduced in thrombopenic mice. Additional depletion of NK cells reverses this effect, indicating that platelets may impair NK anti-tumor reactivity. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, especially in humans. Recently, we demonstrated that NK anti-tumor immunity is impaired by platelet-derived TGF-β, which is released upon interaction of platelets with tumor cells (Kopp et al., Cancer Res. 2009). Here we report that the ligand for the TNFR family member GITR (GITRL) is upregulated on megakaryocytes during maturation resulting in substantial GITRL expression by platelets. Since we recently identified GITR as inhibitory NK receptor involved in tumor immune escape (e.g., Baltz et al., Blood 2008, Baessler et al., Cancer Res. 2009) we investigated how platelet-derived GITRL influences platelet function and NK immune surveillance. Signaling via GITRL into platelets upon interaction with NK-expressed GITR or recombinant GITR-Ig fusion protein did not alter platelet activation as revealed by analysis of the activation marker CD62P and release of TGF-β. Interestingly, we found that GITRL-negative tumor cells rapidly get coated by platelets, which confers a seemingly GITRL-positive phenotype. “GITRL pseudoexpression” on tumor cells caused a substantial reduction of NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production. This reduced NK reactivity was not due to induction of apoptosis via GITR and could be restored by addition of a blocking GITR antibody. Thus, coating of tumor cells by platelets inhibits NK reactivity, which is in part mediated by platelet-derived GITRL. Our data provide a functional basis for the previously observed finding that platelets increase metastasis i.e. by enabling evasion of tumor cells from NK-mediated immune surveillance. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Giguère, Hélène. "« Un quart Gitan »." Anthropologie et Sociétés 33, no. 2 (February 23, 2010): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/039307ar.
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Les Gitans espagnols forment une minorité culturelle aux sources métissées, forcée à l’assimilation jusqu’à la fin du XVIIIe siècle. Des emprunts mutuels marquent leurs relations avec la société espagnole. La multiplicité des origines de la population majoritaire de Jerez a influencé « l’intégration » des Gitans dans cette ville espagnole marquée par leur concentration importante et le discours sur « l’entremêlement » identitaire (entreverado est l’expression vernaculaire). Cette composition sociale spécifique alimente une hésitation à reconnaître l’identité culturelle gitane au profit d’un entremêlement culturel anonyme menant à une identification citoyenne. Le métissage et la multiplicité des emprunts mutuels complexifient la reconnaissance de la spécificité de l’identité gitane, qu’elle soit métissée ou non. En réponse à une quête d’exotisme chez soi et rééquilibrant les « oublis » forcés d’un patrimoine identitaire, le « sang » est parcellarisé de façon à privilégier ses lignées de façon contextuelle. Comme dans les contextes coloniaux, le discours sur la quantification du sang intervient dans la validation des identités personnelles et collectives. Cet article ancre les variations et modalités du métissage dans ses dimensions culturelle, sociale, politique et citoyenne en parcourant les expériences et les discours sur la gitanité et le gitanisme.
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Hanabuchi, Shino, Norihiko Watanabe, Yi-Hong Wang, Yui-Hsi Wang, Tomoki Ito, Joanne Shaw, Wei Cao, F. Xiao-Feng Qin, and Yong-Jun Liu. "Human plasmacytoid predendritic cells activate NK cells through glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-ligand (GITRL)." Blood 107, no. 9 (May 1, 2006): 3617–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-08-3419.
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Plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors (pDCs) are professional type I interferon-producing cells, a critical cell type in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. By microarray gene expression analysis, we found that pDCs activated by virus or CpG-ODN preferentially express the ligand for the glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITRL), which was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and flow cytometry analysis. Using the same approaches, we found GITR is expressed by activated natural killer (NK) cells and T cells. We show that pDCs activated by CpG-ODN promote NK cell cytotoxicity and interferon (IFN)-γ production through type I IFNs and GITRL. Using a GITRL-transfected cell line, we further demonstrate that GITRL promotes NK cell cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production in synergy with interleukin-2 (IL-2), IFN-α, and NKG2D triggering. We also demonstrated that pDCs localized in close contact to NK cells in T-cell areas of the tonsils, and a subpopulation of the pDCs expressed GITRL. This study reveals a novel function of GITR/GITRL in pDC-mediated coactivation of NK cells.
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Torrione, Margarita. "Debla: un arcano del cante flamenco (del vocativo romaní al sustantivo caló)." Disparidades. Revista de Antropología 45, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/rdtp.1990.v45.i1.213.
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Desde que Antonio Machado padre publicó su densa colección de Cantes Flamencos (1881), se viene especulando sobre el significado de la palabra debla, que da nombre a la más antigua y dramática de las «tonás», también la más gitana,cuyas raíces se pierden en la profunda noche del cante «jondo». El estribillo («macho») en caló que la remata -Debla barea o deblica barea- ha suscitado múltiples y caprichosas interpretaciones entre los flamencólogos, poco preocupados por el dialecto gitano español y por los préstamos de éste a la copla flamenca, que han llegado a hablar del «misterio» de la debla. El presente estudio viene a deshacer los hilos de un arcano fabricado, al menos desde el punto de vista lingüístico, a partir de una sencilla fórmula exclamativa gitana.
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Baltz, Katrin M., Matthias Krusch, Tina Baessler, Anita Bringmann, Lothar Kanz, Peter Brossart, and Helmut R. Salih. "Neutralization of Tumor-Derived Soluble Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF-Related Protein (GITR) Ligand Present in Cancer Patient Sera Increases Anti-Tumor Reactivity of NK Cells." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.314.314.
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Abstract Glucocorticoid-induced TNF-related protein (GITR) and its ligand (GITRL) are members of the TNF/TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamily, which mediates multiple cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. Recently we reported that NK cells express GITR while tumor cells express GITRL, and GITR-GITRL interaction downregulates NK cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity (Baltz et al., FASEB J 2007). Many TNF family members are released as soluble forms, which affects cell-cell interactions by reduction of ligand density and distally modulates effector cells bearing the respective receptor. Here we report that human tumor cells spontaneously release a soluble form of GITRL (sGITRL), which can be detected in tumor cell culture supernatants by ELISA (detection limit 0.01ng/ml). We demonstrated that NK cell cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production in cocultures with the tumor cell lines SK-Mel (Melanoma), PC-3 (prostate), HCT116 (colon), and LX-1 (lung) were significantly (both p<0.01, Mann-Whitney U-test) and concentration dependently reduced (up to 50%) by tumor-derived sGITRL, and NK cell effector functions could be restored by neutralization of sGITRL using a GITR-Fc fusion protein. While tumor-derived GITRL did not induce apoptosis in NK cells, it diminished nuclear localized RelB indicating that sGITRL negatively modulates NK cell NF-κB activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that significantly elevated sGITRL levels (mean 0.4ng/ml, range from 0.01 to 3.5ng/ml) were contained in 40 out of 50 sera of patients with various cancers (colon, lung and germ line), while sera of healthy volunteers (n=8) contained no detectable levels of sGITRL. Addition of sGITRL containing patient sera to cocultures of NK cells and GITRL-negative tumor cells significantly reduced NK cell cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production about 30% and 45%, respectively (both p<0.05, Mann-Whitney U-test). Again the inhibitory effects of sGITRL on NK cell effector functions could be completely restored by neutralization of sGITRL with GITR-Fc. The strong correlation of tumor incidence and elevated sGITRL levels clearly suggests that sGITRL is released at significant amounts from malignant cells in vivo and may reduce immune surveillance of human tumors. Our data indicate that determination of sGITRL levels may be implemented as an immunological diagnostic marker in tumor patients, and GITRL-neutralization may be employed in therapeutic strategies like adoptive NK cell transfer.
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Pascutti, Fernanda M., Tomasz Poplonski, René A. W. Van Lier, Claudia Brandao, and Martijn A. Nolte. "Costimulation Through GITR Increases Follicular Helper T Cell Formation and Leads To Control Of A Chronic Viral Infection." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 3496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.3496.3496.
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Abstract The glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family-related protein (GITR) is an important costimulatory receptor on T cells. We have previously shown that enhanced costimulation through GITR increases the formation of both effector and regulatory CD4+ T cells. Here we explored whether it could also affect humoral immunity and T cell help to B cells. Although development of mature B cells was not affected in GITRL transgenic (tg) mice, we found that the number of follicular helper T cells (CXCR5+ PD1+ CD4+ T cells, Tfh) was significantly increased, including the absolute number of Tfh-B cell conjugates, as revealed by ImageStream analysis. Tfh from GITRL tg mice had normal expression levels of ICOS, SLAM and CD44 and slightly lower levels of CD62L and CCR7 compared to wild-type (WT) littermates. Interestingly, Tfh from GITRL tg mice produced more IFN-g and IL-10, which was accompanied by a biased antibody repertoire (decreased IgG3 and increased IgA, IgG2a and IgG2b). Since Tfh have been implicated in the late control of viral replication, we infected WT and GITRL tg mice with LCMV Clone 13. Surprisingly, at day 30 after infection, we could not detect viral genome in spleen and liver from GITRL tg mice, while WT mice were still infected. Also, PD-1 expression was strongly decreased on virus-specific CD8+ T cells, which correlated with faster viral clearance. All in all, these results indicate that GITR-mediated costimulation enhances the control of chronic viral infections, by boosting and modulating Tfh cell responses. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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SINHA, MISHKA. "CORRIGIBILITY, ALLEGORY, UNIVERSALITY: A HISTORY OF THE GITA'S TRANSNATIONAL RECEPTION, 1785–1945." Modern Intellectual History 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 297–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244310000089.
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This essay lays out a history of the translation, interpretation, transmission and reception of the Bhagavad Gita as a cultural, religious and philosophical text in the West from 1785 to 1945; in doing so it focuses primarily on Britain, although it also refers to other contexts of reception where they are connected to the British context, or to present revealing or helpful comparisons. The object of the essay is to investigate relationships between the Gita's interpretive history and assumptions about the Gita, both as a transcultural philosophical source and as an essentially Hindu religious text, which have been in place since the twentieth century. Although there have been other transnational surveys and histories of the Gita's translation, this essay differs from them in positing a specific period of interpretation between the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, during which time, it argues, the Gita as a received and translated text was significantly altered in certain specific ways which continue to influence its present understanding both in the West and in India.
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Arza Porras, Javier, and María Félix Rodríguez Camacho. "Competencia intercultural profesional en la atención socio-sanitaria a la población gitana en España." Alternativas. Cuadernos de Trabajo Social, no. 26 (December 22, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/altern2019.26.03.
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El Pueblo Gitano es uno de los sectores de las sociedades europeas más afectados por la exclusión social y las desigualdades en salud. En este estudio cualitativo se han analizado las claves para mejorar las competencias interculturales en la atención a la población gitana desde los servicios de salud. Se han realizado 29 entrevistas semiestructuradas a profesionales sociales y sanitarios y 67 a pacientes de etnia gitana. En los resultados se vislumbran dos modelos contrapuestos (modelo de apertura versus modelo de bloqueo), hilvanados en torno a discursos y prácticas como la conciencia intercultural, la mirada integral, las actitudes empáticas, la humanización de la atención, la construcción de alianzas o la proactividad. Las claves para el desarrollo de la competencia intercultural, presentadas en este artículo, pueden ser de utilidad para el diseño de actuaciones formativas y de adaptación intercultural de los recursos.
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Zhou, Yanjun, Jonas S. Heitmann, Kim L. Clar, Korbinian N. Kropp, Martina Hinterleitner, Tobias Engler, André Koch, et al. "Platelet-expressed immune checkpoint regulator GITRL in breast cancer." Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy 70, no. 9 (February 4, 2021): 2483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00262-021-02866-y.
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AbstractOwing to their key role in several diseases including cancer, activating and inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules are increasingly exploited as targets for immunotherapy. Recently, we demonstrated that platelets, which largely influence tumor progression and immune evasion, functionally express the ligand of the checkpoint molecule GITR. This immunoreceptor modulates effector functions of T cells and NK cells with its function varying dependent on cellular context and activation state. Here, we provide a comparative analysis of platelet-derived GITRL (pGITRL) in breast cancer patients and healthy volunteers. The levels of pGITRL were found to be higher on platelets derived from cancer patients and appeared to be specifically regulated during tumor progression as exemplified by several clinical parameters including tumor stage/grade, the occurrence of metastases and tumor proliferation (Ki67) index. In addition, we report that pGITRL is upregulated during platelet maturation and particularly induced upon exposure to tumor-derived soluble factors. Our data indicate that platelets modulate the GITR/GITRL immune checkpoint in the context of malignant disease and provide a rationale to further study the GITR/GITRL axis for exploitation for immunotherapeutic intervention in cancer patients.
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Bowles, Garrett H., and Ernst Krenek. "Vier Stucke fur zwei Gitarren oder fur Melodie-Instrument und Gitarre aus Op. 172 (1959)." Notes 48, no. 4 (June 1992): 1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/942169.
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Agostini, Massimiliano, Elio Cenci, Eva Pericolini, Giuseppe Nocentini, Giovanni Bistoni, Anna Vecchiarelli, and Carlo Riccardi. "The Glucocorticoid-Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Related Gene Modulates the Response to Candida albicans Infection." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 11 (November 2005): 7502–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.11.7502-7508.2005.
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ABSTRACT The glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-related gene (GITR; TNFRSF18) modulates immune response activating coaccessory signals in T cells and is expressed at high levels in CD4+CD25+ cells. Its ligand (GITRL) is expressed in antigen-presenting cells, where it is capable of promoting signaling. We investigated the role of GITR/GITRL interaction during disseminated candidiasis in GITR knockout (GITR−/−) mice. GITR−/− mice survived longer and had a significantly decreased yeast load in kidneys and brain compared to GITR+/+ mice. Since protective immunity to the fungus is mediated by antigen-specific T helper (Th) 1 cells, we studied in vitro cytokine production following infection. CD4+ T cells of GITR−/− mice demonstrated a more efficient Th1 polarization as suggested by a two- to threefold decreased production of interleukin- (IL-)4 and IL-10 and a four- to fivefold increased production of gamma interferon compared to GITR+/+ mice. This effect was not due to differences in lymphocyte and dendritic cell (DC) subpopulations in infected mice as demonstrated by flow cytometric studies. To verify whether DC activity was differently modulated, DCs were cocultured with CD4+ T cells in the presence of heat-inactivated Candida albicans. DCs, cocultured with GITR+/+ CD4+CD25+ cells produced a lower amount of IL-12 than DCs cocultured with GITR−/− CD4+CD25+ T cells. These results suggest that GITR regulates susceptibility to systemic candidiasis by negatively modulating IL-12 production and promoting polarization of CD4+ T cells towards Th2 by analogy with OX40, another TNF receptor superfamily member.
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González-García, Jorge, and Ainhoa Flecha. "Análisis del Impacto Social del Curso de Acceso a La Universidad (GAU) del Plan Integral Pueblo Gitano de La Generalitat de Catalunya." International Journal of Roma Studies 3, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 152–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/ijrs.8725.
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La situación social y educativa del Pueblo Gitano es claramente alarmante: únicamente un 1% ha conseguido finalizar estudios universitarios, mientras que casi un 35% del resto de la población posee estudios superiores. El Antigitanismo, así como prácticas no avaladas por la comunidad científica, como la segregación educativa, explican esta situación de exclusión. En este sentido, desde el Plan Integral del Pueblo Gitano (PIPG) se está desarrollando un Grupo de Acceso a la Universidad (GAU) para personas gitanas mayores de 25 y 45 años, basado en la Actuación Educativa de Éxito de Formación de Familiares. Este artículo recoge los resultados de un estudio realizado en el marco de un trabajo de final de grado, orientado a analizar el impacto de dicho curso y el papel del PIPG en el éxito social y educativo de la comunidad gitana. La investigación se ha llevado a cabo a través de una metodología comunicativa de corte cualitativo, utilizando análisis documental y entrevistas en profundidad a actores claves. La investigación sugiere que tanto el PIPG como el GAU están contribuyendo de una manera clara a la inclusión educativa del Pueblo Gitano, y a la superación de la exclusión social de gran parte de esta comunidad. Estos resultados se muestran fundamentales para transformar la situación de esta comunidad, y especialmente para mejorar la eficacia y eficiencia de la intervención social y educativa con el Pueblo Gitano.
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Kloss, Mercedes, Matthias Krusch, Katrin M. Baltz, Andrea Peterfi, Ingrid Kumbier, Lothar Kanz, and Helmut R. Salih. "The Ligand of Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor Is Expressed on Human Macrophages and Stimulates Proinflammatory and Anti-Tumor Effector Functions." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 1649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.1649.1649.
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Abstract Macrophages are involved in inflammatory and anti-tumor responses by antigen presentation, release of immunoregulatory cytokines and cellular cytotoxicity. Among the molecules influencing macrophage functions are many members of the TNF superfamily. The TNF receptor family member Glucocorticoid-induced TNF Receptor (GITR) costimulates effector T cells, modulates apoptosis and nuclear factor kappa B and abrogates suppression of murine but not human regulatory T cells. Expression of its cognate ligand GITRL has, in humans, been detected in dendritic cells and various healthy nonlymphoid tissues. Up to now, nothing is known regarding the function of human GITRL, while in mice, reverse signaling through GITRL has been shown to influence the activation and survival of macrophages. Here we report for the first time that GITRL is expressed in human macrophages as determined by FACS and RT-PCR analysis. Reverse signaling through GITRL using a recombinant GITR-Ig fusion protein differentially affects expression of costimulatory molecules like CD80, CD86 and B7-H1, death ligands like TNF, CD178 and TRAIL as well as MHC class I and II on the macrophage surface. Furthermore, stimulation of GITRL enhances phagocytosis and respiratory burst of macrophages as determined by analysis of ingestion of PE-labeled polystyrene microspheres and oxidation of dichlor-fluorescein diacetate, respectively by FACS. Interaction of GITRL with its receptor also leads to significantly increased production of proinflammatory cytokines like TNF, IL-6 and IL-8 as determined by ELISA. In addition, stimulation of GITRL significantly increases the killing of various human tumor cell lines by macrophages as determined by cytotoxicity assays. Taken together, our data demonstrate that GITRL plays an important role in the stimulation of macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses and immune responses against tumors.
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Markič, Jasmina. "Tiempo y aspeczo en la poesía de Federico García Lorca y en su traducción Eslovena." Verba Hispanica 9, no. 1 (December 31, 2001): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/vh.9.1.201-211.
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En el Romancero Gitano , y también en el Llanto por Ignacio Sánchez Mejías3, obras a las que dedicamos este estudio, Federico García Lorca recurre a la poesía popular y emplea algunos recursos típicos de los antiguos romances españoles, como por ejemplo el uso singular de los tiempos verbales del romancero tradicional para crear un mundo poético especial. La mezcla de los tiempos verbales en el Romancero Gitana es un rasgo característico que llama mucho la atención. Parece que existe un juego entre los tiempos verbales que más frecuentemente aparecen en estos poemas: el presente, el pretérito simple 4 y el imperfecto. Los tres tiempos verbales alternan en el mismo nivel temporal formando curiosas combinaciones que contribuyen a la creación del misterioso mundo del Romancero Gitana, ese mundo mítico de los gitanos que el mismo poeta denomina retablo de Andalucia (García Lorca, 1978, 106), un mundo que no se ve, pero que se siente palpitar.
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Criswick, Mary, Peter Paffgen, and Alexander Schmitz. "Die Gitarre." Galpin Society Journal 46 (March 1993): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/842366.
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Nocentini, Giuseppe, Simona Ronchetti, Maria Grazia Petrillo, and Carlo Riccardi. "Pharmacological modulation of GITRL/GITR system: therapeutic perspectives." British Journal of Pharmacology 165, no. 7 (March 9, 2012): 2089–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01753.x.
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AYDOĞAN, Murat, and Rasim Erol DEMİRBATIR. "Gitar Öğrencilerinin Lisans Öncesi Gitar Eğitimleri ile Lisans Gitar Eğitimlerinin Karşılaştırılarak İncelenmesi." Art-e Sanat Dergisi 13, no. 25 (June 30, 2020): 276–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.21602/sduarte.696918.
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Widigdo, Mohammad Syifa Amin. "The Traces of the Bhagavad Gita in the Perennial Philosophy—A Critical Study of the Gita’s Reception Among the Perennialists." Religions 11, no. 5 (May 6, 2020): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11050229.
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This article studies the reception of the Bhagavad Gita within circles of Perennial Philosophy scholars and examines how the Gita is interpreted to the extent that it influenced their thoughts. Within the Hindu tradition, the Gita is often read from a dualist and/or non-dualist perspective in the context of observing religious teachings and practices. In the hands of Perennial Philosophy scholars, the Gita is read from a different angle. Through a critical examination of the original works of the Perennialists, this article shows that the majority of the Perennial traditionalists read the Gita from a dualist background but that, eventually, they were convinced that the Gita’s paradigm is essentially non-dualist. In turn, this non-dualist paradigm of the Gita influences and transforms their ontological thought, from the dualist to the non-dualist view of the reality. Meanwhile, the non-traditionalist group of Perennial Philosophy scholars are not interested in this ontological discussion. They are more concerned with the question of how the Gita provides certain ways of attaining human liberation and salvation. Interestingly, both traditionalist and non-traditionalist camps are influenced by the Gita, at the same time, inserting an external understanding and interpretation into the Gita.
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KAPILA, SHRUTI, and FAISAL DEVJI. "THE BHAGAVAD GITA AND MODERN THOUGHT: INTRODUCTION." Modern Intellectual History 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244310000065.
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In a recent essay the agent provocateur and philosopher Slavoj Žižek remarked that the Bhagavad Gita represented the perfect philosophy for post-capitalist society. By no means the first reaction to this text, this is only the most recent and arguably most controversial understanding of the philosophical content of the Gita, whose previous commentators have ranged from Nietzsche to Hitler. Less controversially, the modern composer Phillip Glass opened his opera Satyagraha with a dramatization of the discourse between Krishna and Arjuna that forms the Gita's content as a plea for a humanist politics. Though the text does not offer limitless possibilities for interpretation, what is certain is that the Gita has acquired an iconic status in modern times as a set of reflections on ethics, war, justice, freedom and action.
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Marques Gonçalves, Gabriela, and Cilia Willem. "Lucha feminista gitana en España, lucha interseccional: El combate contra el Antigitanismo en las redes sociales en España." Investigaciones Feministas 12, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/infe.69520.
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Este artículo tiene como objetivo recoger cómo el Antigitanismo en España es confrontado actualmente por las mujeres gitanas, especialmente en sus discursos en las redes sociales. Mediante la identificación y análisis cualitativo de espacios y herramientas online que tiene a su disposición el feminismo gitano, principalmente Facebook y Twitter, analizaremos los principales temas y estrategias que surgen entorno a la articulación entre la lucha feminista y la lucha contra el Antigitanismo. La muestra seleccionada comprende 459 publicaciones procedentes de seis páginas en Facebook y seis cuentas en Twitter sobre un periodo de siete meses (septiembre 2019 - abril 2020). Los resultados desvelan los principales temas alrededor de los cuales el feminismo gitano construye sus luchas, y las diferentes estrategias que emplea para confrontar el feminismo blanco (payo) con sus prejuicios raciales: la pedagogía, la denuncia, la llamada a la acción y la construcción de redes y alianzas. Detectamos que Facebook se utiliza sobre todo para comunicarse con la propia comunidad, mientras en Twitter las activistas se dirigen principalmente al feminismo payo. Además, destacamos la existencia de dos perfiles complementarios en la actuación de estas mujeres en las redes: la ‘feminista gitana’ y la ‘gitana feminista’, que ponen el énfasis en el eje del género y de la etnia respectivamente, sin obviar los otros ejes de desigualdad. Se observó una gran cantidad de publicaciones relacionadas a la lucha feminista global, como el 8M o el 25N, pero también temas como maternidades, violencia obstétrica y derechos reproductivos, medios de comunicación y, a partir de marzo 2020, los brotes de Antigitanismo a raíz de la crisis sanitaria relacionada con el Coronavirus. Este artículo busca contribuir a los debates sobre el Antigitanismo en España dando visibilidad a las luchas de las mujeres gitanas, desde una perspectiva poco abordada, que es la del feminismo interseccional.
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CHAKRABARTY, DIPESH, and ROCHONA MAJUMDAR. "GANDHI'S GITA AND POLITICS AS SUCH." Modern Intellectual History 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 335–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244310000107.
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M. K. Gandhi's “Discourses on the Gita,” a series of talks delivered to ashramites at Sabarmati during 1926 and 1927, provides a singular instance in Indian intellectual thought in which the Bhagavad Gita's message of action is transformed into a theory of non-violent resistance. This essay argues that Gandhi's reading of the Gita has to be placed within an identifiable general understanding of the political that emerged among the so-called “extremists’ in the Congress towards the beginning of the twentieth century. Gandhi, we argue, wrested from the “Extremists” their vocabulary and their pre-eminent political text, the Gita, and put them to use in the cause of non-violent politics. But, more importantly, his discourses on the Gita after 1920 suggest an acceptance, on his part, of politics as it actually was. This is where he departed from the projects of Tilak or Aurobindo. The Gita, in Gandhi's hand, became a talismanic device that allowed the satyagrahi his or her involvement in political action while providing protection from the necessary and unavoidable venality of politics and its propensity to violence.
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Rakké, Yannick, Lucia Campos Carrascosa, Adriaan van Beek, Valeska de Ruiter, Michael Doukas, Susan ter Borg, Pascal Doornebosch, et al. "588 Targeting GITR enhances human tumour-infiltrating T cell functionality in mismatch repair proficient primary colorectal carcinoma and liver metastases." Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 8, Suppl 3 (November 2020): A623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2020-sitc2020.0588.
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BackgroundImmune checkpoint blockade (ICB; e.g. anti-PD-1/-CTLA-4) has been proven to be clinically effective in mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Yet, the majority of patients carry mismatch repair proficient (pMMR) CRC, especially those with liver metastasis, and do not respond to ICB. Here, we studied the effect of immune checkpoint stimulation via GITR targeting on human tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) functionality in pMMR primary CRC and liver metastases (CRLM).MethodsHuman TIL were isolated from freshly resected pMMR tumours of patients with primary CRC (stage 1–3) or liver metastases (table 1). GITR expression on TIL was determined using flow cytometry and compared to leukocytes isolated from blood (PBMC) and tumour-free surrounding tissues (tumour-free colon/liver, resp. TFC and TFL). Ex vivo functional assays were used to assess TIL expansion, activation and cytokine/cytotoxic mediator secretion upon CD3/CD28 bead activation and co-stimulation using an antibody-crosslinked recombinant trimeric GITR ligand (GITRL).ResultsGITR was overexpressed on TIL when compared to other stimulatory immune checkpoints (4-1BB, OX40). GITR expression was enhanced on CD4+ and CD8+ TIL compared to PBMC and TFC or TFL compartments in both primary CRC and CRLM. Among CD4+ TIL, GITR was increasingly expressed on CD45RA± FoxP3- helper T (Th), CD45RA- FoxP3int activated helper T (aTh), and CD45RA- FoxP3hi activated regulatory T cells (aTreg), respectively. Within CD8+ TIL, GITR expression was higher on TOX+ PD1Hi and putatively tumour-reactive CD103+ CD39+ TIL.1 Impaired effector cytokine production upon ex vivo PMA/ionomycin stimulation was observed in CD4+ and CD8+ GITR-expressing TIL, hinting to functional exhaustion of the target population. However, recombinant GITRL reinvigorated ex vivo TIL responses by significantly enhancing CD4+ and CD8+ TIL numbers and proinflammatory cytokine secretion in a dose-dependent manner (figure 1). Treg depletion did not fully abrogate the stimulatory effect of GITR ligation on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell expansion, demonstrating that the stimulatory effect was partly exerted via direct targeting GITR on effector T cells. Importantly, GITR-ligation also enhanced expansion of purified CD8+CD39+ TIL. Dual treatment with GITR ligand and nivolumab (anti-PD-1) further enhanced CD8+ TIL responses compared to GITR ligand monotherapy, whereas nivolumab alone did not show any effect.Abstract 588 Table 1Patient characteristicsPatient characteristics of patients included for FACS analysis and/or functional assays. † Pathologic staging was performed according to the AJCC 8th edition criteriaAbstract 588 Figure 1GITR ligation enhances CD4+ and CD8+ TIL expansionTIL were isolated from CRC or CRLM and cultured upon CD3/CD28 activation with or without GITRL (0.1–1.0 ug/mL) for 8 days. TIL numbers were acquired by flow cytometry and normalized to counting beads. Indicated is fold change relative to ctrl-treated TIL (n=10).ConclusionsAgonistic targeting of GITR enhances ex vivo human TIL functionality in pMMR CRC and might therefore be a promising approach for novel mono- or combinatorial immunotherapies in primary CRC and CRLM.AcknowledgementsN/ATrial RegistrationN/AEthics ApprovalThe study was approved by the medical ethics committee of the Erasmus Medical Center (MEC-2012-331).ConsentN/AReferenceDuhen T, Duhen R, Montler R, et al. Co-expression of CD39 and CD103 identifies tumor-reactive CD8 T cells in human solid tumors. Nat Commun 2018;9(1):2724. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05072-0.
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KUMAR, AISHWARY. "AMBEDKAR'S INHERITANCES." Modern Intellectual History 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 391–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244310000132.
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B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956), the radical Indian anti-caste thinker, left unfinished a critical corpus of works on “Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Ancient India”, a fragment of which was provisionally titled “Essays on the Bhagavad Gita”. This essay engages with that corpus, situating Ambedkar's encounter with the Gita within a much broader twentieth-century political and philosophical concern with the question of tradition and violence. It interrogates the excessive and heterogeneous conceptual impulses that mediate Ambedkar's attempt to retrieve a counterhistory of Indian antiquity. Located as it is in the same Indic neighborhood from which a radical counterhistory of touchability might emerge, the Gita is a particularly fraternal and troubling text for Ambedkar. Yet his responsibility towards the Gita comes to be hinged not upon evasion but rather upon an exaggeration of its hermeneutic power; that is, upon his painstaking inflation of the Gita's willfully modern interest in instituting the universal. Ambedkar's relentless struggle to annihilate this universality of the Gita would have to be founded upon another universality, at once destructive, excessive and counterlegislative. In this unfinished attempt to recuperate the ideality of the universal, this essay asks, does Ambedkar himself become the most thorough modern practitioner of the Gita?
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Carmona-Santiago, José, Marta García-Ruíz, Maria Luisa Maíquez-Chaves, and Maria José Rodrigo-López. "Condicionantes contextuales, familiares e individuales de la resiliencia en las familias de etnia gitana en Canarias." Trabajo Social Global-Global Social Work 11 (June 15, 2021): 30–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30827/tsg-gsw.v11.15229.
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Tradicionalmente el Pueblo Gitano ha encontrado en el seno familiar su mayor fortaleza para adaptarse a un medio adverso. Este estudio empírico con metodología cuantitativa explora la contribución respectiva del contexto (calidad del vecindario y apoyo social), del sistema familiar (coherencia y adaptabilidad) y del individuo (bienestar subjetivo) sobre la resiliencia de las figuras parentales desde una perspectiva psicosocial y comunitaria. Los participantes fueron 95 familias de etnia gitana residentes en las Islas Canarias y 16 técnicos del ámbito social, cuyas respuestas a los cuestionarios fueron sometidas a análisis estadísticos descriptivos y un modelo de regresión. Las familias viven en vecindarios desfavorecidos debido a su baja formación, el empleo precario y los escasos apoyos formales recabados. Las figuras parentales perciben un buen nivel de cohesión familiar y de bienestar subjetivo.El modelo de regresión sobre la resiliencia muestra la contribución negativa de la problemática social del vecindario, y la contribución positiva de los ingresos económicos estables, vivir en un barrio inclusivo, disfrutar de cohesión familiar y de bienestar subjetivo.En conclusión, las familias de etnia gitana presentan fortalezas y potencialidades que, junto con los apoyos comunitarios apropiados, garantizan una resiliencia normalizadora sobre aquellos valores familiares que permitieron su supervivencia en tiempos difíciles.
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Nafde, Dr Mrs Tanuja. "Creation of Knowledge, Innovation & Invention for Building Nation." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 4938–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36019.
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This paper explores the views on the creation of knowledge, innovations, and inventions from the Bhagavad-Gita and its significance in today’s context. A review of literature on Bhagavad-Gita shows that a number of studies have been done on the Bhagvad Gita from various perspectives; however, very few have been done to integrate the Bhagvad-Gita’s interpretation of knowledge, self-knowledge, innovations, and inventions as a necessity in the contemporary world. As a result, this paper not only interprets the literature but also provides some significance and insights on the contents of Bhagvad Gita and from the ancient Indian philosophical perspective. Chinmayananda asserted that an ancient philosophical scripture like the Bhagavad-Gita needs intelligent re-interpretation to apply effectively in the context of modern times. This paper is based on published literature and its interpretations, a qualitative research methodology that involves the study, understanding, and interpretation of ancient classical scripture. The Bhagavad-Gita is more than 5,000 years old and is written in the Sanskrit language. In a nutshell, the Bhagavad-Gita provides an inside-out approach to knowledge, innovations, inventions management, unlike the outside-in western perspective. The Shrimad Bhagavad-Gita is one of the most popular ancient religious scriptures not only amongst the Indians but also throughout the world. It speaks to the mind that has fought in life, a mind that is dissatisfied, a mind that is alert and thinking and that has many conflicts. Bhagavad Gita inspires the mind and provides strength, moral courage, and clarity of thought with which one can steer through the struggle.
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Krausz, L. T., E. Fischer-Fodor, Z. Zs Major, and B. Fetica. "Gitr-Expressing Regulatory T-Cell Subsets are Increased in Tumor-Positive Lymph Nodes from Advanced Breast Cancer Patients as Compared to Tumor-Negative Lymph Nodes." International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 25, no. 1 (January 2012): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039463201202500108.
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Lymph node (LN) infiltration by neoplastic process involves important changes in lymph node immune microenvironment. In particular, regulatory T cells (Treg) seem to have a key role in altering the immunoediting function of the immune system which leads to the elusion of the tumor from immune surveillance. In this study, we evaluate the expression of T-cell markers in CD4+ and CD8+ subsets from tumor-positive and tumor-negative lymph nodes from the same, advanced stage breast cancer patient. The study was carried out on 3 patients and similar results were obtained. Flow cytometric analysis of CD8+ cells demonstrated a significant difference in the expression of CD25, CD45RA, CD45RO, and GITRL (Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF receptor-Related ligand). Flowcytometric analysis of CD4+ cells demonstrated a significant difference in the expression of GITR (Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF receptor-Related), CD25, FoxP3 (Forkhead box P3), CD28, and CD45RA. Multiple staining allowed the identification of two Treg subpopulations, CD4+CD25highGITR+CD127−/low and CD4+CD25lowGITR+CD127+ cells, proving that both are increased in the positive nodes in comparison with the negative nodes from the same patient. We identified for the first time the CD4+CD25lowGITR+CD127+ Treg subpopulation in cancer, and the 2.6 fold increase in positive LN suggests that this Treg subpopulation could be a key player in metastasis. We also found GITRL expression in the CD8 lymphocytes, which may also contribute to the changes of metastatic lymph node microenvironment. These findings make both GITR and GITRL good possible co-candidates for future therapeutical intervention against metastasis and perhaps also as disease evolution biomarkers.
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应, 亚萍. "Recent Advance in GITR/GITRL Signaling Pathway and Bronchial Asthma." Asian Case Reports in Pediatrics 01, no. 02 (2013): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/acrp.2013.12006.
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Motos Sellés, Patricia, and Ángel Ignacio Aguilar Cuesta. "#DíaInternacionaldelPuebloGitano: una mirada a la realidad educativa de la etnia gitana a través de Twitter." Innoeduca. International Journal of Technology and Educational Innovation 4, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/innoeduca.2018.v4i2.4979.
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El presente estudio trata de identificar la actividad y demandas educativas asociadas con la etnia gitana dentro de España a través de la red social Twitter, con el fin de determinar cuáles son los diversos dictámenes sobre esta cuestión. Para ello, hemos empleado una metodología híbrida basada por un lado, en el análisis cuantitativo de los tweets recogidos gracias al uso de la minería de datos y estructura de redes a través de la API de Twitter. Por otro, una metodología cualitativa debido al estudio de todos los tweets extraídos con el hashtag #DíaInternacionaldelPuebloGitano, gracias al cual hemos determinado las demandas y opiniones así como, la catalogación emocional de dichos textos. El análisis de los 726 tweets en lenguas oficiales del Reino de España, siendo este elemento territorial-lingüístico un delimitador utilizado para comprender la opinión pública en un espacio geográfico concreto.El análisis de los datos se ha realizado empleando el software SPSS 21 con el cuál hemos podido determinar que el número de tweets emitidos por los usuarios fue de 726, cuya propagación aumentó debido a los retweets y favoritos hasta un total de 2061 en el día 8 de abril. La franja horaria de mayor actividad fue de 12:00-17:59 con un total de 959.Finalmente, hemos podido determinar como la actividad en la red social, tiene grandes similitudes con los estudios hasta la fecha sobre la etnia gitana en relación con la educación. De este modo, las protestas y quejas por la desigualdad y la intolerancia, la existencia y funcionamiento de centros escolares dónde existe un alto número de alumnado gitano. Por el contrario, también encontramos similitudes, como el incremento lento, de alumnado de etnia gitana con mayores estudios, y que son vistos tanto en redes sociales como dentro de la comunidad, como ejemplos a seguir.
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Atasavun, Doğukan, and Ümit Kubilay Can. "Gitar Eğitimcilerinin Mesleki Süreçlerinde Gitar Eğitimi Konusunda Yaşadıkları Değişimlerin İncelenmesi." Mediterranean Journal of Educational Research 14, no. 31 (March 17, 2020): 692–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.29329/mjer.2020.234.33.
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Criswick, Mary, and Werner Schwarz. "Guitar Bibliography/Gitarre-Bibliographie." Galpin Society Journal 46 (March 1993): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/842367.
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O'Keeffe, Gerard W., Humberto Gutierrez, Pier Paolo Pandolfi, Carlo Riccardi, and Alun M. Davies. "NGF-promoted axon growth and target innervation requires GITRL-GITR signaling." Nature Neuroscience 11, no. 2 (January 6, 2008): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn2034.
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Nocentini, Giuseppe, Simona Ronchetti, Salvatore Cuzzocrea, and Carlo Riccardi. "GITR/GITRL: More than an effector T cell co-stimulatory system." European Journal of Immunology 37, no. 5 (May 2007): 1165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636933.
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Shevach, Ethan M., and Geoffrey L. Stephens. "The GITR–GITRL interaction: co-stimulation or contrasuppression of regulatory activity?" Nature Reviews Immunology 6, no. 8 (August 2006): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri1867.
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