Journal articles: 'Glacial environments'

1

Gray, Murray, and Michael Hambrey. "Glacial Environments." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 20, no. 3 (1995): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/622665.

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Elderfield, H. "Glacial sedimentary environments." Marine Geology 76 (January 1987): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(87)90043-0.

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Knight, Jasper, and Stephan Harrison. "Glacial and paraglacial environments." Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 96, no. 3 (September 2014): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geoa.12058.

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Quincey, D. J., R. M. Lucas, S. D. Richardson, N. F. Glasser, M. J. Hambrey, and J. M. Reynolds. "Optical remote sensing techniques in high-mountain environments: application to glacial hazards." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 29, no. 4 (December 2005): 475–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133305pp456ra.

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Remote sensing studies have shown that glaciers and their proximal environments exhibit unique temporal, spatial and spectral characteristics that can be analysed to better quantify glacial hazard potential. In this review, the optical remote sensing data sources available to glacial hazard assessors are considered and the range of information on glacial environments that can be derived is analysed. The review shows that the integration of a variety of data sources can provide geoscientists with information regarding glacial lakes and lake development, glacier dynamics, avalanche sources and ice-marginal fluctuations. Such data can be used to complement and, in many cases, improve field-based glacial hazard assessments. The review concludes that aerial photography still remains the main source of data for measuring a number of glacier characteristics, but that fine to moderate spatial resolution satellite sensors (e.g., ASTER, SPOT 5 HRVIR, Landsat ETM) also provide useful information that can be used to support the assessment of hazards in high-mountain glacierized terrain.

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Dobiński, Wojciech, Mariusz Grabiec, and Michał Glazer. "Cold–temperate transition surface and permafrost base (CTS-PB) as an environmental axis in glacier–permafrost relationship, based on research carried out on the Storglaciären and its forefield, northern Sweden." Quaternary Research 88, no. 3 (September 14, 2017): 551–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2017.65.

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AbstractHere, we present empirical ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electroresistivity tomography data (ERT) to verify the cold-temperate transition surface-permafrost base (CTS-PB) axis theoretical model. The data were collected from Storglaciären, in Tarfala, Northern Sweden, and its forefield. The GPR results show a material relation between the glacial ice and the sediments incorporated in the glacier, and a geophysical relation between the “cold ice” and the “temperate ice” layers. Clearly identifying lateral glacier margins is difficult, as periglacial and glacial environments frequently overlap. In this case, we identified areas showing permafrost aggradation already under the glacier, particularly where the CTS is replaced by the PB surface. This structure appears as a result of the influence of a cold climate over both the glacial and periglacial environments. The results show how these surfaces form a specific continuous environmental axis; thus, both glacial and periglacial areas can be treated uniformly as a specific continuum in the geophysical sense. Similarly, other examples previously described also allow identifying a continuation of permafrost from the periglacial environment onto the glacial base. In addition, the ERT results show the presence of double-layered periglacial permafrost, possibly suggesting a past climatic fluctuation in the study area.

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Hermanowski, Piotr. "Past glacial environments (Second edition)." Geologos 24, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logos-2018-0018.

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Prestrud Anderson, Suzanne, James I. Drever, and Neil F. Humphrey. "Chemical weathering in glacial environments." Geology 25, no. 5 (1997): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0399:cwige>2.3.co;2.

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Jamšek Rupnik, Petra, Manja Žebre, and Giovanni Monegato. "Late Quaternary evolution of the sedimentary environment in Modrejce near Most na Soči (Soča Valley, Julian Alps)." Geologija 63, no. 2 (December 7, 2020): 295–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.5474/geologija.2020.022.

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Geomorphological and geological mapping have long been used to study the glacial history of the Slovenian Alps, but many uncertainties remain regarding the time and extent of Pleistocene glaciations there. Glacial landforms and undisturbed glacial deposits are rare in the areas of the former glacier terminus, especially in the Soča Valley, where large discrepancies in the interpretation of the extent of the former Soča Glacier have been reported. Early studies proved inconclusive as to whether one or two glaciations extended into the Soča Valley as far as Most na Soči. In order to answer this question, the Quaternary sedimentary succession and landforms in the Modrejce Valley near Most na Soči were investigated. New geological and geomorphological field data allow the interpretation of the sedimentary environment and the stratigraphic relationships between different units. In response to glacial dynamics, the sedimentation developed from glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine to fully glacial environments, followed by slope deposition. At higher altitudes lateral moraines are preserved, while the staircase-like slope below has been carved into older glacial, glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine deposits by glacial and post-glacial processes, including fluvial erosion and slope dynamics. We conclude that the succession studied here was deposited over the course of two different glacial advances – LGM and pre-LGM. Our study thus suggests that the Soča Glacier extended as far as the area of Most na Soči twice over the course of the late Quaternary.

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HALL, Adrian M., Jon W. MERRITT, E. Rodger CONNELL, and Alun HUBBARD. "Early and Middle Pleistocene environments, landforms and sediments in Scotland." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 110, no. 1-2 (October 4, 2018): 5–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691018000713.

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ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the changing environments, developing landforms and terrestrial stratigraphy during the Early and Middle Pleistocene stages in Scotland. Cold stages after 2.7 Ma brought mountain ice caps and lowland permafrost, but larger ice sheets were short-lived. The late Early and Middle Pleistocene sedimentary record found offshore indicates more than 10 advances of ice sheets from Scotland into the North Sea but only 4–5 advances have been identified from the terrestrial stratigraphy. Two primary modes of glaciation, mountain ice cap and full ice sheet modes, can be recognised. Different zones of glacial erosion in Scotland reflect this bimodal glaciation and the spatially and temporally variable dynamics at glacier beds. Depths of glacial erosion vary from almost zero in Buchan to hundreds of metres in glens in the western Highlands and in basins both onshore and offshore. The presence of tors and blockfields indicates repeated development of patches of cold-based, non-erosive glacier ice on summits and plateaux. In lowlands, chemical weathering continued to operate during interglacials, but gruss-type saprolites are mainly of Pliocene to Early Pleistocene age. The Middle Pleistocene terrestrial stratigraphic record in Scotland, whilst fragmentary and poorly dated, provides important and accessible evidence of changing glacial, periglacial and interglacial environments over at least three stadial–interstadial–interglacial cycles. The distributions of blockfields and tors and the erratic contents of glacial sediments indicate that the configuration, thermal regime and pattern of ice flow during MIS 6 were broadly comparable to those of the last ice sheet. Improved control over the ages of Early and Middle Pleistocene sediments, soils and saprolites and on long-term rates of weathering and erosion, combined with information on palaeoenvironments, ice extent and sea level, will in future allow development and testing of new models of Pleistocene tectonics, isostasy, sea-level change and ice sheet dynamics in Scotland.

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10

Benn, Doug. "Holocene book review: Past Glacial Environments." Holocene 28, no. 9 (June 7, 2018): 1545–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618780161.

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Kalińska-Nartiša, Edyta, Kristaps Lamsters, Jānis Karušs, Māris Krievāns, Agnis Rečs, and Raimonds Meija. "Quartz grain features in modern glacial and proglacial environments: A microscopic study from the Russell Glacier, southwest Greenland." Polish Polar Research 38, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 265–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/popore-2017-0018.

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Abstract It is assumed that close to the margins of ice-sheets, glacial, fluvial and aeolian processes overlap, and combined with weathering processes, produce numerous sediments, in which quartz is a common mineral. Quartz grains, if available, may serve as a powerful tool in determining the depositional history, transportation mode and postdepositional processes. However, quartz grain studies in some modern glacial areas are still sparse. In this study, we examine for the first time quartz grains sampled from the modern glacial and proglacial environments of the Russell Glacier, southwest Greenland in binocular microscope and scanning electron microscope, to analyze their shape, character of surface and microtextures. We debate whether the investigated quartz grains reveal glacial characteristics and to what extent they carry a signal of another transportation and sedimentary processes. Although glacial fracturing and abrasion occur in grain suites, most mechanical origin features are not of a high frequency or freshness, potentially suggesting a reduced shear stress in the glacier from its limited thickness and influence of the pressurized water at the ice-bed. In contrast, the signal that originates from the fluvial environment is much stronger derived by numerous aqueous-induced features present on quartz grain surfaces. Aeolian-induced microtextures on grain surfaces increase among the samples the closest to the ice margin, which may be due to enhanced aeolian activity, but are practically absent in sediments taken from the small scale aeolian landforms. In contrast, aeolian grains have been found in the bigger-size (1.0–2.0 mm) investigated fraction. These grains gained the strongest aeolian abrasion, possibly due to changes in transportation mode.

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12

Jansson, Peter. "Modern Glacial Environments: Processes, Dynamics and Sediments." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 77, no. 15 (1996): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96eo00096.

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13

Ballantyne, Colin K. "Past glacial environments: Sediments, forms and techniques." Journal of African Earth Sciences 23, no. 2 (August 1996): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(97)86868-6.

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14

Morad, Steven D., Jeremy Nash, Shoya Higa, Russell Smith, Aaron Parness, and Kobus Barnard. "Improving Visual Feature Extraction in Glacial Environments." IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 5, no. 2 (April 2020): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lra.2019.2959490.

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15

Füreder, Leopold, and Georg H. Niedrist. "Glacial Stream Ecology: Structural and Functional Assets." Water 12, no. 2 (January 30, 2020): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020376.

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High altitude glacier-fed streams are harsh environments inhabiting specialized invertebrate communities. Most research on biotic aspects in glacier-fed streams have focused on the simple relationship between presence/absence of species and prevailing environmental conditions, whereas functional strategies and potentials of glacial stream specialists have been hardly investigated so far. Using new and recent datasets from our investigations in the European Alps, we now demonstrate distinct functional properties of invertebrates that typically dominate glacier-fed streams and show significant relationships with declining glacier cover in alpine stream catchments. In particular, we present and argue about cause-effect relationships between glacier cover in the catchment and temperature, community structure, diversity, feeding strategies, early life development, body mass, and growth of invertebrates. By concentrating on key taxa in glacial and non-glacial alpine streams, the relevance of distinct adaptations in these functional components becomes evident. This clearly demonstrates that further studies of functional characteristics are essential for the understanding of peculiar diversity patterns, successful traits and their plasticity, evolutionary triggered species adaptions, and flexibilities.

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Lehmann, Benjamin, Frédéric Herman, Pierre G. Valla, Georgina E. King, and Rabiul H. Biswas. "Evaluating post-glacial bedrock erosion and surface exposure duration by coupling in situ optically stimulated luminescence and <sup>10</sup>Be dating." Earth Surface Dynamics 7, no. 3 (July 11, 2019): 633–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-633-2019.

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Abstract. Assessing the impact of Quaternary glaciation at the Earth's surface implies an understanding of the long-term evolution of alpine landscapes. In particular, it requires simultaneous quantification of the impact of climate variability on past glacier fluctuations and on bedrock erosion. Here we present a new approach for evaluating post-glacial bedrock surface erosion in mountainous environments by combining terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide 10Be (TCN) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) surface exposure dating. Using a numerical approach, we show how it is possible to simultaneously invert bedrock OSL signals and 10Be concentrations into quantitative estimates of post-glacial exposure duration and bedrock surface erosion. By exploiting the fact that OSL and TCN data are integrated over different timescales, this approach can be used to estimate how bedrock erosion rates vary spatially and temporally since glacier retreat in an alpine environment.

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Cook, Simon J., Richard I. Waller, and Peter G. Knight. "Glaciohydraulic supercooling: the process and its significance." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 30, no. 5 (October 2006): 577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133306071141.

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Glaciohydraulic supercooling is a process that allows water at the base of a glacier to remain liquid at a temperature below its freezing point in response to the geometry of water flow and subglacial pressure. Supercooling, and subsequent freezing, of subglacial water has implications for glacier dynamics, sediment transfer and landform evolution, and an understanding of the process is important both for understanding modern glacial environments and for reconstructing glacial environments of the past. However, recent research on glaciohydraulic supercooling has raised controversy both about the significance of the process and about the way in which it has been applied within the discipline. In this paper, we review recent work on supercooling in glaciers, assess its significance to glaciology, geomorphology and Quaternary science, and identify key issues requiring further research in order to resolve some of the controversy surrounding the topic. We suggest that, while glaciohydraulic supercooling is a very significant process, its adoption as an explanation of some phenomena has been premature, and that further research is required to test its true significance both in modern settings and in the glacial geologic record.

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Turchetti, Benedetta, Pietro Buzzini, Marta Goretti, Eva Branda, Guglielmina Diolaiuti, Carlo D'Agata, Claudio Smiraglia, and Ann Vaughan-Martini. "Psychrophilic yeasts in glacial environments of Alpine glaciers." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 63, no. 1 (January 2008): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00409.x.

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Laybourn-Parry, Johanna, and David Pearce. "Heterotrophic bacteria in Antarctic lacustrine and glacial environments." Polar Biology 39, no. 12 (July 21, 2016): 2207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-016-2011-1.

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Barton, C. Michael, Valentin Villaverde, João Zilhão, J. Emili Aura, Oreto Garcia, and Ernestina Badal. "In glacial environments beyond glacial terrains: Human eco-dynamics in late Pleistocene Mediterranean Iberia." Quaternary International 318 (December 2013): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.05.007.

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Penn, S. "The geophysical investigation of Quaternary geological environments." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 7, no. 1 (1991): 555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1991.007.01.54.

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AbstractThere is a considerable Variation in the lithology and thickness of glacial and fluvial Sediments in Western Europe. This wide range of materials is associated with significant engineering problems and considerable economic interest from the extractive industries.Geophysical techniques are widely applied to map and investigate areas with glacial deposits and fluvio-glacial sands and gravels. There are sheet-like outwash deposits, some with buried and therefore unpredictable Channels, and smaller fissure and pocket deposits in rock. An assessment of the geometry of a deposit can be accurately achieved with geophysical methods, and electrical techniques have been particularly successful. The nature of the deposit, layering within the deposit, lateral Variation of lithology, thickness and depth to bedrock may all be established quickly and with great cost effectiveness.Numerous other problems occur with Quaternary environments particularly alteration and contamination of rock masses. Electrical techniques are also a powerful investigative tool in these situations.The success of these techniques depends upon the geophysical properties of the material to be investigated and the geophysical properties of the underlying sediment or bedrock, the technique actually selected, professional field practice and interpretation. These factors will be discussed and illustrated with reference to a number of case studies.

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Bhatia, Maya, Martin Sharp, and Julia Foght. "Distinct Bacterial Communities Exist beneath a High Arctic Polythermal Glacier." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 9 (September 2006): 5838–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00595-06.

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ABSTRACT Bacterial communities reside in basal ice, sediment, and meltwater in the supra-, sub-, and proglacial environments of John Evans Glacier, Nunavut, Canada. We examined whether the subglacial bacterial community shares common members with the pro- and supraglacial communities, and by inference, whether it could be derived from communities in either of these environments (e.g., by ice overriding proglacial sediments or by in-wash of surface meltwaters). Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA genes amplified from these environments revealed that the subglacial water, basal ice, and sediment communities were distinct from those detected in supraglacial meltwater and proglacial sediments, with 60 of 142 unique terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs) detected exclusively in subglacial samples and only 8 T-RFs detected in all three environments. Supraglacial waters shared some T-RFs with subglacial water and ice, likely reflecting the seasonal flow of surface meltwater into the subglacial drainage system, whereas supraglacial and proglacial communities shared the fewest T-RFs. Thus, the subglacial community at John Evans Glacier appears to be predominantly autochthonous rather than allochthonous, and it may be adapted to subglacial conditions. Chemical analysis of water and melted ice also revealed differences between the supraglacial and proglacial environments, particularly regarding electrical conductivity and nitrate, sulfate, and dissolved organic carbon concentrations. Whereas the potential exists for common bacterial types to be broadly distributed throughout the glacial system, we have observed distinct bacterial communities in physically and chemically different glacial environments.

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Daiyrov, Mirlan, and Chiyuki Narama. "Formation, evolution, and drainage of short-lived glacial lakes in permafrost environments of the northern Teskey Range, Central Asia." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 7 (July 29, 2021): 2245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2245-2021.

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Abstract. In the Teskey Range of the Tien Shan (Kyrgyz Republic), five outburst flood disasters from short-lived glacial lakes in 2006, 2008, 2013, 2014, and 2019 caused severe damages in the downstream part. Short-lived glacial lakes in the Teskey Range grow rapidly and drain within a few months, due to closure and opening of an outlet ice tunnel in an ice-cored moraine complex at the glacier front. In addition to these factors, summer meltwater from the glacier can cause rapid growth. Outburst floods of this lake type are a major hazard in this region and differ from the moraine-dam failures common to the eastern Himalaya. To clarify how short-lived glacial lakes store and drain water over short periods, we use results from a field survey and satellite data to analyze the water level, area, volume, and discharge of Korumdu lake (2017–2019) as well as satellite data to monitor the appearance of 160 other short-lived lakes (2013–2018). Except in 2016, Korumdu lake appeared and drained within about 1 month during all the summers. Water level data recorded by a data logger and time-lapse camera images show that the lake appeared and expanded suddenly from July to August in 2017–2019. The timing of lake appearance indicates that the lake formed when an outlet ice tunnel (subsurface channel) drainage was blocked by depositions of an ice–debris mixture due to ice melting and not by freezing of stored water. For 2017, we used uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV)-derived digital surface models (DSMs) and water levels, finding that the lake's volume reached 234 000 m3 within 29 d, and then the water discharged for 17 d at a maximum rate of 0.66 m3/s. This discharge rate is more than 20 times smaller than those found earlier (2006–2014) for four short-lived lakes of tunnel type in this region. We argue that this large variation in discharge rates is due to variation in the dimensions of the outlet ice tunnels. For the 160 other short-lived glacial lakes, we found that 117 formed during the ice-melt period from July to September. This timing and our findings for Korumdu lake show that these 117 lakes likely formed primarily because deposition of an ice–debris mixture blocked the outlet tunnel, though increased glacial melt would also have contributed. In the Teskey Range, the appearance of short-lived glacial lakes on the moraine complexes at glacier fronts is inevitable in summer when the melting rate is high. Similar behavior of short-lived lakes may occur in other mountain regions of Central Asia, such as the Tien Shan and Pamir Mountains, wherever ice-cored moraine complexes exist within mountain permafrost zone. Moreover, increasing temperatures may increase both tunnel size and lake-basin size (lake volume), leading to increased hazard potential from such lakes in the future.

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Lishman, Ben, Jemma Wadham, Bruce Drinkwater, J. Michael Kendall, Steve Burrow, Geoff Hilton, and Ian Craddock. "Assessing the utility of acoustic communication for wireless sensors deployed beneath ice sheets." Annals of Glaciology 54, no. 64 (2013): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013aog64a022.

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Abstract The environments underneath ice sheets are of high scientific interest. Wireless sensors offer the prospect of sustained, distributed remote sensing in the subglacial environment. Typically, wireless sensor networks use radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic communications, but these are highly attenuated in wet environments. In such environments, acoustic communications may be more power-efficient. Here we review the literature on acoustic and RF attenuation through ice and other relevant media, and present the results of new experiments on acoustic attenuation in glacial ice. Link budgets for communications from a range of subglacial environments show that acoustic communications are a viable strategy for transmission through water and ice where RF is too highly attenuated to be detected. Acoustic communication at 30 kHz is predicted to be possible through 1 km of glacial ice, using a 1 W transmitter. Such a strategy may be appropriate for shallow ice-stream environments around the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheet margins.

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Barletta, Robert E., and Christopher H. Roe. "Chemical analysis of ice vein μ-environments." Polar Record 48, no. 4 (November 23, 2011): 334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247411000635.

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ABSTRACTIcy environments (glacial ice and sea ice) can be complex ecosystems, supporting a diversity of communities. In particular, the μ-environments in which bacteria and algae are found are poorly understood. One important habitat is the liquid trapped in the ice, either as veins and triple junctions inherent in the ice structure or as liquid inclusions. μ-Raman spectroscopy is an analytical tool with the potential to characterise qualitatively and quantitatively these liquid μ-environments especially with respect to molecular anions such as nitrate, sulphate, bisulphate and MSA. Using a model system for glacial ice, splat-cooled samples were prepared from aqueous solutions of these anions at varying concentrations (50–75 mM total sulphate, 30–200 mM nitrate, and 10–55 mM MSA). Concentrations of these anions in the vein liquid were measured directly and non-destructively at –15 °C using μ-Raman spectroscopy. In agreement with predicted concentrations in glacial ice veins, it was found that typical ionic concentrations in veins are quite high, with mean concentrations ranging from 0.23 M to 3.5 M depending on anion type and initial concentration. For sulphate solutions, it was also possible to measure vein pH's directly. The observed pH in these systems was extremely low, in some cases ~1. The results of these model studies as well as the implications for ice vein concentrations in natural systems of polycrystalline ice are discussed.

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Hatton, Jade E., Katharine R. Hendry, Jonathan R. Hawkings, Jemma L. Wadham, Sophie Opfergelt, Tyler J. Kohler, Jacob C. Yde, Marek Stibal, and Jakub D. Žárský. "Silicon isotopes in Arctic and sub-Arctic glacial meltwaters: the role of subglacial weathering in the silicon cycle." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 475, no. 2228 (August 2019): 20190098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2019.0098.

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Glacial environments play an important role in high-latitude marine nutrient cycling, potentially contributing significant fluxes of silicon (Si) to the polar oceans, either as dissolved silicon (DSi) or as dissolvable amorphous silica (ASi). Silicon is a key nutrient in promoting marine primary productivity, contributing to atmospheric CO 2 removal. We present the current understanding of Si cycling in glacial systems, focusing on the Si isotope (δ 30 Si) composition of glacial meltwaters. We combine existing glacial δ 30 Si data with new measurements from 20 sub-Arctic glaciers, showing that glacial meltwaters consistently export isotopically light DSi compared with non-glacial rivers (+0.16‰ versus +1.38‰). Glacial δ 30 Si ASi composition ranges from −0.05‰ to −0.86‰ but exhibits low seasonal variability. Silicon fluxes and δ 30 Si composition from glacial systems are not commonly included in global Si budgets and isotopic mass balance calculations at present. We discuss outstanding questions, including the formation mechanism of ASi and the export of glacial nutrients from fjords. Finally, we provide a contextual framework for the recent advances in our understanding of subglacial Si cycling and highlight critical research avenues for assessing potential future changes in these environments.

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Fairchild, I. J., M. J. Hambrey, B. Spiro, and T. H. Jefferson. "Late Proterozoic glacial carbonates in northeast Spitsbergen: new insights into the carbonate–tillite association." Geological Magazine 126, no. 5 (September 1989): 469–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800022809.

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AbstractCarbonate-rich glacial deposits from two discrete Vendian glacial periods are described. The older is represented by the 24–40 m thick Petrovbreen Member (E2) of the Elbobreen Formation which contains abundant detrital dolomite. Clasts in E2 and their possible source rocks have positive δ13C and negative δ18OPDBvalues. In contrast the carbonate mud-fraction of E2 sediments has different cathodoluminescence characteristics from clasts, slightly negative δ13C values, and higher Fe and Mn concentrations than clasts. Oxygen isotopes vary from −2.5 to +4.5‰PDB, thought to be related to various seawater–meltwater mixtures in the depositional environment. Preservation of information about glacial sedimentary environments is attributed to early diagenetic recrystallization forced by excess surface free energy (Ostwald's ripening) and coinciding with sulphate reduction.The younger glaciation is represented by the Wilsonbreen Formation (170 m) which has a distinctive glaciolacustrine Middle Carbonate Member (W2). W2 contains precipitated periglacial carbonates (with high Mn/Fe ratio): both limestone (rhythmitic and stromatolitic) and dolostone (rhythmites, stromatolites and dolomite-rich sandstones) which are compared with carbonates in modern Antarctic lakes. Evaporitic environments for dolomitic sandstones and stromatolitic dolostones are indicated by heavy oxygen isotope values (up to + 10.5‰PDB), high Na concentration and evidence for dissolved evaporites. High Mn concentration in detrital dolostones in W2 is suggestive of syn-sedimentary dolomite recrystallization in freshwater diamictites and haematitic siltstones.The carbonate–tillite association ultimately arises from the erosion of underlying carbonates which originated (in this case) under radically different climatic conditions. Glacial depositional waters then became carbonate-saturated as a result of dissolution of detrital carbonate. Massive recrystallization of glacially transported carbonate is proposed as a geologically significant process with considerable potential for palaeoenvironmental analysis. In glacial lakes carbonate precipitated in response to evaporation or photosynthesis. Carbonate precipitation as the result of seawater freezing, or in warm interglacial conditions, is not yet established. Oxygen isotope value are inconsistent (too heavy) with the presence of high-latitude meltwaters, implying that glaciation extended to low latitudes as proposed by Harland.

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Markgraf, Vera, Jim I. Mead, David J. Meltzer, and Alan Lyle Bryan. "Environments and Extinctions: Man in Late Glacial North America." Arctic and Alpine Research 18, no. 4 (November 1986): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1551100.

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Liu, Tungsheng, Xinshi Zhang, Shangfa Xiong, Xiaoguang Qin, and Xiaoping Yang. "Glacial environments on the Tibetan Plateau and global cooling." Quaternary International 97-98 (January 2002): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1040-6182(02)00058-7.

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Pfeiffer, M., C. Mascayano, and F. Aburto. "Soils of chilean patagonia in glacial and periglacial environments." Eurasian Soil Science 43, no. 13 (December 2010): 1430–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106422931013003x.

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HART, JANE K. "Sedimentary environments associated with Glacial Lake Trimingham, Norfolk, UK." Boreas 21, no. 2 (January 16, 2008): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1992.tb00020.x.

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Allen, R., M. J. Siegert, and A. J. Payne. "Reconstructing glacier-based climates of LGM Europe and Russia – Part 1: Numerical modelling and validation methods." Climate of the Past Discussions 3, no. 5 (October 26, 2007): 1133–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-3-1133-2007.

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Abstract. The mountain environments of mid-latitude Europe and Arctic Russia contain widespread evidence of Late-Quaternary glaciers that have been prescribed to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). This glacial-geological record has yet to be used to quantitatively reconstruct the LGM climate of these regions. Here we describe a simple glacier-climate model that can be used to derive regional temperature and precipitation information from a known glacier distribution. The model was tested against the present day distribution of glaciers in Europe. The model is capable of adequately predicting the spatial distribution, snowline and equilibrium line altitude climate of glaciers in the Alps, Scandinavia, Caucasus and Pyrenees Mountains. This verification demonstrated that the model can be used to investigate former climates such as the LGM. Reconstructions of LGM climates from proxy evidence are an important method of assessing retrospective general circulation model (GCM) simulations. LGM palaeoclimate reconstructions from glacial-geological evidence would be of particular benefit to investigations in Europe and Russia, where to date only fossil pollen data have been used to assess continental-scale GCM simulations.

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Allen, R., M. J. Siegert, and A. J. Payne. "Reconstructing glacier-based climates of LGM Europe and Russia – Part 1: Numerical modelling and validation methods." Climate of the Past 4, no. 4 (November 13, 2008): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-4-235-2008.

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Abstract. The mountain environments of mid-latitude Europe and Arctic Russia contain widespread evidence of Late-Quaternary glaciers that have been attributed to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). This glacial-geological record has yet to be used to quantitatively reconstruct the LGM climate of these regions. Here we describe a simple glacier-climate model that can be used to derive regional temperature and precipitation information from a known glacier distribution. The model was tested against the present day distribution of glaciers in Europe. The model is capable of adequately predicting the spatial distribution, snowline and equilibrium line altitude climate of glaciers in the Alps, Scandinavia, Caucasus and Pyrenees Mountains. This verification demonstrated that the model can be used to investigate former climates such as the LGM. Reconstructions of LGM climates from proxy evidence are an important method of assessing retrospective general circulation model (GCM) simulations. LGM palaeoclimate reconstructions from glacial-geological evidence would be of particular benefit to investigations in Europe and Russia, where to date only fossil pollen data have been used to assess continental-scale GCM simulations.

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Head, James W., and Lionel Wilson. "Heat transfer in volcano–ice interactions on Mars: synthesis of environments and implications for processes and landforms." Annals of Glaciology 45 (2007): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756407782282570.

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AbstractWe review new advances in volcano–ice interactions on Mars and focus additional attention on (1) recent analyses of the mechanisms of penetration of the cryosphere by dikes and sills; (2) documentation of the glacial origin of huge fan-shaped deposits on the northwest margins of the Tharis Montes and evidence for abundant volcano–ice interactions during the later Amazonian period of volcanic edifice construction and (3) the circumpolar Hesperian-aged Dorsa Argentea Formation, interpreted as an ice sheet and displaying marginal features (channels, lakes and eskers) indicative of significant melting and interior features interpreted to be due to volcano–ice interactions (e.g. subglacial volcanic edifices, pits, basins, channels and eskers). In this context, we describe and analyse several stages and types of volcano–ice interactions: (1) magmatic interactions with ice-rich parts of the cryosphere; (2) subglacial volcanism represented by intrusion under and into the ice and formation of dikes and moberg-like ridges, intrusion of sills at the glacier–volcano substrate interface and their evolution into subglacial lava flows, formation of subglacial edifices, marginal melting and channels; (3) synglacial (ice contact) volcanism represented by flows banking up against glacier margins, chilling and forming remnant ridges and (4) post-glacial volcanism and interactions with ice deposits.

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Lemmen, Donald S., Robert Gilbert, John P. Smol, and Roland I. Hall. "Holocene sedimentation in glacial Tasikutaaq Lake, Baffin Island." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 810–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e88-080.

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Tasikutaaq Lake, on Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island, receives inflow and fine sediment from a 448 km2 drainage basin, 21% of which is glacier covered. During the summer of 1983 the lake remained essentially isothermal between about 4 and 6 °C. The suspended sediment concentration of inflow never exceeded 100 mg L−1 with overflow and homopycnal flow dominant.Surface sediments are clearly laminated, although varves are not apparent. The sediments are very fine, with less than 3% sand in all but the most proximal sites. Average sedimentation rates between 1976 and 1983 ranged from about 4 mm a−1 to 0.25 mm a−1 down lake from the point of inflow. The absence of varves is a function of the low rates of sediment accumulation and the long residence time of the fine sediments in the water column.Three sediment cores up to 135 cm in length reveal marked changes in sediment characteristics and diatom assemblages through the Holocene. During the late Foxe Glaciation it is likely that glacier ice contacted the lake, with retreat upvalley recorded by thinly varved (?) silts. By 7580 ± 140 BP ice had retreated to near its present margins. The earliest diatom assemblage in the cores is dominated by small Fragilaria spp., typical of late glacial, pioneering environments. Sedimentation rates during much of the Hypsithermal were about five times less than at present, with the resulting massive sediments having "nonglacial" characteristics despite the presence of glacial ice in the drainage basin. A planktonic diatom flora suggests that summer lake ice cover was minimal at this time. A climatic deterioration at about 4500 BP marks the onset of the Neoglacial, recorded by a shift in the diatom assemblage to species characteristic of more shallow water environments. Retreat from Neoglacial moraines is recorded by clearly laminated sediments and increasing accumulation rates. In general, laminated sediments relate to periods of high sediment input associated with glacial retreat, whereas massive sediments relate to low sediment input in association with glacial stabilization or advance.

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Monnier, S., C. Camerlynck, F. Rejiba, C. Kinnard, and P. Y. Galibert. "Glacier ice in rock glaciers: a case study in the Vanoise Massif, Northern French Alps." Cryosphere Discussions 5, no. 6 (December 21, 2011): 3597–626. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-5-3597-2011.

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Abstract. We investigated the Sachette rock glacier, Vanoise Massif, Northern French Alps, using former equilibrium line altitude reconstruction from glacial deposits, aerial photograph analysis, and ground-penetrating radar (GPR). The rock glacier is a young (probably <6000 yr) and active landform. The GPR survey consisted of two CMP measurements and four constant-offset profiles. From CMP measurements, the radar wave velocity in exposed shallow massive ice is 0.165–0.17 m ns−1. The constant-offset GPR data was processed and analysed in order to reconstruct the stratigraphy and model the radar wave velocity in two dimensions. The integration of the morphology, the velocity models, and the stratigraphy emphasized, in the upper half of the rock glacier, the good correspondence between high radar wave velocities (>0.15–0.16 m ns−1) and reflectors having a dipping-syncline structure, typical of true glaciers. Consequently, the rock glacier structure is described as being constituted of a glacial massive ice core embedded into diamictons. Our study of the Sachette rock glacier highlights possible significance of rock glaciers and interactions between glacier and permafrost in alpine environments.

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Gore, Damian B., and Michelle R. Leishman. "Salt, sediments and weathering environments in Bunger Hills." Antarctic Science 32, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 138–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102020000073.

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AbstractTerrestrial environments at Bunger Hills, East Antarctica, vary from vegetation-rich, little-weathered rock surfaces retaining glacial polish and striations near the glacier and ice-sheet margins to salty, vegetation-poor, extensively weathered regions near to and downwind of marine bays and inlets. Weathering forms include tafoni and orientated pits, which record former wind directions. Although salts are found all over Bunger Hills, the strongly weathered area is coincident with the distribution of halite (NaCl) and thenardite (Na2SO4), both of which are derived from seawater and marine salt spray. Salts elsewhere in Bunger Hills are either subglacial calcium carbonates or rock weathering products including gypsum (CaSO4⋅2H2O) and a range of rarer minerals. These other salt minerals do not weather rocks and sediment. The distribution of halite and thenardite acts as a major control on the geomorphology, sediment geochemistry and biogeography of Bunger Hills.

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Ghienne, Jean-François. "Late Ordovician sedimentary environments, glacial cycles, and post-glacial transgression in the Taoudeni Basin, West Africa." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 189, no. 3-4 (January 2003): 117–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(02)00635-1.

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Roberts, David R., and Andreas Hamann. "Glacial refugia and modern genetic diversity of 22 western North American tree species." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1804 (April 7, 2015): 20142903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2903.

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North American tree species, subspecies and genetic varieties have primarily evolved in a landscape of extensive continental ice and restricted temperate climate environments. Here, we reconstruct the refugial history of western North American trees since the last glacial maximum using species distribution models, validated against 3571 palaeoecological records. We investigate how modern subspecies structure and genetic diversity corresponds to modelled glacial refugia, based on a meta-analysis of allelic richness and expected heterozygosity for 473 populations of 22 tree species. We find that species with strong genetic differentiation into subspecies had widespread and large glacial refugia, whereas species with restricted refugia show no differentiation among populations and little genetic diversity, despite being common over a wide range of environments today. In addition, a strong relationship between allelic richness and the size of modelled glacial refugia ( r 2 = 0.55) suggest that population bottlenecks during glacial periods had a pronounced effect on the presence of rare alleles.

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Lawson, E. C., J. L. Wadham, G. P. Lis, M. Tranter, A. E. Pickard, M. Stibal, P. Dewsbury, and S. Fitzsimons. "Identification and analysis of low molecular weight dissolved organic carbon in subglacial basal ice ecosystems by ion chromatography." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 16 (August 27, 2015): 14139–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-14139-2015.

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Abstract. Glacial runoff is an important source of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) for downstream heterotrophic activity, despite the low overall DOC concentrations. This is because of the abundance of bioavailable, low molecular weight (LMW) DOC species. However, the provenance and character of LMW-DOC is not fully understood. We investigated the abundance and composition of DOC in subglacial environments via a molecular level DOC analysis of basal ice, which forms by water/sediment freeze-on to the glacier sole. Spectrofluorometry and a novel ion chromatographic method, which has been little utilised in glacial science for LMW-DOC determinations, were employed to identify and quantify the major LMW fractions (free amino acids, carbohydrates and carboxylic acids) in basal ice from four glaciers, each with a different basal debris type. Basal ice from Joyce Glacier (Antarctica) was unique in that 98 % of the LMW-DOC was derived from the extremely diverse FAA pool, comprising 14 FAAs. LMW-DOC concentrations in basal ice were dependent on the bioavailability of the overridden organic carbon (OC), which in turn, was influenced by the type of overridden material. Mean LMW-DOC concentrations in basal ice from Russell Glacier (Greenland), Finsterwalderbreen (Svalbard) and Engabreen (Norway) were low (0–417 nM C), attributed to the relatively refractory nature of the OC in the overridden paleosols and bedrock. In contrast, mean LMW-DOC concentrations were an order of magnitude higher (4430 nM C) in basal ice from Joyce Glacier, a reflection of the high bioavailability of the overridden lacustrine material (>17 % of the sediment OC comprised extractable carbohydrates, a proxy for bioavailable OC). We find that the overridden material may act as a direct (via abiotic leaching) and indirect (via microbial cycling) source of DOC to the subglacial environment and provides a range of LMW-DOC compounds that may stimulate microbial activity in wet sediments in current subglacial environments.

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Beldring, Stein. "Runoff Generating Processes in Boreal Forest Environments with Glacial Tills." Hydrology Research 33, no. 5 (October 1, 2002): 347–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2002.0013.

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This review describes the processes by which runoff is generated from rain or snowmelt in a boreal forest landscape with a shallow layer of glacial tills overlying a relatively impermeable bedrock. Glacial tills are the main surface deposits in the Nordic countries, and are also of frequent occurrence in other boreal forest environments in the Northern Hemisphere. Soil moisture and groundwater conditions control the partitioning of rain or snowmelt into evapotranspiration, runoff and temporary storage. Groundwater is viewed as the major determinant of runoff generation, both because it is the most important contributor to event flow, and because of its influence on saturation overland flow. A characteristic feature of till deposits is a saturated hydraulic conductivity which decreases rapidly with depth. As a consequence, topography has a significant impact on runoff by controlling movement and storage of water through convergence and divergence of flow. Modeling and field experience point to the idea of a continuum in both spatial and temporal occurrence of saturation overland flow and subsurface flow within individual catchments under different rainfall and snowmelt events and antecedent groundwater and soil moisture conditions. Results from studies using hydrological models with a structure which may be suitable for landscapes with glacial tills are presented.

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Sharma, Birendra Prasad, Subash Adhikari, Ganesh Paudel, and Namita Paudel Adhikari. "Microbial Diversity in the Glacial Ecosystem of Antarctic, Arctic, and Tibetan Plateau: Properties and Response to the Environmental Condition." Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jjis.v9i1.35239.

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Microorganisms, as successive members of the food web, play a major role in biological processes. They are found in environments ranging from extremely hot to harsh cold temperatures. Thus, the study of bacterial communities in various ecosystems is of great concern around the world. The glacier is one of the parts of the cryosphere, which is the key component and sensitive indicator of climatic and environmental changes. A glacial ecosystem is a habitat for various microorganisms, i.e., autotrophic and heterotrophic. Different physicochemical parameters like temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, the input of nutrient concentration, precipitation, ions concentrations, etc. influence the microbial diversity in the glacial ecosystem for their metabolic processes. Successive studies of bacterial communities in the Himalayan glacial ecosystem are reliable proxies to know the relationships between microbial biodiversity and climate change since the Himalayan glaciers are free from anthropogenic activities. After the study of the relevant literature, it is clear that the researches. have been carried out in the Polar Regions, and the Tibetan plateau mainly focused on the glacial ecosystem. This review concluded that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, and Actinobacteria were the most dominant bacterial phyla via 16S rRNA clone libraries and Illumina MiSeq. Alter in landscapes, nutrient cycles, exposure of light, shifting on the concentration of different elements, glacier retreats were the major components for survival strength of dominant bacterial phyla. However, limited studies on the glacial ecosystem of the Himalayas have been published. Thus, the study of bacterial abundance, diversity, and community in the Himalayas will help plug this research gap.

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Hall, Adrian M., Graeme Whittington, Geoffrey A. T. Duller, and Jack Jarvis. "Late Pleistocene environments in lower Strathspey, Scotland." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 85, no. 4 (1994): 253–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300002030.

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AbstractSedimentary sequences in lower Strathspey provide a record of Late Pleistocene interglacial and glacial environments. After deposition of till and glacifiuvial sediments, probably in Oxygen Isotope Stage 6, a soil developed at Teindland and Redburn which contains downward translocated pollen. This indicates that the earliest vegetation was woodland with grassland openings, Pinus-Alnus at Teindland and Alnus-Corylus at Red Burn. Podzolisation of the soil ended with an influx of sands derived from erosion of the surrounding slopes, at Teindland perhaps a response to extensive burning during a grassland phase. The combined pollen and sedimentary evidence suggests events at the close of an interglacial. Luminescence dates of 79 ± 6 and 67 ± 5 ka for the sands over the soil suggest that the soil developed in Oxygen Isotope Stage 5e. Overlying the soil and sands at Teindland are glacigenic debris flows, perhaps reflecting glaciation during Oxygen Isotope Stage 4. Three, undated, younger till units, with interbedded gravels, also occur in the surrounding area and provide evidence of the complex glacial history of lower Strathspey since Oxygen Isotope Stage 5.

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Lynch, Colleen M., Iestyn D. Barr, Donal Mullan, and Alastair Ruffell. "Rapid glacial retreat on the Kamchatka Peninsula during the early 21st century." Cryosphere 10, no. 4 (August 22, 2016): 1809–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1809-2016.

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Abstract. Monitoring glacier fluctuations provides insights into changing glacial environments and recent climate change. The availability of satellite imagery offers the opportunity to view these changes for remote and inaccessible regions. Gaining an understanding of the ongoing changes in such regions is vital if a complete picture of glacial fluctuations globally is to be established. Here, satellite imagery (Landsat 7, 8 and ASTER) is used to conduct a multi-annual remote sensing survey of glacier fluctuations on the Kamchatka Peninsula (eastern Russia) over the 2000–2014 period. Glacier margins were digitised manually and reveal that, in 2000, the peninsula was occupied by 673 glaciers, with a total glacier surface area of 775.7 ± 27.9 km2. By 2014, the number of glaciers had increased to 738 (reflecting the fragmentation of larger glaciers), but their surface area had decreased to 592.9 ± 20.4 km2. This represents a ∼ 24 % decline in total glacier surface area between 2000 and 2014 and a notable acceleration in the rate of area loss since the late 20th century. Analysis of possible controls indicates that these glacier fluctuations were likely governed by variations in climate (particularly rising summer temperatures), though the response of individual glaciers was modulated by other (non-climatic) factors, principally glacier size, local shading and debris cover.

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Huggel, Christian, Wilfried Haeberli, Andreas Kääb, Daniel Bieri, and Shaun Richardson. "An assessment procedure for glacial hazards in the Swiss Alps." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 41, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 1068–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t04-053.

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Glacial hazards such as ice avalanches, glacial lake outburst floods, and debris flows have caused severe damage in populated mountain regions such as the Swiss Alps. Assessment of such hazards must consider basic glaciological, geomorphological, and hydraulic principles together with experience gained from previous events. An approach is presented here to assess the maximum event magnitude and probability of occurrence of glacial hazards. Analysis of magnitude is based on empirical relationships derived from published case histories from the Swiss Alps and other mountain regions. Probability of occurrence is difficult to estimate because of rapid changes in the nature of glacial systems, the low frequency of events, and the high complexity of the involved processes. Here, the probability is specified in qualitative and systematic terms based on indicators such as dam type, geometry, and freeboard height (for glacial lakes) and tendency of avalanche repetition, precursor events, and increased water supply to the glacier bed (for ice avalanche events). The assessment procedures are applied to a recent lake outburst with subsequent debris flow and to an ice avalanche in the Swiss Alps. The results yield reasonable event maxima that were not exceeded by actual events. The methods provide first-order assessments and may be applied in dynamic mountain environments where population and infrastructure growth require continuous evaluation of hazards.Key words: glacial hazards, lake outburst, debris flow, ice avalanche, hazard assessment procedure, probability of occurrence.

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Baccolo, Giovanni, Edyta Łokas, Paweł Gaca, Dario Massabò, Roberto Ambrosini, Roberto S. Azzoni, Caroline Clason, et al. "Cryoconite: an efficient accumulator of radioactive fallout in glacial environments." Cryosphere 14, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): 657–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-657-2020.

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Abstract. Cryoconite is rich in natural and artificial radioactivity, but a discussion about its ability to accumulate radionuclides is lacking. A characterization of cryoconite from two Alpine glaciers is presented here. Results confirm that cryoconite is significantly more radioactive than the matrices usually adopted for the environmental monitoring of radioactivity, such as lichens and mosses, with activity concentrations exceeding 10 000 Bq kg−1 for single radionuclides. This makes cryoconite an ideal matrix to investigate the deposition and occurrence of radioactive species in glacial environments. In addition, cryoconite can be used to track environmental radioactivity sources. We have exploited atomic and activity ratios of artificial radionuclides to identify the sources of the anthropogenic radioactivity accumulated in our samples. The signature of cryoconite from different Alpine glaciers is compatible with the stratospheric global fallout and Chernobyl accident products. Differences are found when considering other geographic contexts. A comparison with data from literature shows that Alpine cryoconite is strongly influenced by the Chernobyl fallout, while cryoconite from other regions is more impacted by events such as nuclear test explosions and satellite reentries. To explain the accumulation of radionuclides in cryoconite, the glacial environment as a whole must be considered, and particularly the interaction between ice, meltwater, cryoconite and atmospheric deposition. We hypothesize that the impurities originally preserved into ice and mobilized with meltwater during summer, including radionuclides, are accumulated in cryoconite because of their affinity for organic matter, which is abundant in cryoconite. In relation to these processes, we have explored the possibility of exploiting radioactivity to date cryoconite.

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Harbor, Jon, and Jeff Warburton. "Relative Rates of Glacial and Nonglacial Erosion in Alpine Environments." Arctic and Alpine Research 25, no. 1 (February 1993): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1551473.

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Flink, Anne E., and Riko Noormets. "Submarine glacial landforms and sedimentary environments in Vaigattbogen, northeastern Spitsbergen." Marine Geology 402 (August 2018): 244–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2017.07.019.

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Syvitski, J. P. M., M. S. Stoker, and A. K. Cooper. "Seismic facies of glacial deposits from marine and lacustrine environments." Marine Geology 143, no. 1-4 (November 1997): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-3227(97)00087-x.

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McCarroll, Danny, and Kenneth F. Rijsdijk. "Deformation styles as a key for interpreting glacial depositional environments." Journal of Quaternary Science 18, no. 6 (2003): 473–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.780.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Glacial environments'

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