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1
Delaigue, Jacques. "La costière rhodanienne granitique de Givors à Châteaubourg (France)." Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Lyon 75, no. 1 (2006): 1–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/linly.2006.13615.
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Gaspar Celaya, Diego. "Fascisme, historiographie et Résistance: entretien avec Robert O. Paxton / Fascism, Historiography and Resistance: Interview with Robert O. Paxton." Historiografías, no. 4 (January 7, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_historiografias/hrht.201242483.
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Professor Robert O. Paxton is one of the greatest historians who has most reflected on France, fascism and Europe during World War II. His research has changed the historical understanding of France’s Vichy régime, as he used exceptional empirical evidence to demonstrate that Vichy was a voluntary program, at least at first, more than one forced on France by German pressure. In this interview he is asked about some burning issues concerning fascism historiography today, the Spanish case, and also his personal point of view about the relationship between history and memory about World Word II in France. This gives him cause to review topics such as historiography, present tendencies in fascism studies, the specificities of Franco’s régime and the dominant post war memories in France.Key wordsFascism, memory, Resistance, francoism.AbstractLe Professeur Robert O. Paxton est l’un des plus grands historiens qui ait réfléchi sur la France, le fascisme et l’Europe pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Ses recherches ont changé la compréhension de l'histoire du régime de Vichy en France. Il a notamment démontre que Vichy était un programme volontaire, au moins au début, plutôt qu’une contrainte sous la pression allemande. Dans cette interview, il est interrogé à propos de questions brûlantes qui concernent l'historiographie du fascisme aujourd'hui, le développement du fascisme en Espagne, et aussi son point de vue personnel sur la relation entre histoire et mémoire de la seconde Guerre mondiale en France. Cette type de question a permis à monsieur Paxton d'examiner des thèmes tels que les tendances actuelles de l’historiographie sur le fascisme, les spécificités du régime de Franco et les souvenirs et mémoires qui dominent l'après-guerre en France par rapport à la période de Vichy et à la Résistance.Mots clé.Fascisme, mémoire, Résistance, franquisme.
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Butler, Declan. "France gives broader role to defence research panel." Nature 367, no. 6459 (January 1994): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/367102a0.
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McCabe, Heather. "… while France gives more power to the centre." Nature 401, no. 6751 (September 1999): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/43735.
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LITWIN, HOWARD, and CLAUDINE ATTIAS-DONFUT. "The inter-relationship between formal and informal care: a study in France and Israel." Ageing and Society 29, no. 1 (December 10, 2008): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x08007666.
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ABSTRACTThis study examined whether formal care services delivered to frail older people's homes in France and Israel substitute for or complement informal support. The two countries have comparable family welfare systems but many historical, cultural and religious differences. Data for the respondents aged 75 or more years at the first wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) were analysed. Regressions were examined of three patterns of care from outside the household: informal support only, formal support only and both formal and informal care, with the predictor variables including whether informal help was provided by a family member living in the household. The results revealed that about one-half of the respondents received no help at all (France 51%, Israel 55%), about one-tenth received care from a household member (France 8%, Israel 10%), and one-third were helped by informal carers from outside the household (France 34%, Israel 33%). More French respondents (35%) received formal care services at home than Israelis (27%). Most predictors of the care patterns were similar in the two countries. The analysis showed that complementarity is a common outcome of the co-existence of formal and informal care, and that mixed provision occurs more frequently in situations of greater need. It is also shown that spouse care-givers had less formal home-care supports than either co-resident children or other family care-givers. Even so, spouses, children and other family care-givers all had considerable support from formal home-delivered care.
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Nguyen, Phuong Vu Thu. "United States involvement in Vietnam from 1950 to 1959." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i4.740.
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The end of World War II led to fundamental changes in the international situation, posing problems for the victor nations which had to abandon the colonial system outdated and inconsistent with objectives. However, giving up interests in the colonies seemed hardly possible for the capitalist powers. France plotted to return to Vietnam to restore colonial rule. The USA went from having no interest in the return of France to backing France, and finally exerting deep intervention and direct involvement in the Vietnam War. This paper gives an outline of the United States involvement in Vietnam from 1950 to 1959.
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Willemot, Yves. "De Gaulles “Communaute”. Een Brug van Kolonialisme Naar Paternalisme in Afrika." Afrika Focus 4, no. 3-4 (January 15, 1988): 119–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0040304004.
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De Gaulles “Communaute”. A Bridge from Colonialism to Paternalism in Afrika. The importance of the French-African Communauté is more than just historical. Indeed, the present French-African relationship is not completely understandable without a knowledge of the Community, which was created by the constitution of the fifth French Republic (1958). President de Gaulle, who was its inspirator, realised that in the changing world the relationship between France and its colonial territories had to be adapted. The French-African Community was a federal structure in which the French-speaking territories south of the Sahara became autonomous republics. Yet their autonomy was substantially restricted: foreign affairs, defense, the economic and financial policy, justice, higher education, the policy concerning raw materials (e.g. uranium and oil), and the organisation of international transport and telecommunication were reserved for the federal institutions. Although four institutions were created within the Community (the Presidency, the Executive Board, the Senate and the Court of Arbitration), only the Presidency had real power: the exclusive legislative and executive competence in all Community matters. The function of Community President was reserved for the French President. Therefore it can undoubtedly be said that the French-African Community was not a genuine federal structure, but merely a constitutional arrangement which ensured France the exclusive control over its former African colonies. The African political leaders were also aware of this and claimed the abolition of the French-African Community. Using the possibility for change, provided by the 78th article of the constitution, they demanded independence by the transfer of all reserved competences (1960). In order to avoid any rupture, France accepted on the condition that bilateral cooperation agreements would be signed simultaneously. These agreements, which were revised halfway the seventies and which are still in force today, provide France with an unique position in Africa. No former metropole has a comparable influence in Africa. Besides, the French-African Conference, which is organised anually since 1973, gives France an excellent forum to influence and control the policy of African states. At this Conference almost every former French colonie in Africa is present, some Belgian, British, Spanish and Portuguese territories participate as well. Moreover, the cooperation agreements explicitly allow France to maintain large troups in Africa and to give support by military intervention whenever it is necessary. France's strict control over one of the most important attributes of state sovereignity, namely defense, increases largely the already acuted dependency on Paris. Yet, the economic position of most of the former French colonies and territories in Africa is the best illustration of their present dependence. Still today more than 40% of their trade is realised with the former metropole (export: raw materials; import: finished goods). Moreover, most of them are members of the so-called “zone franc”, a monetary zone which is completely controlled by the French authorities. The good relationship between France and Africa remained as a result of which extensive bilateral cooperation agreements could be signed within the framework of the French-African Community. This continuity has always been one of the main characteristics of the French policy in Africa.
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Nielsen, Aileen. "The Algerian wife or “l’amour n’a pas d’age”." MIGRATION LETTERS 6, no. 2 (October 28, 2009): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v6i2.77.
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Young male immigrants from North Africa come to France as much to defy a sense of globally structured exclusion as to escape the effects of other geopolitical stresses. While most anthropological work on Islam and North African youth in France documents a return to conservative Islam, this letter discusses another response to this same experience by illegal North African immigrants living in France. The response described here is one of humour, romance, and a continued desire to join the West rather than a rejection or challenge to French society. This letter provides ethnographic data on the phenomenon described above and so gives a view from the street of how romance may be one of the most important preoccupations of the clandestine male.
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Massis, Henri. "Spengler – the Harbinger of National Socialism." Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 65 (March 1, 2020): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2020-0-4-246-252.
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Henri Massis devoted special attention in his publicism to the issues of Germany and Russia as enemies of France and “the West” and he analyzed Oswald Spengler’s book “The Decline of Europe” as the philosophy that served, according to the author, as the basis for further coming into power of national socialists in Germany. While considering all the simplifications of the concept of O.Spengler (who was a recognized adversary of national socialism), the article gives the idea of how it was received by the conservative circles in France of the day.
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Pons-Branchu, Edwige, Bruno Hamelin, Benoit Losson, Stephane Jaillet, and Jacques Brulhet. "Speleothem evidence of warm episodes in northeast France during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 and implications for permafrost distribution in northern Europe." Quaternary Research 74, no. 2 (September 2010): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.06.007.
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AbstractU–Th ages have been obtained by TIMS on the growth periods of a stalagmite from the “Grotte des Puits de Pierre-la-Treiche” (northeastern France), during the middle part of the “Weichselian glaciation” (Marine Isotope Stage 3), between 55.36 ± 0.95 and 53.34 ± 0.49 ka and around 45.85 ± 0.49 ka. These episodes are contemporaneous with abrupt climatic variations recorded in Greenland ice cores (Greenland interstadials 12, 14 and 15) that have been previously recognized in European speleothems. They also coincide with two interstadials, known as “Goulotte” and “Pile” in the Grande Pile pollen sequence (eastern France), which have been correlated with the Moershoofd complex in the Netherlands. Such evidence of speleothem deposition related to temperate episodes gives a strong indication of the absence of continuous shallow permafrost during the middle part of MIS 3 in northeastern France.
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UNGERSON, CLARE. "Whose empowerment and independence? A cross-national perspective on ‘cash for care’ schemes." Ageing and Society 24, no. 2 (March 2004): 189–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x03001508.
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This paper uses qualitative data from a cross-national study of ‘cash for care’ schemes in five European countries (Austria, France, Italy, The Netherlands and the United Kingdom) to consider the concepts of empowerment and independence in relation to both care-users and care-givers. The paper locates the schemes along two axes, one of regulation/non-regulation, the other whether relatives can be paid or not. Each of the schemes has a different impact both on the care relationship and on the labour market for care. In The Netherlands where relatives can be paid, for example, a fully commodified form of informal care emerges; but in Austria and Italy with low regulation, a mix of informal and formal care-givers/workers has emerged with many international migrant workers. In the UK, direct payments allow care-users to employ local care-workers who deliver care for various lengths of time; while in France a credentialised system means that care-work is delivered by qualified workers but for very short intervals. The main conclusion is that none of these schemes have a simple outcome or advantage, and that the contexts in which they occur and the nature of their regulation has to be understood before drawing conclusions about their impact on empowerment and independence on both sides of the care relationship.
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Duffield, Lee. "The New Caledonia independence referendum: What happens now?" Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 25, no. 1&2 (July 31, 2019): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v25i1.471.
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This article gives an interpretative treatment of the historical record, from France taking possession of New Caledonia in 1853, through to the current Matîgnon process, assessing indications for coming developments. Focused on the debate over independence, it considers: interests of the French state as both arbitrator and participant in events; relations among the indigenous Melanesian Kanaks, European French Caldoches, and smaller ethnic communities; memories of colonial exploitation obstructing progress; the large nickel industry; immigration, and associated minority status of Kanak society—a central problem. It describes the alternation of left and right-wing parties in government in France, with Socialist Party governments commencing moves towards independence, possibly in association with France, and conservative governments moving to countermand those moves. It posits that the parties in New Caledonia have improved their chances of finding a positive outcome through jointly participating in government during 30 years of peace.
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Milanese, Arnaud, and Philippe Crignon. "Recent trends in French scholarship on Hobbes." Hobbes Studies 23, no. 2 (2010): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187502510x531651.
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AbstractThis paper presents the state of research on Hobbes in France these last 7-8 years. First of all, it explains how the generation of forerunners in the 1970s and 1980s has been replaced by the birth of a vigorous French school of Hobbes scholars in the 1990s and then by a new generation of academics during the recent years. The first part of this paper deals with the institutions and the institutional life concerned with Hobbes in France (Centre Hobbes, Groupe Hobbes, conferences, etc.). The second part is devoted to eight recent monographs on the English philosopher. The third one is focused on various collections of papers as well as special issues. The fourth part reckons five recent translations into French of some of Hobbes's works (Elements of Law, Latin Leviathan, Vitae, De cive). The whole gives a complete account of the intense activity of scholars on Hobbes in France today, including works that are about to be published.
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Dogan, Mattei. "How Civil War Was Avoided in France." Comparative Sociology 4, no. 1-2 (2005): 207–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569133054621914.
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AbstractAt At the end of May 1968 France has found herself on the brink of a civil war. The role of key characters is observed as in a Greek tragedy. The crisis started in a flamable social contexteture – a significant part of the population have been persistently manifesting deep mistrust of the rulers, the same faces again and again without responding to the aspirations of many social categories. A survey conducted immediately after the crisis by the author gives the voice to the silent majority and shows what could have been the behavoir of the masses in the eventuality of a popular uprising or of a military intervention. The recourse to elections has mobilized passive masses and appears retrospectively as the miraculous solution to avoid a civil war by hushing the active minorities.
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Miller, Lucinda. "Penalty Clauses In England And France: A Comparative Study." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 53, no. 1 (January 2004): 79–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/53.1.79.
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The study of penalty clauses1 is a rewarding area of comparative research. The most cursory of examinations reveals the diametrically opposed theoretical positions of contemporary legal orthodoxy in France and England. Asearch for the rationale behind this theoretical divergence gives insight not only into the broader conceptual and substantive differences between the two jurisdictions, but, importantly, their many similarities as well.
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Golubkov, Andrey V. "Paving the Road to the Historical Novel: “Les Histoires Secrètes” in France at the Turn of the 17th and 18th Centuries." Studia Litterarum 5, no. 4 (2020): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2500-4247-2020-5-4-88-101.
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This article examines the genre of “secret history” which gained widespread currency in France after the publication of the book Anecdotes of Florence: or, A Secret History of the House of Medici (1685) by Antoine de Varillas. The preface to the book gives an overview of the theory of the genre that welcomes representation of hidden, sometimes “dishonorable” or “insignificant” premises of important events, usually ignored by official historiographers who tend to focus on the façade of their protagonist’s life. Authors of such “secret” stories are advised to use gossips obtained from the “royal” circles and find their way into the studies and bedrooms hidden from the eyes of the others. The article shows the impact that elements of Varillas’s poetic style (ethnographic flair, the topoi of bedroom and “cabinet,” focus on the human body etc.) had on the texts of “secret” memoirs and notes by François-Paulin Dalairac, Esaias von Pufendorf, Madeleine-Angélique de Gomez, and others. A more detailed interpretation demonstrates how historical narrative degraded into fictional prose and in many respects anticipated — together with other sources analyzed in the article — a formula of the historical novel a la Walter Scott.
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Le Bœuf, Patrick. "On the Nature of Edward Gordon Craig's Über-Marionette." New Theatre Quarterly 26, no. 2 (May 2010): 102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x10000242.
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There is no scholarly consensus about the precise meaning of the term ‘über-marionette’, as coined by Edward Gordon Craig. Is it a life-size marionette? A masked dancer? Or simply a metaphor for an actor who exerts perfect control over his body and emotions? The present article, based, among other sources, on recently discovered material in the Edward Gordon Craig Collection of the National Library of France, gives a brief overview of several perspectives regarding this issue before proposing another hypothesis – that the über-marionette may actually have been a full-body puppet. Patrick Le Bœuf is a library curator at the National Library of France, and was in charge of the Edward Gordon Craig Collection from 2006 to 2009.
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Ekmanis, J., E. Tomsons, and N. Zeltiņš. "Projects of High-Temperature Nuclear Reactors." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 50, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2013-0011.
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Part 2 of the overview gives emphasis to the projects of high-temperature NRs, whose development is an area of active engagement for the specialists from the USA, France, Japan, Russia, China, the Netherlands, and Germany. Projects of several powerful NRs of the HTGR type for commercial use had been worked out in the USA and Germany already by 1970 but not yet implemented.
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Uejima, Motoyuki, Tohru Sato, Daisuke Yokoyama, Kazuyoshi Tanaka, and Jong-Wook Park. "Quantum yield in blue-emitting anthracene derivatives: vibronic coupling density and transition dipole moment density." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 27 (2014): 14244–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp01428f.
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Koc-Michalska, Karolina, and Darren G. Lilleker. "Evolving In Step or Poles Apart?" International Journal of E-Politics 5, no. 1 (January 2014): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijep.2014010103.
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Comparative studies are rare in the study of online communication campaigning. The authors chose two cases, Poland and France, to describe the two campaigns for the Parliamentary elections. Content analysis allowed the authors to detect online communication strategies and parties' attempt to reach different audiences. Web-cartography illustrates the parties' network connections. The authors find strong cross-country and resource-based differences for the more interactive and engaging features (Web 2.0), which are not that powerful for explaining audience-targeting strategies. Overall a sales strategy and a focus on marketing dominated over e-representation (exhibiting the parties' political record). In both countries social media platforms are well incorporated into online strategies. Facebook dominates in Poland, Twitter in France. Web cartography gives a counterintuitive picture of the Polish parties' network being much more personalized but also of more ghettoing within the supporting environment.
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Tamás, Pál. "Hungarian Social Research of the 1990s: Continuity and Discontinuity." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 6, no. 3 (September 1992): 336–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325492006003008.
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In France my attitude as a philosopher is necessarily anomalous, because the unfitness of the upper class obliges me habitually to appeal to the lower, a course which gives a revolutionary colour to the best counsels. In Eastern Europe alone can enlightened theories now find chiefs disposed to appreciate and be able to utilize them. This contrast is a natural result of Western anarchy. Auguste Comte's letter to the czar of Russia
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Omelyanovskiy, V. V., A. V. Nikitina, V. A. Lemeshko, and G. R. Khachatryan. "Drug provision and health technology assessment in France." FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomic and Pharmacoepidemiology 13, no. 1 (April 24, 2020): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2070-4909.2020.13.1.71-83.
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The article presents the description of structural, organizational and methodological issues of health technology assessment (HTA) of French drugs as well as the state-reimbursable list of drugs. The HTA is conducted by an independent public body – French National Authority for Health (HAS). HAS evaluates medical products, procedures, services and technologies from a medical and economic points of view to make cost recovery decisions. HAS consists of two committees providing HTA: Transparency Committee and the Economic and Public Health Assessment Committee. Thus, the French HTA consists of two separate components within the same agency. The result of HAS evaluation of a drug is a conclusion on the level of clinical value and clinical added value, as well as the methodological quality of the studies and the size of the target patient population. Based on the evaluation results, HAS gives recommendations for the National Union of Health Insurance Funds, the Economic Committee for Healthcare Products and Ministry of Health and publishes its opinion on the HAS website. HAS decisions are of a recommendatory nature – the final decision whether to include the drug in reimbursement lists are made by the Ministry of Health and published in the Official Journal of French republic.
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PILBEAM, PAMELA. "DREAM WORLDS? RELIGION AND THE EARLY SOCIALISTS IN FRANCE." Historical Journal 43, no. 2 (June 2000): 499–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x99008924.
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This article gives chronology, nuance, and context to an analysis of how early socialist attitudes to religion changed. It asks why socialists argued with increasing fervour between the early 1830s and 1848 that social reform had to be rooted in spiritual as well as moral values. Two of the largest groups, the Icarians and the Fourierists, moved from a rational deism to Christianity. Both were driven by the need to defend themselves from accusations of immorality levelled against Fourier and the Saint-Simonians because of their rejection of monogamous marriage. The Fourierists, strongly influenced by their dominant female members, transformed Fourier's diety into a Christian God. Cabet, under pressure of ‘moral outrage’ from his critics, did likewise and found that this corresponded to the experiences of the Icarians in their artisan organizations. The religion of the early socialists was a democratic and a pragmatic morality, derived from artisan corporations, and seen as a vital base for fraternal association which was their solution to the ills of society.
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Knoll, Fabien, and Alain Bouveur. "A large Jurassic pterodactyloid in northern France and a review of the French pterosaur record." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 172, no. 4 (July 1, 2001): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/172.4.447.
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Abstract A very large mandible from the Jurassic (Lower Tithonian) of the Boulogne-sur-Mer area (Pas-de-Calais, France) is described. The specimen does not allow a precise identification but could be close to Gallodactylus canjuersensis within the Pterodactylidae. A tentative wingspan estimation of the taxon gives us a figure of about 2.5 m, which, if correct, would make it a remarkably large pterosaur for that time. An exhaustive review of the French pterosaur record is also presented. Although few remarkable finds have been reported, pterosaurs are known in France from a number of sites ranging in age from the late Triassic to the uppermost Cretaceous. The French record shows that the pterosaur stratigraphical concentrations are unlikely to be related to actual pterosaur palaeoecological importance during the Mesozoic. The apparent diversity of this group through time constitutes therefore a very unsuitable element to bring arguments, in either one way or another, to the mass extinction debate.
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Zimmermann, Karsten, and Panagiotis Getimis. "Rescaling of Metropolitan Governance and Spatial Planning in Europe: an Introduction to the Special Issue." Raumforschung und Raumordnung 75, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13147-017-0482-3.
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Abstract The article gives an introduction to the special issue about recent developments in metropolitan governance in Europe. The special issue seeks to contribute to a comparison of metropolitan governance with a particular emphasis on national policy initiatives. The presentation of recent developments in the six countries Germany, Italy, France, Poland, Spain and England follows a common framework. This framework is built on theories of rescaling and governance. All six countries have experienced dynamic changes in the scale and scope of metropolitan regionalism with different results. The contributions to the special issue show national policy initiatives as well as local case studies of metropolitan governance in terms of their history, structure and recent performance. The chapters show path-dependent developments in Germany, France and Spain as well as path-breaking changes in Poland, Italy and England. All in all, besides the fact that metropolitan regions are still high on the political agenda, a high degree of variation with regard to national policies remains.
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Reynard-Carette, C., G. Kohse, J. Brun, M. Carette, A. Volte, and A. Lyoussi. "Review of Nuclear Heating Measurement by Calorimetry in France and USA." EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 04019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817004019.
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This paper gives a short review of sensors dedicated to measuring nuclear heating rate inside fission reactors in France and USA and especially inside Material Testing Reactors. These sensors correspond to heat flow calorimeters composed of a single calorimetric cell or of two calorimetric cells at least with a reference cell to obtain a differential calorimeter. The aim of this paper is to present the common running principle of these sensors and their own special characteristics through their design, calibration methods, and in-pile measurement techniques, and to describe multi-sensor probes including calorimeters.
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Lecoq, Marie-Elise, Anne-Sophie Archambeau, Fabien Cavière, Kourouma Koura, Sophie Pamerlon, and Jean Ganglo. "GBIF Benin's Data Portal." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (May 22, 2018): e25890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.25890.
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GBIF Benin, hosted at the University of Abomey-Calavi, has published more than 338,000 occurrence records in 87 datasets and checklists. It has been a Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) node since 2004 and is a leader in several projects from the Biodiversity Information for Development (BID) programme. GBIF facilitates collaboration between nodes at different levels through its Capacity Enhancement Support Programme (CESP) [https://www.gbif.org/programme/82219/capacity-enhancement-support-programme]. One of the actions included in the CESP guidelines is called ‘Mentoring activities’. Its main goal is the transfer of knowledge between partners such as information, technologies, experience, and best practices. Sharing architecture and development is the key solution to solve some technical challenges or impediments (hosting, staff turnover, etc.) that GBIF nodes could face. The Atlas of Living Australia (ALA) team developed a functionality called ‘data hub’. It gives the possibility to create a standalone website with a dedicated occurrence search engine that seeks among a range of data (e.g. specific genus, geographic area). In 2017, GBIF Benin and GBIF France wanted to strengthen their partnership and started a CESP project. One of the core objectives of this project is the creation of the Atlas of Living Benin using ALA modules. GBIF France developers, with the help of the GBIF Benin team, are in the process of configuring a data hub that will give access to Beninese data only, while at the same time Atlas of Living France will give access to French data only. Both data portals will use the same back end, therefore the same databases. Benin is the first African GBIF node to implement this kind of infrastructure. On this poster, we will present the Atlas of Living Benin specific architecture and how we have managed to distinguish data coming from Benin and coming from France.
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ARIA, CÉDRIC, VINCENT PERRICHOT, and ANDRÉ NEL. "Fossil Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Early Eocene amber of France." Zootaxa 2870, no. 1 (May 6, 2011): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2870.1.3.
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The French Early Eocene (Ypresian, 52–55 million-year-old) amber of Oise contains a rich and well-diversified myrmecofauna, which has remained unstudied until now. A recent survey of these fossil ants revealed 40 different species, among which nine belong to the subfamily Ponerinae. We describe here the two best-preserved morphotypes: a possible ergatoid queen representing the earliest known occurrence of the extant genus Platythyrea Roger, and described as a new species P. dlusskyi sp. n.; and a male morphotype related to the equivocal, paraphyletic genus Pachycondyla Smith, thus described herein but not formally assigned to genus until the male-based taxonomy of Ponerinae is better established. This fauna provides an ecological context to make inferences about the paleoenvironment of northwestern Europe during the PETM and gives new arguments for a radiation of modern ants at that time.
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Slak, M. F., L. Commagnac, P. Pointereau, S. Larbouret, C. Lucas, and S. Muller. "Nitrogen Exchanges: Testing the Hypothesis of a Country without Agricultural Production." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 784–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.306.
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Today, finding data on agricultural nitrogen balances is quite easy. Calculations of such balances are carried out by most of the European countries as an indicator of environmental pollution attributable to the agricultural sector. In France, average values of agricultural nitrogen balances show an excess of 1.5 to 2 million tons of nitrogen. This excess is enormous. What would the balance of a country be if agricultural activity were stopped? In the following article, a country (France is used as an example) without agriculture is studied in order to assess its nitrogen balance. Using a previously published model describing nitrogen input and output of a given country, nitrogen flows are identified. Inputs include deposition, fixation, and products not intended for agricultural use. Outputs are reduced to zero if agriculture disappears (in France, agriculture is the only sector exporting products containing nitrogen). All flows are calculated considering the hypothesis of disappearance of agriculture. Nitrogen requirements to feed people and pets in France are estimated based on medical and veterinary data (recommended daily amounts for proteins and/or usual average consumption). Indeed, most of the food that nourishes the French population is produced nationally. If agriculture stops, it will be necessary to import food from foreign countries. Results show an unexpectedly high excess (for a country without agriculture having a structure similar to France: number of human beings and pets) of 1.5 million tons of nitrogen. An attempt to calculate an agricultural balance with the same data gives a result close to 3 million tons. Differences in French agricultural balances found in the literature can mainly be explained by values taken into account for deposition and fixation (values used here are at least 300,000 tons higher than values used by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). In conclusion, nitrogen excess in agriculture is partly due to social demand; agriculture does not only produce food but also includes many other functions (landscape management, employment, and preservation of culture, for example). As a consequence, efforts that do not involve suppressing agriculture should be made to figure out alternative ways of production.
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Dziadek, Adam. "Od polityki i teorii do literatury. Wokół „Théorie d'ensemble" grupy Tel Quel." Przestrzenie Teorii, no. 1 (February 15, 2007): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pt.2002.1.7.
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This text aims at a description of the famous manifesto published by the group Tel Quel in France in 1968. The author gives a short analysis of chosen texts by Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Roland Barthes and particularly Julia Kristeva. The analysis shows important links between politics and literary theory of the Tel Quel. It also shows the way that politics and theory (based on such intertexts as Marx, Freud and Lacan) influenced new notion of the text, of the intertextuality and the others.
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Чернобай, Elena Chernobay, Шевелева, N. Sheveleva, Дзядевич, and E. Dzyadevich. "Development Questions of the Professional Career of the Teacher: Domestic Experience and Foreign Approaches." Standards and Monitoring in Education 5, no. 4 (August 21, 2017): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5979fcef1f7f08.96238584.
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The article considers the problems of development of professional career of the teacher in Russia. The historical view on the formation of a teacher’s career is presented, the relation in diff erent periods of history in the education system is shown to the topic of professional promotion of teaching. Also, the article gives a brief overview of the development of foreign models of the teaching career (France, Germany, Scotland, etc.), new approaches to the professional development and promotion of the teacher in modern Russia are indicated.
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de Gouvello, B., A. Gerolin, and N. Le Nouveau. "Rainwater harvesting in urban areas: how can foreign experiences enhance the French approach?" Water Supply 14, no. 4 (April 5, 2014): 569–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.029.
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Since the end of the 1990s, rainwater harvesting (RWH) has been growing in France. A first regulatory framework, constituted mainly by an Order of 21 August, 2008, helped to strengthen this practice, but also introduced some limitations to the development of RWH. Considering the growing social demand and possible issues for water resources, it is likely that this first regulatory framework will evolve. In order to anticipate these changes, foreign case studies may be very instructive. Based on a detailed analysis of eight countries in all continents (Germany, United Kingdom, United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, Australia and Uganda), this paper draws up an international overview of RWH allowing French practices to be put into perspective. Beyond the specific and sensitive differences, the experience of these countries gives useful lessons for the French case. Comparisons have been drawn on different topics: uses of rainwater, quality standards, regulatory tools and RWH development factors. RWH, especially, in urban areas appears in France as an isolated topic. It is necessary in the future to better integrate it into overall urban water management approaches.
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Lichy, Jessica, and Kevin Pon. "For better or for worse: the changing life of academic staff in French business schools." Journal of Management Development 34, no. 5 (May 11, 2015): 536–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmd-03-2014-0022.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how the work of teachers in French schools of Management has evolved over the years and to see how these changes are perceived by the teachers themselves. Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire was developed with open ended questions and sent out to academic staff in various fields of business and management and then examined to see if there were any common factors to business schools. The perception of these changes were also examined through the questionnaire. Findings – There were many positive aspects found concerning these changes where staff had a certain amount of power over these changes. Research limitations/implications – The research was limited to a certain type of business school and within France. Originality/value – The paper highlights a number of positive changes to the work of academics staff in France and gives insight to how the staff themselves can have the power to change their work as they wish. It is therefore complimentary to research which lays the emphasis on the negative aspects of the profession.
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Boudou, M., B. Danière, and M. Lang. "Assessing changes on urban flood vulnerability through mapping land use from historical information." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 6 (June 23, 2015): 6151–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-6151-2015.
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Abstract. This paper presents a diachronic appraisal of flood vulnerability of two French cities, respectively Besançon and Moissac, which have been largely impacted by two ancient floods in January 1910 and March 1930. Both flood events figured among the most significant events recorded in France during the XXth century. An analysis of historical sources allows the mapping of land use and occupation within the flood extent of the two historical floods, both in past and present contexts. It gives an insight of the complexity of flood risk evolution, at a local scale.
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Derbez, Benjamin, Antoine de Pauw, Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet, Frédéric Galactéros, and Sandrine de Montgolfier. "Familial disclosure by genetic healthcare professionals: a useful but sparingly used legal provision in France." Journal of Medical Ethics 45, no. 12 (August 28, 2019): 811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2018-105212.
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Familial disclosure of genetic information is an important, long-standing ethical issue that still gives rise to much debate. In France, recent legislation has created an innovative and unprecedented procedure that allows healthcare professionals (HCPs), under certain conditions, to disclose relevant information to relatives of a person carrying a deleterious genetic mutation. This article will analyse how HCPs in two medical genetics clinics have reacted to these new legal provisions and show how their reticence to inform the patients’ relatives on their behalf leads them to use this option sparingly.
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Váňová, Miroslava. "Teacher Training in France, Outline of its Development and the Latest Reform." Lifelong Learning 8, no. 1 (2018): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/lifele201808017.
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The study deals with the teacher training in France. It gives an overview of its development and focuses in particular on the latest reform carried out in 2013, which has led to the creation of Higher Schools for Professorship and Education (Ecoles supérieures du professorat et de l’éducation) ESPE. These schools prepare students after obtaining their first university degree (licence) for teacher competitions and the professional master's degree in a two-year study program. They are based on the balance between theoretical instruction and internships in schools and other institutions and they provide a common basis of training for all staff in the field of education, giving them also the basis of a common culture.
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Delord, Marc. "100 Years of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Prevalence in France." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 2380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.2380.2380.
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Abstract Purpose: Imatinib and other rationally designed tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) has dramatically changes the fate of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. Almost always fatal a few years ago, CML is now associated to a near-normal life expectancy for a majority of patients, provided a lifelong adherence to TKI-based treatment. This situation where CML can be regarded as a chronic disease have had mechanical consequences on the disease prevalence and overall costs supported by health care systems. We present here a fully detailed and comprehensive analysis of the French CML prevalence from 1960 to 2060. Methods: We use the cohort component methodology to evaluate the CML prevalence from French population projection and different hypothesis on age- and sex-specific incidence rate, and relative survival of CML patients. Figure 1 gives an illustration of intermediate results at different time points. Results: The CML prevalence in France, expressed in cases per 100,000 inhabitants, was estimated to be around 3 from 1960 to the 80's, 6 before the 2002, 17 in 2016, 25 in 2030 where the tendency inflects, and 30 after 2040. Considering the 100% relative survival hypothesis, a target CML prevalence were defined, the level of which will be nearly reached by 2060. Based on an annual cost of 40000 euros per patient, the cost per 100,000 inhabitants-year is then estimated to be around 700,000 euros. Figure 2 summarize results: the blue line represents the estimated CML prevalence for France. It corresponds to 10 years relative survival hypothesis as reported in the literature for the different periods and our hypothesis for the future: 5% before the 70's, 10% by the late 80's, 35% before imatinib introduction, 47% in 2002 , 80% in 2006, 84% in 2016 and 90% in 2060. The black line corresponds to the 100% relative survival hypothesis. It is the target CML prevalence, that is, the prevalence of CML if the disease have had no impact on the relative survival of affected people. Green line corresponds in relative survival observed before imatinib use and the gray line corresponds to levels of relative survival observed in the 70's. These different estimates clearly show that not only the increase in CML prevalence is attributable to the use of TKI soon after 2002 but also to populations aging as illustrated by the target CML prevalence line. Conclusion: Due to high rates in relative survival observed in CML patients after introduction of imatinib, the trajectory of the CML prevalence in France, as in other western countries, has changed. Given particular hypothesis on CML incidence rates, this trajectory will bring the CML prevalence to levels fully determined by population aging by the mid century, that is, when the proportion of the population aged 60 or more will stabilized in western countries. For France, we have estimated this level above 30 cases per 100,000 inhabitant. Figure 1 Estimated number of CML patients by single age and sex, corresponding legal or projected population (and period specific relative survival hypothesis) in france in 1970 (A), 1980 (B), 2000 (C), 2010 (D), 2020 (E) and 2040 (F). Figure 1. Estimated number of CML patients by single age and sex, corresponding legal or projected population (and period specific relative survival hypothesis) in france in 1970 (A), 1980 (B), 2000 (C), 2010 (D), 2020 (E) and 2040 (F). Figure 2 CML prevalence estimate in France from 1970 to 2060 (see text). Figure 2. CML prevalence estimate in France from 1970 to 2060 (see text). Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Fanelli, Rosa Maria, and Angela Di Nocera. "La "similaritŕ" dei flussi di commercio agro-alimentare tra Italia e Francia." ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE, no. 2 (October 2009): 123–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2009-002007.
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- During the last twenty years world agri-food commerce shows an important growth owing to traded quantities increase and also to economic development of competitors on the world scene. This article is about agrifood commerce in European Union market. The aim of the paper is to compare the agri-food trade flows of Italy and France, two Mediterranean countries with very intense trade relations. For Italian agri-food system, in fact, France is the top import market and the second export market. On the basis of eurostat data, the paper focuses on import and export flows between Italy and the other European Union countries, on one side, and, on the other side, in the same way, between France and EU countries. The purpose is to value if - and at what extend - exchanged products are similar, to know if trade relationships between Italy and France are complementary rather then competitive. The first part of the paper consists of a brief introduction that is about the main trends of agrifood trade in the countries we examined. The most important data of agrifood balance are reported and discussed, and their trends examined over the period 1999-2006. The second part concerns more specifically the analysis of similarity. The analysis is based on three different kind of index: 1. the similarity and specialization indexes make possible the value the level of specialization and complementarity of Italy and France agri-food trade relations and their evolutional trend; 2. Finger-Kreinin and Hirshmann indexes measure structural changes in trade patterns over the period 1999-2006; 3. Balassa index gives information on compared advantages of competitors. As said above, we use eurostat external trade statistics, all data are related to intra European Union flows. In the database, for trade purposes, goods are classified according to Combined nomenclature in the European Union. The classification is based on the Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System (hs) managed by the World Customs Organisation (wco); the hs uses a six digit numerical code for the coding of products. This article is part of a work in progress whose object is wider. The analysis will be extended to all Mediterranean countries, European Union Members and Third Countries, so our object is now to have a first discussion of the partial results we obtained.JEL Code: Q17Key words: agri-food commerce, European Union market, analysis of similarity, competitive advantage
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Clarembeaux, Michel. "Media education in the French Community of Belgium." Comunicar 14, no. 28 (March 1, 2007): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/c28-2007-05.
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This paper gives a brief account of the history of media education in the French Community of Belgium using as a starting point the political, media and educational contexts. Afterwards, it explains media education in the Internet and media society and the integration of the press in the field of learning. Finally, the paper describes the educational challenges of reality-television, cinema and advertising. Partiendo del contexto político, escolar y mediático de la educación en los medios en la comunidad francesa de Bélgica, este texto hace un breve recorrido de la situación del país tanto anterior a 1995, como del organigrama que surge a partir de 1995 con la creación de un Consejo y tres Centros de Recursos. Posteriormente se conceptualiza la educación en los medios en el marco de la sociedad Internet y multimedia y la integración de la prensa escrita en la enseñanza. Se describe también la tele-realidad y sus retos pedagógicos, así como la educación en el cine y la educación crítica de la publicidad.
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Carminatti-Marchand, Géraldine, and Mathieu Paquerot. "The composition of French boards of directors: Changes since 1995." Corporate Ownership and Control 1, no. 3 (2004): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv1i3p11.
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The debate over Corporate Governance has been gathering pace in France for several years. Most of the studies on this topic are based on the Anglo-Saxon view. It should nevertheless be noted that French capitalism has peculiarities, which have their origin in its methods of Corporate Governance. Carminatti-Marchand and Paquerot [2000] underline the specificities of the principles of Corporate Governance in France. An essential aspect of this is the nature of the leaders of major companies: more than 50% of the bigger French firms CEOs are graduated from Polytechnic Institute (familiarly referred to as “X”) and of ENA (Ecole Nationale d’Administration). Since 1995, however, the economic and financial environment of French companies has changed considerably. We note today the omnipresence of foreign investors on the Paris Stock Exchange. That presence alters the rules of Corporate Governance and gives us reason to believe that a movement of convergence towards the directors and managers who are graduates of ENA and/or Polytechnic? The results of the study reveal significant losses of posts for graduates of X and ENA in the management structures of large French companies between 1995 and 1999
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Trautner-Kromann, Hanne. "Jewish polemics against Christianity and the Christians in Northern and Southern France from 1100 to 1300." Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 7, no. 2 (September 1, 1986): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30752/nj.69407.
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Jewish polemics against Christianity in the Middle Ages show a striking change in contents and in the linguistic form of the texts after the First Crusade. While the texts up to about 1100 are reports on religious discussions between Jews and Christians, often held in a friendly tone, the texts after 1100 contain aggressive or bitter attacks on the Christians. An example of how this was put into words appears in a Jewish text from the 1250s. In seven points the author gives voice to this protest against the introduction by the French king of a number of harsh edicts against the Jews. There is a marked dividing line between the predominantly aggressive texts from Northern France and the more sober ones from Southern France. On the one hand every single Jewish polemical passage should be analyzed as to form and content, including the context and text type in which the passage occurs, on the other hand the passages should be related to each other including their historical background. By this procedure of comparison every single passage can contribute towards creating a more differentiated and comprehensive picture of the conditions of the Jewish minorities in Christian Europe.
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Couvidat, F., Y. Kim, K. Sartelet, C. Seigneur, N. Marchand, and J. Sciare. "Modeling secondary organic aerosol in an urban area: application to Paris, France." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 9 (September 10, 2012): 23471–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-23471-2012.
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Abstract. A secondary organic aerosol (SOA) model, H2O (Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Organic), is evaluated over the Paris area. This model treats the formation of SOA with two kinds of surrogate species: hydrophilic species (which condense preferentially on an aqueous phase) and hydrophobic species (which condense only on an organic phase). These surrogates species are formed from the oxidation in the atmosphere of volatile organic compounds (VOC) by radicals (HO and NO3) and ozone. These VOC are either biogenic (isoprene, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) or anthropogenic (mainly aromatic compounds). This model includes the formation of aerosols from different precursors (biogenic precursors, aromatics), and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) from traffic. The H2O aerosol model was incorporated into the Polyphemus air quality modeling platform and applied to the Paris area and evaluated by comparison to measurements performed during the Megapoli campaign in July 2009. The comparison to measurements in the suburbs and in the city center of Paris shows that the model gives satisfactory results for both elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC). However, the model gives a peak of OC concentrations in the morning due to high emissions from traffic, which does not appear in measurements. Uncertainties in the modeled temperature, which can affect the gas-particle partitioning, in the partitioning of primary SVOC or underestimation of primary organic aerosol (POA) evaporation by the model could explain the differences between model and measurements. Moreover, using a theoretical mechanism for the oxidation of primary SVOC and intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOC), POA concentrations were found to be likely overestimated by models due to the use of simple partitioning constants (which do not take into account the affinity of a compound with the liquid aerosol solution) or due to the assumption that the organic aerosol solution is a one-phase ideal solution. The organic aerosol in the city center of Paris was found to be originating mostly from distant sources with only 30 to 38% due to local sources.
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Couvidat, F., Y. Kim, K. Sartelet, C. Seigneur, N. Marchand, and J. Sciare. "Modeling secondary organic aerosol in an urban area: application to Paris, France." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 2 (January 23, 2013): 983–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-983-2013.
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Abstract. A secondary organic aerosol (SOA) model, H2O (Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Organic), is evaluated over the Paris area. This model treats the formation of SOA with two kinds of surrogate species: hydrophilic species (which condense preferentially on an aqueous phase) and hydrophobic species (which condense only on an organic phase). These surrogates species are formed from the oxidation in the atmosphere of volatile organic compounds (VOC) by radicals (HO and NO3) and ozone. These VOC are either biogenic (isoprene, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) or anthropogenic (mainly aromatic compounds). This model includes the formation of aerosols from different precursors (biogenic precursors, aromatics), and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) from traffic. The H2O aerosol model was incorporated into the Polyphemus air quality modeling platform and applied to the Paris area and evaluated by comparison to measurements performed during the Megapoli campaign in July 2009. The comparison to measurements in the suburbs and in the city center of Paris shows that the model gives satisfactory results for both elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC). However, the model gives a peak of OC concentrations in the morning due to high emissions from traffic, which does not appear in measurements. Uncertainties in the modeled temperature, which can affect the gas-particle partitioning, in the partitioning of primary SVOC or underestimation of primary organic aerosol (POA) evaporation by the model could explain the differences between model and measurements. Moreover, using a theoretical mechanism for the oxidation of primary SVOC and intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOC), POA concentrations were found to be likely overestimated by models due to the use of simple partitioning constants (which do not take into account the affinity of a compound with the liquid aerosol solution) or due to the assumption that the organic aerosol solution is a one-phase ideal solution. The organic aerosol in the city center of Paris was found to be originating mostly from distant sources with only 30 to 38% due to local sources.
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Arnoldov, V. A. "A few observations on Dr. Auvard's baby bed warmer." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 6, no. 5 (September 24, 2020): 516–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd65516-517.
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Currently, the number of stillbirths and premature babies is increasing. On average, it is 36 per 1000 births. In France, from 1840 to 1880, it increased from 32.57 per 1,000 births to 45.35 per 1,000. The desire for rational measures to save the lives of premature babies is very natural and gives tangible results. So, in the Maternit in Paris, since the introduction of the auvard hot water bottle, the mortality rate of premature babies has been reduced from 66% to 38%. The auvard hot-water bed is actually a Tarnier hot-water bottle, modified by Dr. Auvard.
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Epp, Jeremy. "Investigation of Triaxial Stress State in Retained Austenite during Quenching of a Low Alloy Steel by In Situ X-Ray Diffraction." Advanced Materials Research 996 (August 2014): 525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.996.525.
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In situ XRD measurements were performed at ESRF, Grenoble, France (ID11) during quenching of a ball bearing steel AISI 52100 (100Cr6) with varying carbon content in solution. The evolution of austenite lattice parameter during cooling is nearly linear until Ms is reached and then, a divergent behavior can be observed. Assuming that the extrapolation of the linear range to room temperature gives the stress-free lattice spacing, an increasing compressive hydrostatic stress state is resulting. A strong effect of the carbon content was found. These results were confirmed by theoretical calculations based on data from the literature.
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Rankovic, Nenad, Branko Glavonjic, Leon Oblak, and Slavica Petrovic. "Trends of wood window and door consumption in Spain, France and Germany as elements of strategy for their export from Serbia." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 96 (2007): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0796083r.
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The paper gives results of the analysis of econometric models and trends of wood window and door consumption in Spain, France and Germany in the period 2008-2012. The results of the analysis are important for the process of creating export strategy for the chosen wood products from Serbia on the markets of the chosen countries. For each of the abovementioned markets, main recommendations in view of the possibilities for wood windows and doors export from Serbia are given, as well as the recommendations for the appearance of domestic producers on each of the chosen markets.
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El Bejaoui, Moufida. "LE RIAD: D’UN LIEU DE VILLÉGIATURE À UN LIEU DE MÉMOIRE DANS LA VIEILLE DAME DU RIAD DE FOUAD LAROUI." La mémoire et ses enjeux. Balkans – France: regards croisés, X/ 2019 (December 30, 2019): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.29.2019.9.
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THE RIAD: FROM A PLACE OF VILLAGE TO A PLACE OF MEMORY IN THE OLD LADY OF RIAD OF FOUAD LAROUI François and Cécile buy a riad in Marrakech. To their astonishment, they discover Massouda who, to clear the place, demands the return of his son Tayeb. The couple seeks help from neighbor Mansour. This one gives them a memory in which the life of the son of Massouda covers a large part of the common history of Morocco and France going from the Protectorate to the Second World War. Keywords: Fiction, History, Colonialism, Satire, Writing, Memory.
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CHÂTRE, PIERRE, MARISA HAENNI, DANIÈLE MEUNIER, MARIE-ANNE BOTREL, DIDIER CALAVAS, and JEAN-YVES MADEC. "Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Isolated from Cattle between 2002 and 2006 in France." Journal of Food Protection 73, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.5.825.
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Feces from 2,255 cattle (calves, young beef cattle, and culled cows) were collected at slaughter from nine departments across France. Campylobacter was recovered from 16.5% of the 2,255 samples (C. jejuni from 12.8% and C. coli from 3.7%), predominantly from calves. Antimicrobial resistance to six antibiotics of medical and/or veterinary interest was tested with the E-test. Resistance to tetracycline was found in most isolates (52.8% of C. jejuni isolates and 88.1% of C. coli isolates) in contrast to low but consistent resistance to ampicillin and erythromycin. Only two C. coli isolates were resistant to gentamicin. Multiple resistance was frequently detected in C. jejuni and C. coli isolates, and 0.8% (3 of 372) of the isolates were resistant to five of the six antimicrobials. An upward trend in the resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones in C. jejuni from calves was found; resistance to nalidixic acid reached 70.4% in 2006 and fluoroquinolone resistance increased from 29.7 to 70.4% during 2002 through 2006. All data were analyzed in parallel using clinical breakpoints or epidemiological cutoff values, and the results overlapped largely, except those for gentamicin. This 5-year survey (2002 through 2006) gives the first overview of the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of C. jejuni and C. coli in cattle in France and documents to what extent cattle may contribute to the environmental reservoir of Campylobacter in France in the context of recurrent reports on links between human campylobacterioses and livestock. The results underline a notable increase in the resistance to fluoroquinolones in C. jejuni from cattle that may be of significant importance for public health.
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Blokhin, V. F. "GOVERNMENT’S FEAR OF NEWSPAPERS IN RUSSIA AND FRANCE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(51) (December 28, 2016): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-6-51-42-49.
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The article is devoted to one of the measures of administrative influence on the publishers of periodicals in the form of a ban on the retail sale of newspapers and magazines in the imperial Russia and France. The author argues that this policy was introduced in Russia due to adoption of foreign experience of direct and indirect censorship, especially the French experience. So, the article seeks to access the difference between the original approach of the French empire and the Russian version of the policy. Also the article bridges the gap between the current Russian historiography and the existing archive materials with help of discourse analysis and comparative method. First, the author reviews the literature on Russian and French censorship in the second half of XIX century. This allows us to describe the original policy motives of leadership in France in area of media coverage and censorship. Second, the author presents some comparative parallels in the particular area of study of censorship and its institutional basis. Using official documents, data on discussions of the alleged measures and the reasons for their introduction, author shows features of approaches of the Russian Ministry of internal Affairs and a member of his censorship Departmen t to highligh t the key issues of social development, to enhance the effectiveness of state censorship policy. The article gives the significant boost towards new approaches in research of indirect censorship in Russia and France as well as the role models for such a policy. Also the article allows us to reconsider the diffusionist paradigm with regard to state's policy experience circulation between European empires and their reaction to the emergence of modern media.
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REYNAUD, MICHEL. "From the fight against alcoholism to âaddictologyâ: shifting the paradigm gives rise to the âAddictions Management Policyâ in France." Addiction 102, no. 10 (October 2007): 1513–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01988.x.
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