Journal articles on the topic 'Given funktion'

Abstract Social Ethics raised growing interest within the last fife decades ofthe 20th century. Mainly conceived as social criticism and theory of social change as well, this discipline became a major factor particularly in those church circles where ways were sought to express actively and effectively what was called »Christian social responsibility«. In the course of historic developments during recent years, however, it has become questionable of wether or not this concept of Social Ethics still meets what is needed to grant orientation in how to cope with problems that are caused by these developments in society. It therefore seems legitimate to evaluate the given concept of Social Ethics in order to find out to what extend its alteration is indicated. The essay proposes to seek an answer in the direction of conceiving Social Ethics as a shelter of different ethical approaches to scrutinise concrete developments in politics, economy and industry and their impacts on the conditions of living in society

Abstract This article focuses on the practice of listing in Talk-in-Interaction. Lists are frequently used in spoken language as a discursive resource and can be considered as a universal, cross-lingual practice for structuring ideas. As such, they have been given attention in several fields of linguistics, mainly in intonation research, conversation analysis and interactional linguistics. However, the role of gestures and other physical forms of expression in listing has been mostly disregarded so far. For this reason, we attempt to cast light on the form and function of gestures and other bodily resources that are embedded in this practice. We argue that lists are multimodal and that bodily resources play a major role in establishing the format and in organizing the interaction. In order to do so, we use a broad collection of examples from different sources in French, Italian and Spanish.

Afdelingen har med uddannelsesansvarlige overlæge i front og i samarbejde med IT-firma iterativt udviklet en digital dagsplan, som løbende er blevet testet og evalueret af afdelingens personale.Første version af systemet er gennemtestet og implementeret i afdelingen. Næste skridt er autoplanlægning af skema ud fra ønsker der indgives direkte i systemet af den enkelte medarbejder, således at ønskede funktioner dækkes og medarbejderen ikke blot får fri som ønsket, men sættes på de mest relevante funktioner og tjenester samt skemalægges sammen med vejleder så vidt muligt.

AbstractIntra-uterine birth causing maternal death (endotokia matricida) is relatively common in rhabditid nematodes and typical for entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus Heterorhabditis. A detailed description of this phenomenon is given, including a summary of embryo development, egg-laying, juvenile hatching and development. It is demonstrated that low food supply significantly promotes the beginning of endotokia matricida but has no influence on the time scale of the process. The biological function of endotokia matricida and the intra-uterine induction of the dauer formation is discussed. Endotokia matricida in Heterorhabditis spp. is a well synchronised process of the destruction of the maternal tissues correlated with the juvenile development including the uptake of the symbiotic bacteria by the late pre-dauer stage. It secures the development of dauer juveniles at a moment when the external food supply is reducing and provides offspring which are well equipped with energy reserves and symbiotic bacteria for long term survival and subsequent infection of insects in the soil. Endotokia matricida bei Hermaphroditen von Heterorhabditis spp. und der Einfluss der Nahrungsversorgung . - Der Schlupf juveniler Nematoden im mutterlichen Uterus mit anschliessender Totung des Muttertieres (endotokia matricida) ist relativ weit verbreitet bei rhabditiden Nematoden und typisch fur entomopathogene Nematoden der Gattung Heterorhabditis. Die Endotokia matricida wird beschrieben sowie die Embryonalentwicklung, das Eilegeverhalten, der Schlupf und die Entwicklung der Juvenilen. Der Beginn der endotokia matricida wird durch eine niedrige Nahrungsverfugbarkeit in der Kultur signifikant gefordert, diese hat jedoch keinen Einfluss auf den zeitlichen Ablauf der endotokia matricida. Die biologische Funktion der endotokia matricida und die intra-uterine Induktion der Dauerlarvenbildung werden diskutiert. Die endotokia matricida bei Heterorhabditis spp. ist ein gut synchronisierter Prozess, bei dem die Zerstorung des Muttertiers korreliert mit der Entwicklung der Juvenilstadien, einschliesslich der Aufnahme der symbiotischen Bakterien durch das Pra-Dauer Stadium. Sie sichert die Entwicklung von Dauerlarven zu einem Zeitpunkt, wenn die externe Nahrungsversorgung sich verschlechtert und bringt so Nachkommen hervor, die gut mit Energiereserven und symbiotischen Bakterien ausgestattet sind, um im Boden lange zu uberdauern und Insekten zu befallen.

The power of imagination fulfills a special function with respect to particular intuition and to the forms of intuition of space and time a function that exceeds Kant’s deliberations on imagination. Not just the forms themselves, but also their manifold are orignally generated by that capability. While Kant’s theory of experience starts with a given mannifold and shows how the rule-making role of reason provides productive imagination with a way of assimilating that manifold into a unified perspective, Fichte’s philosophy has the productivity of the imagination reaching further as a novel, revealing inheritance. As a fully autonomously proceeding entity, it further devises not only space and time and their constituent diversity, but also simultaneously generates categories without being dependent on the reason that in the B-version of the Critique is necessary for understanding the composition of time and space. When Kant speaks for example in the Opus Postumum under the heading cogitabile ut dabile about the constitution of the manifold, that form of constitutive act is not to be interpreted as an original genesis. Hence the act of constitutive and determinative synthesis has a different meaning in the two systems.Die Einbildungskraft erfullt bei Fichte eine ganz besondere Funktion in Hinblick auf die einzelne Anschauung und die Anschauungsformen von Raum und Zeit, die über die Kantischen Ausführungen zur Einbildungskraft hinausgehen. So werden nicht nur letztere, sondern auch das in Raum und Zeit enthaltene Mannigfaltige ursprünglich durch die Einbildungskraft generiert. Wahrend die Kantische Theorie der Erfahrung ihren Ausgang vom gegebenen Mannigfaltigen nimmt und zeigt, wie der regelgebende Verstand vermittelst der produktiven Einbildungskraft dieses Mannigfaltige zur – stets begriffenen – Einheit der Anschauung konstituiert, reicht die Produktivität der Einbildungskraft in der Philosophie Fichtes als originar welteroffnendes Vermögen also wesentlich weiter. Vollkommen autonom verfahrend entwirft sie ferner nicht nur Raum, Zeit und das darin enthaltene Mannigfaltige, sondern generiert zugleich die Kategorien, ohne – wie speziell in der B–Auflage der Kritik – auf die Regel eines für die Zeit- und Raumkonstitution notwendig vorauszusetzenden Verstandes angewiesen zu sein. Spricht Kant, wie etwa im Opus Postumum vor dem Hintergrund des Gedankens eines cogitabile ut dabile, von der Bestimmung des Mannigfaltigen, dann ist diese Art der Intellektion nicht im Sinne einer ursprüngliche Erzeugung zu verstehen. Der Akt der anschauungserzeugenden und bestimmenden Synthesis hat in beiden Systemen also eine unterschiedliche Bedeutung.

Contemporary urban spaces are full of visual planes on which all kinds of signs are combined in a comprehensive manner, collectively creating new meanings. If these messages are connected with a given place or situation, they perform specific functions resulting from this fact, for example they structure urban space, they facilitate orientation, they warn, forbid, advertise, and embellish. The aim of the present article is the analysis of selected urban texts occurring in German and Polish cities paying special attention to their structural layer as well as its compliance with principles of semiotic economy.

Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran 1800-luvulla kustantamat vieraskieliset sanakirjat: funktiot, odotukset ja vastaanotto Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura (SKS) oli 1800-luvulla merkittävä suomen kielen joko lähtö- tai kohdekielenä sisältävien vieraskielisten sanakirjojen kustantaja. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan SKS:n 1800-luvulla kustantamien vieraskielisten sanakirjojen julkaisutoimintaa kustantajan, sanakirjan laatijan ja julkaisun vastaanottajan näkökulmista. Tutkimuksen keskeisenä tarkoituksena on valaista sanakirjojen kustantamiseen liittyviä tavoitteita ja sanakirjoihin kohdistuneita toiveita. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan näiden seikkojen kirjoittumista analysoitaviin teksteihin ja tekstien väliseen vuoropuheluun. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu SKS:n kokouspöytäkirjoista, SKS:n julkaisemien sanakirjojen esipuheista ja sanakirjoista julkaistuista kirja-arvioista. Tarkasteltavat sanakirjat on julkaistu vuosina 1864–1900. Ajanjakso on suomen kielen kehityksen ja suomenkielisen sivistyksen kannalta erityisen merkittävä. SKS:n toimintaa kuvaavat pöytäkirjat osoittavat, että SKS:n piirissä käydyissä keskusteluissa tärkeimmiksi syiksi laatia vieraskielisiä sanakirjoja nousevat koulujen tarpeet ja suomalaisen kulttuurin rikastuttaminen merkittävien sivistyskielten kirjallisuuden kautta. Teosten korkean tason SKS pyrki varmistamaan valitsemalla tekijät tarkkaan ja kontrolloimalla prosessia asettamiensa toimikuntien avulla. Teosten esipuheet osoittavat, etteivät SKS:n sanakirjojen laatijoille antamat ohjeet kuitenkaan olleet loppuun asti mietittyjä eivätkä toimitusperiaatteet selviä. Kesken prosessin muuttuneet ohjeet ja tavoitteet tuottivat epätasaisuutta ja hidastivat työtä. Monien tarpeiden samanaikaiset tyydyttämisyritykset epäonnistuivat käytännössä, ja tuloksina oli yhtäkään käyttäjäryhmää erityisen hyvin palvelevia teoksia. Samat teemat ovat esillä sanakirjoista kirjoitetuissa arvioissa; niissä nousee kuitenkin voimakkaasti esiin myös pioneerityön arvostus ja kansallinen kiitollisuuden tunne. Puutteistaan huolimatta 1800-luvun vieraskieliset sanakirjat olivatkin merkittäviä osoituksia suomen ilmaisuvarojen rikkaudesta ja kielen arvosta tasavertaisena muiden sivistyskielten rinnalla. Foreign language dictionaries published by the Finnish Literature Society in the 19th century: functions, expectations, and reception In the 19th century, the Finnish Literature Society (SKS) was a major publisher of foreign language dictionaries containing Finnish as either the source or the target language. This article deals with the publication process of foreign language dictionaries published by SKS in the 19th century from the points of view of the publisher, the author of the dictionary, and the recipient of the publication. The central purpose of the study is to illustrate the goals related to dictionary publication as well as the needs behind these publications. This study examines how such matters are expressed in the texts to be analysed as well as the dialogue between the texts. Research data consist of SKS’s minutes, the forewords of dictionaries published by SKS, and book reviews made of the dictionaries. The analysed dictionaries were published between 1864 and 1900. This time period is of particular significance for the development of the Finnish language and Finnish language education and culture. The minutes describing SKS’s operation reveal that, in discussions within SKS, the most important reasons for publishing foreign language dictionaries were seen to be the increasing needs of the school system and the enrichment of Finnish culture through access to literatures published in the principal languages of the civilised world. SKS aimed to ensure the high quality of its publications through careful selection of authors and monitoring of the publication process with the help of specially created committees. However, from the forewords of the dictionaries we can see that the instructions given by SKS to the authors of the dictionaries were not quite thought through, and editorial principles were somewhat unclear. Instructions and objectives were being revised during the publication process, which caused inconsistent end results and slow progress. The goal of trying to meet varying requirements at the same time was not successful in practice, and the end result was the publication of dictionaries that were not particularly suitable for any target group. The same themes come up in reviews written about the dictionaries; however, the reviews also express a clear admiration towards the pioneering spirit of the publications and a sense of national gratitude. Despite their deficiencies, foreign language dictionaries in the 19th century were a significant demonstration of the expressive richness of the Finnish language and its value as an equal to other languages of the civilised world.

Abstract. Allometric equations are often based on the body mass of an animal because body mass determines many physiological functions. This should also hold for Brachiosaurus brancai and Dicraeosaurus hansemanni, two sauropods from the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru/Tanzania (East Africa). Widely divergent estimates of body mass for the same specimen can be found in the literature for these two sauropods. Therefore, in order to determine the exact body mass and volume distribution in these sauropods, classical three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry as well as a newly developed laser scanner technique were applied to the mounted skeletons of Brachiosaurus brancai and Dicraeosaurus hansemanni in the Museum für Naturkunde (Berlin, Germany). Thereafter, scaling equations were used to estimate the size of organ systems. In a second step it was tested whether the given data from photogrammetry could be brought in line with the results derived from the allometric equations. These findings are applied to possible ecological problems in the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru/Tanzania. Der Körpermasse eines Organismus werden oft allometrische Funktionen zugrunde gelegt, da von ihr viele physiologische Funktionen entscheidend abhängen. Dies sollte auch für ausgestorbene Organismen wie Brachiosaurus brancai und Dicraeosaurus hansemanni, zwei Sauropoden aus dem oberen Jura von Tendaguru/Tanzania in Ostafrika gelten. Da zu beiden Sauropoden nur sehr unterschiedliche Massenabschätzungen vorliegen, wurden die Körpermassen und Volumina von Brachiosaurus brancai und Dicraeosaurus hansemanni mit Hilfe der klassischen Photogrammetrie sowie einem neuentwickelten Laserscannerverfahren neu bestimmt. Basierend auf den so gemessenen Körpermassendaten wurden anschließend einige wichtige funktionell-morphologische Größen für eine paläophysiologische Rekonstruktion dieser Sauropoden mit Hilfe der Allometrie berechnet. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse sind u. a. wichtig für die Rekonstruktion eines Ökosystems im oberen Jura von Ostafrika. doi:10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020106

Wojciech Bandrowski — aforgotten mayor of Tarnów. A supplement to a biographyThe beginnings of autonomy were an important period in the development of Galician towns, which coped as best as they could with the consequences of the administrative reform gradually introduced by the Austrian authorities. Akey role in the process was played by mayors heading local communities, because they bore the biggest responsibility for the existence of the “little homelands”. Often, given the universal respect they enjoyed, they remained in office for several terms, wining apermanent place in the history of the town and memory of its residents. However, there were figures, like the first mayor of Tarnów, who remained forgotten for many years, which makes it all the more important to make an effort to rediscover them.Wojciech Bandrowski — der vergessene Bürgermeister der Stadt Tarnow. Ein Beitrag zur BiographieDie Anfänge der Autonomie waren eine besondere Zeit für die Entwicklung der Städte Galiziens, die sich unterschiedlich mit den Auswirkungen der allmählich durch die österreichischen Behörden eingeführten Verwaltungsreform Rat wussten. Die Hauptrolle spielten hier die Bürgermeister, die an der Spitze der lokalen Gemeinschaften standen, da auf ihren Schultern die größte Verantwortung für das Dasein der „kleinen Heimat“ lag. Mehrfach, in Anbetracht des allgemeinen Ansehens, das sie genossen, übten sie ihre Funktionen über mehrere Amtsperioden aus und sind für immer mit der Geschichte der Stadt verbunden und in der Erinnerung ihrer Einwohner geblieben. Es gab aber auch solche Personen, die, wie der erste Bürgermeister von Tarnow, viele Jahre vergessen waren, um so wichtiger scheint daher die Mühe, sie neu zu entdecken.

Cognitive impairment following treatment is a common complaint among breast cancer patients. Commonly affected cognitive domains include executive level functioning, working and verbal memory, concentration and information processing. A feasibility study was conducted to evaluate the ability to recruit for a choral-based music therapy intervention study and to refine the design of the intervention. The intervention was conducted over a 2-month period and included group music therapy sessions and choral participation. Participants were given a DVD and CD with music-based exercises with the suggestion to do ten minutes of exercises daily. Nine patients were enrolled and six completed the intervention. The most common reason for not enrolling was perceived lack of singing ability. Conflict with work schedule was the main factor associated with study drop out. The group music therapy sessions were highly valued by the participants, None adhered to the daily exercises. The participants were very positive about their experience. A choral-based music therapy intervention for the treatment of chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment is feasible and should be further evaluated in a randomized clinical trial. Including a non-singing component of the intervention, such as bell ringing or other instrument, may improve recruitmentSpanishEstudio de Viabilidad sobre Intervenciones de Musicoterapia en pacientes con Deterioro Cognitivo relacionado a Quimioterapia (Chemobrain)Resumen:El deterioro cognitivo relacionado a Quimioterapia (Chemobrain) es un efecto adverso del tratamiento contra el cáncer, con prevalencia reportada estimada en más de un 78%. Comúnmente afecta los dominios cognitivos que incluyen las funciones ejecutivas, memoria de trabajo y verbal, concentración y procesamiento de la información. El estudio de viabilidad se llevó a cabo para evaluar la capacidad de reclutamiento para el estudio de intervención musicoterapéutica basado en actividad coral y para refinar el diseño de dicha intervención. La intervención fue realizada durante un período de dos meses e incluyo sesiones de musicoterapia grupal y participación coral. Se les entrego a los participantes un DVD and CD con ejercicios musicales y se les sugirió que los realizaran durante 10 minutos todos los días . Nueve pacientes se inscribieron y seis completaron la intervención. La razón más común para no inscribirse fue la percepción de falta de habilidad para cantar. El principal factor asociado a dejar el estudio fueron las dificultades con la agenda laboral. Las sesiones de musicoterapia grupal fueron valoradas altamente por los participantes. Ninguno realizó los ejercicios diarios. Los participantes fueron muy positivos acerca de su experiencia. La intervención musicoterapéutica basada en actividad coral para el tratamiento del deterioro cognitivo relacionado a quimioterapia es viable y necesita ser evaluada más profundamente en un ensayo clínico aleatorio. Incluir algún componente sin canto a la intervención, como utilización de campanas u otro instrumento, puede mejorar el reclutamiento de participantes.GermanStudie über die Durchführbarkeit musiktherapeutischer Interventionen bei Patienten mit kognitiven Einschränkungen durch Chemotherapie (Chemobrain) –die MusIC Study Abstract: Eine nachteilige Auswirkung der Krebsbehandlung ist die kognitive Beeinträchtigungen aufgrund von Chemotherapie (Chemobrain), mit berichteter Prävalenz von bis zu 78 %. Gewöhnlich sind hiervon kognitive Bereiche betroffen wie exekutive Funktionen, Arbeits- und Spracherinnerung, Konzentration- und Informationsverarbeitung. Hier wird eine Durchführbarkeitsstudie, die Auswirkungen einer auf Chorgesang basierenden musiktherapeutischen Interventionsstudie zu evaluieren und das Design für die Intervention zu verbessern. Die Intervention wurde über einen Zeitraum von 2 Monaten durchgeführt und beinhaltete Gruppenmusiktherapiesitzungenund die Teilnahme am Chorgesang. Die Teilnehmer bekamen eine DVD und eine CD mit musikbasierten Übungen mit der Anweisung, 10 Minuten täglich damit zu arbeiten. Einbezogen waren 9 Patienten, 6 davon beendeten die Intervention.Der am meisten geäußerte Grund, nicht teilzunehmen, war das Gefühl, nicht singen zu können. Der Hauptgrund für den drop-out war eine Konflikt mit dem zeitlichen Arbeitsablauf. Die Teilnehmer, die sich nicht an die täglichen Übungen halten mussten, schätzten besonders die Gruppenmusiktherapie. Die Teilnehmer äußerten sich positiv über ihre Erfahrungen. Eine auf Chorgesang basierte musiktherapeutische Intervention für die Behandlung von Patienten mit kognitiven Einschränkungen, die auf Chemotherapie beruhen, ist durchführbar und sollte in einer randmosierten klinischen Studie weiter evaluiert werden. Ebenso könnten gesanglicher Kompenten in der Intervention wie Glockenläuten oder andere Instrumente die Erholung verbessern.ItalianSTUDIO SULLA FATTIBILITA` DI UN INTERVENTO DI MUSICOTERAPIA PER PAZIENTI CON DEFICIT COGNITIVI DERIVANTI DALLA CHEMIOTERAPIA Il deficit cognitivo derivante dalla chemioterapia (“Chemobrain”) è un effetto avverso del trattamento del cancro, con stime di prevalenza riportate fino al 78%. Comunemente I domini cognitivi colpiti includono funzioni esecutive, di lavoro, di memoria verbale, della concentrazione e dell’elaborazione delle informazioni. Uno studio sulla fattibilità è stato condotto per valutare la capacità di reclutare per uno studio di intervento di musicoterapia corale e per affinare la progettazione dell’intervento. L’intervento è stato condotto per un periodo di 2 mesi e comprendeva sessioni di musicoterapia di gruppo e una partecipazione corale. I partecipanti hanno ricevuto un DVD e un CD con esercizi basati sulla musica, con il suggerimento di fare dieci minuti di esercizi al giorno. Nove pazienti erano iscritti e sei di loro hanno completato l’intervento. La ragione piu` commune per non iscriversi era la mancata capacità di cantare. Inoltre il conflitto con gli orari lavoro è stato il fattore principale associato all’abbandono degli studi. Le sessioni di musicoterapia di gruppo sono state molto apprezzate dai partecipanti. Nessuno ha aderito agli esercizi quotidiani. I partecipanti sono stati molto positivi riguardo la loro esperienza. Di conseguenza un intervento di musicoterapia corale per il trattamento di pazienti con impedimenti cognitivi dovuti alla soministrazione di chemioterapici è fattibile e deve essere ulteriormente valutato in uno studio clinico randomizzato. Includendo una componente di interventi non cantati, come ad esempio con l’uso del campanaccio o di qualsiasi altro strumento. Questo potrebbe giovare sul reclutamento dei pazienti.Japanese化学療法と関連した認知機能障害（ケモブレイン）患者への音楽療法介入の実行可能性調査：MusIC Study 要旨化学療法関連の認知機能障害（“ケモブレイン”）はがん治療の疎ましい影響であり、推定で最大78%の患者に及ぶと報告されている。一般的には、実行機能レベル、ワーキングメモリー、言語性記憶、集中力、情報処理などの認知領域に影響する。合唱をベースとした音楽療法介入研究の参加を促す適格性を評価するため、そして介入デザインをより精密にするために実行可能性調査が実地された。集団音楽療法セッションと合唱参加を含んだ ２ヶ月あまりの期間の介入が行われた。参加者は音楽ベースの運動DVDとCDを与えられ、毎日10分間行うことを推奨された。9人の患者が登録し、6人が介入を完了した。登録しなかった理由で最も一般的だったのは、歌唱能力欠如の自己認識であった。仕事のスケジュールとの衝突が中途脱落に関連した主な理由であった。集団音楽療法セッションは参加者達に大変高く評価された。運動日課に忠実に守った者はいなかった。参加者達はこの経験を大変肯定的に受けとめた。化学療法関連の認知機能障害の治療のための合唱ベース音楽療法介入は適したものであり、ランダム化臨床試験内でさらなる評価がなされるべきである。非歌唱要素を含めた介入、ベルを鳴らすもしくは他の楽器の利用することなどが参加者増加につながるかもしれない。

it is the purpose of this article to discuss how to interpret Odin's wisdom. Many scholars have argued over the last ten years that Odin's wisdom should be compared to the abilities of the shaman as this figure is known from many circumpolar religions and that Odin should accordingly be viewed as a prototypical shaman. There are, however, some arguments against this theoy. First and foremost, it is obvious that Odin has certain functions in old Norse mythology that do not fit in with the "shamanic" interpretation. If we take a closer view of the role of Odin, it is obvious that he is not primarily linked to the magicians but rather to warriors and kings. This is due to the fact that shamans are normally practicing in societies very different from those of Scandinavia during the Viking age. The results of two analyses of mythical cores, that of Mimer, primarily known from the Eddas, and that of Hadding, known from Saxo's Gesta Danorum, show that a religious phenomenon explaining more adequately the many roles of Odin is that of initiation. The Mimer myth shows how Odin acquires intellectual power by confronting an object (the head of Mimer) which has been in the under world where is has been given numious poser. This myth is compared to the phenomenon of initiation and it is maintained that the myth, containing death and intellectual rebirth, must be seen as parallel in its structure as well as its symbolism to the initiation rituals which we see all over the world. Odin has thus gained knowledge as all initiates do during their initiation. On the other hand, the Hadding myth shows us Odin in a different role which is known equally well in the context of the mythology, namely that as an initator giving advice and skills to the young hero of the myth. Here we find the same symbolism as that of the initiation.Eventually, it is concluded that even if many of Odin's skills may be compared to those of the shaman, the phenomenon of initiation is able to account for the whole spectrum of functions that can be seen in Odin. Odin, then, must be seen first and foremost as the god of initiation.

<p>The quality of nutrition apps can be evaluated by applying scientifically validated instruments. The objective of this study was to perform an in-depth quality-analysis of nutrition-related apps and to identify communalities and limitations of different assessment tools. Based on a keyword search for “nutrition” within the German Google Play Store, ten nutrition-related apps were selected and evaluated for quality using the App Quality Evaluation (AQEL), Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS) and “ENLIGHT” tools. The analyses highlighted discrepancies in app qualities regarding performance, credibility, security and user benefits. Given the three evaluation tools, each of which focuses on different aspects of quality, they cover a broad spectrum of quality criteria is covered. However, there are also overlaps in the evaluation categories function and functionality, credibility and evidence-base. Due to distinct scoring systems within the tools, overlapping categories were not interchangeable and aggravated a comprehensive app quality rating. Our findings indicate that AQEL, MARS and ENLIGHT, on a stand-alone basis, are suitable tools to assess individual aspects of quality for nutrition apps, without being exhaustive. A series of additional important quality aspects was identified, which can make an important contribution towards the development of an overarching quality assessment tool specific for nutrition apps.</p><p> </p><p>Die Qualität von Ernährungs-Apps kann durch die Anwendung wissenschaftlich validierter Instrumente evaluiert werden. Ziel dieser Studie war es, eine detaillierte Qualitätsanalyse ernährungsbezogener Applikationen durchzuführen und Gemeinsamkeiten und Limitationen verschiedener Bewertungstools zu identifizieren. Basierend auf einer Schlagwortsuche zu „nutrition“ innerhalb des deutschen Google Play Stores wurden zehn ernährungsbezogene Apps ausgewählt und hinsichtlich ihrer Qualität bewertet. Hierzu wurden die App Quality Evaluation (AQEL), Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS) und “ENLIGHT” Instrumente eingesetzt. Die Analyse verdeutlicht die Diskrepanzen bezüglich der App Qualität hinsichtlich Performanz, Glaubwürdigkeit, Sicherheit und Nutzervorteile. Die hierzu verwendeten Evaluationsinstrumente fokussieren sich auf unterschiedliche Qualitätsaspekte und decken ein breites Spektrum an Qualitätskriterien ab. Überschneidungen existieren hinsichtlich der Evaluationskategorien Funktion und Funktionalität, Glaubwürdigkeit und Evidenzbasierung. Aufgrund der abweichenden Bewertungssysteme ist es nicht möglich gleiche Kategorien auszutauschen, welches eine allumfassende App-Qualitätsbewertung erschwert. Unsere Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass AQEL, MARS und ENLIGHT individuell betrachtet, geeignete Instrumente zum Erfassen einzelner Qualitätsaspekte von Ernährungs-Apps darstellen, jedoch nicht allumfassend sind. Ergänzend wurden weitere wichtige Qualitätsaspekte identifiziert, die einen bedeutsamen Beitrag zur Entwicklung eines allumfassenden Qualitätsinstruments zur Bewertung von Ernährungs-Apps liefern könnten.</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0603/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Although verbal aggression plays an important role in people’s lives, this subject has been tabood for a long time in both public and in scientific terms. However, an interest in this topic has increased in recent years, especially from the perspective of language as a means of violence. Characteristically the study of language as a means of violence is pursued not as primarily linguistic one, but from the perspective of philosophy of language, and the terms verbal aggression and verbal violence are regarded as synonyms. In this article we will draw a line between these two terms and present the results of our surveys and case studies suggesting that verbal aggression is a complex linguistic phenomenon. Departing from our observations we will try to show that both the intention aimed at humiliation of the addressee (when verbal aggression equals to verbal violence), as well as intentions that are not aimed at verbal violence and that we can call efficient may be false, since the need to communicate negative emotions is inherent in people’s communication (emotional function of language), aimed at expressing some negative moments, rather than intending to offend the addressee. These productive functions of verbal aggression, which are emphasized in the field of psychology, have not been sufficiently studied from linguistic perspective. Special attention in the article is given to the relation of verbal and physical aggression. The article is illustrated by the examples from the German language (on the ground of our empirical data, based on oral and written surveys of the residents of Vienna - 700).

Artiklen undersøger betydningen af fysisk-rumlige omgivelser i forhold til sygdoms- og selvopfattelsen hos mennesker med svære fysiske handicap og funktionsnedsættelser, der er visiteret til vederlagsfri fysioterapi som del af deres behandling. Studiet tager afsæt i et fænomenologisk-hermeneutisk feltarbejde, hvor det centrale omdrejningspunkt er delta- gernes subjektive oplevelser og udbytte af vederlagsfri fysioterapi, ligesom vi undersøger deltagernes måde at håndtere og integrere fysioterapiklinikkens institutionelle ramme som en fast bestanddel af hverdagslivet. Deltagerne træner for at opretholde et givent funktions- niveau eller forhale forringelser, og der er ofte tale om livslange træningsforløb. På trods af, at deltagerne livslangt frekventerer og opholder sig i fysioterapiklinikker, er det sparsomt med viden om deltagernes oplevelser heraf. Artiklens formål er derfor at skabe indsigt i deltagernes oplevelser og erfaringer med at opholde sig og træne i fysioterapiklinikken og undersøge rummets betydning i relation til deltagernes selvopfattelse. I den empiriske ana- lyse anlægges et relationelt perspektiv, eftersom deltagerne italesætter deres sygdoms- og selvopfattelse, dels afhængigt af hvor de befinder sig, dels af deres subjektive opfattelse af rum. I den forbindelse argumenteres for, at rummets betydning først træder frem, når vi kigger på tværs af rum. Derfor udledes det, at fysioterapiklinikken, hvori sygdom behandles og praktiseres, ikke repræsenterer et ’sygdommens rum’, men af deltagerne opleves som et tiltrængt frirum fra sygdom, hvor de føler sig som ’almindelige mennesker’. I modsætning hertil står det private hjem og det offentlige rum, som nærmere repræsenterer ’sygdommens rum’, da det er her, handicap og funktionsnedsættelser skaber barrierer for det sociale liv, og her grænserne mellem det normale og afvigende defineres.

Johtimien suuri määrä on kuulunut suomen kielen ominaispiirteisiin kautta aikojen. Suomi on ollut kirjallisilla vuosisadoilla eli 1500-luvulta nykypäivään johdin-ainesten suhteen hyvin omavarainen, mutta tästä huolimatta kieleen on omaksuttu laina-sanaston mukana muutamia johtimia. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan, kuinka kirjallisena aikana lainatut johtimet on omaksuttu suomen sananmuodostukseen, milloin vierasperäisellä johtimella on alettu muodostaa uutta sanastoa ja minkälaista johtimen käyttö on eri aikoina ollut. Tutkimuksen keskeisenä tehtävänä on selvittää lainaamisen taustalla oleva motivaatio: miksi ja mihin funktioon runsasjohtiminen kieli on lainannut muilta? Tutkimuksen keskiös-sä ovat sekä omalähtöiselle sanan-muodostukselle mallin tarjonneet lainasanat että näiden mukaan muodostettu uusi sanasto. Yksityis-kohtaisen tarkastelun kohteena ovat lainaperäiset nna- ja isti-johtimet. Vertailun vuoksi tarkastellaan lisäksi skA-, tAr- ja ismi-johdoksia. Suomen lainajohtimet edustavat semanttisesti ja rakenteellisesti kielissä tyypillisesti lainautuvia johtimia. Ne osoittautuvatkin lainatuiksi myös niissä kielissä, joista ne on omaksuttu suomeen. Johdinainesten lainaaminen suomen kieleen on sidoksissa yhteiskunnan muutoksiin, kirjakielistymiseen ja uusien ilmaisu-keinojen tarpeeseen. Semanttisiin tarpeisiin vastaamisen lisäksi lainajohtimilla on voitu täydentää oma-peräistä sananmuodostussysteemiä niiltä osin kuin siinä on produktiivisuuteen vaikuttavia rajoitteita. Yleisesti ottaen suomen ei ole lainattu johtimia ilman syytä ja tarvetta. Kielenohjailu on suhtautunut lainaperäisiin johtimiin torjuvasti, mikä on osaltaan vaikuttanut niiden vakiintumiseen. Tuoreiden ja innovatiivisten johdosten muodostusta se ei kuitenkaan ole estänyt. The impact of loanwords on the derivational morphology of written Finnish: Diachronic study on the borrowing of suffixes during the literary centuries An abundance of derivational morphology has been a characteristic of the Finnish language throughout the ages. During the literary centuries (from the 16th century to the present), Finnish has been particularly self-sufficient in terms of suffixes. There are, however, a few suffixes that have been adopted into Finnish. The present study examines how these few borrowed derivative elements were adopted into native Finnish word formation, when the foreign suffixes began to be used for lexical innovations, and how these elements have been used over time. The central purpose of this diachronic study is to map the motivations behind the borrowing: why and to what purpose does a language with a significant amount of derivational morphology borrow affixes from other languages? The study focuses on loanwords that have provided a model for native word formation as well as lexical innovations in Finnish through these models. Specific focus is given to the loan suffixes -nna and -isti. For comparison the suffixes -skA, -tAr, and -ismi will also be examined. The borrowed suffixes of Finnish are semantically and structurally representative of the kinds of affixes typically borrowed across languages. The same suffixes were first borrowed into the languages from which they were borrowed into Finnish. The adoption of suffixes into the Finnish language is connected to changes in society, the development of the literary language, and the need for new means of expression. In addition to meeting semantic needs, borrowed suffixes have also been used to complement the native system of word formation in places where any limitations affecting productivity exist. In general, suffixes have not been borrowed into Finnish without a specific purpose or need. Language planning in Finland has traditionally had quite a negative attitude towards borrowed suffixes, and this has had an effect on such suffixes becoming established in the language. However, such attitudes have not prevented the formation of new and innovative derivatives.

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan verbaalisen ja visuaalisen kielen yhteistyötä audiovisuaalisessa multisemioottisessa tekstissä. Tarkastelun kohteena on 40 haastattelu-uutista, jotka on lähetetty Yleisradion puoli yhdeksän uutisissa. Haastattelu-uutisesta analysoidaan tarkemmin uutistoimittajan puhumaa selostusta ja sen oheista kuvaa – jaksoa, joka edeltää haastateltavan puhetta kuvatilassa. Aihetta lähestytään teoreettisesti ja metodologisesti systeemis-funktionaalisen (SF) kieliteorian ja siihen läheisesti liittyvän visuaalisen suunnittelun kieliopin keinoin. Artikkelissa keskitytään SF­teorian metafunktioista tekstuaalisuuteen ja vastaavasti visuaalisen suunnittelun kieliopin sommitteluun. Analyysi osoittaa, että televisiouutisten verbaalinen ja visuaalinen kieli toimivat saumattomassa yhteistyössä siten, että molemmilla on omat tehtävänsä. Verbaalinen kieli välittää pääosin informaation, mutta kohtauksen kuvalla on merkityksenannossa keskeinen asema. Informaationkulussa verbaalisen informaatioyksikön teema–reema-rakenteen vaihtelu lankeaa yksiin visuaalisen informaatioyksikön tutun ja uuden kanssa, kun kuvassa havainnollistetaan viestiä käyttämällä sommittelun rajausta. Jos selostuksen teema–reema-rakenteen aikana kuvassa esiintyy kohde, jolla on visuaalista huomioarvoa, kuvan elementit korostavat sitä toistamalla mainitun teeman aihetta, mutta reeman sanomaa ei erikseen visualisoida. Multisemioottisessa, audio­visuaalisessa tekstissä voidaan verbaalisen kielen leksikaalisen koheesion ohella puhua visuaalisesta koheesiosta. Kuvan sommittelussa käytetään toistoa fokusoimalla samoja kuvaelementtejä ja rajataan eri osia kokonaisuuksista. Yhdeksi haastattelu­uutisen erityispiirteeksi osoittautuu demonstratiivipronomini tämä, erityisesti paikallis­sijaiset muodot tässä ja tästä. Demonstratiivin korrelaatti voi audiovisuaalisen tekstin sisällä sijaita paitsi verbaalisessa selostuksessa myös suoraan kuvan elementissä tai toiminnossa, jota korostetaan rajauksella. Artikkeli osoittaa, että television haastattelu-uutinen on konventionaalinen ja professionaalinen teksti, joka on rakenteeltaan vakiintunut. Sen välttämättömiä rakenne­osia ovat uutistenlukijan ingressistä ja toimittajan puheen sanan ja liikkuvan kuvan yhteistyössä muodostuvat jaksot, jotka päättyvät studion ulkopuolisessa tilassa toteutettuun haastatteluun. Jaksot rakentuvat pienistä yksityiskohdista, joilla jokaisella on merkityksensä ja funktionsa uutiskokonaisuudessa. Forming the structure of a multisemiotic text: analysis of televised news interviews This article deals with the fusion of verbal and visual language in audiovisual and multisemiotic texts. The analysis focuses on forty news interviews broadcast during the eight-thirty evening news on Yleisradio (the Finnish Broadcasting Company). The reporter’s speech and its enclosed frame, i.e. the sequence which precedes the interviewer’s speech, are here analysed in close detail. The subject is approached theoretically and methodically using the principles of of systemic-functional grammar (SF) and of the closely related theory of visual design grammar. This article focuses on the textuality of SF theory’s metafunctions and on the design of visual design grammar respectively. The analysis shows that both the verbal and visual language of a news broadcast function in collaboration, both having their own unique roles. The verbal language is mainly responsible for transmitting information, whereas the associated visual scenes also play a major part in providing meaning. Within the flow of information, the interplay of the theme and rheme is also manifested on screen, whereby new information presented verbally is subsequently represented visually as new elements that can be highlighted and topicalised through the judicious use of framing and cropping. If a visually noteworthy element appears during the theme-and-rheme structure of the narrative, the elements of the enclosed frame indicate the subject of a given theme by repeating it. The rheme message is not separately visualised. When discussing the audiovisual text, we can talk not only about the lexical cohesion of verbal language but also about visual cohesion. In composing enclosed frames, for instance, repetition can be used in focusing the same visual elements or cropping out certain parts of a wider picture. A specific characteristic of the verbal language in news interviews seems to be the use the demonstrative pronoun tämä (‘this’) and especially the use of its local cases tässä (‘here’) and tästä (‘from here/about this’). In an audiovisual text, the antecedent of the demonstrative pronoun can be located not only in the narrative but also directly within the elements of the enclosed frame or in functions highlighted in the enclosed frame by framing. The article shows that television news interviews form a conventional and professional text with an established structure. Their essential parts are the periods that consist of the newsreader’s introduction, the sequences consisting of the reporter’s words, and the moving images that end up in an interview outside the studio.