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Journal articles on the topic 'Gladiators'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Riis, Mette. "En editionsfilologisk undersøgelse af Ingeborg Stuckenbergs Samlede værker (2013) og en vurdering af forlaget Gladiators klassikerserie." Danske Studier, no. 2021 (November 8, 2022): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/danskestudier.vi2021.134541.

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This article aims to examine and evaluate the publishing house Gladiator’s publication of the Danish author Ingeborg Stuckenberg’s literary works in the edition Complete Works (2013) published as part of Gladiators series on classic works of fiction called »Sandalserien«. More specifically, I aim to conduct an in-depth analysis of the principles behind this publication. Based on this analysis I wish to characterise the publication strategy which Gladiator adheres to and consider the following questions: What characterises a classic work of fiction and subsequently does the publications in the series live up to the aforementioned characteristics? Part of this analysis will focus on giving an overall assessment of the »Sandalserie« published by Gladiator.

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2

Kharlamov, Viktor V. "A generalized model of the Colonel Blotto stochastic game." Discrete Mathematics and Applications 33, no. 6 (December 1, 2023): 355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dma-2023-0032.

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Abstract A generalized stochastic modification of the Colonel Blotto game, also known as the game of gladiators, is considered. In the original model, each of two players has a set of gladiators with given strengths. The battle of gladiator teams takes place through individual gladiator battles. In each fight, the probability of gladiator winning is proportional to its strength. Kaminsky et al. in 1984 had obtained a formula for the probability of winning in terms of weighted sums of exponential random variables. Here we provide an interpretation of this result from the Markov chains with continuous time point of view, and a more general statement of the problem is considered, for which a similar expression is obtained.

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3

Feraru, Remus Mihai. "Gladiatori și spectacole în amfiteatru în cetăţile greceşti de la Pontul Euxin." Cercetări Arheologice 31, no. 1 (July 16, 2024): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46535/ca.31.1.08.

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Abstract tradus Our study proposes to discuss several aspects related to the gladiators attested in the Greek cities of the Pontus Euxinus (Chersones, Histria, Tomis, Callatis, Dionysopolis, Odessos, Byzantion, Sinope, Amisos), such as the names, social status and mentality of these amphitheatre fighters. Our analysis also focuses on the equipment and weapons of the gladiators, their fighting techniques and the various aspects of the organisation of gladiatorial combat. Our research is based on the study of epigraphic and archaeological documents (bas-reliefs). Inscriptions and reliefs attest several types of gladiators, such as retiarius, secutor, scissor, provocator and bestiarius. The names of the gladiators reflect their winning qualities and their physical or moral qualities. Most gladiators were slaves or free men. Documents from Tomis from the 2nd-3rd centuries AD confirm that gladiatorial fights and beast hunts in the amphitheatre are closely linked to the imperial cult. At Tomis, Odessos, Sinope and Amisos, the organisers of these spectacles were at the same time pontarchs and high priests of the imperial cult. Gladiator fights took place in amphitheatres (at Tomis) and other specially designed venues such as theatres (at Odessos). Nemesis and Ares are the patron deities of gladiators.

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4

Moog, Ferdinand. "Gladiatorenärzte im antiken Rom." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 143, no. 25 (December 2018): 1842–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0601-0440.

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AbstractGladiators in ancient Rome were an integral part of the Roman world and were a unique phenomenon. Their bloody fight presumably originated from the cult of the dead. Later it was a feature of the self-portrayal of many Roman noblemen, especially during the election campaigns. Eventually it became an imperial privilege. Legally, gladiators were slaves. They were trained in specially equipped schools (ludus, plural: ludi). Also, special schools existed that trained fighters to compete in the arena against wild animals. Doctors at the ludi took care of the fighters: They prepared them for the fight or treated injuries. The gladiator cemeteries of Ephesus and York clearly demonstrate typical injury patterns. The most prominent and best-known gladiator physician is – due to his eminent self-portrayal – Galenus. Even though he looked after the gladiators of his hometown Pergamon only for a brief time. From ancient inscriptions we know the names of several other physicians who took care of gladiators. Especially these largely forgotten doctors are referenced in this article.

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5

Paule, Maxwell. "Blood, Sweat, and Sex: A Note on the Erotic Power of Gladiator Sweat." Preternature: Critical and Historical Studies on the Preternatural 13, no. 2 (September 1, 2024): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/preternature.13.2.0227.

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Abstract There is no ancient evidence that corroborates the frustratingly popular claim that Romans collected and sold gladiator sweat as an aphrodisiac, and the claim itself only exists as an amalgam of the following facts: (1) athletes’ gloios was collected and sold for medicinal purposes, (2) gladiators were objects of erotic desire, and (3) gladiator-themed Roman vessels were fairly popular. Any attempt to construe those observations into support for aphrodisiac gladiator sweat is countered by the fact that (1) the collection and use of gloios was viewed by Pliny as a disgusting Greek (not Roman) practice, (2) no source records the collection of gloios from gladiators, (3) gloios has no recorded aphrodisiac usages, and (4) the only evidence for magico-medical uses of gladiatorial fluids are not erotic and call for their blood, not sweat. Moreover, the claim that Romans collected and sold gladiator sweat does not predate the early 2000s and may have its origins in an article from Sports Illustrated.

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6

Bartus, Dávid. "Roman bronze gladiators: A new figurine of a murmillo from Brigetio." Dissertationes Archaeologicae 3, no. 7 (October 16, 2020): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17204/dissarch.2019.177.

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In summer 2019 a bronze figurine of a gladiator came to light during the excavations in the praetentura of the legionary fortress of Brigetio. This paper will briefly review all known bronze gladiator figurines from Brigetio, as well as the representations of gladiators in Roman art.

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7

O'Toole, Marie T., Sheila O'Shea Melli, Mary N. Moore, and Jill B. Derstine. "Global Gladiators." Nurse Educator 21, no. 1 (January 1996): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006223-199601000-00018.

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8

Woloch, G. Michael, and Thomas Wiedemann. "Emperors and Gladiators." American Historical Review 99, no. 3 (June 1994): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2167793.

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9

BENNETT, Julian. "Gladiators at Ancyra." Anatolica 35 (May 31, 2009): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ana.35.0.2038070.

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10

Mehrhof, Joella H., Kathy Ermler, and Susan Kovar. "Modern Day Gladiators." Strategies 6, no. 3 (November 1992): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08924562.1992.10591896.

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11

GÜRAL, Ufuk. "“GLADYATÖR” FİLMİNİN ARKEOLOJİK AÇIDAN İNCELENMESİ A REVIEW OF “GLADIATOR” FROM THE ARCHEOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW." IEDSR Association 6, no. 14 (July 26, 2021): 126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46872/pj.317.

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Epic Films, which is an important genre in cinema, have always won the appreciation of the audience and have been most popular in the 1950s and 60s with their samples that depict the “Antique Age”. The samples of this genre, that educate while entertain are still being made today. After the 2000 movie "Gladiator", many Epics have being produced. One of the best Epic Films, director Ridley Scott's 2000 film "Gladiator" is successful not only in terms of cinematic point of view but also in terms of its reflecting archaeological facts correctly. The film successfully transferred history to the pellicule in terms of venues, art design, accessories and the story line. In "Gladiator", director Ridley Scott gathered all the elements of Gladiator Films, -a subgenre of Peplas made in Italy in the 1960s- and reflected them in one film only. “Gladiator”, combines the themes of Peplas, such as Rome, gladiators, arenas, slaves and cruel rulers in a single work. The starting point of the movie is the competitions held in the Arena in the Ancient Age. Arenas are a platform not only individuals show themselves, but also the rulers to prove their power. In our study, starting from the formation of Amphitheaters, we examine the Arena Phenomenon, Gladiator Films and the place of "Gladiator" in between the similar works, respectively.

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12

Domazet, Božo. "Bread and Circuses - The Development, Symbolism and Representation of Gladiatorial Games." Pleter 6, no. 6 (January 27, 2023): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51154/p.6.6.2.

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The gladiatorial games and the gladiators themselves are an important historical and social topic, with a large curious audience and a multitude of historical works of art. Therefore, the text below brings the main ideas of the origin, beginning and development of gladiatorial fights. Explains types gladiators, as well as gladiators, but also the battle scenarios themselves. The work brings a lot of historical artistic representations and statements that convey many stories. It is a self-examination the beginning and development of gladiatorial games, their cessation, up to modern art and fascination of the same events.

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13

Nesbitt, Prexy. "Terminators, crusaders and gladiators." Review of African Political Economy 15, no. 43 (November 1988): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056248808703796.

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14

POTTER, DAVID. "CONSTANTINE AND THE GLADIATORS." Classical Quarterly 60, no. 2 (November 19, 2010): 596–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838810000194.

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15

Jory, E. J. "Gladiators in the Theatre." Classical Quarterly 36, no. 2 (December 1986): 537–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800012301.

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While restating the correct interpretation of the prologue to the Hecyra of Terence in CQ 32 (1982), 134 F. H. Sandbach has this to say: ‘Possibly the widespread view which the translators and I reject has been encouraged by disbelief that the theatre could be used for gladiatorial combat. It is true that there is no reliable evidence for such use at Rome, for Donatus' statement “hoc abhorret a nostra consuetudine uerumtamen apud antiquos gladiatores in theatro spectabantur” may be no more than inference from Terence's text.’ There is, in fact, a certain amount of evidence for gladiatorial combats in the theatres at Rome, that is at venues where ludi scaenici were performed, which it is difficult to regard as unreliable and which is consistent with what we know of the relationship between the theatre and gladiatorial games.

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16

Gavrilovic, Nadezda. "Ceramic crustulum with the representation of Nemesis-Diana from Viminatium: A contribution to the cult of goddess nemesis in roman provinces of Central Balkans." Starinar, no. 61 (2011): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sta1161191g.

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The analysis of iconographic representation from ceramic medallion/cast for cakes (crustulum) from Viminatium showed that we are dealing with a very rare type of iconographic representation of goddess Nemesis-Diana. The monuments with syncretistic presentation of goddess Nemesis-Diana are not only very rare, but they imply a very close connection of the goddess with imperial cult and with games and gladiator fights in amphitheatre. Overview and analysis of all so far known cult monuments of goddess Nemesis, opened a question about the correlation of goddess and presumed amphitheatre in Viminatium and also a question about new aspect of honouring Nemesis in the territory of Roman provinces of Central Balkans - as a patroness of agonistic competitions and protectress of gladiatorial games and gladiators.

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17

Kanz, Fabian, and Karl Grossschmidt. "Head injuries of Roman gladiators." Forensic Science International 160, no. 2-3 (July 2006): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.10.010.

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18

Irvine, Andy. "Labour History in Song: Gladiators." Labour History, no. 94 (2008): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516277.

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19

Puetz, Belinda E. "Becoming Gladiators for Healthcare Reform." Rehabilitation Nursing 18, no. 6 (November 12, 1993): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2048-7940.1993.tb00789.x.

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20

Adis, Joachim, Oliver Zompro, Esther Moombolah-Goagoses, and Eugène Marais. "Gladiators: A New Order of Insect." Scientific American 287, no. 5 (November 2002): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1102-60.

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21

Wilmott, Tony. "Two Left-Handed Gladiators in Britain." Antiquaries Journal 87 (September 2007): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000358150000086x.

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Two of the most frequently reproduced images of gladiatorial combat from Britain are a slate relief of aretiariusfrom Chester and the famous Colchester vase, a barbotine decorated cup adorned with arena scenes. Despite the familiarity of these images, an important fact seems to have been generally overlooked: the objects appear to show gladiators who are left-handed.

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22

Toffler, Alvin, and Heidi Toffler. "Global Gladiators Challenge thePower of Nations." New Perspectives Quarterly 17, no. 1 (June 28, 2008): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0893-7850.00233.

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23

Trif, Iosif. "Gladiators on Film: Spectacle and History." Revista CICSA online, Serie Nouă, no. 1 (2015): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/cicsa.2015.1.6.

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The intriguing world of the Roman gladiators has been represented in many different ways along the brief history of the seventh art. From realistic portrayals to romanticized visions, film directors have offered a wide spectrum of visual spectacles that catered to the visual culture of the audiences they were targeting. In this analysis, we take an incursion into the minds of various movie directors and comment on the ways in which various cinematic stories were created.

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24

Papanikolaou, Dimitrios. "Notes on a Gladiatorial Inscription from Plotinopolis." Tekmeria 14 (May 13, 2019): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/tekmeria.20419.

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The paper is concerned with a new gladiatorial tombstone from Plotinopolis. The paper raises serious doubts on the text of the inscription offered by itsinitial editor (Tsoka 2015); it also pinpoints towards Sharankov’s proposal(Année Épigraphique 2014 [2017] no. 1165, 493) as the only viable solution forthe text of the inscription, citing also unnoticed parallel passages from ancientGreek inscriptions and texts as evidence substantiating the new reading of the stone (see nn. 7-9). The paper expresses also disagreement over Tsoka’s assertion that thewords λοῦδοι and Μάτερνος of the inscription are mere transcriptions into Greek letters of the Latin words ludi, Maternus – and that the name Μάτερνοςimplies Romanisation. It is argued that the Latin-derived name of a gladiator ghting in the Eastern (Greek-speaking) side of the Roman Empire is not a safe marker of Romanisation. This is demonstrated by the epigraphical evidenceattesting to the habit of Greek-speaking gladiators to adopt professionalpseudonyms, many of them (25% of all recorded cases) Latin-derived ones; thepaper argues that the name Μάτερνος is simply a Latin-derived gladiatorialpseudonym. Plutarch’s testimony further substantiates that gladiators could be ethnic Greeks or culture-Greeks (see n. 20). As far as the word λοῦδοι is concerned, the poetic declination of the word in the stone attests to the laststages in the adaptation of a Latin-derived word into a fundamentally Greek linguistic environment. The paper argues that the Latin-derived vocabulary ofthe stone (Μάτερνος, λοῦδοι) should be viewed as a further piece of evidenceattesting to the recognition on the part of the Greek-speakers of the time, that gladiation was a fundamentally Roman cultural institution, a cultural import whose onomastics and terminology could rather remain untranslated.

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25

CARTER, MICHAEL. "ARMORUM STUDIUM: GLADIATORIAL TRAINING AND THE GLADIATORIAL LUDUS." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 61, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-5370.12074.

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AbstractIn his Apologia (98.7), written about ad 158, Apuleius laments the fact that his former ward, the noble young Sicinius Pudens, has been allowed to abandon his studies and is instead spending his time in taverns and with prostitutes and, worst of all, has become a frequent visitor at the local gladiatorial school. Pudens has come to know all the gladiators’ names, their ‘fights and wounds’, and has even started receiving instruction from the lanista himself. In this paper, I investigate the possible reasons why aristocratic Roman youth (iuvenes) might have sought weapons-training and the means by which these young men could have accessed such training in connection with a gladiatorial ludus. The investigation additionally considers the organization of gladiators and their trainers in the ludus.

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26

Baker, Laura. "American Gladiators: Keeping the Body in Shape." Iowa Journal of Cultural Studies 1994, no. 13 (1994): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/2168-569x.1162.

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27

Stokstad, E. "SOCIETY OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY MEETING: Mastodon Gladiators." Science 302, no. 5648 (November 14, 2003): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.302.5648.1143.

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28

Muhlberger, Steven. "Martinvan Creveld. Wargames: From Gladiators to Gigabytes." American Historical Review 119, no. 4 (October 2014): 1227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/119.4.1227.

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29

Seife, C. "DIGITAL ENCRYPTION:Algorithmic Gladiators Vie for Digital Glory." Science 288, no. 5469 (May 19, 2000): 1161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5469.1161.

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30

López Medina, María Juana, and Francisco Pérez Martínez. "El munus en honor de Julia organizado por César: ritual funerario, desigualdad social y propaganda política en la Roma republicana = The munus in honour of Julia organized by Caesar: funerary ritual, social inequality and political interest in the republican Rome." ARYS: Antigüedad, Religiones y Sociedades, no. 15 (November 5, 2018): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/arys.2017.3836.

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Resumen: Este trabajo se centra en el munus de Julia ofrecido por su padre César, para ello se analiza la figura de Julia, como hija de César y esposa de Pompeyo, y el significado que tuvo su muerte. Su munus demuestra cómo los combates de gladiadores, que formaron parte de los rituales funerarios durante la República, son una expresión de la desigualdad social, no sólo en función de la clase a la que se pertenezca sino también en relación con el sexo, y cómo los munera son utilizados por los intereses políticos de la nobilitas, especialmente durante el siglo I a.C., como ocurre en este caso.Abstract: This paper analyzes the munus of Julia offered by her father Caesar. It consists in the study of the figure of Julia, as daughter of Caesar and wife of Pompey, and the meaning that had her death. Her munus proves how the combats of gladiators, which were part of funerary rituals during the Republic, are an expression of social inequality, not only in function of the class also in relation to the gender, and how the munera are used by the political interests of the nobilitas, especially during the first century BC, as in this case.Palabras clave: Munera gladiatoria, Roma, Julia, César, época republicana, rito funerario, desigualdad social, propaganda política.Key words: Munera gladiatoria, Rome, Julia, Caesar, Republic period, funeral rite, social inequality, political propaganda.

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31

Trunov, I. L. "Are the criminal responsibility of modern sports gladiators." Russian Journal of Legal Studies 2, no. 3 (September 15, 2015): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls18061.

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32

Ballet, Jérôme, Damien Bazin, and Radu Vranceanu. "A Note on Cooperative Strategies in Gladiators’ Games." Games 4, no. 2 (May 22, 2013): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g4020200.

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33

Woo, Hyung-Jin, and Yeora Kim. "Modern Gladiators: A Content Analysis of Televised Wrestling." Mass Communication and Society 6, no. 4 (November 2003): 361–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327825mcs0604_2.

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34

Alexander, Larry. "PLASTIC TREES AND GLADIATORS: LIBERALISM AND AESTHETIC REGULATION." Legal Theory 16, no. 2 (June 2010): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352325210000133.

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The hallmark of modern liberalism is its embrace of the Millian harm principle and its antipathy to legal moralism. In this article I consider whether aesthetic regulations can be justified under the harm principle as that principle has been elaborated by Joel Feinberg. I conclude that aesthetic and other regulations that most liberals regard as unproblematic are actually instances of legal moralism.

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35

Berns, Christof, and H. Ali Ekinci. "Gladiatorial games in the Greek East: a complex of reliefs from Cibyra." Anatolian Studies 65 (2015): 143–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154615000095.

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AbstractThis article presents a body of architectural reliefs and two stelae from the ancient town of Cibyra in the Roman province of Asia and, in most cases, now kept in the provincial Burdur Museum. The pieces show different aspects of gladiatorial games, such as duels between gladiators and the hunting of animals. It is argued that the architectural reliefs once belonged to three different monumental tombs of munerarii, commemorating specific games sponsored by them, while the stelae were set up for single gladiators after their deaths. An analysis of the style of their execution indicates that the reliefs were produced in the second half of the second century AD. The iconography and composition of the gladiatorial combats depicted on these reliefs seem to have been influenced by a specific Hellenic view of the games, while the venatio scenes emphasise the richness of the show. In total, the material may contribute to a better understanding of the reception and transformation of the munera in the Greek East.

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36

Shotter, David. "Gladiators - Thomas Wiedemann: Emperors and Gladiators. Pp. xvii+198; 1 map, 17 figs. London and New York: Routledge, 1992. Cased, £35." Classical Review 44, no. 1 (April 1994): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x00290872.

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37

Newby, Zahra. "Greek Athletics as Roman Spectacle: the mosaics from Ostia and Rome." Papers of the British School at Rome 70 (November 2002): 177–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200002142.

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With the release in the year 2000 of the filmGladiator, and the exhibition ‘Gladiators and Caesars’ in Hamburg and London, Roman spectacular entertainments, never out of the public eye for long, have returned once again to the limelight. Chief among these entertainments are gladiatorial games and chariot races, exerting a pull on the modern imagination through the famous re-enactments of them in popular films — such asSpartacusor the famous chariot race inBen-Hur— as much as through our knowledge of their popularity in antiquity, often summed up in Juvenal's comment that the Romanplebswanted only ‘panem et circenses’. Yet there was more to Roman spectacle than gladiators and chariots, popular as these were. The aim of this paper is to use the visual evidence from mosaics in Ostia and Rome to investigate the Roman reactions to another type of public spectacle, Greek athletic contests. These were held in Rome periodically from 186 BC, and gained a new momentum in AD 86 with Emperor Domitian's institution of a permanent four-yearly festival on Greek lines in honour of the Capitoline triad (Suetonius,Domitian4).

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38

HOPE, VALERIE. "FIGHTING FOR IDENTITY: THE FUNERARY COMMEMORATION OF ITALIAN GLADIATORS." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 44, Supplement_73 (January 1, 2000): 93–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.2000.tb01940.x.

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39

Bartus, Dávid, and J. Grimm. "A Knife Handle from Caerwent (Venta Silurum) Depicting Gladiators." Britannia 41 (July 19, 2010): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x10000139.

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40

Rinehart, Robert. "Sport as Kitsch: A Case Study ofThe American Gladiators." Journal of Popular Culture 28, no. 2 (September 1994): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3840.1994.2802_25.x.

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41

Pitt, Martyn. "A Tale of Two Gladiators: 'Reading' Entrepreneurs as Texts." Organization Studies 19, no. 3 (May 1998): 387–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/017084069801900302.

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One approach to exploring the context-particular, experiential knowledge of entrepreneurs is to treat their narrative explanations of how their firms have developed as quasi texts containing implicit, personal theories of managerial action. By drawing on cognitive and literary concepts, their personal theories are modelled as multi-element scripts that evolve and change, yielding rich and informative interpretations. It is suggested that this approach is relevant not only for entrepreneurs, but that it can also be used in both ethnographic and clinical studies.

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42

Farkas, Carol-Ann. "Female Gladiators: Gender, Law, and Contact Sport in America." Journal of American Culture 28, no. 3 (September 2005): 319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-734x.2005.00218.x.

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43

Eguiarte, Enrique A. "Quomodo gladiatores quasi destinati ad ferrum." Augustinus 57, no. 224 (2012): 75–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/augustinus201257224/2255.

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The article deals with the presentation that Augustine makes in his works of the events that were presented in the amphitheater, underlining the people that went to those events and Augustine’s idea of them. It also presents the figure of the gladiators, what do they represent for Augustine, and how he uses this figure for a cathequetical purpose within his sermons.

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MacAdam, Henry Innes. "How Der Sklavenkrieg became The Gladiators: Reflections on Edith Simon’s translation of Arthur Koestler’s novel." International Journal of English Studies 17, no. 1 (June 28, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ijes/2017/1/258981.

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<p class="TEXTO">All German original manuscripts of Arthur Koestler’s first two novels (<em>The Gladiators</em> and <em>Darkness at noon</em>) were lost during World War II. A MS of each was recently recovered, allowing for the first time a comparison with their initial English translations, for almost 80 years the basis of all other translations. Both novels will be published in German and in a new English translation that allows comparison with the original English editions. This article provides context for the first translation of <em>Der Sklavenkrieg</em> by Edith Simon (1917–2003), through correspondence with Simon’s younger sister Inge Simon Goodwin (1923–2014), and Simon’s daughter, Antonia Reeve. It also briefly addresses some editorial changes in the table of contents for <em>The Gladiators</em>, anomalies within Simon’s rendition of descriptive prose, and an example of Simon’s skills as translator of Koestler’s imaginative prose. These are preliminary observations only, in anticipation of the novel’s retranslation and republication in 2018.</p>

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Ukaidi, Chris U. A., Evelyn Ugonna Ukaidi, Omneno Enock, and Tom Mulegi. "Political Gladiators and Max Weber’s Bureaucracy: A Study of Select Public Sectors in South-South States of Nigeria." IDOSR JOURNAL OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES 10, no. 1 (January 29, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/idosrjah/2024/101.1.550000.

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The paper investigated the influence of political gladiators on Max Weber’s bureaucracy, a study of the selected public sector in the south-south states of Nigeria. The specific objectives are: examining the extent to which leadership influences work design in the public sector; assessing the decision-making process on promotion in the public sector and investigating the influence of organizational policies on the recruitment process in the public sector. The study used a sample of 200 respondents. A twenty-item, four-Likert scale questionnaire was administered to the respondents. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested using the correlation coefficient (2) of Karl Pearson. We used SPSS and LISREL software programs to analyze the data. The result of the hypothesis test showed that there is a significant relationship between leadership and work design: decision-making has a significant influence on promotion, and there is a significant relationship between policymakers and the recruitment process. Among other things, the following recommendations were made leadership should be based on expert knowledge and qualifications: Decisions should be broad-based and rational to allow for good policy formulation and implementation mechanisms. Keywords: Political gladiators, Bureaucracy, Public sector and Organizations

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Mann, Christian. "Gladiators in the Greek East: A Case Study in Romanization." International Journal of the History of Sport 26, no. 2 (January 2009): 272–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523360802513322.

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Carter, Michael J. "Gladiators and Monomachoi: Greek Attitudes to a Roman ‘Cultural Performance’." International Journal of the History of Sport 26, no. 2 (January 2009): 298–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523360802531621.

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Neubauer, Wolfgang, Christian Gugl, Markus Scholz, Geert Verhoeven, Immo Trinks, Klaus Löcker, Michael Doneus, Timothy Saey, and Marc Van Meirvenne. "The discovery of the school of gladiators at Carnuntum, Austria." Antiquity 88, no. 339 (March 2014): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00050298.

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Sophisticated techniques of archaeological survey, including airborne imaging spectroscopy, electromagnetic induction and ground-penetrating radar, are opening up new horizons in the non-invasive exploration of archaeological sites. One location where they have yielded spectacular results is Carnuntum in Austria, on the south bank of the Danube, capital of the key Roman province of Pannonia. Excavations in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries revealed many of the major elements of this extensive complex, including the legionary fortress and the civilian town or municipium. Excavation, however, is no longer the only way of recovering and recording the details of these buried structures. In 2011, a combination of non-invasive survey methods in the area to the south of the civilian town, where little was visible on the surface, led to the dramatic discovery of remains interpreted as a gladiatorial school, complete with individual cells for the gladiators and a circular training arena. The combination of techniques has led to the recording and visualisation of the buried remains in astonishing detail, and the impact of the discovery is made all the greater by the stunning reconstruction images that the project has generated.

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Hall, Ronald E. "Clowns, Buffoons, and Gladiators: Media Portrayals of African-American Men." Journal of Men's Studies 1, no. 3 (February 1, 1993): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3149/jms.0103.239.

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McCullough, Anna. "Female Gladiators in Imperial Rome: Literary Context and Historical Fact." Classical World 101, no. 2 (2008): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/clw.2008.0000.

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